England under the Tudors and Early Stuarts

The Neolithic Revolution

o 7000 8000 BCE: shift from hunter-gatherers to settled
agriculture
o Rise of civilization (I guess we defined this by agriculture
thing)
Agriculture enables large nad complex human
counities.
Division of labor. Most are working on the land, but
some people do other things.
Before this point, most people were nomadic huntergatherers.
After this point, worked in subsistence agriculture as
peasant-farmers. People are born into a small plot of
land. These people get tools and men and boys work
on this. This is true for most of the last 10,000 years
across the vast majority of the world.
Subsistence means producing for your own
consumption.
The alternative to subsistence is a
sophisticated division of labor which start in
England for the first time in history.
Social hierarchies are now there in the world. Elites
are not engaged in work or labor, but they live off of
the surplus provided to them by the people who
labor the earth as peasant farmers.
o Writing only comes with civilization. So history begins to be
recorded around this time.
o Trade did not really exist at this time. Extra was not traded.
Extras were given to the elites. If there was something
beyond something for the elites, then maybe that would go
to trade .
England in the Middle Ages
o Western Europe in the middle ages is just a variant of
civilization
o A feudal society means largely agrarian
Cycles and rhythms of life are determined by the
seasons.
We can nowadays work before and after the sun. But
they were everything in them middle ages. They
could only work when they can see.
Life was dominated by the cycles between farming
and harvesting.

o What is feudalism?
Manoralism is just a variant of feudalism
The vast majority of the population are serfs that
owe fealty/subservience to aristocratic lords.
Serfs are quasi-slaves. You cannot buy or sell them.
Theres a difference between dominion and
ownership. There was no private property, but there
is dominion. Ownership implies you can buy and sell
things.
Lords and nobility have control and dominion over
vast plots of land. Serfs owe fealty / vassalage to a
lord.
It is not like the relationship I have with the guy I rent
my apartment from. I do not owe him anything
except money. But he actually owns my apartment.
You as a serf owe the surplus to the lord as
vassalage. Either you owe a certain number of hours
of work to the vassal or you owe a certain amount to
the lord.
Nobody thinks of it as an economic relationship, it is
a duty that is owed. A lord has to be a lord. He has to
provide external defense and he must keep order he
must provide for defense. He usually has a band of
retainers with which he provides defense and order.
The lord is also the organizing unit of law.
Tri-partite cast structure: those who pray (priestly
caste), those who fight (warrior caste), those who
work (laboring caste).
People took the divinity of the priestly caste in
a way tha tis far more seriously than we do
now.
We do not have the same belief in divinity in
our clergy anymore.
At that time, these people were like wholly
different people.
This is a small elite class.
Political life of dominated by the noble landholding
clas, which consists of the aristocracy and gentry.
Gentry is noble and so is aristocracy
Gentry has no title. Lower and middle nobility.
o Sir, Esquire, Gentleman
o House of Commons

o There arent enough seats in this, so they

have elections within the gentry to
decide who sits here.
Aristocracy has a title. Duke, Earl, etc
o Parliament
o No elections, you pass these seats on

30 January 2015
British History Notes

The Tudors and early tuarts

o Feudalism is dead around this time.
o The realm is pacified as over-mighty lords
o By the year 1500, serfdom has collapsed, feudalism is no
more. There is no centralized state at this time.
Peasant revolts, great instability, Malthusian crisis
o Tudors were what replaced the old system
o The Tudors created a centralized state in Britain
Why were they able to create this?
The system of socioeconomic organization that
replaced the older feudal system
This new system is capitalist agriculture or
commercialized agriculture replaces feudal
agriculture
Capitalism starts in agriculture, but soon starts
to be the dominant form of organization for the
culture as a whole
This starts late 15th century and ends 18th century. It
was a slow process. It is a molecular transition, but it
did certainly occur.
o The most important thing:
The shift from aristocratic lord and serfs/bondsmen
to aristocratic landlorsd (i.e. commercial rent-taking)
capitalist tenant farmers agrarian wage-laborers.
The latter set is the classic triangle of largescale
capitalist agriculture in England.
There was a whole attempt to re-inserf the peasantry
when they transitioned, but this failed.
As a result, the wealthy no longer had the ability to
coerce a surplus over the serfs.
Instead, they started to assert private property. They
can alienate their land. The concept of dominion was
replaced by the concept of private property.
These peasants are masterless men. These people
are willing to work the land for a wage. They used to
work for their own consumption then give the rest to
their masters.
The aristocrats then rent out their land to the freed
peasants. They then use this wage to buy
necessities. A capitalist relationship begins exist. It is
now production for the market, not production for

