Rolewicz-type characterizations for the uniform

and nonuniform stability and instability of linear

skew-product semiflows
Petre Preda, Andreea Babaita, Raluca Muresan
Abstract
In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the uniform
and nonuniform exponential stability of linear skew-product semiflows.
We provide only sufficient conditions for the uniform and nonuniform instability of linear skew-product semiflows. We give several Rolewicz type
theorems and thus we generalize important results due to S. Rolewicz, J.
Zabczyk and A. L. Sasu, B. Sasu. In order to obtain nonuniform stability
and instability, the cocycle associated to the linear skew-product semiflow is nonuniformly exponentially bounded. Also we use an alternative
Lyapunov norm introduced by Barreira-Valls in [1].
AMS Subject Classifications (2010): 34D05, 34D09.
Key words and phrases: linear skew-product semiflow, cocycle, uniform exponential stability, nonuniform exponential stability, uniform exponential instability, nonuniform exponential instability, Rolewicz

Introduction

In recent years, the field of evolution equations in infinite-dimensional Banach spaces has seen an important and significant progress. The asymtpotic behaviour of differential equations has been studied using different
generalizations: C0 -semigroups that model autonomous differential equations, evolution families that model nonautonomous differential equations
and finally linear skew-product semiflows that model nonlinear differential
equations. Referring to the later generalization, what is of utmost importance is the fact that many classical problems relating to the asymptotical
behaviour of differential equations have been solved in an unified approach
using linear skew-evolution semiflows (see, for example, Sacker and Sell
[26], Chow and Leiva [3]-[6], Chicone and Latushkin [2] and Latushkin,
Montgomery - Smith and Randolph [9], Megan, Sasu and Sasu [12]- [16],
Pliss and Sell [22]). In this way the theory of linear skew-product semiflows has seen great progress in recent years.
The linear skew-product semiflow arise as solution operators for variational equations
d
u(t) = A((, t))u(t),
dt

where is a semiflow on a locally compact metric space and A() an

unbounded linear operator on X, for every .
Dynamical systems described by linear skew-product semiflows were
first studied in the papers of Sacker and Sell [25], [26]. Later on, several
authors extended the the studies in this domain: Chow and Leiva [3][6], Chicone, Latushkin, Montgomery-Smith, Randolph [2], [9], and many
others.
One of the most important results of the stability theory is due to R.
Datko, who proved in 1970 in [7] that a C0 -semigroup T = {T (t)}t0
defined on a complex Hilbert space H is uniformly exponentially stable
if and only if the map ||T ()x|| is in L2 (R+ ) for all x X. A. Pazy
generalizes the previous result for Lp (R+ ), p 1, and C0 -semigroups in
Banach spaces (see [20], [21]).
Later on R. Datko proves in 1972 in [8] that an evolution family
U = {U (t, s)}ts0 which is uniformly exponentially bounded is uniformly
exponentially stable if and only if there exists p 1 such that
Z
||U (t, s)x||p dt < , for all x X,
sup
s0

where X is a Banach space.

One of the most significant results in the theory of stability of evolution
families has been presented by Rolewicz in 1986 in [24]:
Theorem 1.1. Let N : R+ R+ R be a function such that N (, u) is
continuous and nondecresing for a fixed , N (, 0) = 0, N (, u) > 0
for all u > 0 and N (, u) is nondecreasing for a fixed u. Let U =
{U (t, s)}ts0 be a strongly continuous evolution family on a Banach
space X.
If for every x X there is (x) > 0 such that
Z
N ((x), ||U (t, s)x||)dt < ,
sup
s0

then U is uniformly exponentially stable.

In 1996 J. van Neerven gave in [18] a similar characterization for uniform exponential stability of C0 -semigroups. In his theorem the continuity
of the function N no longer appears, making it a more general result than
Theorem 1.1:
Theorem 1.2. Let T = {T (t)}t0 be a C0 -semigroup on a Banach space
X.
The semigroup T is uniformly exponentially stable if and only if there
is a nondecreasing function N : R+ R+ , N (0) = 0, N (t) > 0, for all
t > 0, such that
Z
N (||T (t)x||)dt < , for all x X.
0

The result given in Theorem 1.1 was also extended by Littmann in

[11] for p > 0.
In this paper we study the stability and instability of linear skewproduct semiflows. We obtain characterizations for uniform and nonuniform stability and sufficient conditions in the case of unstable behaviour.

