Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER I
LINE-OUT OF THE
STRUCTURE
Theodolite
Leveling Instruments
Steel tape
Ranging rods
Wooden pegs, wire nails, kg hammer
line Dori
Total Station
Coordinates of the various structures are shown in the layout drawing of the project. From the
permanent established bench mark, temporary bench mark is established nearer to the
particular part of the project at a convenient place so that it is not needed to transfer the bench
mark for establishing the different levels for the particular structure. Similarly temporary
coordinates are also established .Care is to be taken in establishing those temporary points so
that they are marked accurately without any error.
Establishing the centre line pegs for particular structure
Following is the typical example.
Centre line pegs are established at a convenient distance from the edge of the excavation line
so that they are not disturbed while doing excavation. (Refer below sketch).
Sketch showing wooden peg with wire nails with approximate size and length.
Pegs are driven in the ground to the extent they are not getting movement by hand. After
driving the pegs center line is established on the peg as shown in the sketch and 1 long wire
nails is fixed over it keeping above the top of the peg so that while checking line dori can
be tied in between two such pegs. Alternate pegs shall be checked diagonally by calculating the
diagonal by Pythagoras theorem.
Every stage of works such as checking the excavation, marking the area of PCC, checking the
shuttering for footing, marking the location of column over the footing already cast, checking
of centre line by hanging the plumb bob from the crossing of the line dori as shown in the
below sketch shall be carried out.
CHAPTER II
EARTH WORK
Light
Medium
- (1.44 g/cm3 to 1.6 g/cm3) loose sand, silty sand, silt etc.
Heavy
Soft/Loose Soil - Generally any soil which yields to the ordinary application of
picks and shovel, or to phawra, rake or other ordinary digging implement; such as
vegetable or organic soil, turf, gravel, sand, silt, loom, clay peat, etc
Hard/Dense Soil Generally any soil which requires the close application of
picks, or jumpers or scrifiers to loosen; such a stiff clay, gravel and cobblestone.
The type of soil can be identified by visual inspection and laboratory test results.
2.3 Field Method for soil identification:
Observations:
Sandy soil Gritty sensation and non sticky, if squeezed in hand when dry will fall apart
when pressure is released
Silty soil Some residual colour due to partial sticking of soil and less gritty sensation can be
rolled into threads between fingers but crumbles when it dries.
Clayey soil No gritty sensation, soft and sticky.
Soil type
Very soft, wet pasty clay
Black cotton soil
Red soil / Yellow soil
Loose gravel
Murrum
Soft rock
Hard rock
Tippers / Dumpers
Dozers capacity / model D-180. D-80, D-50
Water tankers
Vibratory rollers
a. Smooth wheel rollers
b. Sheep foot rollers
Hydraulic excavation with 0.5 cum & 0.3 cum bucket capacity
Tippers / dumpers
Dozers capacity / model D-50
Water tankers
Road rollers 8 to 10 tone capacity
Unit
Avg.
output/Day
(Eight hours shift)
cum
cum
cum
0.81
0.65
0.49
cum
0.38
0.24
0.21
0.20
Data Available
1. Target Qty. (Q)
2. Target Time (T)
Labour output per
day (O)
If Not OK
Check:
Availability of labours
Feasibility of working
Economy
If OK
Deploy labour (go in for
manual execution)
Requires
Mechanization
300 mm
1.5 m
1.5 m
300 mm
4.5 m
600 mm
2.0 m
Formation Level
Sketch showing excavation details for RCC retaining wall for a depth of 4.5m below
ground level.
Group II (Soft Rock)
Excavation in soft rock may be done by excavators and some times by pavement breakers
which are operated by pneumatic air through compressors.
Cut holes
Easer
Drilling Pattern
Holes are to be drilled to form a wedge which will make easier to blast effectively which will
give more output with less explosive. Explosive is the costliest operation in rock cutting. SiteEngineer by his experience can develop the drilling pattern in such a way that with minimum
consumption of explosive maximum output shall be obtained with 32 mm drill rod. Holes are
drilled by jack hammer then gelatins along with detonators are inserted in the hole. All
detonators wires are joined in series and then wires are taken out at a safer distance and then
connected with exploder which on by charging manually explodes and rock is blasted to
pieces. About 100 Rmt is the radius of this blasted zone. Utmost care is required to be observed
so that the blasted pieces dos not hit any human being and the other materials lying
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Check the gridline and dimensions of the trench/foundation with the drawing provide
allowance for working space as per requirement. Dont allow to disturb the pit during
excavation
Take proper care to check R.L. of bottom of pit / foundation grade
Ensure removal care of all loose earth, roots of plants / trees etc.
Check the dimensions at bottom of foundation pit before proceeding to the next activity
Provide sufficient working space for workman when work is to be executed from outside.
Maximum 600mm working space is sufficient for shuttering of R.C.C. walls basement,
UGT, waterproofing etc. For more excavation depths, adequate side slope / berms must be
considered to retain the sides. Get this extra working space requirements approved by site
engineer for payment purpose
Take care to dump the excavation earth away from the edge of excavation or to suit the site
requirements.
Proper barricading, shoring, shuttering must be provided for safety where ever required
Ensure technical safety, by maintaining proper slope of cut depending upon the soil
characteristics
Any kind of water flooding near the pit is to be avoided
Excavation Area
Water table
Bore
Formation Level
If the excavation depth is below the ground water table and seepage water is not controlled by
the dewatering pump then this method is adopted. Here bore or bores are drilled outside the
excavation area and below the formation level.
Screen
Riser
Jet Point
Elevation
Section
A well point is a perforated pipe about 1m long and 5 cm in diameter. A jetting nozzle is
provided at its lower end. The spacing of the well points depends upon the type of soil and
depth of water, generally it varies between 1 to 3 m.Well points are generally installed by
jetting. Water is pumped through the riser pipe in downward direction. As it discharges through
the nozzle, it displaces the soil below the tip till required penetration is achieved. Pumping is
started after well points have been installed. Well points are suitable for lowering the water
table by 5 to 6 m in soils.
Riser Pipe
Valve
Header
Clay
Water table
Sand
Well Point
2.10.2 Earth Filling Under Floor & In Plinth.
From Sources within the Site.
Watering
(Water Tanker)
Theoretical line
2.13 Dewatering:
In some cases during excavation, subsoil water is encountered at intermediate stage of
excavation due to the depth of water table being higher than the required depth of excavation
In such conditions the inflow and outflow of water is to be balanced in order to have proper
conditions conducive to excavation activities. The percolation of water while excavation
depends on two factors:
Permeability of soil
Hydraulic gradient
So, above factors must be considered to calculate the quantity of water coming out per minute.
Discharge can also be estimated using field method of estimating.
Following points should be attended, while dewatering:
1.
2.
3.
2.14 Safety:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Proper barricading should be provided around the excavated pit and caution sign/boards
should be placed reflecting the on going activity
Proper access should be provided by means of ladder / steps in cutting in deep excavation
work
Proper grading should be provided according to the soil condition e.g.: In cohesive soil
steep slope can be allowed whereas noncohesive soils requires relatively flat slope or
even berms
Adequate berms should be provided in case of expansive dis-integratable soil.
Proper shoring and strutting should be provided in case of sandy soil or water inflow is
observed.
Helmets should be provided to labours working.
Sufficient lighting arrangement should be made to carry out work at night.
Adequate measures to be taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the
adjoining structures or dislocate the services like water supply pipes, sluice valves,
chambers, sewage pipes, manholes, drainage pipes & chambers, communication cables,
power supply cables etc. met within the course of excavation , shall be properly
supported and adequately protected , so that these services remain functional.
Excavation shall not be carried out below the foundation level of the adjacent buildings
until underpinning shoring etc. is done.
Blasting work: For the safety of persons red flags shall be prominently displayed around
the area where blasting operations are to be carried out. All the workers at site, except
those who actually ignite the fuse, shall withdraw to a safe distance of at least 200 meters
from the blasting site. Audio warning by blowing whistle shall be given before igniting
the fuse. Blasting shall not be within 200 metes of an existing structure, unless
specifically permitted.
2.
a.
4.
2.
Any one of the chemical emulsion described above shall be applied uniformly at the
prescribed rate in all the stages of the treatment. A suitable hand operated compressed air
sprayer or watering can should be used to facilitate uniform dispersal of the chemical
emulsion. On Large jobs, a power sprayer may be used to save labour and time.
In the event of water logging of foundation, the water shall be pumped out and the
chemical emulsion applied when the soil is absorbent.
In the case of R.C.C. Foundations, the concrete is dense, the termite are unable to penetrate
it. It is therefore unnecessary to start the treatment from the bottom of excavations.
The treatment shall start at a depth of 500 mm below the ground level except when such
ground level is raised or lowered by filling or cutting after the foundations have been cast.
In cases, the depth of 500 mm shall be determined from the new soil level resulting from
the filling or cutting mentioned above, and soil in immediate contact with the vertical
surfaces of R.C.C foundations shall be treated at the rate of 7.5 lit/sq.m. The top surface of
the consolidated earth within plinth wall shall be treated with chemical emulsion at the rate
of 5 litres /sq.m of the surface before the sand bed or sub grade is laid.
If the filled earth has been well rammed and the surface does not allow the emulsion to
seep through, holes up to 50 to 75 mm deep at 150 mm centers both ways may be made
with 12 mm diameter mild steel rod on the surface to facilitate saturation of the soil with
the chemical emulsion.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Each dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.0 1m, where any dimension is more
than 25 m it should be measured to the nearest 0.1 m.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lead The distance for removal shall be measured over the shortest practicable route and
not necessarily the route actually taken. Distance not exceeding 250 m shall be measured
in units of 50 m. Distance exceeding 250 m and not exceeding 500m shall be measured
as a separate item.
6.
Lift - Lift shall be measured from ground level. Excavation up to 1.5 m depth below
ground level and depositing excavated material on the ground shall be included in the
item of earthwork for various kinds of soil. Extra lift shall be measured in unit of 1.5 m
or part thereof. Obvious lift shall only be measured; that is lifts inherent in the lead due to
ground slope shall not be measured except for lead up to 250 m.
22.5
25
27.5
755
680
925
1045
1060
550
540
850
1020
1030
325
600
930
880
1280
1300 1285
460
370
660 410
675
1080 810
1100 830
1175
1200
230
30
32.5
35
450
810
650
900
1065
1205
1150
300
650
225
350
895
1025
1085
1050
870
850
725
950
37.5 40
42.5
785
575
670
150
470
885
830
770
45
47.5
720
610
CHAPTER III
CONCRETING
Hand Mixing
This method of mixing concrete manually is almost not adopted now a day except for small
buildings where quantum of work is of very small magnitude such as casting of lintels, coping etc.