subsistence. The new relationship is not coerced, it is

economic. People choose freely in the capitalist
sense of this term.
Advances in agriculture begin to come about
because of competition.
The Roman Catholic Church is the enemy of the capitalist
progressive aristocracies because
o It is a large land holder
o It is subservient to the papal state and the Vatican
o Lots of holidays, not enough time for work!
Superstition!
Standing in the way of power!
o They are aligned with the leading powers
Hobbesburk: Spain Austria
Etc
Englands needs are not in line with the Roman
Catholic Church
th
Henry the 8 wants a divorce, but this is not granted to him
o The Spanish says no to pope and pope says no to Henry
o Henry is figuratively whipped by Roman Catholic church
England realizes that the Roman Catholic Church is not aligned
with its interests.
o Declares the Royal Supremacy. Henry is not just ruler in
State but also supreme ruler in Church.
o He takes similar stuff from the Roman Catholic Church but
puts it under the centralization of the State.
o The Anglian church is basically roman Catholicism without
the pope
o People are just generally against the roman catholic church
Lots of absues
Have to pay taxes to them
Hierarchy etc
o The King of England is the head of the Anglican church
o The British monarchy is still the head of the Anglican
church. The queen of England is not just the head of
England, but also the head of the church.

The English Revolution of the Mid-Seventeeth Century

World turns upside down.

o Why?
o English Revolution flip the world, figuratively speaking.
Why does Charles I reign last only a short time?
o He was beheaded in 1625.
o Why was he beheaded?
Growing conflicts between Charles and the
Parliament across a wide range of affairs
Taxation
Foreign Affairs
Etc
This is a bit odd because the entire 16th century was
in lockstep. They set up the Centralized state
together? [e.g. nobility in parliament versus King]
Why was there is 1620s and 1630s falling out?
Conflict over how much centralization do you
want to occur?
The monarchy wants an absolute monarchy,
but the parliament doesnt want this.
Naturally conflict ensues over the degree of
centralization.
From the monarchs
Growing divisions between Puritan groups and the
Church of England hierarchy.

The Reign of Charles (Day 4)

The reign of Charles I (1625 1649)

o Growing conflicts between Charles I and Parliament across
wide range of affairs (foreign policy, constitution, taxes,
etc.)
They are fighting over who has control over the
Centralized state
These conflicts began with James, but intensified with
his son, Charles.
In the past, they moved lockstep over a variety of
issues (they had similar enemies and similar goes).
This was the Tudor revolution.
o Growing division between Anglicans (Church of England)
and Puritan groups
Anglican Church:
Catholicism + Protestantism
No Pope
Century long debate between those who
essentially who want to keep the church
essentially Catholic.
High Church Anglicans (Ludians) They want
strict hierarchy resembling Catholicism without
a Papacy.
o This is the dominant, conservative group.
o The opponents are the Puritans, they want to purify the
Church of England. They did not call themselves Puritans
but it was a originally a pejorative term.
They want it to be more Protestant
They initially wanted to purify the Anglican church,
but eventually they just wanted to be outside the
church so they set up their own churches.
Presbyterians: Simple churches but still have a
church governance (democratically elected
though)
Independents: Radical egalitarianism (looks like
a Bible study to us today)
o Ideological conflict between advocates of king-inparliament and divine right absolute monarchy
Monarch was put on Earth by God and therefore he
cannot be dissenting or discontented against by the
people.
What are appropriate ways of expressing discontent?