We consider two types of cocycles associated with the linear skew- product
semiflows: cocycles that are uniformly exponentially bounded and those
that have nonuniform exponential growth. In the first case we obtain
uniform asymptotic behaviour and in the second case we have observed a
nonuniform one. As a result, the main results are split into two sections,
each treating one type of behaviour. The nonuniform case was studied
using some interesting Lyapunov norms introduced by L. Barreira and C.
Valls in [1].
Thus we answer important questions concerning the asymptotic behaviour of linear skew-product semiflows and obtain generalizations of
some well-known results due to Datko ([7]), Pazy ([20]), Rolewicz ([24]),
van Neerven ([18]), Megan, Sasu and Sasu ([17]), Zabczyk ([28]). The
theory developed here is applicable for a large class of systems.

Notations and preliminaries

Let (X, || ||) be a Banach space and (, d) a metric space which form the
trivial Banach bundle = X . We denote by (B(X), || ||) the Banach
space of all linear operators from X into itself.
Definition 2.1. A map : R+ is called a semiflow on if it
has the following properties:
(i) (, 0) = for all ;
(ii) (, t + s) = ((, s), t) for all (t, s, ) R2+ ;
(iii) (, t) 7 (, t) is continuous on R+ .
Definition 2.2. Let be a semiflow. A strongly continuous cocycle over
the semiflow is a function : R+ B(X) that satisfies the following
conditions:
(i) (, 0) = I for all , where I is the identity operator on X;
(ii) (, t + s) = ((, t), s)(, t) for all (t, s, ) R2+ (the cocycle
identity);
(iii) (, t) 7 (, t)x is continous for all and x X.
If there exists M, > 0 such that
||(, t)|| M et , for all t R+ and ,
then the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded.
If there exists M : R+ and > 0 such that
||(, t)|| M ()et , for all t R+ and ,
then the cocycle is nonuniformly exponentially bounded.
The classical notion of uniform exponential behavior is very stringent
for the dynamics and it is of interest to look for more general types of
hyperbolic behavior. These generalizations can be much more typical.
This is precisely what happens with the notion of nonuniform exponential
boundedness. For examples of nonuniform exponential boundedness see
[1], [23] and the references therein.

Definition 2.3. The linear skew-product semiflow associated with the

above cocycle is the dynamical system = (, ) defined by : X
R+ X ,
(x, , t) = ((, t)x, (, t)).
Remark 2.1. If = (, ) is a linear skew-product semiflow on =
X , then for every R the pair = ( , ), where (, t) =
et (, t), for all (, t) R+ , is also a linear skew-product semiflow
on = X .
Indeed, all the conditions of a cocycle over the semiflow are obviously
verified by .
Example 2.1. Let be a locally compact metric space, a semiflow on
and T = {T (t)}t0 a C0 -semigroup on X. Then the pair T = (T , ),
where T (, t) = T (t), for all (, t) R+ , is a linear skew-product
semiflow on = X called the linear skew-product semiflow generated
by the C0 -semigroup T and the semiflow .
Example 2.2. Let = R+ , (, t) = + t and U = {U (t, s)}ts0 be an
evolution family on X. We define
(, t) = U ( + t, t), for all (, t) R2+ .
Then = (, ) is a linear skew-product semiflow on = X called
the linear skew-product semiflow generated by the evolution family U and
the semiflow .
Example 2.3. Let X be a Banach space, a locally compact metric
space, T = {T (t)}t0 a C0 -semigroup and {U ()} a bounded strongly
continuous family of idempotent operators with the property that
U ()T (t) = T (t)U (), (, t) R+ ,
then the pair = (, ) defined by
(, t) = , (, t) = U ()T (t), (, t) R+
is a linear skew-product semiflow.
Example 2.4. Let be a compact metric space and : R+ be
a semiflow on . Let A : B(X) be a continuous mapping, where X
is a Banach space and let (, t) be the solution of the linear differential
system
u(t)

= A((, t))u(t), t 0.
Then the pair = (, ) is a linear skew-product semiflow on = X .
These equations arise from the linearization of nonlinear equations (see
[?] and the references therein).
Example 2.5. Let X be a Banach space and let C(R+ , R) be the space
of all continuous functions with the topology of uniform convergence on
compact subsets on R+ . This space is metrizable with the metric
d(x, y) =

X
1 dn (x, y)
,
n 1 + d (x, y)
2
n
n=1

where dn (x, y) = sup |x(t) y(t)|.

t[0,n]

On the Banach space X, we consider the nonautonomous differential

equation
x(t)

= a(t)x(t), t 0,
where a : R+ R+ is an uniformly continuous function such that there
exists = lim a(t) < .
t

If we denote by as (t) = a(t + s) and by = closure{as : s R+ }, then

: R+ , (, t)(s) = (t + s),
is a semiflow on . For
Rt

: R+ B(X), (, t)x = e

( )d

x,

we have that = (, ) is a linear skew-product semiflow on = X .