There may be occasions when the concrete has to be mixed manually. Particular care and efforts are
necessary as in this case uniformity is more difficult to achieve. Aggregate should be spread in
uniform layer on a hard and clean surface. Cement is then spread over this surface of aggregates and
the dry materials are mixed by turning over from one end of the heap to another and cutting with a
shovel until the mix appears uniform the water is gradually added and the mix is turned over until
homogeneous mixture and consistency is obtained generally extra cement of 10% of the volume is
added here to overcome the difficulties in mixing as recommended by I.S
b)
Workability
Transportation & Placement
Compaction
Curing
b) Sampling
Samples from which the test specimens are moulded be representative of the concrete
entering the structure. Following points must be considered.
i) Samples must be taken at random to ensure that each concrete batch shall have a reasonable
chance of being tested. Sampling should be spread aver the entire period of concreting. Each
sample shall contain 3 Nos. of cubes to be tested for 28 days or of 6 Nos. of cubes if 7 days
test are required to be tested.
ii) Frequency
The minimum frequency of sampling of concrete of each grade as recommended by IS
456 2000 shall be in accordance with the following.
Quality of concrete
In the work cum.
1 to 5
6 to 15
16 to 30
31 to 50
51 and above
Number of Set
Of samples
1
2
3
4
4 plus one additional
sample
for
each
addition 50 cum. Or
parts
iii) Cube mould for Test Samples are either made up from steel or C.I. They are in three parts.
Two halves which constitutes the vertical sides of cube and base plate. Two halves are bolted
and then fixed on the base plates by clamping inside face of these units must be planed and
machine finished to high degree of accuracy.
iv) Cubes as cast, most commonly have sides 15 cm each the standard cylinder specimen is 15
cm in diameter and 30 cm in height.
v) Mould to be filled in 3 layers of about 5 cm and its top leveled off with a trowel.
vi) Compaction by hand is carried out by tamping each layer with a rod. The number of strokes
to be applied to each layer shall 35 for 15 cm size cube mould.
Vibratory compaction is also carried out with either electric of pneumatic hammer.
vii) The tamping rod shall be of MS rod of 16 mm dia. 60 cm long with bullet nosed end.
viii) After finishing, the concrete cube mould should be immediately covered with damp
Hessian cloth & transferred to room where relative humidity is 90% and temperature is 27+
2oC.
ix) Coding / marking / identification This shall be given on the surface of the cube so that
sample can be easily correlated to the concrete mix, casting date.
x) Strip the mould after 16 to 24 hours gently without damaging the edges of surface or
xi) Submerge the specimen in the curing tank containing clean water till such time it is due for
testing.
N/mm2
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
M refers to mix and number the characteristic compressive strength of 15 cm cube at 28 days
expressed in N/mm2
2.
M5 and M7.5 grade of concrete used for lean concrete bases and simple foundations for masonry
wall. These mixes need not to be designed.
3.
Grade of concrete lower than M20 shall not be used in reinforced concrete.
3.7. Workability
IS 6461 (Part VII)-1973 defines workability as that property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar
which determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed , placed , compacted &
finished
Workability has been defined as the ease, with which a given set of materials can be mixed into
concrete and subsequently handled, transported and placed in position with minimum loss of
Homogeneity. The importance of plasticity and uniformity are emphasized because these essentials
to workability and appreance of finished structure.
Workability is dependent on the proportions of the ingredient materials. The degree of workability
required for proper placement and consolidation of concrete is governed by the dimensions and
shape of the structure and by the spacing of reinforcement.
Consistency or fluidity of concrete is as important component of workability and can be measured
with reasonable accuracy by means of the slump test. The slump of mass concrete is usually
restricted to maximum of 2 inches. If concrete cannot be placed without exceeding specified slump
limitations then it may be concluded that the mix proportions are in need of adjustments. The
minimum slump that can be used, commensurate with desired workability requires the least amount
of cement and water.
The use of entrained air has minimized the effect of harshness in a concrete. It reduces bleedings and
segregation and facilitates the placing and handling of concrete reduced bleeding permits finishing
c) Resistance to erosion
The principal causes of erosion of concrete are
i)
Movement of abrasive materials by flowing water ( Example: Dams, Bridges Piers & Abutment)
ii) attrition friction (Traffic on concrete surface, Industrial floor , Bridge Deck)
iii) Impact of traffic
iv) Wind blasting
v) Impact of floating ice and cavitations
Cavitations is one of the most destructive of these causes and use to which concrete offers very little
resistance regardless of its quality
High velocity flow on obstruction abrupt change in surface alignment.
Zone of sever sub atmospheric pressure shall be formed against the surface
This zone is promptly filled with turbulent water.
Strength %
16
40
67
100
122
146
155
Place of work
Water
Sand
(2 labour)
Mixer m/c
(1 labour)
Cement
(2 labour )
Kapchi
(4 labour)
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m except for the thickness of slab which shall
be measured to nearest 0.005 m.
Areas shall be worked out to nearest 0.01m2.
Cubic contents shall be worked out to nearest 0.01m3
No Deduction shall be made for the following :
a) Ends of dissimilar materials, for example, beams, posts, girders, rafters, purlins, trusses,
Corbels and steps up to 5000 cm2 in cross-section.
a) Opening up to 0.1 m2 or as specified;
b) Volume occupied by reinforcement;
c) Volume occupied by pipes, conduits, sheathing, etc, not exceeding 100 cm 2 each in crosssectional area or as specified;
d) Small voids not exceeding 40 cm2. each in cross-section;
e) Moulds, drip moulding, chamfers, splays rounded or covered angles, beds, grooves and
rebate up to 10 cm in girth ; and
f) Stops, mitres, returns, rounded ends, junctions, dishings, etc, in connections with linear or
super labours.
5.
In calculating area of an opening, the thickness of any separate lintel or sill shall be included
in the height. No extra labour for forming such openings or voids shall be measured.
CHAPTER IV
MASONRY
&
PLASTERING
Supporting load.
Subdividing the space.
Providing thermal and acoustic insulations.
Providing Fire and weather protecting etc.
This in a framed structure has to be provided separately. Masonry is normally used for
construction of foundations, in RCC frame structure where walls are non structure members,
wall, partitions, columns, steps, arches and other structural components of the building.
4.2 BASIC TOOLS:
1. Trowel
also for cutting
2. Spirit levels
leveling.
3. Plumb
brick walls.
4. Masons Square
5. Line and Pins
6. Bolster
bricks and dressing out
7. Steel tape
8. Mallat
9. Float
10. Ghamela
11. Phavada
bricks.
-
Surfaces
-
Test of Bricks:
1.
Absorption
weight if
2.
Crushing Strength
35
3.
Presence of soluble -
Arises
Bed
Header
Stretcher
Face
Frog
Double Flemish bond: In the double Flemish bond, each course presents the same
appearances both in the front face as well as in the back face.
Single Flemish bond: Single Flemish bond is comprised of double Flemish bond facing and
English bond backing and hearting in each course. This bond thus uses the strength of the
English bond and appearances of Flemish bond.
Ensure to have information regarding specifications of cement mortar. Bricks should have
min. 35 kg/cm2 compressive strength, square edged, required size, produce ringing sound.
2.
Bricks shall be thoroughly soaked in water till its full saturation so that it does not absorb
moisture from the water, otherwise the mortar gets dried and hydration of cement and water
shall not happen and subsequently the joints become weaker.
3.
Mixing of mortar must be done properly and thoroughly with adequate water on an
impervious platform.
4.
Bricks shall be laid with adequate gap between them on their bed with frog pointing
upwards so that mortar gets key between the two layers of bricks.
5.
Fill the joints between the bricks properly. Ensure to carry out RADO at every 4 th layer :
Supervise line, level, right angle and plumb from time to time during the days progress
6.
When the mortar is green, the face joints should be racked to a depth of 12mm to 19 mm in
order to have proper key for plastering or pointing. The mortar joint should have be struck
flush and finished if no plastering or pointing is to be done.
Proper hacking of R.C.C. surface in contact with brick masonry for proper bond is essential.
8.
Courses must be truly horizontal with suitable bound pattern to break the vertical joints
9.
Corners must be truly horizontal with suitable bond pattern to break the vertical joints.
English bond is preferable.
10. Suitable tooting or grooves or stepping to be provided for subsequent further continuation of
brick work
11. Thickness of joint must be uniform and not more than 13mm
12. Specified cement mortar must be placed within 30 minutes after addition of water
13. Bricks on edge must not be used unless specified Brickbats should not be used unless
unavoidable either to adjust the length or to break the joint.
14. Masonry may be raised up to 150 cm in a day. Raising with all connected brick work be
carried out at one level
15. For 230 mm thick wall, maintain one face in line. This face can be preplanned to take all
kinds of single coat plasters. For higher thickness walls both faces should be in line.
16. First mark up layer of brick work needs to be laid in direct supervision for door / window /
any other openings to be kept accurately as per the drawings or layout.
17. The buttress, counter-forts, corners, junctions should be built simultaneously, maintaining
proper bond with main wall and not added after wards
18. Curing must be done for at least seven days or as laid down in specification
19. Old or dry surface must be thoroughly cleaned and wetted joints raked before starting new
construction.
20. As far as possible masonry work has to raise uniformly .Variation in maximum & minimum
level should not be more than one meter.
21. In order to carry out brick work at higher level, double scaffolding should be used; single
scaffolding results in holes being left in masonry which is not recommended as it can cause
subsequent leakages
4.4.2 Hollow and Solid Concrete Block Masonry
Hollow and solid concrete blocks
Shall conform to the requirements of IS :2185. Specification for hollow and solid concrete
blocks except with regard to the mix of cement concrete and sizes of aggregates which shall be
as indicated. Hollow blocks shall be sound, free from cracks, broken edges, honey combing and
other defects that would interfere with the proper placing of block or impair the strength or
performance of construction.
In addition, block shall be manufactured in half lengths of 200, 250 or 300 mm to correspond to
the full lengths.
The maximum variation in the length of the units shall be not more than 5 mm and maximum
variation in height and width of unit, not more than 3 mm.
The face of masonry units shall be flat and rectangular, opposite face shall be parallel, and all
arises shall be square. The bedding surfaces shall be at right angles to the faces of the blocks.
Classification
1. Hollow (open and closed cavity) Concrete Blocks.
The hollow (open and closed cavity) concrete blocks shall conform to the following three grades:
(a) Grade A These are used as load bearing units and shall have a minimum block-density of
1500 kg/m. There shall be manufactured for minimum average compressive strengths of 3.5,
4.5, 5.5 and 7.0 N/mm2 respectively at 28 days (See Table 3).