Prayers: Prayers are a way of expressing to

God what you want the King to do something.
Tears:
You cannot actively resist. You can only express
resistance through Prayers and Tears to god.
People in Parliament want to appeal to Medieval ideal
of King-in-Parliament, where the king still has to be
advised by Parliament.
The way that Parliament is able to hold on to power
is power of purse in the sense that the King needs
Parliament for extraordinary income. If the King
needs to go to war, the house of commons needs to
tax itself to give extraordinary income for the king.
This gives them some negotiating power.
Eventually the King decides he will no longer rely on
parliament. In 1629, he starts personal rule for 11
years. He rules without ever calling parliament. How
was he able to do this?
Charles sets long term policy to be able to raise
financial resources without calling parliament
Forced loans on bankers, goldsmiths, etc
He also needs a standing army
o Roman Catholic Irishmen no connection
o Royal absolutists have armies that is
completely independent of its own
people
The English Civil Wars and Revolution
o England engulfed by civil wars between royal and
parliamentary forces from 1642 and 1648
o Parliamentary forces are increasingly radicalized
o Parliamentary forces, with Oliver Cromwell and the New
Model Army at the forefront, are ultimately victorious
[Sounds like they had a Civil War between these two
armies?]
They just want to stop Charles I from having an
absolutist state without Parliament.
Parliament had to involve regular citizens. These
normal citizens were never involved in politics
before. They need to get money and men. Parliament
needs the masses inorder to fill the coffers and
armies.
Lines were meritocratic and based on ideology under
Oliver Cromwell. They were a modern, standardized.

Commited to victory of Parliament and victory of the

anti-Christ (Charles).
Parliamentary forces, with Oliver Cromwell and the
New Model Army at the forefront, are ultimately
victorious
Results of the war
Popular soverignty : Parliament is supreme
because it seeks to represent the people
King is simply an executor of the laws passed
by Parliament.
Parliamentary supremacy / sovereignty
Charles I is tried and executed in January 1649.
o This is the first time a king was put on
trial.
o There have been executions of Kings, but
this was the first trial.
o They argue that the King is a traitor to
England. This implies that sovereignty
does not come from the King.
o To be able to try a King implies that the
law does not flow from the King. It
implies that the King is subject to the law
and therefore that the law has another
source. This is a new radical conception
of law and justice.
o This implies that the law is from
elsewhere than the King. Normally
people at this time would say that the
King is the law and therefore above the
subject of the law.

The English Wars Etcetera 4 February 2015

The English Civil Wars and Revolution

o England is engulfed by civil wars between royal and
parliamentary forces during the 1640s
o Parliamentary forces are radicalized along political and
religious lines
They are against arbitrary power; against one man
They want to go back to the medieval ideal of
consultation with nobles
They just want the nobility and gentlemen to gather
together and to advise and consult with the King.
In other words, they were not really radical.
It is the King that is innovative, because
historically speaking what the Parlimentary
people were asking for is what has precedence.
o Under the Burbon Monarchy: they were building these
great power absolute monarchies.
o Theres a dilemma faced by the Parliamentary folks
o Every time the King wins he
Was the world really turned right side up? No.
o despite he restoration of the church of England as the
establishd church, de facto religious diversity continues
o broad view that religious skism will lead to political skism.
You cannot have a stable social and political order
without a stable religious order.
o The traditional ideal of the stable political life has just gone
away. People have experienced conflict
o Public opinion came into the wars and began to publish
petitions and debate in coffee houses and pubs.
Throughout the restoration the stuart monarchy tries to put
the genie back in the bottle and they cant.
o The secrets of state are increasingly the subject of public
opinons.
o The structural problem of the centralized territorial state
persists. Who ultimately control the state?
This was not completely resolved. Does the
monarchy govern on its own or does it govern with
reference to parliament?
As the 1660s draw to a close, deep seated political conflict is
back. Central question, is this newly emerging central territorial
state is that controlled by Monarchy with or without parliament?

Is parliament checking monarchy? Its unclear what the precise

relationships.
In the 1660s-80s. When the restored monarchy attempts to be a
royal absolutist again, they are faced with the same dilemma
that 1620s: drawing the sword to make the king come to the
table is a risky proposition. Last time they did it, this let out
social and political forces that were outside of control. The next
generation of the landed parliamentary elite, they know that any
force resistane they have against the monarchy risks bringing
back all the risks that they grew up with when young (the civil
wars and the commonwealth period).
o This dilemma remains throughout the rest of the course up
till the American revolution for Britain.