Also, a large numbers of examples of strongly continuous skew-products
semiflow are provided in the recent literature (see for instance [9]).
Definition 2.4. A linear skew-product semiflow = (, ) on = X
is said to be uniformly exponentially stable if there exist N, > 0 such that
||(, t)|| N et , for all (, t) R+ .
If N is not a constant, but a function on , i.e. N : R+ , then
= (, ) is said to be nonuniformly exponentially stable.
In the following example we present two linear skew-product semiflows,
one being uniformly exponentially stable and the other being uniformly
exponentially instable.
Example 2.6. Let C(R+ , R) be the space of all continuous functions on
R and a, b : R R+ two functions with the following properties: a is
increasing, continuous and = lim a(t) < , b is decreasing such that
t

there exists = lim b(t) > 0.

t

We consider as (t) = a(t + s), = {as : s R}, : R ,

(, t)(s) = (t + s). It can easily be seen that is a semi-flow on .
If > and : R+ B(X),
Rt

(, t)x = et+

( )s

x,

then = (, ) is a linear skew-product semiflow on X which is

uniformly exponentially stable.
= {bs : s R},
R+
We also consider bs (t) = b(t + s),
:

B(X),
(, t)(s) = (t + s), which is a semiflow on .
:
R+ B(X),
If
Rt

t)x = e
(,

( )d

x,

that is unithen
= (,
) is a linear skew-product semiflow on X
formly exponentially instable.

Definition 2.5. A linear skew-product semiflow = (, ) on = X

is said to be uniformly exponentially instable if there exist N, > 0 such
that
||(, t)|| N et , for all (, t) R+ .
!!!Ex de cociclu care este unif exp instabil.
In the case that N is a function on taking positive real values, then
= (, ) is said to be nonuniformly exponentially instable.
!!!Ex de cociclu care nu este unif exp instabil.

3 Uniform stability and instability for linear skew-evolution semiflows

In this section we shall give necessary and sufficient conditions for the
uniform exponential stability of linear skew-product semiflows in Banach
spaces. Also we present sufficient conditions for the uniform exponential
instability of linear skew-product semiflows in Banach spaces.

3.1 Uniform stability for linear skew-evolution semiflows

Firstly, we give a Pata-like theorem that is the key point in the proof of
our main results. V. pata proved this theorem in [19] for C0 semigroups,
thus our result is more general.
Theorem 3.1. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on =
X such that the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded.
The linear skew-product semiflow = (, ) on = X is uniformly
exponentially stable if and only if there are c (0, 1) and T > 0, for all
and x X there is ,x (0, T ] such that
||(, ,x )x|| c||x||.
Proof. Necessity. Assume that is uniformly exponentially stable. Then
there are N, > 0 such that
||(, t)x|| N et ||x||, (, t, x) R+ X.
Let T > 0, T > 1 ln N1 , c = N eT (0, 1), , x X and
,x = T . The above inequality now becomes
||(, ,x )x|| c||x||.
Sufficiency. Let and x X, then there are T > 0, c (0, 1) and
,x such that
||(, ,x )x|| c||x||.
We consider 0 = (, ,x ) and y = (, ,x ), then there is 0 0 ,y
(0, T ] such that
||(0 , 0 0 ,y )y|| c||y|| c2 ||x||.
But by the cocycle identity it follows that
(0 , 0 0 ,y )y = ((, ,x ), 0 0 ,y )(, ,x )x = (, ,x + 0 0 ,y )x.

We denote t0 = 0, t1 = ,x , t2 = t1 + 0 0 ,y and we obtain

||(, t1 )x|| c||x||, ||(, t2 )x|| c2 ||x||.
By proceeding in a similar way, we obtain a sequence t0 < t1 < . . . <
tn < . . ., tn (0, nT ] such that
||(, tn )x|| cn ||x||, n N.