(b) Grade B These are also used as load bearing units and shall have a block density less than
1500 kg/m but not less than 1000 kg/rn3 These shall be manufactured for minimum average
compressive strengths of 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 N/mm2 respectively at 28 days (See Table 3).
(c) Grade CThese are used as non-load bearing units and shall have a block density less than
1500 kg/m but not less than 1000 kg/m These shall be manufactured for minimum average
compressive strength of 1.5 N/mm at 28 days (see Table 3).
(d) Grade DThe solid concrete blocks are used as load bearing units and shall have a block
density not less than 1800 kg/m These shall be manufactured for minimum average
compressive strengths of 4.0 and 5.0 N/mm respectively (See Table 3).
Physical Requirements
1. Compressive Strength: The average crushing strength of eight blocks, when determined in
accordance with IS: 2185 shall be not less than as specified in table given below.
TABLE : PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
Type
Grade
Density of Block
Kg/mm3
Not less
1500
Minimum
Average
Compressive
Strength of Units
N/mm3
than 3.5
4.5
5.5
7.0
Minimum
Strength of
Individual Units
N/mm3
2.8
3.6
4.4
5.6
1.6
2.4
4.0
1.2
Not less
1800
4.0
3.2
than 5.0
4.0
2. Drying Shrinkage: The drying shrinkage of the block (average of three blocks), when
unrestrained, shall be determined in accordance with IS 2185 and 1[not exceed] 0.1 per cent.
3. Moisture Movement: The moisture movement (average of three blocks), when determined in
the manner described in IS : 2185 shall not exceed 0.09 per cent.
(1)
100 or less
Over 100 to 150
Over 150 to 200
Over 200
(2)
25
25
30
35
Thickness of Web,
Min.
(3)
25
25
25
30
Blocks with special faces shall be manufactured and supplied as directed by the Engineer-inCharge.
Curing and Drying
The blocks shall be cured in an immersion tank or in a curing yard and shall be kept
continuously moist for at least 14 days. When the blocks are cured in an immersion tank, the
water of tank shall be changed at least every four days.
After curing, the blocks shall be dried in shade before being used on the work. They shall be
stacked with voids horizontal to facilitate through passage of air. The blocks shall be allowed to
complete their initial shrinkage before they are laid in wall.
Construction of Masonry
For single storeyed buildings, the hollows of blocks in foundation and basement masonry shall
be filled up with sand and only the top foundation course shall be of solid blocks. But for two or
more storeyed buildings, solid concrete blocks shall be used in foundation courses, plinth, and
basement walls, unless otherwise indicated. If hollow blocks are used, their hollows shall be
filled up with cement concrete 1:3:6 using 12.5mm nominal size aggregates.
Wetting of Blocks
Blocks need not be wetted before or during laying in the walls. In case the climate condition so
require, the top and the sides of the blocks may only be slightly moistened so as to prevent
absorption of water from the mortar and ensure the development of the required bond with the
mortar.
Finishes
Rendering shall not be done to the walls when walls are wet. Joints for plastering or pointing as
specified shall be raked to a depth of 12 mm.
Joints on internal faces, unless otherwise indicated, shall be raked for plastering. If the internal
faces of masonry are not to be plastered the joints shall be finished flush as the work proceeds or
pointed flush where so indicated.
Points to Remember in Hollow-Block-Masonry
Cement concrete is largely used for construction purposes on account of its numerous advantages
over other building materials.
Hollow units may be defined as those units which have core void area greater than 25 % of
their total area.
Advantages of hollow block masonry construction are:
1. These hollow blocks permit adoption of thinner walls which ultimately results in
increased floor space.
2. As the air space in the block is 25 % of the total area of block, it means there is saving of
material.
3. As the weight of block is less it results in rapid execution of work.
4. The hollow space in the blocks enables the masonry to have good insulating properties
against sound, heat and dampness.
5. As the blocks are precast, the surface is smooth and hence less plastering material is
required
The common sizes of hollow blocks are:
39cm x 19cm x 30cm , 39cm x 19cm x 20cm and 39cm x 19cm x 10cm.
Blocks shall have water absorption less than 10 %.
To make use of blocks in the construction, the overall length and height of wall should be fixed
accordingly as to make use of one block or half length blocks possibly. (Refer Fig )
Procedure
1. Preparation for Block Masonry work
Following points should be observed before starting masonry work.
1. Study of drawing in details.
7.
8.
Before use, ensure that the blocks are semi-dry. They should not be soaked in water at the
time of use, because fully blocks repel the water, which spoils the quality of mortar as
cement slurry flows away.
Blocks of successive courses should be laid in such a manner that vertical joints are
staggered.( Refer Fig)
The joints should be 5 to 10 mm thick and should be uniform.
The mortar used for blocks construction wall should be in 1: 6 proportion.
The blocks used for masonry walls should have water absorption less than 10 %.
For better workmanship and practical convenience of masonry, it is always preferable to
finish lower floor external masonry work and then proceed for upper floor masonry work;
otherwise there will be a gap in between the top layer of masonry work and beam bottom. It
is a most dangerous thing because it causes leakage, so get it filled with grit and cement
mortar properly on external side from upper floor slab. Only then proceed for upper floor
masonry work.
For 10 mm (4) thick brick masonry RCC band ( patli) 100 mm ( 4 ) thick is must at
every three feet height and for openings in masonry provide band at sill level. (Refer Fig)
Once the masonry work of brick is finished. Raking should be done with the help of
wooden batten or M.S rod. Then remove all excess mortar with the help of Kathya. So
while plastering it will give extra grip for plaster. (Refer Fig)
In one days work allow mason to do the masonry work up to 1 meter height only.
Rubble Masonry
In the rubble masonry, the blocks of stone that are used are either undressed or comparatively
roughly dressed. Hence if stone are of irregular sizes, the masonry has wider joints.
This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry. In this type of masonry, the stones are
of widely different sizes. Since the stones are not of uniform size and shape, greater care and
ingenuity have to be exercised in arranging them in such a way that they adequately distribute
the pressure over the maximum area and at the same time long continuous vertical joints are
avoided. Transverse bond is obtained by the liberal use of headers. This type of masonry is also
known as uncoursed rubble masonry.
The method of construction is the same as above except that the work is roughly leveled up to
form courses varying from 30 to 40 cm thick. The entire courses are not of the same height
Course Rubble Masonry with Khanki Facing
Here the face stones are dressed in such a manner that all the face corners are at right angles.
Such stones are quarried by skilled persons who are known as tapkers. After quarrying they are
dressed properly such stones are called Khankis. After every two or three such stones next stones
shall be header as shown in fig
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar masonry consists of blocks of accurately dressed stones with extremely fine bed and end
joints. The blocks may be either square or rectangular shape. The height of the stone varies from
25 to 30 cm. The height of the blocked in each course is kept equal but it is not necessary to keep
all the course of the same height.
4.4.3.2 Qualities of Good Stone
Rubble must be as per specification. It must be hard, durable and tough. The stones must be
soaked before use. It must be roughly dressed and uniformly coloured and of pretty equal
size.
There should not be hallow space inside the wall.
The masonry work will be carried out as far as possible at one uniform level throughout, but
where breaks are unavoidable the joint will be make in good long steps so as to prevent
cracks between old and new work.
Through stones must be staggered at regular intervals.
The stones must be arranged to break joints as much as possible and long vertical lines must
be avoided in face work
Through stones ( headers) should be used in successive layers at 1.00 m (3 to 5) to 1.5 m
apart both ways.
Use artificial header ( R.C.C) in case of more widths
Care should be taken to secure a good mortar bond throughout the masonry. ( approx. 20
mm i.e. 3/4 )
Corner stones are prepared from masons hammer.
The joints should not be too smooth to avoid sliding actions in stones.
The wall should be truly vertical i.e. in plumb.
Minimum 12 mm (1/2) margin should be provided in columns external face and masonry to
avoid the offset of rubble in plinth masonry after plaster.
Old work should be cleaned and watered before starting of new work on it.
Keep expansion joints at 15 m interval, in case of compound wall.
13
U.C.R.
(Uncoursed rubble masonry)
Natural Source
Stronger & durable than BBM of the same
thickness.
Gives better architectural appearance.
Need no damp proof course.
More water tight.
Gives less interlocking and bonding than
BBM, through stones at rate of 1 No / m2 of
surface area is required.
Requires more quantity of mortar.
Requires more time and labour for dressing
and construction.
Cheaper than BBM where stones are easily
available.
Requires pointing.
Absorbs more heat and less fire resistance.
Under certain atmospheric conditions the
stones are not suited and hence careful
selection is required to suit local climate
conditions.
Minimum thickness can be 380mm (15)
B. B. M.
(Burnt Brick Masonry)
Artificial Source
Less strong and durable than UCR of
same thickness.
Gives less architectural appearance.
Requires DPC to avoid dampness.
Less watertight.
Gives more interlocking and bonding
than UCR as header is there after every
stretcher
Requires less quantity of mortar.
Requires less time for construction, easy
to work
Costlier than U.C.R.
Requires plastering for avoiding
dampness.
Absorbs less heat and more fire resistance
Good bricks can stand the effect of
weather and the acid the atmosphere.
Minimum thickness can be 100 mm (4)
Sr.
No.
1
Check-List Items
Cleaning of entire floor before starting the lineout of
masonry
Checking Observations
Pointing
Pointing is done
7. To improve appearance of whole structure.
8. To protect the exposed mortar joints from the effect of atmospheric actions.
9. To rectify defective workmanship.
Method of pointing
1. For pointing the raking of joins should be done for BBM (Burnt brick masonry) at least 20
mm ( ) and for UCR 25 mm ( 1 ).
2. The dust from masonry joints is removed by brushes.
3. The surface is washed by clean water and kept wet for few hours.
4. The mortars of 1:2 cement sand proportion is carefully inserted in joints with a small trowel
and slightly pressed to bring close contact with new and old matter.
5. Then the surface is well cured for the period of at least 10 days.
Types of pointing (Refer Fig)
4.4.2.1.
Vee pointing: In this type of pointing the steel rod bar is used to obtain the
required shape of joints as shown in fig.
Flush pointing : In this type of pointing the excess mortar is removed and the
joint is flushed with the surface of stone. It doesnt give a good appearance , but is
durable.
4.3.2.2.
Sunk Pointing: In this pointing the mortar is pressed with a proper tool. This
gives a very good appearance.
4.3.2.3.
Raised Pointing: In this pointing the projection of pointing is formed.
4.5 Labour & Material requirement
The following table gives the requirement of labour for masonry work based on task work per
day of different category labour
Sr. No.