The European World after Westphalia: Bourbon France, the Dutch

Republic, and the Balance of Power.
Following the treaty of westfalia we are going to focus on the
powers that matter during this time, Frame and Dutch republic.
Civil war is what happened after the Treaty was signed.
o England is out of European great power diplomacy because
it is focused on a civil war inside.
o What is going on the European continent during this time
that Britain is involved in this civil war?
30 years war. 1618 1648. Engulfed remaining
European powers
What does Great power diplomacy look like before this period?
o One of the key features of the 17th century was Spain,
specifically the decline of spain. They had the preeminent
position in the 16th century (Charles 5th, Phillip 2nd),
Hobbesburg spain was the power of the world during the
time perio
o If you look at a map at the end of the 16th century, they
own a Lot of the world not only in Europe, but also in the
rest of the world .
o People thought that Spain would restore a universal
monarchy. They thought these people would recreate the
Roman Empire over the world. People thought this would
bring about the return of Christ (wtf).
o But they went throughout a decline during the 17th century.
Several of their northern territories are able to
successfully revolt to make themselves independent.
By the end of the 30 years war, they have exhausted itself the
conflict of great power interests. How will a balance of power be
observed?

o Peace of Westfalia establsiehs European multistate system

and the principles of balance of power.
o Ruler of the territory can determine religion of its subject.
o Enshrined in treaty of westfalia is
Borders of European states. There exists a plurality of
European states.
Rulers can determine religions of their own states.
They have soverign authority of
Sovereign states determine internal affairs more
generally
They can also jostle back and forth with one another
in a balance of power.
War is just politics by other means
War is just a part of renegotiating global
politics
There is a constant negotiation.
What is balance of power?
o Power has to be balance to avoid any single hegemony
again.
Great power: The Dutch Republic
o The Dutch Revolt established the Dutch republic as
independent from the Spanish
o Politically open and republican, religiously tolerant, derives
wealth from trade & manufacturing, maintains a strong
navy and seeks to expand maritime power through spread
of commerce.
o Christopher hill writes that : two conceptions of civilization
were in conflict. This conflict embraced the whole of life.
One conception took the French model and the other the
Dutch republic.
How do you choose the great powers to align with as
a statements in this area? You are choosing who to
ally with and what way of life that you want.
Great Power: The Dutch Republic

Dutch Revolt, lasting from 1568 to 1648, establaished northern

provinces of the Spanish Netherlands as a free and independent
country: the United Provinces of the Netherlands
At this point in history, rulers begin to have secular reasons for
foreign policy. In the past, the reason for war was fighting the
anti-Christ. But now, it is this-worldly affairs. European statesmen
still want to follow Christian principles, but they no longer use
that as a justification of world.

After 1648 there is a multi-state system of powers: Austria,

Sweden, spain. But then there are two key powers also
ascendency (Dutch Republic of Bourbon France).
The Spanish powers used to own the Netherlands provinces, but
these claim their independence
Great Power: Bourbon France

Bourbon France is the greatest power in Europe, with a vast

landmass and a population of 22 million
Two models for Englnds development: The Dutch Republic and
Absolutist France
o They arent just allies in terms of foreign policy interest but
also models for development.
Should they pursue the Dutch model? Dominated by
wealthy merchant citizens from wealthy cities? Local
assemblies form a confederacy. They have an elected
king and his principle responsibility is to run the
military. Elected and non-heriditary. Still of noble
background. Religious tolerance and republican.
Maritime expansion.
Should they pursue the French system. Louis the XIV.
Absolutist monarchy. Expansion by military driven
conquest. Religiously homogeneous Roman Catholic
Realm.
This is not just two different countries, but a choice
between two ways of life.

