Electronics II Lab Manual

ELECTRONICS II LAB.
MANUAL
2013 2014 SPRING
Prepared by Res. Asst. Erinc Topdemir
Student Information
Name
Surname
ID
:
:
:
This page initially left blank
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Lab rules & Tips __________________________________________________________________________________________ ii
Guideline for Lab manual (Notebook) _________________________________________________________________ iv
Safety Information________________________________________________________________________________________ v
Grading ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ vi
Experiment 1 Introduction to Differential Amplifiers _______________________________________________ 1
Experiment 2 Operational Amplifiers & Their Usage ________________________________________________ 6
Experiment 3 Active Filters with Opamp ___________________________________________________________ 11
Experiment 4 - Frequency Response of Common-Emitter Amplifiers _____________________________ 14
Experiment 5 Power Amplifiers (Push-Pull) _______________________________________________________ 18
Experiment 6 Oscillators _____________________________________________________________________________ 21
Experiment 7 Voltage Regulators ___________________________________________________________________ 27
Appendix A Datasheets ______________________________________________________________________________ 32
BC237 BC238 BC239 NPN Silicon Amplifier transistor__________________________________________ 33
2N3904 NPN General Purpose Silicon Amplifier Transistor ________________________________________ 35
LM741 Operational Amplifier _________________________________________________________________________ 37
1N4001 ~ 1N4007 Silicon Diode ______________________________________________________________________ 39
TIP122 NPN Darlington Transistor ___________________________________________________________________ 40
Appendix B - Other Components ______________________________________________________________________ 42
Appendix C - Resistor Codes ___________________________________________________________________________ 43
Appendix D - Capacitor Readings _____________________________________________________________________ 44
Appendix E - Electrical Symbols _______________________________________________________________________ 45
Notes ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 50
Page i
LAB RULES & TIPS

Lab rules & Tips
LAB RULES
1. Students are allowed in the laboratory only when the lab instructor is present. Otherwise you have
to have some permit from lab assistants or people who is (are) responsible from laboratories regular
class hours.
2. For hours after 18:30 or weekends you need permit from Deans office (or secretary). But do not
forget to inform people who are responsible for lab to get components or cables.
3. Open drinks and food are not allowed near the lab benches.
4. Report any broken equipment or defective parts to the lab instructor. Do not open, remove the cover,
or attempt to repair any equipment.
5. When the lab exercise is over, all instruments, must be turned off. Return components and cables to
the designated location. Your lab grade will be affected if your laboratory station is not tidy when you
leave.
6. University property must not be taken from the laboratory, even for your lab project(s).
7. Do not move instruments from one lab station to another lab station, even for your lab project(s).
8. Anyone violating any rules or regulations may be denies access to these facilities.
TIPS FOR EXPERIMENTS
Page ii
Read the lab manual.

Don't come late. Do not attend other lab sections. Who doesn't sign the attendance sheet will be
considered absent for the respective lab session. Assistants may take several attendances whenever
they think it is necessary. In some conditions, your lab quiz may be used as your attendance.
Do not forget to make pre-lab sections. There are pre-calculation parts in almost all of your lab
experiments. These parts are shown with bold calculation notifications. You may not allow to
attend lab sessions or may lose points if you do not make these calculations.
Come prepared. Make sure you have read the experiment instructions and read the relevant section
from the course book or your class notes. It is advised that you underline those parts where you
should take measurements or write comments. This way you don't skip a part and complete the
experiment faster. Make sure you understand what is being asked from you. If not, ask the assistant.
Don't copy what your friend has done.
There is no brake during the lab. You may take a break by yourself. Try to be not too generous to
yourself.
Safety is the most important point. Follow the lab safety rules. Never make practical jokes to your
friends with your tools.
LAB RULES & TIPS
Page iii
Make sure you use the right components. Check every resistor with your Ohmmeter. Be warned that
not every resistor you take from 1kOhm box is surely a 1kOhm.
Never ask the assistants what the next step of the experiment is. Everything you need to know (and
you have to know) is written in your lab manual. Wrong answers to these questions is not the
responsibility of the assistant.
If you are faced with a problem, try first to solve it by yourself. An important part of your education
is to analyze problems and to find solutions to it. To 90% of all problems you can find a solution by
yourself. Be sure you have followed the correct steps in the correct order. Check all connections and
supply voltages. Check all the components in the problematic are and be sure they have the correct
values. Only after then, if you cannot solve the problem, ask your assistant for help.
Do not forget to read the textbook.
GUIDELINE FOR LAB MANUAL (NOTEBOOK)

Guideline for Lab manual (Notebook)
The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record should be
sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can duplicate the
experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record everything directly into
the notebook during the experiment. Do not use scratch paper for recording data. Do not trust your
memory to fill in the details at a later time.
INFORMATION ABOUT SOME NOTATIONS
VAB
: means voltage between points A and B. put positive side of voltmeter to point A, and negative side
to point B.
VC
: means voltage of point C (usually collector) respect to the ground
VR1
: this means voltage of the resistor with number 1
IC
: this means current of collector
Vp or Vpk or Vpeak
VPP
: peak voltage. Maximum value of an AC signal
: peak-to-peak voltage. Difference between maximum and minimum value of an AC signal
Vamp : amplitude voltage. If there is no offset (DC) voltage inside the signal it is equal to Vp
RE
: usually refers to resistor at the emitter side
CS
: capacitor at source side
RL
: resistor of load
RC
: usually resistor at collector side
: letter to describe BJT transistors
: letter to describe diode
: letter to describe resistor
: letter to describe capacitor
: letter to describe inductor
: letter to describe MOSFET or JFET
VS
: voltage of source (usually AC)
Page iv
SAFETY INFORMATION
Safety Information
The danger of injury or death from electrical shock, fire, or explosion is present while conducting
experiments in this laboratory. To work safely, it is important that you understand to minimize the risks and
what to do if there is an accident.
Electrical Shock:
Avoid contact with conductors in energized electrical circuits. Electrocution has been reported at the voltages
as low as 42 volts. Just 100 mA of current passing through the chest is usually fatal. Muscle contractions can
prevent the person from moving away while being electrocuted.
Do not touch someone who is being shocked while still in contact with the electrical conductor or you may
also be electrocuted. Instead, unplug cables or turn switches off (located near the door to the laboratory).
Make sure your hands are dry. The resistance of dry, unbroken skin is relatively high and thus reduces the
risk of shock. Skin that is broken, wet or damp with sweat has a low resistance.
When working with an energized circuit, work with your one hand, keeping your other hand away from all
conductive material. This reduces the likelihood of an accident that results in current passing through your
heart.
Fire:
Transistors and other components can become extremely hot and cause severe burns if touched. If resistors
or other components on your proto-board catch fire, turn off the power supply and notify the instructor. If
electronic instruments catch fire, unplug cables or turn switches off (located near the door to the laboratory).
Explosion:
When using electrolytic capacitors, be careful to observe proper polarity and do not exceed the voltage rating.
Electrolytic capacitors can explode and cause injury.
Page v
GRADING
Grading
Note: Do not forget to make pre-lab sections. There are pre-calculation parts in almost all of your
lab experiments. These parts are shown with bold calculation notifications. You may not allow to
attend lab sessions or may lose points if you do not make these calculations.
GRADES
Laboratory session is part of your Electronics II course. It is normally %20 of your course, unless
announced otherwise. Your lab session includes experiments, quizzes (each week), lab project
(individually done) and lab final.
Experiments
6
Quizzes
4
Project
5
Final
5
Total
20
Experiment and quizzes

