20141022

WoodAdhesives Part1
Dontforgettocheckoutthereadingat
http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2013/fpl_2013_frihart001.pdf

Woodcompositeproducts
Themajorityofwoodproductsinusehavebondedassemblies
Adhesivechoiceisdependentuponapplication
Importantaspectsofwoodadhesivechoicedependsupon

Cost
Cost
MechanicalPerformance rigidity,strength,viscoelasticity/creep
Durability
Color
Curingmechanism(whatinputsarerequiredtomaketheadhesiveasolid?)

20141022

Woodbasedcomposites
Structural
Glulam,crosslaminatedtimbers,parallelstrandlumber,laminatedveneer
lumber,plywood,orientedstrandboard(OSB)

Nonstructural
Particleboard,mediumdensityfiberboard,decorativeplywood,overlays

http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/do
cumnts/fplgtr/fplgtr190/ch
apter_11.pdf

Criticalchemicalandpolymeraspectsof
woodadhesives
Functionality ofthemonomer/oligomerleadingtovariouschain
architectures(i.e.linear,branched,ornetworkpolymers)
ChemicalcompositionofthepolymerimpactingTg andinteraction
withthewood
Molecularweightofthepolymerduringapplicationandcure
Thechemicalcompositionimpactinginteractionwiththewood

20141022

Formaldehydebasedadhesives
Formaldehydeadhesivesare
theoldestsyntheticpolymers
Woodadhesivesutilize
phenolformaldehyde,urea
formaldehyde,andmelamine
formaldehyde(lesserextent)
Formaldehydebasedresins
arescrutinizedfor
formaldehydeemissions

Phenol

Urea

Melamine

Consumptionwillbereduced

Formaldehydeadhesivesareusedinboth
structuralandnonstructuralapplications
Typicallyformulatedandappliedassolutionsinwateraslow
molecularweightpolymers
Forexteriorgradecomposites,mustusephenolformaldehyderesins
althoughmelamineresinsprovidesomewaterstability.
Notratedbycompositetype(plywoodvs.particleboard)butbyapplication
exteriorvs.interior.

Resinshaveagivenshelflifeandformulatedbyadhesivesupplier
forparticularboardproducer
Properresincureimpactsperformance

20141022

PhenolFormaldehyde
Woodadhesives
arealkalicatalyzed
resolesPFresins
whereP/F<1

Formaldehydeadditionto
thephenolto
methylolphenol/
hydroxymethyl phenol

PhenolFormaldehyde
OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

Heatactivatedtoform
condensedstructures
(lotsofheat)
OH

+
O
H

Whatfunctionalgroupsareobserved?
Whatelseisobservedaboutthe
backboneofthispolymer?The
polymerhasadarkreddishcolor.

Methylenebridge
formation
OH

Note,resorcinolcanbeaddedtoPF
resinstoincreasetherateofcure
andmakethemcoldcuring

Whathappenstothewater?

OH

20141022

UreaFormaldehyde

>pH4
conditions

Hydroxymethyl
derivativesformed
abovepH4

UFadhesivesaremilky
whitecolloidalsuspension.
Uponcuretheyformvery
lightlycoloredadhesives.

Etherbridges

Acidiccatalysisareusedtocureadhesive
Saltslikeammoniumchlorideareaddedintothesolutions
astheform,ammoniaandHCl (ammoniagasesoff)

<pH4
conditions

UreaFormaldehyde

UFadhesivesarenothydrolyticallystable
andundergohydrolysiswhenexposedto
water.Thiscausestwoissuecannotbe
usedinexteriorexposuresandcanemit
formaldehyde
Whatfunctional
groupsareobserved?

UFadhesiveshavebeensuggestedtocureas
agglomerationofcolloidalparticlescomposed
ofoligomeric UFcondenstates.

20141022

Melamineformaldehyderesinshave
similarchemistrytoUFbesidestheir
stabilityatdifferentpHs

MelamineFormaldehyde
MFadhesivescanstillemit
formaldehydebutgeneraloccursat
lowerlevelsandmuchmorewater
resistantthanUF.
OH

H2 C
H2
C

OH

H2 C
N

HO

CH2
N

HO
H2
C

H2C
H
N

CH2

H2C

MFresinsarecommonly
impregnatedintopaperoverlays,
driedandlaminated.
Theyarechemicallyresistant.

O
HO

H2
C

HO

OH

CH2

H2C

OH

HO

N
CH2

HO

H2 C

FormicacountertopsarebasedonMFresins
(hardsurfacethatischemicallyinert)

CH2
N

OH

OH

N
HO

C
H2

CH2

Ring
structures
makearigid
resin

Beableto
Indicatedifferencesamongsttheformaldehydebasedresinsfor
applications
Performance,adhesivestructure,andphysicalattributes

Drawreactantsfortheresinsandunderstandmechanismofcure
Discussformaldehydeemissionsfromformaldehydebasedadhesives