Social and Economic Change in the Later Seventheeth Century: Part I

(Engalnds Great Divergence and the consolidation of capitalist
agriculture)

The geopolitical world had great powers

But now we want to paint a picture of Britains economy and
society during this point in society. All of these changes are
taking place 1650-1700.
Englands economy and society, c 1660-1700.
o England develops socially and economically quite rapidly
during the Restoration periods.
o England is the first industrial country. But why?
Goes through the industrial revolution [this comes
into gear 1780s-1790s, after the end of our course]

The industrial revolution wasnt all at once, it was

something that needed the capitalist economy that
was developed earlier in the century for 100 years or
so.
England was on a fundamentally different path of
economic development than the rest of the world.
This is Englands Great Divergence, along with a
few other nations (like the Dutch Republic in the
Netherlands). This becomes clear after 1650-1700
(the Restoration and its immediate aftermath),
because it gave England a dynamic economy that led
into the industrial revolution.
Economic revolutions, unlike political revolutions,
take a great deal of time to manifest.
The reason why the divergence is so important:
Not only does this set England apart from
Europe, but it helps liquidate (e.g. break away
from) traditional agrarian society.
They are the first country to part ways with
10,000 years of historical ways of life. They are
the first to depart with the agrarian way of life.
This is not just the end of the middle ages, but
also of agrarian civilization.
The key signifier of this change is that by 1700,
only 50-60% of the English population was
primarily involved /employed in agriculture.
The pre-modern or pre-capitalist economy across the world
o Development of settled agriculture created an agrarian
surprlus that allowed for a small portion of the population
to live off the land, and thus allowed for the growth of
towns and trade.
o With the growth of towns and trade, an urban-rural division
of labor emerged in the agrarian civilization and kingdoms
o The development fo the agrarian surplus was limited and,
eventually, the growth of the population outstripped the
growth of resources.
o Malthusian situation sets in: plague, pestilence, war,
famine
Phase A: population growth and economic
development
Phase B: population decrease and economic decline
These phases occur because of limited economic
productivity on land on the person [ remember that
the limitation of human civilization is because not
everybody has to work on the land]

In pre-capatalist economy, although a portion of

the population was able to live off the land in towns,
and to engage in trade and manufacturing, these
developments were constrictued by the Malthusian
demographic cycle.

The Transition to capitalist agriculture (c. 1400 1700)

o Between the seventeenth centuries, the English countryside
experienced the transition to capitalist agriculture
o Essentially, laborers were free but they have no land for
themselves. The Lords had land,b ut they no longer have serfs
to work on the land. The former serfs were free to live but
they were also free to starve.
o These conditions led to the classic triad of capitalist
agriculture
Aristocratic capitalist landlord (collector of money rents)
Commerical tenant-famrer (maker of profit)
Agrarian wage-laborer (earner of wage)
o The spread of this structure led to competitive production.
Farmers had the incentive to grow more productive and hence
prices and efficiency improved.
Labor productivity
Specalization
Capital Accumulation
o The pre-modern or pre-capitalist limits on the creation of
agricultural surplus were transcended and Engalnds economy
was able to escape the Malthusian trap.
Commercialization: The development of commercial and
manufacturing capitalism
o By the later 17th century, you can get what you
o You are going to seek the gains from trade that Adam Smith
You are going to focus on the things you can make
better than other else
You are able to buy things by producing something at
high quality and low cost.
o In order to produce a particular commodity as efficiently as
possible, men and women broke up the production process
into different tasks and procedures, thus creating a division of
labor within each workshop.
If you only produce one thing, youcan probably do it
better than if you made many different things.