There will be 8 experiments and quizzes which will be graded over 3 each week (including the very
first week).
If you successfully done with your experiment then you will get 3,
If you missed some parts are made some wrong calculations or measurements then you will
get 2,
If you attend but not seem at class or do not show some work to make experiment, or you
really do not understand experiment and made almost everything wrong then you will get
only 1.
If you do not attend lab session then you will get 0 for that week. Lab assistant may accept
you to the experiment part if you miss quiz. But you will still get 0 from quiz not experiment.
There will be no excuse or make up experiments. Attendances are just taken for proofing you
are really there. You will not fail from lab because of you do not attend or miss some week(s).
Project
You have to make your lab project individually and present it at the last two weeks of semester with
making appointment with your lab assistant.
At project demonstration
Page vi
You have to show your circuit on breadboard. You may make PCB or use soldered board if
you prefer, but it is optional not necessary.
You must show your circuit diagram.
GRADING
You have to explain how circuit works, how long does it take to build, how you decide to make,
what changes have been occurred since you choose project, where can this circuit can be
used.
You do not need to prepare a PowerPoint presentation or a report. Just prepare yourself to
answer to above questions. Some further questions can be asked by lab assistants.
Your circuit does not need to work well if you really explain why and what happens. In this
condition you will credit up to 4 from your project
Final
You must attend your lab final at your own lab section. Your lab final will be 1 hour exam that include
both calculations and building circuit and measurements. Probably it will be a circuit design
question.
There will be no make-up exam for lab final. If you really have some situation please inform your lab
assistant. We are also human beings as you know
Exemptions
If you had taken Electronics II course in last three semester, you can ask for exemption for lab
session. If also course instructor accept it you will get your old credit. Your course instructor may
want to attend to just lab final or do some project instead.
If you had taken course more than one time in last three semester then the newest grade will be
count as your final grade.
Page vii
EXPERIMENT 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL

AMPLIFIERS
Experiment 1 Introduction to Differential Amplifiers
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the differential amplifier in the difference and common modes of operation and to
determine the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
10 k
x2
3.3 k
x1
BC 239 (or any NPN)
x2
THEORY AND DESCRIPTIONS

Op-amp consists of three stages: differential
amplifier, voltage amplifier and the output
amplifier as shown in figure. The input stage to
an op-amp is differential amplifier. Differential
amplifiers can be operated in either of two
manners: the input signal can be different, or the
input signal can be identical. If it is different, the
amplifier is operating in difference mode. This
means that the output voltage will be
proportional to the difference in the two input
signals. If the inputs are same amplifier is
operating in common mode.
The op amp responds only to the difference
signal v2 v1 and hence ignores any signal
Figure 1.1 Parts of an OpAmp
common to both inputs. That is, if v1 = v2= 1 V,
then the output willideallybe zero. We call
this property common-mode rejection, and we conclude that an ideal op amp has zero commonmode gain or, equivalently, infinite common-mode rejection.
Benefit of common mode is the elimination of noise is present at both inputs. Ideally, any noise
voltage that is present at both inputs is cancelled out by phase inversion of the two sides of the
amplifier. The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is a ratio of signal gain to noise gain, that is,
how well the amplifier amplifies the wanted signal and cancels the unwanted noise. The singleended CMRR is a ratio of the single-ended difference-mode voltage gain to the single-ended
common-mode voltage gain. The double-ended CMRR is a ratio of the double-ended differencemode voltage gain to the double-ended common-mode voltage gain. Typically, the CMRR is
extremely high (75 to 100dB is not common)
Page 1

AMPLIFIERS
EQUATIONS
Differential input: = 1 2
1
Common input: = 2 (1 + 2 )
Output voltage: = , where Ad is differential-mode gain and Ac is common-mode
gain.
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio: =
Common-mode gain: =
or (log) = 2010
in (dB)
+2(+1)
Difference-mode gain: = =
, = = 2
Apply opposite polarity inputs to find Ad. 1 = 2 =

Apply same polarity inputs to find AC. 1 = 2 =
CIRCUIT & COMPONENT DRAWINGS
VCC
Figure 1.2 Diagram

of an NPN
Transistor
RC1
RC2
Vo1
Figure 1.3 Pin
diagram of
transistor
(BC239)
Vo2
Q2
Q1
Vi1
Vi2
RE
Figure 1.4 Pin Diagram of LM741 OpAmp
Page 2
Figure 1.5 Circuit schematic VEE