(1)

If lim tn = and t 0, then there is n0 N such that tn0 t <

n

tn0 +1 < (n0 + 1)T . Therefore

||(, t)x|| = ||((, tn0 ), t tn0 )(, tn0 )x|| M eT cn0 ||x||.
We denote c = eT and so = T1 ln c > 0. The last inequality
becomes
||(, t)x|| M eT e(n0 +1)T eT ||x||.
But tn0 +1 (n0 + 1)T , therefore
||(, t)x||
and by denoting N =

M eT
c

M eT t
e ||x||
c

, the last inequality is transformed as follows

||(, t)x|| N et ||x||.

If lim tn = l [0, ), then the relation 1 becomes ||(, l)x|| = 0.
This implies that (, l)x = 0.
Let t 0, if t l, then
(, t)x = ((, l), t l)(, l) = 0.
If t < l, then there is n0 N such that tn0 t < tn0 +1 . In a similar
T
manner we obtain that there is N = M ec and = T1 ln c such that
||(, t)x|| N et ||x||.
Considering both cases, we obtain that is is uniformly exponentially
stable.
Next we give one of our main results, which is a Rolewicz type theorem.
Thus the following theorem is a generalization of Theorem 2 ([24], page
440).
Theorem 3.2. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on =
X such that the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded. Let
N : R+ R+ R+ be a function such that
N (, 0) = 0, N (, u) > 0, u, > 0,
N (, ) is increasing, if is fixed, and N (, u) is increasing, if u is fixed.
The linear skew-product semiflow = (, ) on = X is uniformly
exponentially stable if and only if for all x X there is x > 0 such that
Z
sup
N (x , ||(, t)x||)dt < .

Proof. Necessity. If is uniformly exponentially stable, then there are

, > 0 such that
two constants N
et ||x||, (, t, x) R+ X.
||(, t)x|| N
Since the function N is increasing in the second variable, we have that
et ||x||), > 0, (, t, x) R+ X.
N (, ||(, t)x||) N (, N
Also, since N is increasing and is continuous in both variables, then the
et ||x|| are measurable and therefunctions N (x , ||(, t)x||) and , N
fore integrable.
This implies that
Z
Z
et ||x||)dt
N (x , ||(, t)x||)dt
N (, N
0

and so

Z
N (x , ||(, t)x||)dt

sup
0

et ||x||)dt < .
N (, N

Sufficiency.
We assume that = (, ) is not uniformly exponentially stable,
therefore by Theorem 3.1, we have that for all c (0, 1) and T > 0 there
are and x X such that for all (0, T ],
||(, )x|| > c||x||.
It follows from this strict inequality that x 6= 0.
Since N is increasing in the second variable, it follows that N (, ||(, )x||)
N (, c||x||). Since N is a monotone function and is continuous we can
integrate the last inequality on [0, T ]. We get
Z
Z T
N (, ||(, )x||)d
N (, ||(, )x||)d T N (, c||x||)
0

and so
Z

N (, ||(, )x||)d T N (, c||x||), T > 0, x X \ {0}.

sup
0

But from the hypothesis of the theorem we have that

Z
sup
N (, ||(, )x||)d <

and so
T N (, c||x||) < , T > 0, x X \ {0},
which is absurd since N (, c||x||) > 0, for all > 0, x X \ {0}.
??The next corollary also appears in [27].

Corollary 3.1. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on

= X such that the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded.
The pair = (, ) is uniformly exponentially stable if and only if for
all x X there is px > 0 such that
Z
||(, )x||px < , for all .
0

Proof. Necessity. It follows by the classical Datkos theorem which is

Theorem 2 in [8], page 437.
Sufficiency. If we put N : R+ R+ R+ , N (p, u) = up , then by
Theorem 3.2 we get the conclusion.

3.2 Uniform instability for linear skew-product

semiflows
The following theorem is a Pata type theorem which will help us prove
our main result in this subsection.
Theorem 3.3. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on =
X such that the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded and
injective in both variables.
The pair = (, ) is uniformly exponentially instable if and only if
there are c > 1 and T > 0, for all x X and there is ,x (0, T ]
such that
||(, ,x )x|| c||x||.
Proof. Necessity. We assume that is uniformly exponentially instable,
then there are N, > 0 such that
||(, t)x|| N et ||x||, (, t, x) R+ X.
Let T > 0, T > 1 ln
Then we have that

1
N

, c = N eT > 1 , x X, and ,x = T .
(, ,x ) c||x||.