1
Item
Brick work in foundation and plinth
Qty
10 cum
10 cum
10 cum
10 cum
Labour
Brick layer 06 nos
Mazdoor - 15 nos
Bhisti
- 02 nos
Brick layer 08 nos
Mazdoor - 20 nos
Bhisti
- 02 nos
Brick layer 10 nos
Mazdoor - 18 nos
Bhisti
- 01 nos
Brick layer 13 nos
Mazdoor - 25 nos
Bhisti
- 01 nos
Place of stacking of bricks must be predecided so that the transfer involved is minimum to
avoid breakages
Throwing of bricks must be allowed while stacking/placing at the work place.
The cement bags should be stored properly to avoid contact with moisture otherwise it will
lead to hardening of cement
Only required number of cement bags must be brought from store to the place of work
To avoid wastage of sands, planning should be done to dump it directly at the place of work
4.7 Safety
1.
2.
Proper scaffolding must be provided and should be ensured that it is placed on firm ground.
Protective equipments such as gloves, safety shoes and helmets must be used.
2.
3.
4.
Walls one brick thick and less shall each be measured separately in square meteres stating
thickness.
5.
Walls exceeding one brick thick but not exceeding three bricks in thickness shall be
measured in multiples of half-brick which shall be deemed to be inclusive of mortar joints.
Where fractions of half-brick occur due to architectural or other reasons, measurement
shall be taken as follows;
6.
For walling which is more than three bricks in thickness actual thickness of wall shall be
measured.
7.
2.
3.
4.
PLASTER
4.9.
A. Objects of plastering
1. To protect the external surfaces against penetration of rain water and other atmospheric
agencies and should be able to weather uniformly.
2. To give smooth surface in which dust and dirt content lodge
3. To give decorative effect and should also be pleasing in appearance
4. To protect surfaces against varmint. These properties depend upon materials used,
composition of mix, and degree of mechanical bond between the plaster and the backing
surface and workmanship.
B. Requirement of good plaster
1. It should remain adhered during all variations in seasons and other atmospheric
conditions
2. It should posses good workability.
3. It should be effectively check penetrations and moisture.
4. It should be hard and durable.
C. Cement mortar
Cement mortar is the best mortar for external plastering work since I is practically non
absorbent. One mix proposition (i.e. cement sand) may vary from 1:4 to 1:6 sand used for
plastering should be clean, course and angular. Before mixing water, dry mixing is
thoroughly done. When water is mixed, the mortar should be used within 30 minutes of
mixing, well before initial setting takes place.
D. Methods of plastering
1. For plastering new surfaces, all masonry joints should be racked to a depth of at least 10
mm in brick masonry for providing key to the plaster. Lack of bond with the backing,
cracking crazing of surface and discoloration are principal defects in plastering.
Sufficient care has to be taken to overcome these defects.
2. All mortar droppings and dust should be removed with the help of stiff wire brush.
3. Any unevenness is leveled before rendering is applied.
4. The surface should be washed with clean water and kept damp uniformly to produce
optimum suction.
2. Float
3. Floating rule
4. Miscellaneous tools
5. Plumb bob
Smooth plaster
Mala Plaster
Sandfaced plaster
Washed aggregate plaster
Exposed aggregate plaster
Stone crete plaster
Cholia plaster
Waterproof plaster
a) Smooth plaster:
When no neeru is desired, the mix should contain lime. The recommended proportion of
cement, lime and sand in the mortar vary from 1:1:6 for exposed surface to 1:1:9 for
protected ones.
Type of finishing for smooth plaster
Neeru finish
Sagol finish
Cement finish
b) Mala Plaster:
Smoothness is achieved only by rubbing the steel master only. Here no puning is
Required.
Single coat
Double coat
c) Sandfaced plaster
d) Aggregate Plaster
1. Washed aggregate Plaster
Type of chips
Size of chips (Number)
2. Exposed aggregate Plaster/Pebble-Dash Finish
It is the most durable of all finishes and is generally free from defects. This gives a rough
texture and is obtained by means of small pebbles or crushed stones, graded from 12.5 mm
to 6.3mm being splashed on to the fresh coat of mortar and left exposed. It is also known as
pebble dust finish.
f) Textured finish
Type of chips
Size of chips
Section of colour of plaster surface
Special effects can be obtained by scraping the surface of the rendering with a straight edge.
By crushed blade or with the edge of a steel trowel. Some judgment is needed for the time
when to scrap. Period may vary from an hour to a day depending both on the type of mix
and climate conditions.
g. Rough Coat Finish
- Suitable for rural or coastal areas and for severe condition of
exposure . This is finish which is splashed on to the surface as a wet mix and left rough .
The maximum
4.13 Labour requirement
The following table gives the labour requirements for plastering work
Item
Plastering 12mm or 12.5mm thick with any mortar
Qty
100 sqm
100 sqm
100 sqm
Labour
Mason
Mazdoor
Bhishti
Mason
Mazdoor
Bhishti
Mason
Mazdoor
- 10 nos.
- 10 nos
- 02 nos.
- 10 nos.
- 10 nos
- 01 nos.
- 05 nos.
- 05 nos.
Find out type of plaster, number of coats, thickness required and cement mortar proportion
from specification
2.
Take care to properly water the brick wall before start of plastering
3.
4.
Deep and close hacking of the R.C.C. surface for purpose of plastering
5.
6.
Ensure that proper dry mixing of cement and sand is done on impervious platform
Holes provided for scaffolding while executing brickwork must be plugged or use double
scaffold
8.
Level marking must be done in advance (plaster thiya). Supervise line, level, right angle and
plumb from time to time before plaster starts setting.
9.
All the necessary tools required for execution of work must be available with the mason
10. To match the plaster line, level and plumb/chip off concrete surface if required provide
suitable groove at junctions of different material
11. Gaps around door window frames must be filled properly
12. Check the base coat of plaster prior to application of finishing coat of neeru, sagol or cement
13. While execution final coat of sand faced plaster or aggregate plaster due care must be taken
as to where the joints are to be provided at the end of days work
4.15 Check Points
4.15.1 Smooth Plaster
1. Whether before starting the plastering activity proportion of the mortar to be used is checked
with the tender item?
2. Whether proper tools for plastering activity like metal/wooden trowel, Patti (perfect in
Shape) corner tool, sponge, right angle, plump etc. are available with masons?
3.
Is the sand to be used in the plaster coarse, screened and free from foreign bodies? (lumps,
vegetation etc)
4.
5.
Were the lime / Neeru / Sagol prepared in advance at least 24 hrs before starting of work?
6.
7.
8.
Whether proper overlap of chicken mesh at brick and R.C.C. junction is provided?
9.
Whether proper mixing of sand and cement over M.S. sheets is done?(Min 4 times)
10. For obtaining designated thickness of plaster, whether levels (thaiyas) with cross mark one
day in advance have been provided?
11. Were lime / Neeru / Sagol applied in proper thickness?
12. Were proper precautions taken to minimize wastage or mortar during work?
b) Use of sponge
c)
3. Was the sample prepared after method was decided for approval of texture of finish?
4. Was the decision about grooves/tapak, etc. taken beforehand?
4.15.3 Aggregate Plaster
1. Was the method of executing this type of plaster predecided?
a)
Single coat
b) Double coat
General:
Was the level upto which wall plaster is to be done decided before execution of wall
plaster?
2.
3.
Whether level of lintel sill, right angles of all corners of openings with door/window frame
etc is checked before final tari or second coat is started?
4.
Check the plastering surface by plumb and patti to have even and plain surface?
5.
6.
Whether proper motar filling between the gaps behind the door/window frames with rich
motar is done?
7.
8.
Whether wrongly fixed door/window frame is removed and rectified before starting
plastering activity?
9.
Whether first coat of sand faced plaster in perfect line/level/plumb is checked before
second coat of sand faced layer (6 to 8 mm thickness) is applied?
10.
Does mason give good result? (Remove the mason not having plastering skill)
11.
Whether proper attention is paid to the curing as initial curing is most important
4.15.5 Typical defects in plaster and its remedies for the same
Sr.
No
.
1.
2.
3.
Defect Observed
Reason
Swelling of small This is due to faulty slacking of The lime / sanla should be
patches in plastering lime / sanla
properly stacked before use.
(Blistering)
Slacked lime should be left for
some week to cool before use
Cracks on plastered
a) Movement of background
a) Proper mixing of mortar
surface
b) Shrinkage movement of b) Control on mix proportion
plastering mixes
of mortor
c) Excessive trowelling
c) Avoid excess trowelling
d) Varying thermal expansion
d) Suitable control over
variations in temperature
subsequent to plastering
Falling of plaster
a) The adhesion / key of the a) To ensure proper key by
plaster to the background is
racking out joints and
not perfect
roughening of background
b) Excessive
moisture
in
material on base coat
background
b) Watering of base coat
Stalatite (Whitish
a) Presence of salt in lime, a)
crystalline substance
cement, sand, bricks or water
on plastered surface)
used in plastering
b)
c)
d)
5.
Cracks on plastered
a) Background surface not
surface within few
being properly prepared
days
b) Movements in the backing
either on account of the
thermal expansion or due to
shrinkage caused by the
drying of the backing
material
c) Movement in the plaster
itself on account of the
expansion (in case of lime
sand plaster) during drying
d) Excessive
shrinkage
of
plaster due to application of
mortar in thick coats or very
rich cement mortar with fast
setting cement 53 grade
e) Poor
workmanship
and
method of application of the
plaster
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
7.
Peeling off ceiling This is due to bond failure Closely hacking (tacha) @
plaster
between ceiling concrete & coat Nos. notches / sft (500 nos. /
of plaster
m2) & cleaning the ceiling for
making it free oily substances
will sort out the problem
8.
Rust stains
9.
10.
11.
a)
Collect and reuse left over mortar under the wall / ceiling
4.18
4.18.1. Plaster
1. Grooves and drip moulds (pane Patti).Vertical & horizontal edges of columns, beams & slabs
to measure in r.m or rft.
3 Plastering in isolated widths or in widths not forming part of general plastering work ( as in
bands, cornices , sunk, panels, etc ) and in chamfers , rounded angles exceeding 80 mm in
girth shall be measured as below
a.30 cm or below in widths/ girth, in running metres ; and
b. Widths/ girth above 30 cm in square metres.
4 Plastering at height greater than 10 m above ground / datum level shall be measured
separately in stages of 5 m height except interior plastering in case of building which shall
be measured separately for each storey.
5 Ceiling shall be measured between between walls or partition and dimensions before
plastering shall be taken. Width covered by cornices or covers, if any shall be deducted.
6 Measurement of walls plastering shall be taken between walls or partitions (dimensions
before plastering being taken) for length and from top of floor or skirting to ceiling for
height. Depth of cornices or covers, if any, shall be deducted.