for Pre-Calculation and Procedure 1

AMPLIFIERS
For all steps of Pre-Calculation and Procedure 1: Using RC1=RC2=10k, RE=3.3k, Q1=Q2=B239C
(or any NPN) set up the above circuit. Be careful about connecting VCC to +15V, VEE to -15V and
ground to 0V.
Pre-Calculations
1. DC Analysis: Calculate IE, VC1 and VC2 for each base voltage (VB1 and VB2) at 0v.
2. Calculate the difference mode voltage gain.
3. Calculate the common mode voltage gain.
4. Calculate Vd, Vc, and Vo according Ad and Ac you had found in steps 2 and 3. Write values
that you choose for Vi1 and Vi2 for each step
5. Calculate CMRR using values of Ac and Ad that you found in step 4.
PROCEDURE 1 Differential amplifier with BJT
1. Balancing the differential amplifier: Connect Vi1 and Vi2 to ground (0V). Measure the
voltage between VO1 and VO2. This is called DCoffset voltage.
2. Determine the quiescent current (Q-Operating point): measure the DC currents of IC1,
IC2, IE3. Compare them with pre-calculation part 1
3. Difference mode: Set Vi1 to 1Vpeak at 1 kHz and ground Vi2. By this way you can define
VD. Measure voltage VO1 and VRC1 and VRC2 respect to ground.
4. Calculate IC1, IC2, IE from above values (calculate from values of step 3).
5. Common mode: Set Vi1 and Vi2 to 1 Vpeak at 1 kHz. By this way you can define VC.
Measure voltage VO1 and VRC1 and VRC2 with respect to ground.
6. Calculate IC1, IC2, IE from above values (calculate from values of step 5).
7. Apply opposite polarity to Vi1 and Vi2. Positive probe of AC source of 50 mVpk at 1 kHz to
Vi1 and negative probe to Vi2. (Like procedure 2 - part 5). Measure voltage VO1 and IC1 and
IC2 respect to ground. Is this difference mode or common mode?
8. Calculate AC using values you found at step 5 (common mode) and AD using values you
found at step 3 (difference mode).
9. Calculate Vo from values from 8. Use values of Ac and Ad you found at steps 3 and 5.
10. Calculate the CMRR in dB. Is it good or bad?
Page 3

AMPLIFIERS
For all steps of Procedure 2: Connect 4th pin of LM741 to -15V and 7th pin to -15V.
PROCEDURE 2 Measurement of CMRR of an op-amp
1. To measure offset voltage connect both inputs (inverting and non-inverting) to ground and
measure output voltage.
2. Connect inverting input to 250 mVpk at 1 kHz while non-inverting still connected to
ground. Measure output voltage.
3. Set both inputs to 1 Vpk at 1 kHz. Measure voltage VO. As shown in figure 6.
4. Apply opposite polarity to inputs. Positive probe of AC source of 250 mVpk at 1 kHz to noninverting input and negative probe to inverting. Measure voltage VO. As shown in figure 7.
5. Calculate Ac and Ad.
6. Calculate CMRR in dB. Is it good or bad?
Figure 1.6 Common Mode OpAmp
Page 4
Figure 1.7 Differenatial Mode OpAmp

AMPLIFIERS
Name Surname:
ID:
PRE-CALCULATIONS
1. VC1 =
, IC1 =
2. Ad =
3. AC =
4.
a.
Vd =
b.
Vc =
c.
Vo =
5. CMRR =
, VC2 =
Signature:
, IC2 =
and IE =
selected Vi1 and Vi2 =

selected Vi1 and Vi2 =
RESULTS FROM PART 1

1. VDCofset =
2. IC1 =
, IC2 =
3. VRC1 =
VRC2 =
4. IC1 =
, IC2 =
5. VRC1 =
VRC2 =
6. IC1 =
, IC2 =
7. IC1 =
IC2 =
8. AC =
AD =
9. Vo = 2AdVs =
Vo = AcVs =
10. CMRR (calculated values 13) =
Compare CMRR:
, IE =
VO1 =
, IE =
VO1 =
, IE =
VO1 =
and VD =
and VC =
mode:
Comments and Conclusions: Describe what you learn from this experiment besides regular class.
RESULTS FROM PART 2

1. Voffset = VO =
2. VO =
3. VO =
4. VO =
5. Ac =
6. CMRR (dB) =
Comment:
Page 5
Ad =
VO =
EXPERIMENT 2 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS & THEIR USAGE

Experiment 2 Operational Amplifiers & Their Usage
OBJECTIVE: To measure DC and AC voltages in linear op-amp circuits and to compute voltage gains
of various op-amps
DMM (Digital Multi Meter)
DC Power Supply
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
22 k
x1
100 k
x3
LM741 op-amp
x1
Figure 3 Pin diagram of LM741

The op-amp is a very high gain amplifier with inverting and non-inverting inputs. It can be used to
provide a much smaller but exact gain set by external resistors or sum more than one input, each
input causing a desired voltage gain.
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
As an inverting amplifier, the resistor are connected
to the inverting inputs as shown in fig. 2.1 with output
voltage
= =
Vo
Ro
Ri
Vi
Ro
Ri
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Vo A non-inverting amplifier is provided by the
circuit of fig. 2.2 with output voltage given by
Vi
Figure 2.2
Page 6
= +
Figure 2.1

UNITY (BUFFER) AMPLIFIER
Connecting the output back to the inverting input as fig. 2.3 provides a gain of exactly unity:
VO = Vi
Vi
Vo
Figure 2.3
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
More than one input can be connected through separate
resistors as shown in fig. 2.4 with the output voltage then
Ro
V2
V1
R1
R2
Vo
R
Figure 2.4 VO O V O V2
R2
R
DIFFERENCE (SUBTRACTOR) AMPLIFIERS

More than one input can be connected through separate resistors as
shown in fig. 2.5 with the output voltage then
If all resistors are same, then Vo = Vg1-Vg2
Figure 2.5
INTEGRATING AMPLIFIER
Circuit that integrate the input signal
Figure 2.6
Page 7

DERIVATIVE AMPLIFIER
Circuit that take derivative of
the input signal:
Figure 2.7
OPAMP AS COMPARATOR
Circuit that use opamp as comparator. Output voltage will either
VCC or VEE in ideal. In practical these values are about VCC 1.5V
and VEE + 1.5V.
The idea is comparing voltages at the input. If voltage at positive
input is higher than voltage at negative input than output will be
near to VCC. it will we near VEE otherwise.
Figure 2.8
Page 8