Sufficiency. Let and x X, then there is ,x (0, T ] such that

||(, ,x )x|| c||x||.
Now for (, ,x ) and y = (, ,x )x there is 0 (0, T ] such
that
||((, ,x ), 0 )(, ,x )|| = ||(, 0 + ,x )x|| c2 ||x||.
We denote t0 = 0, t1 = ,x , t2 = t1 + 0 and we obtain
||(, ti )x|| ci ||x||, i = 0, 1, 2.
By proceeding in a similar manner, we find an increasing sequence
(tn )n , tn (0, nT ], such that
||(, tn )x|| cn ||x||, (, x) X, n N.

Since c > 1, then lim tn = and so for t 0 there is n0 N such

n

that tn0 t < tn0 +1 . Let =

1
T

ln c > 0, we have that

||x||et ||x||etn0 +1 ||x||e(n0 +1)T = ||x||cn0 +1 ||(, tn0 +1 )x|| =

= ||((, t), tn0 +1 t)(, t)x|| M e(tn0 +1 tn0 ) ||(, t)x|| M eT ||(, t)x||.
Therefore there are N =

1
M eT

and =

1
T

ln c such that

||(, t)x|| N et ||x||, (, t, x) R+ X.

The next theorem is a Rolewicz type theorem.

Theorem 3.4. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on =
X such that the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded and
injective in both variables. Let N : R+ R+ R+ be a function such that
N (, 0) = 0, N (, u) > 0, u, > 0,
N (, ) is increasing, if is fixed, and N (, u) is increasing, if u is fixed.
If for all x X there is x > 0 such that
Z
1
sup
N (x ,
)d < ,
||(, )x||
0
then the pair = (, ) is uniformly exponentially instable.
Proof. We assume that = (, ) is not uniformly exponentially stable.
Therefore by Theorem 3.3 we have that for all c > 1 and T > 0 there are
x X and such that for all (0, T ],
||(, )x|| < c||x||.
The last inequality shows that x 6= 0 and is equivalent to
1
1
>
.
(, )x
c||x||
Since N is increasing, it follows that
N (,

1
1
) > N (,
)
(, )x
c||x||

and by integrating this inequality on (0, T ] it follows that

Z T
Z
1
1
1
)d
N (,
)d > T N (,
), T > 0.
N (,
(,

)x
(,

)x
c||x||
0
0
R
1
This shows that 0 N (, (,
)d = , which is absurd.
)x

10

Corollary 3.2. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on

= X such that the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded and
injective in both variables.
The pair = (, ) is uniformly exponentially instable if and only if
for all x X \ {0} there is px > 0 such that
Z
1
d < , .
||(,
)x||px
0
Proof. Necessity. If is uniformly exponentially instable, then there are
N, > 0 such that
||(, t)x|| N et ||x||, (, t, x) R+ X.
It follows that
Z

1
1
1
d

epx t dt =
< .
px
px
||(,

)x||
(N
||x||)
p
(N
||x||)px
x
0
0

1
.
up

Sufficiency. By Theorem 3.4, putting N : R+ R+ R+ , N (p, u) =

4 Nonuniform stability and instability for

linear skew-evolution semiflows
In all that follows we assume that the cocycle of the linear skew-product
semiflow = (, ) is nonuniformly exponentially bounded.
Following L. Barreira and C. Valls ([1])we define the function || || :
X R+ ,
||x|| = sup et ||(, t)x||
t0

and we can easily prove that it is a norm on X.

Remark 4.1. We have that
||x|| ||x|| M ()||x||, for all x X,
.
Indeed only some simple calculations are needed in order to prove the
above relation between the two norms.
Proposition 4.1. If the pair = (, ) is nonuniformly exponentially
bounded, then
||(, t)x||(,t) et ||x|| , (, t, x) R+ X.
Proof. We have that
||(, t)x||(,t) = sup e ||((, t), )(, t)x|| = sup e ||(, t+ )x|| =
0
( +t)

= sup e

0
t

||(, t + )x||e

=e

sup e

||(, s)x||

st

et sup es ||(, s)x|| = et ||x|| .

s0

11

The following theorem is the a Pata type theorem.