7 Plastering on roofs, ceilings and walls shall be measured separately.
Deduction
8. For jambs, soffits, sills, etc, for opening not exceeding 0.5 m 2 each in area ; for ends of joists,
beams, posts , girders, steps, etc, not exceeding 0.5 m 2 each in area ; and for openings
exceeding 0.5 m2 and not exceeding 3 m2 each, deductions and additions shall be made in the
following manners.
4.18.2. Pointing
1. Proportion of materials shall be described .Various types of pointing shall be measured
separately. Pointing of different types of walls, floors, roofs, etc, shall be measured. Type
and material of surface to be pointed shall be described.
2. Pointing in single detached joints as for flashings shall be measured in running metres.
3. Pointing brick and tile work with mortars of matching shades shall be measured
separately.
4. Pointing shall be measured in Square metres.
Deductions
5. For jambs, soffits, sills, etc, for opening not exceeding 0.5 m 2 each in area ; for ends of
joists, beams, posts , girders, steps, etc, not exceeding 0.5 m 2 each in area ; and for
openings exceeding 0.5 m2 and not exceeding 3 m2 each, deductions and additions shall
be made in the following manners.
5.1 No deduction shall be made for end of joists, beams, posts, etc, and openings not
exceeding 0.5 m2 each, and no addition shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sills,
etc, of these openings nor for finish around ends of joists , beams posts , etc.
5.2 Deduction for opening exceeding 0.5m2 but not exceeding 3 m2 each shall be made as
follows and no addition shall be made for reveals, jambs , soffits, sills, etc , of these
openings:
6. In case of openings of area above 3 m2 each deduction shall be made for opening on
each face but jambs, soffits and sills shall be measured.
7. Rackingout joints shall be measured in squares metres of alternatively included in
description of items.
8. Pointing on honey- comb work shall be described and measured in square meters on the
basis of overall superficial area without deducting openings.
CHAPTER V
DOORS
&
WINDOWS
5.1 Basic knowledge of the trade:
Now a days in modern houses scope of carpentry works is limited to door shutter fixing, as door
frames are readily available in market. Normally carpentry labour contractor takes the job on
item rate basis, such as fixing of door shutters, fixing side batten (lipping patti) to shutter, fixing
cover moulding, fixing door fittings etc.
5.2. Doors & windows manufactured using
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Wood
Steel
Aluminium
P.V.C.
F.R.P.
a)
Wooden
1.
a.
Deodar Wood
It is the strongest of the Indian conifers, its weight and strength is 20 % less than teak. It is
easy to saw and works to a smooth finish. It is not, however a suitable wood for polish or
paints work as the oil in the wood and especially near knots, always sleeps through such
finishes and discolor them. It is used for house building , furniture, shuttering as bottom in
R.C.C Beams.
c.
d.
2.
Quality of wood
Timber shall be free from decay, fungal growth, boxed heart, pitch pockets or streaks on
The exposed edges, splits and cracks. Knots should be avoided over specified limits.
3.
Seasoning of wood
Process of drying timber under controlled conditions is called Seasoning of timber. Timber
shall be air seasoned or kiln-Seasoned and in both cases moisture content of seasoned
timber shall be minimum. Kiln seasoning of timber, where specified, shall be as per I.S.
1141 in a plant approved by Engineer-In-Charge.
b)
Steel
1.
2.
3.
c)
Aluminium
1.
2.
3.
4.
d)
1.
2.
e)
1.
2.
Fixed
Openable (single or double shutter)
(a)
Side hung
(b) Top hung
Composite
Louvered (Fixed or openable)
(c) Pivoted
Single shutter
Double shutter
Hinged
Pivoted
Sliding folding
Simplicity
Pleasing appearance
Clean and uniform fininsh
Better thermal and acoustic comforts
Most economical use of decorative timber
Can be prepared and supplied on bulk quantity in scheduled time.
Ensure that wood used for the works is as per quality specified
2.
BOQ of wood sizes should give adequate allowance for cutting and smoothening BOQ
needs to be double checked with carpenters before ordering
3.
4.
Check whether vertical of door frames are minimum 50mm below finished floor level
5.
With bottom spacer Patti fixed surface of window/door frame coming in contact with brick
work / concrete needs to be painted with the material specified before fixing of the frame
6.
The frame hold fast must be grouted with cement concrete rigidly
7.
Ensure that the glass is free from waves, bubbles and other defects. Check the thickness of
glass before fixing
8.
Check that doors / windows frames are erected in plumb, line, level and diagonals. Location
and level needs to be rechecked with drawing
9.
Ensure that the work of painting / oiling is started after approval of completed wood work
10. Glazing must be fixed with out play with suitable wooden beading
Sr.
No.
Check-List Items
Checking Observations
Initial
Observation
1
2
3
4
5
6
Size.
Alignment of frames for plumb/bend/level.
Right angle and equality of diagonals
of frame.
Joining of door/window frame member.
Horns of frame.
Fixing of hold Facts, and chharppati (if any).
Final
Observation
after
rectification
If any.
Work Procedure
1.
2.
Dimensions of doors/windows must be as per drawings & checked by the engineers before
ordering. Sample needs to be checked
3.
4.
Ensure that the slots for tower bolts, locks are as per drawings and specifications
5.
Check whether verticals of door frames are minimum 50mm below finished floor level, with
a bracing tie to be embedded in the floor in case of steel door frame
6.
Surface of window / door coming in contact with brick work must be painted with the
material specified
7.
The frames hold fast must be grouted with cement concrete rigidly
8.
9.
Ensure that the glass is free from waves, and other defects. Check the thickness of the glass
before fixing
10. Check that doors/windows frames are erected in plumb, line, level and diagonals. Location
and level needs to be rechecked with drawing
11. Ensure that the work of painting/oiling is started after approval
12. Glazing must be fixed without play with suitable beading
Check List of M.S Windows at Site.
Following points should be checked for M.S windows.
Sr.
No
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Checking Observation
Initial Observatio Final Observation
after rectification if
any
Once the checking of the windows is over, tie all the shutters of the windows to central member
with the help of binding wire tightly.
Aluminium section shall be as per the sectional drawings provided or as specified in the
items. Each member of the D/W shall be well defined for its size, shape, weight per metre,
profile and finish surface
Fabricator shall approve the fabrication drawing before starting the work
3.
Aluminium sections shall be defined for manufactures like, Indal, Jindal, Hindalco or
equivalent
4.
Aluminium sections to be used for fabrication shall be well defined for anodizing (Matt
finish or Glossy finish), natural or colour anodizing, section with powder coating in different
colour etc.
5.
Aluminium doors and windows shall be specified for panel material like Glass / Laminated
boards / Box type aluminium lamination etc.
6.
Only approved hardware fixtures shall be used as per specification and tender items
7.
Finished opening sizes should match perfectly with prefabricated D/W sizes. To ensure
about the exact dimensions, make up sample or templates (either from wood material or
M.S. material) shall be used
8.
In case, dimensions doesnt match with the material supplied, opening shall be rectified
9.
Arrangement for all approved hardware fittings as per the drawing shall be ensured before
fixing of the material
10. Glazing shall be fixed to the extruded sections by means of extruded Aluminium beading.
Glass panes shall be provided with rubber lining before fixing
11. The Aluminium frames shall be fixed to the masonry by means of Aluminium lugs fixed to
the frame (by counter sunk galvanized machine screws) and grouted with M-15 grade
concrete in the hole in the masonry as per drawing in case of concrete wall, the frames shall
be fixed by 96mm long, 12mm dia metallic fasteners. Any steel material coming in contact
with Aluminium shall be galvanized
12. The windows / ventilators / doors shall be checked to ensured smooth operation, perfect
level and plumb
13. All Aluminium D/W section should have protection film or coating. This film or coating can
be removed only at the time of handing over (on completion of all civil works including
painting)
Checklist for Aluminum windows fixing work.
Sr.
No
01
02
03
Checking Observation
Initial Observation
Final Observation
after rectification if
any
Check that the dimensions and gauge of the material used for the shutter are as per
drawings. Normally shutter gauge, guide rails gauge, hood gauge needs to be specified.
Only approved vendor to supply for maintenance of free service
2.
Check whether the welding done is perfect and junctions are properly grooved
3.
Ensure that inserts, bolts, fixtures, fastening fittings are fixed in their position accurately
and in alignment
4.
Painting must be done by quality paint and number of coats should be as specified
5.
Opening size
2.
Frame size
3.
Nos required
4.
Opening left or right with sketch indicating inside & outside for doors
5.
Details of hardware
6.
Elevation of door/window/Ventilator
8.
9.
10. Whether the units are to be fixed in brick masonry, stone masonry or R.C.C.
11. Type of hinges required
12. For rolling shutters
a) Location of hood inside or outside
b) Sketch showing location of rolling shutter with details about wall thickness,
length of brick cola beside shutter, location, size etc of R.C.C. column in vicinity
of R.S.
c) Type of Rolling shutter Push & Pull type
- Gear operated from one side/both sides
- Motorized
d) Details of R.C.C. lintel/tie with size and section above RS.
5.6. Stacking of the Door Shutters
Generally door shutters are received on site in bulk at a time. These shutters are never utilized
immediately; hence they have to be stored in proper & careful manner.
Door shutters are stacked size wise & quality wise in horizontal position resting on wooden
battens, one above the other in heaps, at least 15 cm above the ground. In no case the shutters
should be stacked vertically or in inclined manner as they get bend.
The store of the door shutters should be locked & sealed as shutters are costly & can be stolen
easily
5.7. Standard work output
1. Fixing of one main door with all fittings including night latch -- 1.5 Carpenter and 2 helpers
are required
2. Fixing of internal doors with fitting per unit -- 0.5 carpenter and 1 helper required
3. Cutting and fixing of G.I. Sheet for W.C/bath/toilet per 100 sft.2.5 carpenter and 2.5
helpers.
4. Fixing of cover moldings per 100 rft.1 carpenter and 1 helper required.
5.8. Necessary precaution to be taken for door/window frame fixing work:
1. Take care that all temporary supports of door frames remains intact till door frame fixing
work is completed
2. For M.S. window all shutters should be firmly locked and tied with binding wire while
fixing. Same way for M.S. door / HMPS doors
Unless otherwise stated all works shall be measured net in decimal systems, as fixed in
positions.
1.
Length and width shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m. Width of single or
detached planks shall, however, be measured to the nearest 2mm. Thickness shall be
measured to the nearest 2 mm.
2.
Scantlings, battens, and baulks shall, however, be measured to the nearest 2mm in
each cross-sectional dimensions.
3.
4.
5.
Description and type of the wood to be used shall be stated; each kind of wood shall
be measured separately.
6.
The worked shall be measured separately for, fixed and framed & fixed. Framed
and fixed work shall be that which involves mortice and tenon or dove-tailed joints.