For all parts, VCC = 12 V and VEE = -12V. Use input signal Vi = 1V, at peak, and f = 10 kHz.
Pre-Calculations
1. Calculate the voltage gain for the amplifier circuit of fig. 2.1 for Ri = 22 k and Ro = 100 k.
2. Calculate the voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier in fig. 2.2 for Ri = 22 k and Ro = 100
k.
3. Calculate the voltage gain of the summing amplifier in fig. 2.4 for R0 = 100 k, R1 = 100k, and
R2 = 22 k.
4. Calculate the voltage gain of the summing amplifier in fig. 2.5
a. For all resistors with 100 k. Apply an input of V1 = V2 = 1 V
b. Repeat but this time connect V1 to ground
5. Find and draw expected the output signal for the circuit of fig. 2.6 if you Apply an input of V1 =
1 V square wave
6. Find and draw expected the output signal for the circuit of fig. 2.6 if you Apply an input of V 1 =
1 V triangle wave
7. For the circuit of fig. 2.8 with values R1 = 5 k (or 4k7) pot, R2 = 10 k, R3 = R4 = 22 k Calculate
output signal for values when the pot is set to 1 k, 2 k, 3 k and 4 k.
PROCEDURE
Inverting Amplifier: Using an oscilloscope, measure and record the output voltage.
Non-inverting Amplifier: Using an oscilloscope, measure and record the output voltage.
Summing Amplifier: Using an oscilloscope, measure and record the output voltage
Subtraction Amplifier
a. For the summing amplifier in fig. 2.5 with inputs of V1 = V2 = 1 V. For all resistors with
100 k. Using an oscilloscope, measure and record the output voltage
b. Repeat but this time connect V1 to ground.
5. Op-Amp that takes Integral: Construct the circuit of fig. 2.6. Apply an input of V1 = 1 V
square wave, peak at f = 10 kHz. Using an oscilloscope, measure and record the output
voltage
6. Op-Amp that takes Derivative: Construct the circuit of fig. 2.7. Apply an input of V1 = 1 V
triangle wave, peak at f = 10 kHz. Using an oscilloscope, measure and record the output
voltage
7. Op-Amp as Comparator: Construct the circuit of fig. 2.8. Change potentiometer from one
end to other and record the output voltage.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Page 9

Name Surname:
ID:
Signature:
PRE-CALCULATIONS
1. Av (calculated) =
2. Av (calculated) =
3. VO (calculated) =
4.
a. VO (calculated) =
b. VO (calculated) =
7.
Vi+
ViVo
RESULTS FROM PROCEDURE

1. VO (measured) =
2. VO (measured) =
3. VO (measured) =
4.
a. VO (measured) =
b. VO (measured) =
5. VO (measured) =
6. VO (measured) =
7.
Vi+
ViVo
AV (measured) =
AV (measured) =
Compare and Conclusion: Describe what you learn from this experiment beyond regular class
Page 10
EXPERIMENT 3 ACTIVE FILTERS WITH OPAMP

Experiment 3 Active Filters with Opamp
OBJECTIVE: To calculate and measure the critical frequencies and to measure AC voltages as a
function of frequency of various types of active filter circuits.
DMM (Digital Multi Meter)
DC Power Supply
Function Generator
Oscilloscope
22 k
x1
100 k
x3
LM741 op-amp
x1
Figure 4 Pin diagram of LM741
Op-amps can be used to build active filter circuits for use as low-pass, high-pass, or band-pass filter
operation. Filter operation provides the output of the filter drop-off as a function of frequency to
0.707 of the starting value at the cutoff frequency. This is a drop of 3 dB
1
In general, the frequency is determined with this formula =
equation 3.1
2
LOW-PASS FILTER
A low-pass active filter passes frequencies below the filter cutoff frequency. The circuit of fig.3.1
shows the connection of an op-amp unit as a low-pass filter, the low-cutoff frequency determined by
eq. 3.1 where R is R1 and C is C1. The output VO drops off at 3dB above the cutoff frequency.
HIGH-PASS FILTER
A high-pass filter, as shown in fig.3.2, maintains the output amplitude at frequencies above a highcutoff frequency determined by eq. 3.1 where R is R1 and C is C1. The output VO drops off at
6dB/octave or 20 dB/decade above the cutoff frequency.
BAND-PASS FILTER OR BAND-STOP FILTER
A band-pass filter circuit passes the input signal only for the frequencies within a band of
frequencies. The band-pass, low- and highcutoff frequencies are then calculated using eq.3.1 for
both low and high cut-off frequencies.
Page 11
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
PRE-CALCULATIONS
1. For the circuit of fig.3.1 calculate the low-cutoff frequency and voltage gain AV using eq.3.1
RG = 1M, RF = 2.2 k, R1 = 330 , C1 = 10 nF.
2. For the circuit of fig.3.2 calculate the low-cutoff frequency and voltage gain AV using eq.3.2
for RG = 1M, RF = 4.7 k, R1 = 680 , C1 = 100 nF
3. What kind of configuration is needed to build a band-bass filter? Do you need a low-pass at
first then connect its output to high-pass filter as an input? Or vice versa?
PROCEDURE
For all parts, VCC = 15 V and VEE = -15V.
PART 1. Low-pass filter: Construct the circuit of fig.3.1 with RG = 1M, RF = 2.2 k, R1 = 330 , C1 = 10 nF.
a) Apply an input of 1V, peak. Vary the signal frequency from 50 Hz to 50 kHz while measuring
and recording the output voltage in Table 3.1.
b) Plot the output gain-frequency response curve to a blank linear-log graph at the end of
notebook.
PART 2. High-pass filter: Construct the circuit of fig.3.2 with RG = 1M, RF = 4.7 k, R1 = 680 , C1 = 100 nF
a) Apply an input of 1V, peak. Vary the signal frequency from 1 kHz to 1MHz while measuring
and recording the output voltage in Table 3.2.
b) Plot the output gain-frequency response curve to the same graph that you used in part 1
PART 3. Band-pass filter: Construct the circuit by connecting output of the high-pass filter to input of lowpass filter.
a) Apply an input of 1V, peak. Vary the signal frequency from 100 Hz to 300 kHz while
measuring and recording the output voltage in Table 3.3
b) Plot the output gain-frequency response curve to the same graph that you used in part 1
Page 12

Name Surname:
ID:
Signature:
PRE-CALCULATIONS
1. fL (calculated)=
2. fh (calculated)=
3. explain:
AV = VO/VI (calculated)=
AV = VO/VI (calculated)=
AV-3dB =
AV-3dB =

1. Low-pass filter
Table 3.1
f (Hz)
50
VO (V)
AV (dB)
100
500
fL =
1k
2k
5k
AV =
10k
15k
20k
50k
AV-3dB =
2. High-pass filter
Table 3.2
f (kHz) 1k
2k
VO (V)
AV (dB)
fH =
3. Band-pass filter
5k
10k
20k
30k
AV =
50k
100k
200k
500k
1M
AV-3dB =
Table 3.3
f (Hz)
100 500
VO (V)
AV (dB)
fH =
1k
2k
fL =
5k
10k
20k
AV =
50k
100k 200k 500k 1M
2M
AV-3dB =
4. Explain what happens if you connect output of low pass to input of high pass with given
values.
Page 13
EXPERIMENT 4 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF COMMONEMITTER AMPLIFIERS