Theorem 4.1. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on =
X such that the cocycle is nonuniformly exponentially bounded.
There are two constants N, > 0 such that
||(, t)||(,t) N et ||x|| , (, t, x) R+ X
if and only if there are c (0, 1) and T > 0 for all and x X there
is ,x (0, T ] such that
||(, ,x )x||(,,x ) c||x|| .
?As a remark, the inequality
||(, t)||(,t) N et ||x|| , (, t, x) R+ X,
although looks like the one in the definition of the uniform exponential
stability, it shows nonuniform exponential stability, since it implies
||(, t)|| N M ()et ||x||, (, t, x) R+ X.
Proof. Necessity. It is identical with the proof in the uniform case.
Sufficiency. Let and x X, by the hypotheses of the theorem
it follows that there there is ,x (0, T ] such that
||(, ,x )x||(,,x ) c||x|| .
Now we put (, ,x ) instead of and (, ,x ) instead of x in the
1
previous inequality. Therefore by the hypotheses there is ,x
(0, T ]
such that
1
||((, ,x ), ,x
)(, ,x )x||((,,x ), 1

,x

c||(, ,x )x||(,,x ) ,

which is equivalent to
1
||(, ,x + ,x
)x||(,,x + 1

,x

c2 ||x|| .

By doing this repeatedly and by denoting s0 = 0, s1 = ,x , s2 =

n1
1
s1 + ,x
, so on, sn = sn1 + ,x
, we have that sn sn1 (0, T ], so
(sn )n is a strictly increasing sequence of positive real numbers and we also
have
||(, sn )x||(,sn ) cn ||x|| .
(2)
We have two cases: (sn )n is not bounded and so converges to and
(sn )n is bounded and therefore convergent.
In the first case we assume that (sn )n is unbounded and so lim sn =
n

. If t 0, then there is n N such that sn t < sn+1 . In this case,

using the cocycle identity, the nonuniform boundedness of the cocycle
and the fact that
((, sn ), t sn ) = (, t),
we have that
||(, t)x||(,t) = ||((, sn ), t sn )(, sn )x||(,t)

12

 e(tsn ) ||(, sn )x||(,sn ) eT cn ||x|| .

We put c = eT , then = T1 ln c > 0. Also, since t < sn+1
(n + 1)T , we get et > e(n+1)T . Therefore the last inequality now
becomes
||(, t)x||(,t) eT enT ||x|| =
= eT eT e(n+1)T ||x|| e(+)T et ||x|| (, t, x) R+ X.
We have shown that there are N = e(+)T > 0 and = T1 ln c > 0
such that
||(, t)x||(,t) N et ||x|| , (, t, x) R+ X.
In the second case (sn )n is bounded and therefore there is s > 0 such
that lim = s. By Remark 4.1 inequality 2 becomes
n

||(, sn )x|| cn ||x|| , (, x) X.

By computing the limit of the last inequality, when n , we have
that
||(, s)x|| = 0, (, x) X,
since c (0, 1). This proves that
(, t)x = ((, s), t s)(, s)x = 0, t s.
Now if t [0, s), then there is n N such that sn t < sn+1 . By
repeating the steps of the first case we have that
||(, t)x||(,t) eT cn ||x|| .
By proceeding identically as in the first case we deduce that
||(, t)x||(,t) N et ||x|| , (, t, x) R+ X,
where N = e(+)T > 0 and = T1 ln c > 0.
The following theorems represent our main results of this section and
are Rolewicz type theorems. Also they are sufficient conditions for nonuniform exponential stability and instability.
Theorem 4.2. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on =
X such that the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded and
injective in both variables. Let N : R+ R+ R+ be a function such that
N (, 0) = 0, N (, u) > 0, u, > 0,
N (, ) is increasing, if is fixed, and N (, u) is increasing, if u is fixed.
If for every x X there is x > 0 such that
Z
sup
N (x , ||(, t)x||(,t) )dt < ,

then the pair = (, ) is nonuniformly exponentially stable.

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Proof. It is similar to the uniform case.

Theorem 4.3. Let = (, ) be a linear skew-product semiflow on =
X such that the cocycle is uniformly exponentially bounded and
injective in both variables. Let N : R+ R+ R+ be a function such that
N (, 0) = 0, N (, u) > 0, u, > 0,
N (, ) is increasing, if is fixed, and N (, u) is increasing, if u is fixed.
If for every x X there is x > 0 such that
Z
1
sup
N (x ,
)dt < ,
||(, t)x||(,t)
0
then the pair = (, ) is nonuniformly exponentially instable.
Proof. It is similar to the uniform case.

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