All work shall include nails. Work secret fixed , fixed with screws or fixed with
screws and cups or fixed with bolts and washers shall be so described measured
separately. If screws are of other than ordinary steel, they shall be so described.
8.
Plugging to walls for planks, etc, shall be described and measured in running
meters per row stating the spacing of plugs. Plugging to walls for fitting or detached
work, etc, shall be described and enumerated.
9.
10. Scantlings, battens etc, in sections other than rectangular shall be measured as the least
rectangle from which the section can be obtained.
11. In case of scantlings, battens etc, with varying sections, largest section shall be
measured.
12. Mitred pieces shall be measured along longest length.
13. Unless specifically mentioned a tolerance of 1.5 mm shall be allowed for each wrought
face.
CHAPTER VI
FABRICATION
&
ROOFING
Working Platform
Sufficient Elec.
Power
Approved Shop
Drawing
Structural Steel
Section
Equipments
and
Machineries
for Fabrication
Qualified
Welders
Transport System
for Fabricated
Members
Equal Angle - 50 x 50 x 6 , 65 x 65 x 6 , 75 x 75 x 6
Unequal Angle - 75 x 50 x 6
2. Channels -
I.S.L.C
I.S.M.C
I.S.H.C
Light Channel
Medium Channel
Heavy Channel
3. Beams
I.S.L.B.
I.S.M.B
I.S.H.B
Light Beam
Medium Beam
Heavy Beam
4. Plate Identified
6.1.2 Welding
Essential for Proper Welding Procedures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Type of Weld
1. Fillet Weld
2. Groove Weld (Butt)
Welding Position for both filet weld and butt weld 4 positions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Flat
Horizontal
Vertical
Over Head
a Throat
5 -Throat dimension
To be welded on the Arrow side
300 Length of weld in mm
6.2.2 Erection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Derrick/crane
Winch
Chain pulley block
Guy Ropes
Manila Ropes
Hydra
D - Shackles
Drilling Machine
Welding set
Oxygen Gas
Acetylene Gas
Electrode
E
B
5
4
=
=
=
=
2
6
Hi
J
X
=
=
=
=
=
Hi
Covered Electrode
Type of Covering (Basic)
Strength characteristics (UTS=510-610 N/mm2 and YS = 360N/mm2 (Min.)
Elongation and impact properties (Elongation = 20% min. and Impact =27 J
min. At 30o C
Welding position (All positions except vertical down)
Welding current and voltage condition (D + AND A 70)
Hydrogen controlled electrodes (15 ml max.)
Increased metal recovery (110-129%)
Radiographic quality electrode
Estimate numbers of welding set / Transformer required and accordingly estimate the
power requirement for peak quantum of work
2.
Ensure availability of sufficient space for fabrication yard and adequate lighting
arrangement for night work
The platform for fabrication is to be prepared before starting the work .Platform should be
of such a size that line-out can be done conveniently
4.
Platform should be strong enough to take the load of the structure for required size of
assembly while doing fabrication.
5.
The approach road for unloading of the material and carrying the fabricated materials to
the site has to be proper and prepared in advance. Size of the store shall be sufficiently
large to accommodate one month consumables.
6.
The site office and store space for fabricator must be completed in advance. Suitable
distribution board for power supply above to be provided
7.
Estimation of quality of the structural steel must be carried out from approved shop
drawings. Carry out the analysis for cutting lengths to reduce the wastage
8.
Skilled qualified and well experienced welders, fitters, gas cutter & technicians be
recruited for the job, so that the wastages produce is within limit
9.
The welding, gas cutting, grinding etc. procedure must be approved before the start of
work
10. The welding rods must be of approved make & quality, suitable for type of fabrication
adequate stocks to be maintained for all consumables
11. The layouts are to be checked and the zig is to be approved after assembling
12. The centerlines are to be checked before erection and the erection sequence & procedure is
to be approved before start. Civil foundation shall be checked /compared with respect to
structural drawing. Any deviation if required can be done before fabrication in
consultation with clients/consultant engineer.
13. The members are to be properly aligned with proper tightening of bolts bracings sagrods,
ties etc. to be erected simultaneously before alignment
14. Grouting of the base is to be carried out after erection & alignment. Grouting holes to be
provided in base plates
15. Sample must be collected for establishing rolling margins weight difference & is required
to be recorded. Average 3 samples from every incoming lot of steel must be collected.
16. Dimensional differences in rolled sections to be pointed out & recorded (if more than
tolerance level is found in material supplied). This is very important for accounting of
reconciliation of material.
17. BOQ for nut & bolts for connections to be prepared and indented .Time procurement of
the same shall be done
Cause
Preventive measure
1. Excessively long or short
1. Maintain proper arc
arc length
length
2. Welding current too high
2. Use proper welding
3. Insufficient or damp
current
shielding gas
3. Increase Gas Flow-rate
4. Too fast travel speed
& Check gas purity
5. Base
metal
surface
4. Reduce travel speed
covered with oil, grease,
5. Properly maintain and
moisture, rust, mill scale
store electrode
etc.
6. Wet, unclean or damaged
electrode
Undercutting
Distortion
Spatter
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lack of Fusion
1.
2.
3.
4.
Arc blow
Welding current too high
Too long an arc length
Wet, unclean or damaged
electrode
Overlapping
Poor Penetration
1. Unbalanced
magnetic
field during welding
2. Excessive magnetism in
parts or fixture
Inclusion
Yes
No
The Sloping intersection of a roof surface with a part of structure which rises
above it.
Eaves
Gable
The part of a wall above the general eaves level at the end of ridged or partially
happed roof
Gutter
Pitch
The angle of inclination with the horizontal of the rafters or substructure surface
on which the roof covering is laid
Ridge
The line or intersection of two inclined roof surface at the apex of a roof
Valley
The re-entrant raking angel formed by the intersection of two inclined roof
surface
Verge
Standard lengths
2.
Width
:1.05m
3.
Thickness
:6.0mm
4.
Covering efficiency
:91%
5.
Average weight
:1.35kg/m2
No
6.19 Safety
1. Do not allow to work in poor weather condition
2. Proper and strong walking arrangement like cat ladder should be provided. Labour should
be provided with safety belts while working at higher level
3. As far as possible movement should be limited only to purlin
4. While working at higher level material & tools should be carefully handled to ensure the
safety for people moving or working at lower level. Restrict the movement of people to
minimum in the working area with the help of caution board (poster)
Unless otherwise stated all work shall be measured net in decimal system, as fixed
in its place.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5.
6.
7.
8.
CHAPTER VII
PAINTING
Painting is not recommended to be applied within four months of the plastered surface.
Any moisture in plaster will create problem of pealing off or swelling. Due cautioning to be
given to clients/consultant if they insist on painting to start during initial four months of
drying
7.5.6 Oil bound distemper / Water bound distemper / Acrylic bound distemper
7.5.6.1 Application
1. The distemper shall be diluted with mineral turpentine oil or any other prescribed thinner in
a manner recommended by the manufacturer only, Sufficient quality of distemper for a
days work shall be prepared
2. On any surface, after the primer coat has dried for atleast 48 hours, the surface shall be
lightly sand papered to make it smooth for receiving the distemper, taking care not to rub
out the priming coat
3. All loose particles shall be dusted off after rubbing. Minimum two coats o distemper shall
be applied with brushes in horizontal strokes followed immediately by vertical strokes
which together shall constitute one coat. The subsequent coats shall be applied after a time
interval of at least 24 hours between 2 consecutive coats, to allow proper drying of the
preceding coat. The finished surface shall be even and uniform without patches, brush
marks, distemper drops etc.
Minimum dry film thickness of each coat of finish paint of synthetic enamel shall be as
specified in the respective item of work (average 40 microns)
9. Surface inaccessible after assembly shall receive two coats of primer prior to assembly
10. Surface inaccessible after erection, including top surface of purlins supporting sheeting or
top surfaces of floor beams supporting grating or chequered plate shall receive one
additional coat of finish paint over and above the number of coats specified prior to
erection
11. Contractor shall provide suitable covering as necessary to prevent paint from splashing on
equipment, Floors, Walls, Doors, Windows, and Fittings etc.
Blistering
1)
2)
3)
Brush marks
1)
2)
3)
Blooming
1)
2)
3)
Presence of moisture
Application in damp weather
Inadequate ventilation for indoor painting
Chalking
1)
2)
Disintegration of binder
Use of inferior pigments in strong sunlight
Cissing
1)
2)
Flaking or Peeling
1)
2)
Loss of gloss
1)
2)
Sagging
1)
2)
3)
Slow Drying
1)
2)
3)
4)
Wrinkling
1)
2)
Deduction
Full Deduction
No Deduction
Jams/Soffits
To be given
Not to be given
Type
Paneled door
Flush door
M.S window
Grill(simple)
Grill (design)
Rolling shutter
Corrugated sheets
Collapsible door
Multiplying Factor
2.50 times
2.25 times
1.50 times
0.50 times
1.00 times
3.00 times
3.00 times
3.00 times
Windows
Door frames/
doors shutters
Checking by
engineer as per
check list
Application
of primer
Second coat of
distemper
Application of
Red oxide
First coat of
distemper
After
drying
putty
rubbing by polish paper
to receive first coat
Cleaning of glass
panicles door fittings,
floor electrical fittings
etc.
Preparation for
distemper
First coat of
oil paint
Putty
application
Completion of other
works upto tile polishing
third coat
Polishing to
main door
Glass fixing
for windows
Final coat of
distemper
CHAPTER VIII
FLOORING
1st cut with rough emery stone 80 No. to polishing m./c (heavy) which should even out
all irregularities (othas) plus OR minus. Normal cut of 2mm is achieved with this emery
Floor is washed & ragada is removed to check the joints. All joints to be regrouted with
cement paste. Allow to set for atleast 2 days
b) 2nd & 3rd cut with finer emery stone 120/220 No. Joints qrouting to be attended for every
cut of polishing, normally 1mm cut is achieved. Now surface is fairly in level & without
any scratch or chakkar lines of the machining
c) Final light coast of polishing to be done with masala (Oxalic Acid) to get the scratch less
finished surface. (No waxing to be done for shining). Light polishing coat can continue till
the acceptable result is achieved
8.4.4. Marble / Granite flooring
1.
Marble / granite stone shall be selected from good quarry (source) where stone available is
uniform in shade, hard & homogenous in texture, lamination less. Machine polished at
source & of required size & thickness
2.
Making of FARMA in true size & right angle should be approved by the engine with zero
tolerance
3.
Marble / granite stone slabs are machine cut at the edges for required size (No hand
dressing)
4.
Initial check for color shade by washing the surface in yard it self to be followed & stock
the finished stone with atleast 3 different mark I/II/III. While laying due care should be
taken to use assorted stones in different rooms. By this way color variation is adjusted
room/area wise
5.