Experiment 4 - Frequency Response of Common-Emitter
Amplifiers
2.2 k
x2
3.9 k
10 k
x1
39 k
BC238 or 2N3904 x1
1 uF
10 uF
x1
22 uF
x1
x1
x1
x1
The analysis of the frequency response of an amplifier can be considered in three frequency
ranges: the low- mid- and high-frequency regions. In the low-frequency region the capacitors used
for DC isolation (AC coupling) and bypass operation affect the lower cutoff (lower 3-dB) frequency.
In the mid-frequency range only resistive elements affect the gain, the gain remaining constant. In
the high-frequency region of operation, stray wiring capacitance will determine the circuits upper
cutoff frequency.
Lower Cutoff (lower 3-dB) Frequency: each capacitor used will result in a cutoff frequency. The
lower cutoff frequency at the network is then the largest of these lower cutoff frequencies. For the
network of Fig. 4.1 the lower frequencies are as follows.
CS: the cutoff frequency due to the input (source) coupling capacitor is
( + )
Where: Ri = R1 // R2 // re
Eq.4.1
CC: the cutoff frequency due to the output (collector) coupling capacitor is
Eq.4.2
( + )
CE: the cutoff frequency due to the emitter bypass capacitor is
Where: Re = RE // re
Eq.4.3
Upper Cutoff (upper 3-dB) Frequency: In the high-frequency range the amplifier gain is affected
by the transistors parasitic capacitance as follows:
At input connection of circuit:
Page 14

=
Eq.4.4
Where
RTH1 = R1 // R2 // re,
and
= + + ( )
Cw,i = input wiring capacitance
AV = voltage gain of amplifier at mid-band frequency

Cbe = capacitance between transistor base-collector terminals
Cbc = capacitance between transistor base-collector terminals
At output connection of circuit:
Eq.4.5
where
RTH2 = RC // RL
and
= + + ( )
CW ,O = output wiring capacitance
Cce = capacitance between transistor collector-emitter terminals
Keep in mind that the 3-dB cutoff frequencies are defined by 70.7% of mid-band gain, or 0.707
AV,mid. That is, once the mid-band gain is measured, the upper and lower cutoff frequencies are
measured at the points at which the gain drops to 0.707, the mid-band gain at either upper or
lower frequency.
=
Figure 4.1 Common Emitter Amplifier
Page 15
//
Eq.4.6
Figure 4.2 Pin Diagram for BC237/238

For all steps take VCC = 20 V, input AC signal, Vsig = 300 mVpp,
Cbc = 4.5 pF, Cce = 0.25 pF, Cbe= 8 pF,
CW,O(Approximate) = 3.5 pF to 6 pF, CW,i (Approximate) = 9 pF
= any value from 200 to 450 if not given.
PRE-CALCULATIONS
1. Calculate values of DC bias voltage and current for the circuit of fig.4.1
2. Calculate lower cutoff frequencies due to coupling capacitors and due to bypass capacity
3. Calculate the upper cutoff frequencies and record below.
4. Calculate mid-band gain.
PROCEDURE
1. Assume that 10 kHz is your mid-band. Observe the input and output voltage using an
oscilloscope at this frequency. Then find your mid-band voltage gain.
2. Vary the frequency from 50 Hz to 5 MHz then measure and record VO to complete Table 4.1
after measuring calculate gains in dB
3. Using semi-log (linear vs. logarithmic) paper, plot the gain in dB versus frequency over the
full frequency range. Plot the actual points and connect to obtain the actual plot.
4. From the plot, obtain the lower and upper 3 dB frequency points and record.
Page 16

Name Surname:
ID:
Signature:
PRE-CALCULATIONS (SHOW YOUR ALL WORK)

1. VB (calculated) =
VE (calculated) =
VC (calculated) =
IE (calculated) =
re (calculated) =
2. f CS (Calculated) =
f CC (Calculated) =
f C E (Calculated) =
3.
f H i (Calculated) =
f H O (Calculated) =
4. AV ,mid =
1. Vsig (measured) =
VO (measured) =
2. Output voltages and gains in dB
f (Hz)
50
100
200
400
600
800
AV ,mid =
1k
2k
3k
5k
10 k
700 k
900k
1M
2M
5M
VO (V)
AV (dB)
f (Hz)
20k
50 k
100 k
300k
500k
600 k
VO (V)
AV (dB)
4. f 3dB (lower cut-off) =
f +3dB (higher cut-off) =
Compare and Conclusion: Describe what you learn from this experiment beyond regular
class
Page 17
EXPERIMENT 5 POWER AMPLIFIERS (PUSH-PULL)

Experiment 5 Power Amplifiers (Push-Pull)
OBJECTIVE
To calculate and measure the critical frequencies and to measure AC voltages as a function of
frequency of various types of active filter circuits.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1 k x 2
10 k x 1
10 F x 3
1N4001 x2
TIP122 x1
TIP127 x1

A class-B amplifier draws no power if no input signal is applied.
As the input signal increases, the amount of power drawn from
the voltage supply and that delivered to the load both increase.
Figure 5.1 Pin diagram of TIP 122 and TIP127
The input power to a class-B amplifier is

Pi (DC) = VCCIDC =
2 ()
The power provided by the amplifier can be

calculated using:
() =
2 () 2 () 2 ( )
=
=
2
8
The amplifier efficiency is calculated using:

% = 100
()
%
()
Figure 5.2 Circuit Diagram for Push-Pull Amplifier
Page 18

For all steps +V = 10V, -V = -10 V,
RLoad = 56 , R1 = R2 = 1k and C1 = 10uF. Take = 500 for each transistor.
PRE-CALCULATIONS
1. Calculate the power ratings for a class-B amplifier, as shown in above figure 5.2.
Take VL as 0.2 V.
2. Find Vin for VL = 0.2 V
3. Can you find operating range of this circuit? Try to find Vin range that will not distort output
voltage VO
PROCEDURE
1. Construct the circuit. Adjust the input signal (Vin) until VL = 0.2V, peak. Measure the AC
voltages of both input and output.
2. Sketch both input and output voltages to the same graph.
3. Measure the average DC supply current.
4. Measure the DC voltages of VO,VB1,VB2.
5. Using the measured values, calculate input and output power, and circuit efficiency. Compare
this values with your pre-calculated ones.
6. Adjust Vin until the output voltage distorted. Measure both output and input AC voltages.
7. Measure the DC voltages of VO,VB1,VB2.
8. Using the measured values, calculate input and output power, and circuit efficiency. These will
become your maximum values for this circuit.
9. What is the power dissipated on the amplifier for part 5 and 8 (at max. range)?
Page 19

