Chapter 2

Network Models
1.1

Chapter 2 Topics

We have four main Topics:

1. Introduction
Introduction..
2. The OSI Model Outlines
Outlines..
3. The OSI Model Layers
Layers..
4. Quick View On SDH Layers
Layers..
1.2

1. Introduction
A network is a combination of hardware and software that sends data
from one location to another to provide some services to the users.

The hardware consists of the physical equipment that carries signals

from one point of the network to another.
another

The software consists of instruction sets that make the service

available through the network.

Example from real life

E-mail service, when a user wants to send E-mail to another user he
uses his computer and the network connection as (hardware) and the
Email program as (software).
1.3

1. Introduction

1.4

1. Layered Tasks
From the previous example, we can extract some
concepts such as
1. The layer Concept.
2. The Hierarchy Concept..
3. Services Interaction.

1.5

1. Layered Tasks
This Layered Architecture can be also applied in data
networking
communications and networking.

In 1970, the International Standard Organization

(ISO) introduced the first model for data
communication and networking, which is called the
open system interconnection (OSI) Model .

1.6

2. The OSI Model Outlines

In This Section We have five main topics:

a) Layered Architecture.
b) Organization of layers.
c) Exchanging the data in the OSI Model.
d) Encapsulation.
1.7

2. The OSI Model Outlines

a) Layered Architecture

1.8

2. The OSI Model Outlines

b) Organization of layers
The seven layers can be divide into three subgroups:
i.

Low Layers(1,2,3)

ii.

Higher Layers (5,6,7)

iii. Middle layer (4)

1.9

2. The OSI Model Outlines

c) Exchanging the data in the OSI Model

1.10

2. The OSI Model Outlines

d) The Encapsulation Concept.

1.11

3. The OSI Model Layers

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.12

Physical Layer.
Data Link Layer.
Network Layer.
Transport Layer.
Session Layer.
Presentation Layer.
Application Layer.

3. The OSI Model Layers

Application Layer
The
application
layer
providing services to the user.
user

1.13

is

responsible

for

3. The OSI Model Layers

Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
encryption

1.14

3. The OSI Model Layers

Session Layer
The session layer is responsible
control and synchronization..

1.15

for

dialog

3. The OSI Model Layers

Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.

1.16

3. The OSI Model Layers

Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from the source host to
the destination host.

1.17

3. The OSI Model Layers

Network Layer
The main Functions of the Network layer are the following:
a) Logical addressing.
b) Routing.

1.18

3. The OSI Model Layers

Network Layer
Source-to-Destination
Destination Delivery

1.19

3. The OSI Model Layers

Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

1.20

3. The OSI Model Layers

Data Link Layer
The main responsibilities of the data link layer include the
following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

1.21

Framing.
Physical addressing.
Access control.
Flow control.
Error control.

3. The OSI Model Layers

Data Link Layer
Hop-to-hop
hop delivery (Node-to-node
(Node
delivery)

1.22

3. The OSI Model Layers

Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
Individual/Unstructured bits from one hop (node) to the
next.

1.23

3. The OSI Model Layers

Physical Layer
The physical layer is also concerned with the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

1.24

Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium.

Representation of bits.
Data rate.
Synchronization of bits.
Line configuration.
Physical topology.
Transmission mode.

3. The OSI Model Layers

Summary of the layers

1.25

4. Quick View On SDH Layers

1.26

4. Quick View On SDH Layers

1.27