Commercialization: the development of commercial and

manufacturing capitalism

o Shift of opulation away from the land and the increase of

disposable income of the opulation as a whole, allowed for
growth of markets in non-necessities and luxuries
o More of the population no longer in agriculture. Agricultural
capitalism is off the grouna and now the olpuatlin is away
from the agribculture as the polulation is off the land
they are free wage laborers.
o In the middle ages, there were people produceing goods in
highly restricted guilds. These have secret technologies.
They were not planned to produce at market prices. They
sought to produce for a great lord.
o But now capitalist agriculture the people who are shifting
off they are free wage laborers, this means that merchants
can disrupt the guild structure and instead directly employ
free wage laborers to produce for the market. Capitalist
agriculture has given rice to commercial manufacturing
capitalism.
o Adam Smith famously described how the expansion of the
market leads to the divison of labor. As people get what
they need from the market, they want to focus on things
that they are very good at producing.
They do this to achieve the gains from trade.
Thats why we see the expansion of the market
People become less educated about the overall
creation of the pin but more educated about the
specific part for which they are responsible.
o By 1700, England not only had an urban-rural (or towncountry division of labor, which had existed in previous
millennia but also an extensive division of labor between
different towns, cities, and regions, as well as an extensive
division f labor within individual productive units and
workshops.
o The market increasingly mediated the social life in
England. Men and women produced less and less for their
own consumption. Rather, they worked n order to acquire
the means (i.e. money) to buy the products of other
peoples work. We do this now, but that wasnt something
that was done before this time.
o The capitalist economy is ceaseless and restless. There is
no stasis anymore. In the pre-modern world you only
produce for your own consumption. While more production
than ever before, if you want to make sure youre paid a
wage as a worker.
Urbanization: the growth of towns and cities

o By the 16th century, between 10-12% of the English

population lived in villages, towns and cities. By 1700, 40%
of the Egnlish population lived in villages, towns, and cities.
The most important symptom is London, which is the
most important city in London.

o The rest of Europe was becoming less urban but the

process of urbanization continued in England.
o London had like 10% of the population at the time.
o In these new towns and cities there are lots of coffee
houses being set up.
o The postal services grew along with the improvement and
expansion of roads and canals in England.
o There was the need to improve transportation and
communication. Roads and turnpikes, post offices etcetera.
Imporved means of communication. The growth of letter
writing. There was a massive explosion of letters. It
originally flowed as business news.
o Also flourishing is a culture of pamphlet reading, nwletter
reading etcetera. There was a massive politicization of the
culture. They still want to know about politics. The
transformation of the culture makes people want news
ever more. When my wage is dependent on the market,
then I become interested in the world. I am now dependent
on all of these interconnections acrossed society.
o There was a massive growth of news.
o There was a vibrant political culture in these new villages
in these manufacturing centers etcetera. There was a new
culture of discussion taxes, regulation, etcetera. This
discussion was not controlled by government. Political
discussion used to take place with wealthy landed
gentlemen in parliament and monarchy, but now they are
taking place in pubs, coffeehouses, and anywhere else
there are literate people.
o Now these people have an interest because it is an
interdependent economy. This is a much more participatory
realm because people participate not because of their
background or because they are appointed by God but
because they were willing to pay the pence and have the
newsletter and cup of coffee. It is no longer limited by birth
and background. Truth is no longer told to you by a King or
a priest. Truth is seen to be something found in reason and
discussion.
The English Revolutiona dnt he country seconomic
transformation

o While capitalist agriculture was the fundamental condition

for the growth of towns, cities, trade, and manufacturing in
England, the possibilities contained in such capitalist
transformation were not fully realized until the English
Revolution of the mid 17th century.
o More specifically, the polities of the English Commonwealth
(1649-53) transofmred the ecounties political economy
that is the relationship between the state and the
economic organization of society.
The English Revolution and the countrys economic
transformation
o While capitalist agriculture was the fundamental condition
for the growth of towns, cities, trade, and manufacturing in
England, the possibilities contained in sucha capitalist
transformation were not fully realized until the English
Revolutio of the mid-seventeeth century
o More specifically, the policies of the Egnlish
Commonwealth transformed the countrys political
economy that is, the relationship between the state and
the economic organization of society, in favor of
commercial and manufacturing development at home as
well as overseas commercial and colonial expansion
The policies that came into place during the mid-17th
century English revolution more specially under the
republic / Commonwealth really new policies and
practices.
Why was this period of revolution able to reflect such
a radical transformation in Englands political
economy?
Turned into political radicalism and that helped
them form something new into the economy
They did not come from the landed elite
The court and the landed elite had dominated
They implemented policies that
What happens in the mid-17th century is that
new social and political groups come to the
fore. Particularly, business, overseas
entrepreneurial come to the fore.
Part of that radicalism, that new republican
regime is figuring out how to build a state
apparatus (money, men, resources) in that
process of radicalization that new groups came
to the fore who had to find new ways of raising
revenues and funds to support the new system
monetarily both domestic and abroad.

