Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Department of Biochemistry,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
2
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------In this study, proximate analysis and jar test were carried out, to evaluate the characteristics of locally available
Moringa oleifera seeds and its dose effect on selected water quality parameters of raw water from Kwalkwalawa
River and wastewater from Dankure Market of Sokoto metropolis. Result of this study revealed that the seeds
powder is rich in lipids (33.33%), and has carbohydrate and protein content of 31.64% and 25.70% respectively.
Defatting had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the biocoagulant activity of the seeds powder, lowest turbidity values
were obtained at dose levels of 0.1 g/L and 1.0 g/L, for raw water and wastewater respectively. pH, conductivity and
total dissolved solids of M. oleifera treated water were not significantly increased (p>0.05) at the tested dose levels
(0.1-5.0 g/L). There was progressive decrease in coliform count as seeds dose increases. Partially purified M.
oleifera seeds proteins exhibited biocoagulant activity, this confirms earlier reports that the activity was due to the
presence of short cationic polypeptides in the seed. These findings suggest that M. oleifera seeds powder can be
used as a source of oil, while the cake is being employed as biocoagulant for point-of-use water treatment in
developing countries.
Keywords: Biocoagulation, M. oleifera, Proximate Analysis, Wastewater, Water Treatment.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------Date of Submission: 19 January 2015
Date of Accepted: 05 February 2015
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.
INTRODUCTION
Surface water from rivers, streams and ponds are the most common sources of raw water, but are usually of
low quality. Conventional methods such as chemical precipitation and filtration, disinfection, softening, pH
regulation, oxidation and reduction, electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis and ion exchange are used to
improve water quality. However, these methods are economically non-viable due to high cost of chemicals, plant
maintenance and requirement for expertise [1-3]. Low cost synthetic coagulants of aluminum, ferric salts and soda
ash are widely used for water treatment, but the safety of these substances and their efficiency is increasingly
becoming questionable. Some findings clearly raise strong doubt against the use of such coagulant in water
treatment, due to health related issues such as Alzheimer's disease [4]. In rural areas, the problem tends to be
compounded due to high level of illiteracy, lack of access roads and other social amenities [5]. Such communities
depend on low quality water from rivers, ponds and/ or streams for their daily life, thereby making them prone to
water borne diseases [6-10]. The search for alternative, low cost, effective and safe methods of water treatment is
therefore timely.
The use of M. oleifera seeds for water purification is part of African indigenous knowledge and has been
reported to have coagulant property after observing women in Sudan use the seeds to clarify the turbid Nile water
[11]. The seeds act as a flocculant that attract and aggregate particles held in water suspension, which then
precipitate out of the water as flakes, leaving clearer water. M. oleifera seeds also have the potentials to remove a
wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, algae, organic pollutants and pesticides from
contaminated water and may produce less sludge than chemical coagulants [12-15]. However, adequate scientific
and technical information is necessary if the full potentials of this renewable biocoagulant is to be fully exploited.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 19
II.
2.1
Proximate Analysis
Proximate analysis was carried out to determine ash content [17], crude fat [18], crude protein [18],
moisture content [17] and total carbohydrate [17].
2.5
Jar Test
To labeled Erlenmeyer flasks, M. oleifera seeds powder at doses of 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 g/L were
added. Water samples were then added, and slowly agitated at 40 rpm for 20 minute. The solution was allowed to
settle for 1 hour, after which the supernatant was collected. Selected water quality parameters were determined from
the supernatant [8]. Comparative analysis using defatted M. oleifera seed powder and alum was carried out adopting
the same procedure. Also, extracted M. oleifera seeds proteins (at different concentration) were employed for jar
test.
2.7
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 20
Data Analysis
Data obtained was expressed as Mean Standard deviation. All the parameters were analysed statistically
at P<0.05 by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or student t-test, using GraphPad InStat Software, Version
3.05 (San Diego, USA).
III.
3.1
6.000.866 a
3.330.289 a
33.330.764 a
25.700.182 a
31.640.207 a
5.330.577 a
4.330.289 b
13.330.764 b
23.600.133 b
53.401.381 b
3.2
Figure 1: pH of water samples treated with M. oleifera seeds powder (MSP), defatted M. oleifera seeds powder
(DMSP) and Alum. (a) Raw Water from Kwalkwalawa River, (b) Wastewater from Dankure Market.