Name Surname:
ID:
Signature:

1. DC analysis
a. VO =
b. VB1 =
c. VB2 =
d. Pi =
e. PO =
f. % =
2. Vin =
3. Operating range: Vo (min) =
and Vo(max) =
1. Vi =
VO =
2.
3. IDC
=
4. VO (DC) =
VB1 =
5. Power values and comparison
a. Pi
=
b. PO =
c. % =
6. Vi(max) =
VO(undistorted) =
7. VO (DC) =
VB1 =
8. Maximum power values and comparison
a. Pi
=
b. PO =
c. % =
9. power dissipation
a. Pdissipated (according to step 5) =
b. Pdissipated (according to step 8) =
VB2 =
VB2 =
Conclusion: Describe what you learn from this experiment beyond regular class
Page 20
EXPERIMENT 6 OSCILLATORS
Experiment 6 Oscillators
1 k
x2
1.2 k
100 k
x3
LED
Potentiometer (50k) x 1
Potentiometer
10 nF
x3
100 nF
x1
x1
(1M) x 1
x1
Figure 6.1 Pin Diagram for LM741

Phase Shift Oscillator: Oscillator circuits can be built using op-amp with feedback to phase-shift
the output signal by 1800. In a phase-shift oscillator, as shown in below figure, three sections of
resistor-capacitor combinations are used. The resulting oscillator frequency can be calculated using
=
1
26
Wien-Bridge Oscillator: A bridge network can be used to provide the 1800 phase shift as shown
in below figure. The circuits resulting frequency can be calculated from
=
1
21 1 2 2
Relaxation oscillators: This is a very common opamp oscillator circuit. You will measure a saw
tooth-like waveform at (point A) node between capacitor and the resistor (or at node inverting input
of the opamp), and a square wave at (point B) output. You can also adjust the duty cycle of the square
wave output if you connect a serial potentiometer to the feedback resistor. The resulting oscillation
frequency is simply calculated by
1
2
Barkhausen criterion: It states that if A is the gain of the amplifying element in the circuit and (j)
is the transfer function of the feedback path, so A is the loop gain around the feedback loop of the
circuit, the circuit will sustain steady-state oscillations only at frequencies for which:
=
The loop gain is equal to unity in absolute magnitude, that is,
and
Barkhausen's criterion is a necessary condition for oscillation but not a sufficient condition.
As you know, must be 29 when the oscillation starts.
Page 21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Rf 50 k pot
VEE -15V
LM741
4
5
Ri
2
6
1.2k
7
1
U1
VCC +15V
C1
C2
10 nF
R1
1k
C3
10 nF
R2
1k
10 nF
Figure 6.3 Circuit Diagram for a Common Oscillator
Figure 6.2 Circuit Diagram for Phase Shift Oscillator
Rf
4.7 k pot
VEE -15V
1k
2
3
<Title>
Docum ent Num ber
Figure 6.5 Circuit DiagramAfor <Doc>

C1
Relaxation Oscillator with Single
10 2014
nF
Friday , January 24,
Source
7
1
Size
Tit le
Figure 6.4 Circuit Diagram

for Relaxation Oscillator
with Double Source
LM741
4
5
Ri
Rev
Dat e:
Sheet
1k
U1
<Rev Code>
R1
of
1
VCC +15V
C2
10 nF
R2
1k
Figure 6.6 Circuit Diagram for a Wien-Bridge Oscillator
Page 22
Circuit 6.2: Ri = 1.2k, R1 = R2 = 1K, C1 = C2 = C3 = 10 nF and Rf = 50 k (at least)
potentiometer. VCC = 15V and VEE = -15V
Circuit 6.3: R1 = R2 = R4 = 100K, R3 = 1 M, R5 = 1k , C1 = 100 nF and D1 = LED. VCC = 9V and
VEE = Ground
Circuit 6.4: R1 = R2 = 10K, Rf = 100k , C1 = 10 nF. VCC = 15V and VEE = -15V
Circuit 6.6: R1 = R2 = Ri = 1K, Rf = 4.7k potentiometer, C1 = C2 = 10 nF. VCC = 15V and VEE = 15V
PRE-CALCULATIONS
1. According to circuit fig. 6.2 calculate the oscillation frequency f1.
5. What will the value of potentiometer be to start oscillate and to give undistorted output for
circuit 6.2?
6. What will the value of potentiometer be to start oscillate and to give undistorted output for
circuit 6.6?
7. Why we need to connect extra 2 resistors to use same circuit with only one supply voltage?
8. Can you redraw circuits shown in figure 6.2 and figure 6.6 with single supply?
9. Can you redraw circuit shown in figure 6.3 with double supply?
PROCEDURE
IMPORTANT FOR ALL PARTS: Sometimes you can observe 50 Hz sinusoidal signal at your
oscilloscope. THIS IS NOT YOUR ANSWER. This signal is observed due to electrostatic noise in the
environment and if you still observe this signal while your oscilloscope probe is grounded then main
power cables are not well grounded. Anyway, as I said this 50 Hz signal IS NOT YOUR SOLUTION.
If your oscillation does not start or you did not find anything beside 50 Hz:
a. re-check every connection
b. Rebuild your circuit.
c. You may (not necessary) change your opamp.
d. You can change potentiometer with a higher value one
e. If you still not found any oscillated signal after above steps you may skip this step
and you can come back after other procedures.
Page 23
PROCEDURE
1. Set-up circuit shown in fig. 6.2 and adjust potentiometer until it starts oscillation. Measure
oscillation frequency with oscilloscope. Compare it with your pre-calculated result. Also
check phase shifting (difference) between your (inverting) input and output.
2. After oscillation starts, measure value of feedback resistance (potentiometer) and calculate
voltage gain Av = Rf/Ri. Is this answer satisfy with Barkhausen criterion?
6. After oscillation starts, measure value of feedback resistance (potentiometer) and calculate
voltage gain Av = Rf/Ri. Is this answer satisfy with Barkhausen criterion?
Page 24
Name Surname:
ID:
Signature:

1. Oscillation frequency f1 =
2. Oscillation frequency f2=
5. Approximate value of the potentiometer. Rpot =
6. Approximate value of the potentiometer. Rpot =
7. Explain:
8. Redraw circuit 6.2 and 6.6 with single supply configuration.
9. Redraw circuit 6.3 with double supply configuration.
Page 25
Name Surname:
ID:
Signature:

Phase shift =
Compare:
2. Value of the feedback resistor (potentiometer):

Voltage gain Av =
is it satisfy? Why?
Phase shift =
Compare:
Phase shift =
Compare:
Phase shift =
Compare:
6. Value of the feedback resistor (potentiometer):
Voltage gain Av =
is it satisfy? Why?
Page 26
EXPERIMENT 7 VOLTAGE REGULATORS

Experiment 7 Voltage Regulators
OBJECTIVE
The operation of power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. A steady dc
voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc level and, finally, regulating to obtain a
desired fixed dc voltage.