o Before 1640, the English state was not commited to the

development of commerce, manufacturing, and overseas
expansion.
o The Stuart of James I and Charles extracted short-term
revenues from commercial and overseas expansion in
order to fund its initiative and projects.
The King just said you can have the right to do this
you can have monopoly but you have to give the
king a cut.
Some people wanted to settle in new colonies. The
king would just say Ill give you a proprietary colony
you can have a personally run and owned colony
you can be an entrepreneur sorta but in return the
King would ask for tax revenue in exchange.
Basically these kings just wanted as much of this tax
revenue as possible for short term gain.
Over time these develop a series of obstacles of
problems.
All these monopolies and letters of patent arent
good in the long run for central power
o During the English Civil War and Revolution, the politics
and practices of the state were no longer exclusively
determined by landed elites. Under the Commonwealth
regime, new social groups, consisting largely of overseas
merchants and entreprenuers, were involved in planning
and implementing state policy. These groups brought new
ideas and schemes, drawn from their experiences in
overseas enterprise and commercial competition, to bear
in the affairs of state.
A lot of London based business people come ot the
for and they suggest new ways of planning and
implementing state policies.
They bring new plans.
These people tended not to be elites. They are from
the middle ranks of society.
These were allowed to set up colonies. They
dont have monopolies or letters of patent.
They come from a cometptive environment. No
monopolies. They were kept out of the areas
that were monopolized. So they had to go into
more difficult lines of trade and overseas
expansion.
The people who got monopolies were the people who
are elite, aristocrats.

o New politices committed the state to unlimited commercial

and ovesreas expansion: the Navigation Act of 1651 and
the additional navigation laws; the First Anglo-Dutch War;
the abolition of chartered monopolicies in favor of freetrade zones; the creation of a sizeable standing navy; and
the building of a naval-industrial complex
Commodities have to do two things
They have to pass through England.
Commodities cannot be sold directly to other
European colonies. Must be routed through
England so we can have customs due etc.
They have to go on English ships with English
captains and seamen. This creates a
protectionist policy for English shipping,
perhaps it was an infact industry at the time.
At first there is a union with the Dutch
The Dutch were lightyeads ahead of England.
Dutch say no. Why would we want an inferior
partner?
So, the English decide they are going to blow
open trade by declaring war with Netherlands.
This war was the first Anglo-Dutch War
The Dutch kept English out of World trade
through superior competition.
The English wanted a competitive edge
established through war
Abolition of chartered monopolies through free-trade
zones
Whereas Charles I and James I had monopolies
given out, the Commonwealth set up free-trade
zones. People can have any sort of
manufacturing process they want to etc etc.
The Idea being that anyone can trade for free.
The English have competition amongst
themselves trading wherever they want to go.
The creation of sizable standing navy & naval
industrial complex
There is a sizable effort to build a permanent
ship building industry
This is conditioned upon Cromwells
protectorate.
o Rather than extracting short-term revnues from
commercial and overseas economic development as James
I and Charles I had done, the English Comonwealth was

committed to raising long-term revnues on the asis of ever

expanding commercial and overseas economic activity. The
state sought to expand economic activitiy in order to
increase its tax revenues, instead of arbitrarily raising
taxes regardless of economic condition.
There are no longer monopolies limited economic
activity.
There are entprenuers employing labors
In competition with one another.
The Stuarts (Charles I and James I) were only
interested in short term gain. They did NOT care
about economic development, especially not as an
end in itself.
o New politices committed the state to unlimited commercial
and overseas expansion: the Navigation Act of 1651 and
the additional navigation laws; the first anglo-dutch war,
the abolitionof chartered monopolies in factor of free trade
zones; the creation of a sizeable standing navy; the the
builidn gof a nval industrial complex
o Rather than extracting short-term revenues from
commercial and ovesreas economic development as James
I and HCarles I had done, the English Commonwealth was
committed to raising lont-term revnues on the basis of
ever-expanding commercial and overseas economic
acitivirty The state sought to expand economic activity in
order to increase its tax revnues, instead of arbitrarily
raising taxes regardless of the condition of the economy.