6.
7.
Preparation of mortar bedding to the required proportion with min. water is the first step.
Make the thiayas to required level & slope well in advance. Laying of mortar to suitable
thickness keeping reference thiayas in line dori to be supervised from time to time.
Average thickness of bedding mortar shall be 20 mm and thickness at any place should not
be less than 12 mm.
8.
Neat cement paste is spearheaded over mortar bedding & cement paste to the edges of the
stone. Then stone is fixed close to the previous stone to have a hair line joint. Stone
surface is pressed tapped gently with the wooden mallets till the stone is in true line &
level. Cement paste at the edges will try to come out from joints which should be scrapped
10. Any other due to natural bends in stones should be restricted to 2mm at joints
11. Curing of flooring for 7 days by sprinkling water or by wetting
12. Polishing activity to follow only after adequate curing. Sequence of polishing
a) 1st cut with rough emery stone 80 No. to polishing m./c (heavy) which should
even out all irregularities (othas) plus OR minus. Normal cut of 2mm is achieved
with this emery
Floor is washed & ragada is removed to check the joints. All joints to be regrouted
with cement paste. Allow to set for atleast 2 days
b) 2nd & 3rd cut with finer emery stone 120/220 No. Joints qrouting to be attended for
every cut of polishing, normally 1mm cut is achieved. Now surface is fairly in level
& without any scratch or chakkar lines of the machining
c) Final light coast of polishing to be done with masala (Oxalic Acid) to get the
scratch less finished surface. (No waxing to be done for shining). Light polishing
coat can continue till the acceptable result is achieved
8.4.5. Mosaic Tiles flooring
Refer Sketch showing skirting margin provision.
Procedure :
Prepare cement slurry by using ration approximately 1.5 bag 100 litrs of water and start
fixing tiles from the reference line and reference tiles diagonally.
Cement slurry of honey like consistency shall be spread over the mortar bed over as
much area as could be covered with the tiles within half an hors.
Match all the four corners of the tiles properly with the help of wooden mallet.
Fix the mosaic tiles in particular sequence for better result and fine joints.
Complete the flooring of units in one-day for better bonding, uniform work and quality
work. Clean floor and do not allow anybody to enter the flat for atleast 24 Hrs on the
next day do the gap filling/joint filling between the tiles with cement slurry. Slurry shall
be properly mixed with water. It should be homogeneious.
Surface preparation before tiling work Sketch on page no. 459 of Practical Building
construction.
Size of
(mm)
00
0
1
2
1-2
2-4
4-7
7-10
4.
aggregate Proportion
of Minimum thickness
aggregate to binder of top layer (mm)
mix
1.75:1
6
1.75:1
9
1.75:1
9
1.50:1
12
The marble chips shall be white or pink makwana, black Bhainslana, Chittoor black,
Jaisalmer yellow, Baroda Green, Dehradun White, Chittor pink, yellow Patan cherela
(Madras), grey Gadu (Surat), Chittoor green and yellow and alwar black as specified. It shall
be hard, sound, dense and homogenous in texture with crystalline and coarse grains. It shall
be uniform in colours.
5.
Where aggregate size is larger than 10 mm the minimum thickness of topping shall not
be less than 1.5 times the maximum size of the chips.
6.
Cement to be used shall be ordinary grey cement, white cement, cement with admixture
of colouring matter of approved quality in specified ratio to get the required shade colouring
materials where specified shall be mixed dry thoroughly with the cement and marble powder
and then marble chips are added mixed as specified.
The full quantity of dry mixture of mortar required for a room shall be prepared in a lot
in order to ensure a uniform colour. This mixture shall be stored in a dry place and well
covered and protected from moisture.
8.
The dry mortar shall be mixed with water in the usual way as and when required. The
mixed mortar shall be homogeneous and stiff and contain just sufficient water to make it
workable.
9.
The terrazzo topping shall be laid, while the under layer is still plastic, but has
hardened sufficiently to prevent cement from rising to the surface. This is normally
achieved between 18 to 24 hours after the under layer has been laid.
10.
A cement slurry perfectly of the same colour as the toping shall be brushed on the
surface immediately before laying is commenced. It shall be laid to a uniform thickness
slightly more than that specified in order to get the specified finished thickness after
rubbing.
11.
The surface of the top layer shall be trowelled over, pressed and brought true to the
required level by a straight edge and steel float in such a manner that the maximum amount
of marble chips come up and are spread uniformly over the surface.
Polishing, curing and finishing:
1. Polishing shall be done by machine. About 36 hours after laying the top layer, the surface
shall be watered and ground evenly with machine fitted with special rapid cutting grit
blocks (corborundum stone) of coarse grade (No 60) till the marble chips are evenly
exposed and the floor is smooth.
2. After the first grinding the, surface shall be thoroughly washed to remove all grinding
work and covered with a grout of cement and colouring matter in same mix and proportion
as the topping in order to fill any pin holes that appear.
3. The surface shall be allowed to cure for 5 to 7 days and then rubbed with machine fitted
with fine grit blocks (No. 120).
4. The surface is cleaned and repaired as before and allowed to cure again for 3 to 5 days.
5. Finally the third grinding shall be done with machine fitted with fine grade grit blocks (No
320) to get even smooth surface without pin holes.
6. The finish surface should show the marble chips evenly exposed.
7. After final polish, oxalic acid shall be dusted over the surface @ 33 gm per sq. meter
sprinkled with water and rubbed hard with a namdah block (Pad of woolen rags).
8. The following day, the floor shall be wiped with a moist rag and dried with a soft cloth and
finished clean. Curing shall be done by suitable means such as a laying moist sawdust or
ponding water.
Precautions
Flooring in lavatories and bathrooms shall be laid after fixing of water closet and squatting
pans and floor traps. Traps shall be plugged, while laying the floors and opened after the floors
are cured and cleaned.
Refer Fig of Section of terrazzo flooring.
No
No
Room
Cleaning
Fixing tiling in
floors & checking
fro levels/lines etc.
Checking by engineer
for preparation and
O.K. clearance to
Contractor one day in
advance
Lime mortar
preparation
Next
day
Next day
14 day
Butt Finishing of
skirting
Next
day
Hand polishing
for skirting with
scrapping patti
2nd coat of
polishing with 120
No. polish stone & Next
checking by
day
engineer
3 day
Next
day
Next day
Complete all
balance cement
work & all other
work in flat
Cleaning and Acid
washing with oxalic acid
in power/crystal from
Complete 1st
coat of painting
Next
Day day
CHAPTER IX
WATERPROOFING
Introduction
Materials Required:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Surface Preparation
1. The surface should be cleaned of all foreign materials like loose mortars, concrete, local
humps, bare metal and other unwanted material
2. The surface to be treated shall be hacked with tacha to remove loose mortar, scalings and
roughened
3. The surface should be rubbed vigorously to remove all dust and with the help of wire brush
/ brooms
4. The surface should be cleaned to have proper bound with the water proofing treatment to
be laid
5. The surface thus prepared shall then be washed with clean potable water before laying
water proofing treatment
6. The construction joints, cracks, honey combing, if any, shall be located and shall be treated
with Water Proofing compound, injection, grouting etc. to seal off the cracks, air holes,
honey grouting etc.
7. Prepared surface shall be then watered again thoroughly
8. Cement slurry shall be prepared by adding one bag of cement in hundred litres of water.
Stir the mixture to get consistent cement slurry. Spread this slurry on terrace and allow it to
penetrate uniformly over the cleaned surface
9. The brick bats of required size and shape are then laid to proper levels and slope not flatter
than 100 mm. Brick bats shall be well soaked in water before use.
10. Over cement mortar bedding 25mm thick in C.M. 1:4 mix with water proofing in
specialized manner with brick bats partly projected above the mortar bedding and fully
secured at bottom with atleast 15mmm gap between the brick bats. Slope of 1 in 150 shall
be provided with minimum 65mm at the lowest point i.e from rain water down take pipe.
11. Any seepage / dampness noticed under side the ceiling should be treated.
12. The finishing layer shall be of cement mortar 1:4 with water proofing compound not less
than 1% of wt. of cement should be added and this layer is to laid to desired slope and
levels
13. The layer so laid should be joint less, well compacted and trowelled vigorously till it
becomes hard
The total thickness of treatment shall be averages 115 mm thick with at least 50 mm
thickness at drain points
2.
Grading with cement mortar or cement concrete to be carried out to provide required
slope and allow them to set and dry completely. The surface to be provided shall have a
minimum slope of 1 in 120. This grading shall be carried out with cement concrete with
coarse sand, 12 mm thick and down below coarse aggregate with the proportion of 1:2:4
to the average thickness required and finished smooth. Minimum thickness at the outlet
point should not be less than 65mm. Hence outlet drain pipes shall be fixed previously so
that min 65 mm thicknesses is available for grading.
3.
Surface of roof, part of parapet, gutters, drain mouths over which treatment is to be
applied to be cleaned of all foreign matter like fungus, moss, dust etc. by wire brushing
and dusting. This procedure is repeated after providing grading as per above point.
4.
The felt is normally laid in length at right angles to the direction of the run-off gradient
and to be commenced at the lowest level and working upto the crest to avoid obstruction
to the flow of water
5.
6.
7.
Cut the felt to the repaired length, brushed clean of dusting materials and laid out flat on
roof and allowed to soften
8.
9.
Each length of felt prepared for laying as described above shall be laid in position and
rolled up for a distance of half its length
10.
The hot bitumen bonding material shall be poured in the roof across the full width of the
rolled felt as the latter is stradily rolled out and pressed down
11.
The excess bounding material is squeezed out at the ends and is removed as the laying
proceeds
12.
When first half of the strip of felt has been bounded to the roof, the other half shall be
rolled up and then unrolled on the hot bounding material in the same way
Minimum overlaps 100mm and 75mm shall be allowed at the end and sides of the strips
and shall be firmly bonded with hot bitumen
Drain Mouths:
1. Drain mouth with a bell mouth entry shall be fixed and properly set to allow the water to
flow into it
2. Felt generally laid as on the other porting of roof and treatment shall be carried inside the
drain pipes with at least 100mm over lap
3. If possible, a grating cap should be properly provided over drain mouth to prevent levels,
stones etc.
Gutters:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Priming Coat
Hot Bitumen layer
Layer of felt followed by ;
Successive layer of bonding material @ 1.45 kg/sq. m.
Finally painted with a coat of hot bitumen at 1.5 kg/sq.m.