Increased acidity by alum may lead to dissolution of metal ions in storage tanks and plumbing, and
consequently cause corrosion [22]. In this regard, M. oleifera will be advantageous over alum, particularly in terms
of reducing the cost of plant maintenance and pH regulation.
Lowest turbidity values for raw water were achieved at a dose of 0.1 g/L and are in order of alum (36.27
NTU) < defatted M. oleifera (38.93 NTU) < M. oleifera (47.43 NTU). For wastewater, the lowest turbidity values
were achieved at a dose of 1.0 g/L, in the order of defatted M. oleifera (78.83 NTU) < M. oleifera (85.53 NTU) <
alum (89.07 NTU) (Fig. 2).
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 21
Figure 2: Turbidity (NTU) of water samples treated with M. oleifera seeds powder (MSP), defatted M. oleifera
seeds powder (DMSP) and Alum. (a) Raw Water from Kwalkwalawa River, (b) Wastewater from
Dankure Market.
Though the turbidity of treated water was above Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) maximum permitted
level of 5 NTU, defatted M. oleifera gave good turbidity reduction of 75.67 % for raw water. When coupled with
other water treatment processes (such as aeration, sedimentation and/ or filtration), the turbidity removal action of
M. oleifera may be more pronounced.
There was progressive increase in conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) with increase in dosage for
all the treatments (Fig. 3 and 4).
Figure 3: Conductivity (S/ cm) of water samples treated with M. oleifera seeds powder (MSP), defatted M.
oleifera seeds powder (DMSP) and Alum. (a) Raw Water from Kwalkwalawa River, (b) Wastewater
from Dankure Market.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 22
Figure 4: Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) of water samples treated with M. oleifera seeds powder (MSP), defatted M.
oleifera seeds powder (DMSP) and Alum. (a) Raw Water from Kwalkwalawa River, (b) Wastewater
from Dankure Market.
Increase in conductivity and TDS by M. oleifera and defatted M. oleifera may be due to the presence of
mineral elements, charged macromolecules and other ionic compounds that dissolved or dissociated into the treated
water. Since alum is a double salt of aluminum sulfate, it is expected to cause high increase in conductivity and TDS
as they are positively correlated (R=0.999).
The antimicrobial activity of M. oleifera seeds powder is depicted in Fig. 5. Several researchers have
reported the antimicrobial activity of M. oleifera seeds [8, 12-14, 23].
Figure 5: Coliform Count (MPN) of water samples treated with M. oleifera seeds powder (MSP), defatted M.
oleifera seeds powder (DMSP) and Alum. (a) Raw Water from Kwalkwalawa River, (b) Wastewater
from Dankure Market.
There was progressive decrease in coliform count for raw water, with increase dose for both M. oleifera
seeds powder and defatted M. oleifera seeds powder. However, an increase in coliform count was observed beyond
the dose of 1.0 g/L M. oleifera seeds powder and defatted M. oleifera seeds powder, this may be due to
restabilisation of flocs/ decrease in the ability of M. oleifera to attract and neutralise charged ion and microbial cells
in the wastewater. The antimicrobial activity of M. oleifera seeds is believed to be due to the ability of its cationic
proteins to attract and neutralise charged molecules, thus, resulting in formation of flocs [24]. The reduction in
coliform count by alum at high dose of 3.0 g/L and 5.0 g/L may be due to osmotic stress on microbial cells, caused
by high salts presence in treated water. Also, low pH can have resultant negative effect on microbial growth [25,
26].
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 23
Figure 7: Turbidity (NTU) of water samples treated with M. oleifera seeds protein extract.
Figure 8: Coliform count (MPN) of water samples treated with M. oleifera seeds protein extract.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 24
Figure 9: Conductivity (S/cm) of water samples treated with M. oleifera seeds protein extract.
Figure 10: Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) of water samples treated with extracted M. oleifera seeds protein.