BC238
x2
LM741
x1
6.8V Zener
x1
220
x1

A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the voltage at various points.
Figure 7.1 Block diagram of a Power Supply
Filter Voltage Regulation and Ripple Voltage

The DC voltage derived from an AC source signal by rectifying and filtering will have some AC variation
(ripple). The smaller the ac variation with respect to the dc level, the better the filter circuits operation.
Consider measuring the output voltage of a filter circuit using a dc voltmeter and an AC (rms) voltmeter.
The DC voltmeter will read only the average or DC level of the output voltage. The AC (rms) meter will read
only the rms value of the ac component of the output voltage.
= =
() ()
=
100%

Figure 7.2 Graph of a Ripple
Page 27

CAPACITOR FILTER
A very popular filter circuit is the capacitor-filter circuit. A capacitor is connected at the rectifier output, and
a dc voltage is obtained across the capacitor. The output voltage of a full-wave rectifier before the signal is
filtered. Notice that the filtered waveform is essentially a dc voltage with some ripple (or ac variation). It is
possible to further reduce the amount of ripple across a filter capacitor by using an additional RC filter section
The purpose of the added RC section is to pass most of the dc component while attenuating (reducing) as
much of the ac component as possible.
Figure 7.3 a) Block Diagram for Filtered Rectifier circuit and b) output voltage graph on DC Load
Figure 7.4 Simple circuit diagram for Additional RC Filter
SERIES REGULATOR CIRCUIT

A simple series regulator circuit is shown below. Transistor Q1 is the series control element, and Zener diode
DZ provides the reference voltage.
Figure 7.5 Circuit Diagram for Series Regulator
Page 28

IMPROVED SERIES REGULATOR
An improved series regulator circuit is in below figure. Resistors R1and R2 act as a sampling circuit, Zener
diode DZ providing a reference voltage, and transistor Q2 then controls the base current to transistor Q1 to
vary the current passed by transistor Q1to maintain the output voltage constant.
Figure 7.6 Circuit Diagram for Improved Series Regulator
OP-AMP SERIES REGULATOR

Another version of series regulator is that shown in below figure. The op-amp compares the Zener diode
reference voltage with the feedback voltage from sensing resistors R1 and R2. If the output voltage varies,
the conduction of transistor Q1is controlled to maintain the output voltage constant. The output voltage will
be maintained at a value of
= ( +
Figure 7.7 Circuit Diagram for Series Regulator
Page 29

PRE-CALCULATIONS
1. Draw a circuit diagram for full-wave rectification. Just use 4 diodes. Indicate AC input and DC output.
2. If you connect your circuit inside the block you see in figure 7.4, can you make some comment on the
voltages (AC and/or DC characteristics) and ripple(s) at points A and B?
3. How does the output voltage at point B changes for the circuit in figure 7.4 if you
a. Increase the value of C1
b. Increase the value of C2
c. Increase the value of R1
d. Increase the value of RL
4. Calculate the input voltage for the circuit you draw at part 1 if the output voltage is 20V
5. Calculate the output voltage for the given circuit in figure 7.5 for R = 220 , RL = 1k, and Vz = 9.6 V
Zener.
6. Calculate the output voltage for the given circuit in figure 7.6 for R1 = 3.3 k, R2 = RL= 2.2 k, R3 =
4.7 k, R4 = 10 k, and Vz = 9.6 V Zener.
7. Calculate the output voltage for the given circuit in figure 7.7
PROCEDURE
1. Build full-wave rectification circuit of 4 Diodes Bridge.
2. Adjust its input voltage from function generator until it gives 20V output.
3. Connect this output to the circuit shown in figure 7.4 for R1 = RL = 1k and C1 = 22 uF, C2 = 10 pF.
Measure the voltages at points A and B with oscilloscope.
4. Replace C1 and C2 with each other. Now measure voltages at points A and B again.
5. Connect the output of your full-wave rectifier to Vi at circuit shown in figure 7.5 for R = 220 , RL =
1k, and Vz = 9.6 V Zener. Measure Vo. Compare your result that you find in pre-calculation.
6. Connect the output of your full-wave rectifier to Vi at circuit shown in figure 7.6 for R1 = 3.3 k, R2 =
RL= 2.2 k, R3 = 4.7 k, R4 = 10 k, and Vz = 9.6 V Zener. You can use any NPN transistor (BC 237 or
2N3904). Measure Vo. Compare your result that you find in pre-calculation.
Page 30

Name Surname:
ID:
Signature:

1.
Bridge diode diagram
2.
Voltages at points A and B
3.
Voltage at point B depend on

a.
C1
b.
C2
c.
R1
d.
RL
4.
Vinput =
5.
Voutput =
6.
Voutput =
7.
Voutput =
explain how this formula for the output voltage is found.

2.
Vinput =
3.
VA =
4.
Replace C1 and C2, then measure VA =
5.
Voutput =
and compare
6.
Voutput =
and compare
Page 31
when output is 20V

and VB =
and VB =
APPENDIX A DATASHEETS
Appendix A Datasheets
You can find more technical and electrical information about the components used in experiments
in following pages. At this pages you can find some selected behaviors of the components under
different situations (voltages, currents, temperatures). You can also find some sample circuit
diagrams for the given components.
Remember, these are common datasheets. Some conflicts and/or changes may occur. If something
is wrong with your experiment you can always check the new version from internet.
And some components that used in the experiments may not be included here. This is because a
different type of the same component can be used. The pin diagrams are often same. Otherwise
your lab instructor will inform you.
Page 32
BC237 BC238 BC239 NPN SILICON AMPLIFIER TRANSISTOR

BC237 BC238 BC239 NPN Silicon Amplifier transistor
Page 33
BC237 BC238 BC239 NPN SILICON AMPLIFIER TRANSISTOR
Page 34
2N3904 NPN GENERAL PURPOSE SILICON AMPLIFIER

TRANSISTOR
2N3904 NPN General Purpose Silicon Amplifier Transistor
Page 35
2N3904 NPN GENERAL PURPOSE SILICON AMPLIFIER