IV. CONCLUSION
M. oleifera seed was shown to be a potential biocoagulant, for treatment of both raw river water and
contaminated wastewater from commercial activities. The effective biocoagulant activity of the defatted seed
powder is an added advantage, as the oil of the seeds can be extracted while the cake is used as biocoagulant.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 25
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
J.K. Abaliwano, K.A. Ghebremichael, and G.L. Amy, Application of the Purified Moringa oleifera
Coagulant for Surface Water Treatment (WaterMill Working Paper Series no. 5, UNESCO-IHE: Institute
of Water Education, 2008).
A. Galadima, Z.N. Garba, L. Leke, M.N. Almustapha, and I.K. Adam, Domestic Water Pollution among
Local Communities in Nigeria- Causes and Consequences, European Journal of Scientific Research, 52(4),
2011, 592-603.
E. Faith, J. Atser, and E. Samuel, Water Resource Management in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: The
Role of Physical Planning, International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 2012, 51-61.
S.A. Jahn, Tradition water purification in tropical and developing countries: Existing methods and
potential application, (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Publication
117, Eschborn, 1981).
M. Akhtar, S.M. Hasany, M.I. Bhanger, and S. Iqbal, Low cost sorbents for the removal of methyl
parathion pesticide from aqueous solutions, Chemosphere, 66, 2007a, 18291838.
M. Akhtar, S.M. Hasany, M.I. Bhanger, and S. Iqbal, Sorption potential of Moringa oleifera pods for the
removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solutions, Journal of Hazardous Material, 141, 2007b, 546
556.
M. Suarez, J.M. Entenza, C. Doerries, E. Meyer, L. Bourquin, J. Sutherland, I. Marison, P. Moreillon, and
N. Mermod, Expression of a plant-derived peptide harboring water-cleaning and antimicrobial activities,
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 81, 2003, 1320.
M. Suarez, M. Haenni, S. Canarelli, F. Fisch, P. Chodanowski, C. Servis, O. Michielin, P. Moreillon, and
N. Mermod, Structurefunction characterization and optimization of a plant-derived antibacterial peptide,
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49, 2005, 38473857.
A. Kardam, K.R. Raj, K.J. Arora, M.M. Srivastava, and S. Srivastava, Artificial Neural Network Modeling
for Sorption of Cadmium from Aqueous System by Shelled Moringa oleifera Seed Powder as an
Agricultural Waste, Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2, 2010, 339-344.
Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) International, Official Method of Analysis of AOAC
International (17th edition: current through 1st revision), (Association of Analytical Communities,
Gaithersburg, USA. 2002).
M.D. Sullivan, and D.E. Carpenter, Method of analysis for nutritional laseling cholesterol (AOAC
international, Arlington, VA., 1993).
L.S. Clesceri, A.D. Eaton, A.E. Greenberg, and M.A.H. Franson, Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, (American Public Health Association (APHA); American Water Works
Association and Water Environment Federation, 20th Ed., Washington, DC., 1998).
J.L. Oblinger, and J.A. Koburger, Understanding and teaching the most probable number technique,
Journal of Food Technology, 28(6), 1975, 540-545.
Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS), Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NIS 554:2007),
(Standards Organization of Nigeria ICS 13.0.60.20).
T. Okuda, A.U. Baes, W. Nitshijima, and M. Okada, Improvement of extraction method of coagulation
active components from Moringa oleifera seed, Water Research, 33(15), 1999, 3373-3378
L. Miquel, and B. Wendy, Anti-cyanobacterial activity of Moringa oleifera seeds, Journal of Applied
Phycology, 22(4), 2010, 503510.
A.F.S. Santos, P.M.G. Paiva, J.A. Teixeira, A.G. Brito, L.C.B.B. Coelho, and R.B. Nogueira, Coagulant
properties of Moringa oleifera protein preparations: application to humic acids removal, Environmental
Technology, 33(1-3), 2012, 69-75.
G.C. Ware, E. Childs, and H.M. Smith, The effect of salt concentration on the growth of bacteria in dilute
nutrient solutions, Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 18(3), 1955, 446448.
S.O. Stanley, and R.Y. Morita, Salinity effect on the maximal growth temperature of some bacteria isolated
from marine environments, Journal of Bacteriology, 95(1), 1968, 169-173.
www.theijes.com
The IJES
Page 26