TRANSISTOR
Page 36
LM741 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

LM741 Operational Amplifier
Page 37
LM741 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Page 38
1N4001 ~ 1N4007 SILICON DIODE

1N4001 ~ 1N4007 Silicon Diode
Page 39
TIP122 NPN DARLINGTON TRANSISTOR

TIP122 NPN Darlington Transistor
Page 40
TIP122 NPN DARLINGTON TRANSISTOR
Page 41
APPENDIX B - OTHER COMPONENTS

Appendix B - Other Components
ZENER DIODES
LEDS
POTENTIOMETERS
Page 42
APPENDIX C - RESISTOR CODES

Appendix C - Resistor Codes
EXAMPLES
Green-Blue-Black-Black-Brown
560 ohms 1%
Red-Red-Orange-Gold
22,000 ohms 5%
Yellow-Violet-Brown-Gold
Blue-Gray-Black-Gold
Page 43
470 ohms 5%
68 ohms 5%
APPENDIX D - CAPACITOR READINGS

Appendix D - Capacitor Readings
Page 44
APPENDIX E - ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

Appendix E - Electrical Symbols
Ground Symbols
Earth Ground
Used for zero potential reference and electrical shock

protection.
Chassis Ground
Connected to the chassis of the circuit
Digital / Common Ground
Resistor Symbols
Resistor (IEEE)
Resistor reduces the current flow.
Resistor (IEC)
Potentiometer (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.
Potentiometer (IEC)
Variable Resistor /
Rheostat (IEEE)
Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.
Variable Resistor / Rheostat (IEC)
Page 45

Trimmer Resistor
Preset resistor
Thermistor
Thermal resistor - change resistance when temperature

changes
Photoresistor / Light dependent

resistor (LDR)
Photo-resistor - change resistance with light intensity change
Capacitor Symbols
Capacitor
Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts as short
circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.
Capacitor
Polarized Capacitor
Electrolytic capacitor
Polarized Capacitor
Electrolytic capacitor
Variable Capacitor
Adjustable capacitance
Power Supply Symbols
Page 46
Voltage Source
Generates constant voltage
Current Source
Generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source
AC voltage source
Generator
Electrical voltage is generated by mechanical rotation of the

generator
Battery Cell
Battery
Controlled Voltage Source
Generates voltage as a function of voltage or current of other

circuit element.
Controlled Current Source
Generates current as a function of voltage or current of other

circuit element.
Meter Symbols
Voltmeter
Measures voltage. Has very high resistance. Connected in

parallel.
Ammeter
Measures electric current. Has near zero resistance.

Connected serially.
Ohmmeter
Measures resistance
Diode / LED Symbols

Diode
Page 47
Diode allows current flow in one direction only (left to right).

Zener Diode
Allows current flow in one direction, but also can flow in the
reverse direction when above breakdown voltage
Schottky Diode
Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop
Varactor / Varicap Diode
Variable capacitance diode
Tunnel Diode
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
LED emits light when current flows through
Photodiode
Photodiode allows current flow when exposed to light
Transistor Symbols
Page 48
NPN Bipolar Transistor
Allows current flow when high potential at base (middle)
PNP Bipolar Transistor
Allows current flow when low potential at base (middle)
Darlington Transistor
Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of the product

of each gain.
JFET-N Transistor
N-channel field effect transistor
JFET-P Transistor
P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor
N-channel MOSFET transistor
PMOS Transistor
P-channel MOSFET transistor
Misc. Symbols
Page 49
Motor
Electric motor
Transformer
Change AC voltage from high to low or low to high.
NOTES
Notes
Page 50

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LAB RULES & TIPS

TIPS FOR EXPERIMENTS

Read the lab manual.

LAB RULES & TIPS

GUIDELINE FOR LAB MANUAL (NOTEBOOK)

: means voltage of point C (usually collector) respect to the ground

: this means voltage of the resistor with number 1

: this means current of collector

: peak voltage. Maximum value of an AC signal

: peak-to-peak voltage. Difference between maximum and minimum value of an AC signal

: usually refers to resistor at the emitter side

: capacitor at source side

: usually resistor at collector side

: letter to describe BJT transistors

: letter to describe diode

: letter to describe resistor

: letter to describe capacitor

: letter to describe inductor

: letter to describe MOSFET or JFET

: voltage of source (usually AC)

Experiment and quizzes

EXPERIMENT 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL

THEORY AND DESCRIPTIONS

EXPERIMENT 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL

Apply opposite polarity inputs to find Ad. 1 = 2 =

Figure 1.2 Diagram

Figure 1.4 Pin Diagram of LM741 OpAmp

Figure 1.5 Circuit schematic VEE

EXPERIMENT 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL

EXPERIMENT 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL

Figure 1.6 Common Mode OpAmp

Figure 1.7 Differenatial Mode OpAmp

EXPERIMENT 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL

selected Vi1 and Vi2 =

RESULTS FROM PART 1

RESULTS FROM PART 2

EXPERIMENT 2 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS & THEIR USAGE

Figure 3 Pin diagram of LM741

THEORY AND DESCRIPTIONS

EXPERIMENT 2 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS & THEIR USAGE

DIFFERENCE (SUBTRACTOR) AMPLIFIERS

EXPERIMENT 2 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS & THEIR USAGE

EXPERIMENT 2 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS & THEIR USAGE

EXPERIMENT 2 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS & THEIR USAGE

RESULTS FROM PROCEDURE

EXPERIMENT 3 ACTIVE FILTERS WITH OPAMP

EXPERIMENT 3 ACTIVE FILTERS WITH OPAMP

EXPERIMENT 3 ACTIVE FILTERS WITH OPAMP

RESULTS FROM PROCEDURE

100k 200k 500k 1M

EXPERIMENT 4 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF COMMONEMITTER AMPLIFIERS

CE: the cutoff frequency due to the emitter bypass capacitor is

EXPERIMENT 4 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF COMMONEMITTER AMPLIFIERS

AV = voltage gain of amplifier at mid-band frequency

At output connection of circuit:

Cce = capacitance between transistor collector-emitter terminals

Figure 4.1 Common Emitter Amplifier

Figure 4.2 Pin Diagram for BC237/238

EXPERIMENT 4 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF COMMONEMITTER AMPLIFIERS

EXPERIMENT 4 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF COMMONEMITTER AMPLIFIERS

PRE-CALCULATIONS (SHOW YOUR ALL WORK)