Surface Finish:
1. Two coats of bituminous paint at rate of 0.l lit/SQM per coat or single coat of Bituminous
emulsion at rate of 0.5 lit/SQM shall be applied
2. In case of cell roof 2 coats of bituminous aluminium at rate of 0.1 lit/SQM per coat or one
coat of bituminous emulsion at rate of 0.5 lit/SQM or acrylie basd coating at rate of 0.3
litre/SQM per coat.
Care to be taken for Junction of Parapet Wall and Roof:
1. Felt to be laid as flashing with overlaps of 100 mm
2. Lower edge of flashing shall overlap the felt laid on the flat portion of roof and the upper
edge of the flashing shall be tucked into grooves made in the parapet on the vertical face of
the wall
3. Each layer shall be so arranged that joints are staggered with those of the layer beneath it
4. After all the layer laid and flashings properly bonded, the groove shall be filled up with
cement mortar (1:4) and filling to be cured at least for four days
5. It is essential to apply a cement mortar of 1:4 along the wall and floor juncture
The laying of the second layer of felt shall be so arranged that the joints are staggered with
those of the layer beneath it
9.2.3 Box Type Water Proofing
1. For providing & laying Box type waterproofing treatment to floors and external surface of
under ground structures, the treatment comprise of waterproofing layer, average 50/100mm
thick for floors, using layers of kotah stones placed diagonally with staggered joints
2. Rough kotah stone shall conform to specification
3. 100 mm thick waterproofing layer consist of the following layers:
a. 15 mm thk 1:3 cement mortar bedding with approved waterproofing chemical
b. 20 mm thick rough kotah stone laid diagonally with staged joints shall be sealed by
1:1 cement mortar with approved waterproofing chemical
c. Repeat in the same manner as described above in (a) & (b) to form 2nd level
d. The final layer of 30 mm thick I.P.S. shall be laid with approved water proofing
chemical having desired finish as directed
4.
Box type waterproofing treatment to external vertical surface of under ground structures,
the treatment shall comprise of rough coat of water proof plaster to walls. Allow to set at
least for 3 days. Thin rough stones (@20mm) are fixed with neat cement paste in
horizontal layers with open joint of 25mm (approx) 2nd & 3rd layer above is fixed in same
way with staggered joint pattern. All joints are grouted with 1:1 cement mortar. Next day
pressure grouting is done in the cavity between the rough wall plaster & the stone in
vertical plane. Top is sealed with CM 1:1.
5.
Corner laps vertical & horizontal plane needs proper overlapping of the stone
6.
On final completion of stone fixing smooth water proof cement plaster in done over the
rough stone
7.
Surface Preparation:
a. Ensure Concrete surface are structurally sound and have been cured for at least 28 days
b. If surface laitance is found this must be remove by acid etching, using a mixture of 1
part Muriatic Acid to 3 parts water by volume
c. The acid solution should be scrubbed into the surface with a stiff broom while it
effervesces (approximately 2 minutes). Hose off and broom the acid solution and slurry
residue thoroughly with fresh water and allow to dry completely
2.
3.
4.
Water proofing compound should be stirred well and then applied by means of a wide fine
hair brush or a short nap roller in 2 (two coats at a minimum spreading rate of 0.5 litre m 2
per coat with an interval of about 24 hours in between coats
5.
At perimeter cuve or other areas where vertical walls meet horizontal slabs, water proofing
membrane should be turned up at least 300mm and finished in a groove
In accessible areas, where pedestrian traffic conditions are expected the membrane should
be sandwiched by providing a suitable cover to prevent it getting physically damaged
The roof slab shall be scrapped cleaned of all dust, dirt, rubbish etc. It shall be made
reasonably smooth either by chipping of projects by applying a thin coat of cement mortar
if slab surface is too rough
2.
Over the hardened and finished surface of the roof slab, a thin layer of approved bitumen
primer shall be first brushed over the roof surface and allowed to dry.
3.
The felt shall be first cut to the required lengths and laid out flat on the roof in position at
right angles to the direction of run-off gradient and shall be brushed clean of dusting
materials
4.
Each length of felt thus laid in position shall be rolled up for a distance of half of its length
5.
Then the bonding material heated to correct temperature shall be poured on to the roof
across the full width of the rolled felt as the latter is steadily rolled out and pressed down
6.
Excess bounding material shall be squeezed out at the ends and removed as the laying
proceeds
7.
When the first half of the strip of felt has been bonded to the roof, the other half shall be
rolled up and then unrolled on to the hot bonding material in the same way
8.
Minimum overlaps of 100 mm shall be allowed at the end and the sides of strips of felt.
All overlaps shall be firmly bounded with hot bitumen
9.
The laying of the second layer of felt shall be so arranged that the joints are staggered with
those of the layer beneath it
10. More No of layers are recommended depending on the requirement (3 layer, 5 layer,
7 layer is regular pattern)
11. On completion of felt layers, 6mm & down geade Grit or river shingles are spread over the
surface for protection.
No
Helmet, Gum boots, Hand gloves, to be used when working with hot bitumen
Safety belts when work is being done at higher level
Adequate and safe working space while performing the job
While working at higher levels take proper care to handle the tools, materials etc, to ensure
safety of personnel working at lower level
CHAPTER X
PLUMBING &
DRAINAGE
For water supply to building - which shall carry potable water for drinking & cooking
purpose and secondly for bathrooms and flushing for drainage of sewer lines. Pipes used
are G.I Pipes or PVC Pipes.
b.
For sanitation purpose which is either connected to sewer system of the town if
available or to the septic tank and soak pit .C.I sewer line , PVC lines or stoneware pipes
are used within the building and outside the building and up to the corporation point.
c.
For Rain Water Which is connected to storm water line of the town if available or either
to natural gradient of the surrounding area and ultimately to near by nala. C.I lines or
PVC lines are used of diameter 75 mm or 100 mm depending on design from top of
terrace/roof to ground level, then it goes as per slope of ground to the corporation storm
water drain.
All the above three arrangements are the basic requirements for the health of inhabitants who
are residing in the particular town/place.
d. Fire fighting system for high rise building.
Basic Qualification
It is very essential that a plumbing work contractor should be license holder issued by local
municipal authorities. Authority will issue the license after having examined him for his
experience and knowledge of the subject and knowledge of the prevailing rates and regulation.
Contractor should have a team of skilled workers.
10.2 Preamble
1.
The type of pipes used for plumbing are G.I Pipes or P.V.C Pipes.
a. P.V.C pipes are the modern method of using it. They are available with different
capacity of pressure and as per the design specified by the consultant.
Ensure that the pipe layout and alignment is in accordance with the drawings and the grade
of pipe is as per specification. The trench must be cut to correct levels as given in
longitudinal plan and the bottom must be carefully dressed. The gradient should be
constant between the gradient changed point
3.
Before laying, the pipes are to be checked for any visible damage (broken edges, cracking
or spalling of pipe etc.)
4.
All pipes and fitting shall be fixed truly vertical and horizontal. Pipes to be fixed on wall
will be done with help of suitable holder clamps. When it is found necessary to conceal the
pipes, chasing may be adopted. Use wooden wedges for leveling pipeline and remove
them when back-filling is done. Do not use stones or hard materials
5.
The sides and undersides of pipeline should be packed with the same material used for bed
making. Well rammed layer by layer filling should continue till a covering of about 200
mm is obtained on the pipeline. Rest of the trench can be filled with any available material
6.
In case of subsoil water or if flooding of trench is feared, never leave the laid pipeline
without covering it with topsoil. The pipeline may get dislodged by upward floating thrust.
If covering with topsoil is not possible can be left after filling it with water
7.
Yes
No
10.9 Safety
Proper weightage to safety precautions during progress of works should be given. Following
steps should be observed
1. All work activity should be done in a systematic manner and phase wise
2. All external work should be done by using proper scaffolding. While using ropes/zullas, it
should be observed that sufficient care is taken to avoid accidents.
3. All works should be done by using proper tools. Worn out old tools require more
manpower and also leads to accident.
4. Co-ordination with other work agencies is a must. This also helps to maintain safety of
workers employed by the other contractors
5. During trenches work, prescribed safety rules should be followed
6. Maintain first aid box on site to take care of accidental injuries
Lineout on wall by
chalk for chasing
Water-proofing first
coat
Water-proofing brickbat
coba coat for toilets &
terrace & curing for seven
days
Water proofing
finishing coal
Finishing work of
the flat
Application of coal
tar and kiltan to
plumbing pipes
Main drainage
connection
Testing of external
drainage lines by
smoke test etc.
The pipes shall be checked for cross section, normal diameter, length and depth of socket.
Glazing of pipe is critical aspect for quality
2.
The trenches for the pipes shall be excavated to required gradient, lines and levels as
directed with socket, up the gradient. Also inspection chambers and manholes shall be
provided at 30 m interval.
3.
The trenches shall be kept dry either by bailing out or pumping water, timbering and
shoring of sides of excavation if required
4.
The trench width shall be nominal diameter of the pipe plus 38 cm (15) but it shall not be
less than 53 cm (21). Sufficient working space shall be allowed
5.
Refilling in trenches for pipes shall be commenced as soon as the joints are tested,
approved and haunching is done. The refilling on the top and around the drain shall be
done with great care and in such a manner as will obtain the greatest amount of
All pipes at shallow road crossing and made up ground shall be laid on P.C.C. bedding
with encasing of SWG pipes
7.
The interior of the socket and the exterior of the spigot shall be cleaned thoroughly and
dried. The spigot of the upper pipe shall be properly fitted into the socket of the lower
pipe, such that there is uniform annular space for fitting with the jointing materials. Yarn
for required length shall be placed around the spigot of the pipe, to center the spigot in the
socket. Knotting of the yarn shall not be permitted.
8.
Required length of the yarn shall be in on piece. When single strand of yarn material is
used, overlap at the top shall be not more than 50 mm. Water more than single strand is
required for a joint, each strand shall be cut to the required length so that the ends shall
meet on the opposite sides of the pipe and not on top or bottom. When the spigot is shoved
home, the yarning material shall be driven tightly against the inside base or hub of the
socket with suitable tools
9.
Spun yarn soaked in neat cement paste shall be passed round and inserted in it by means of
caulking tool. More skins of yarn shall be added and well rammed. Cement mortar 1:1
slightly dry shall be carefully inserted by hand into the joint. The mortar shall then be
punched and caulked into the joint. The joint shall then be finished off neatly outside the
socket at an angle of 45 degrees. Leak proof joints needs to be ensured
2.
Thereafter a thin film of lubricant should be applied to the bulb seating inside the socket
but not the hard rubber seal
4.
After cleaning, the gasket is placed in the socket with bulb towards the back of socket so
that the hard rubber heal engages in the retaining groove
5.
If any loop is left it will be pressed flat for proper fit of gasket in the groove
6.
In case it is difficult to press the loop, as may be in the case of larger diameter, it is advised
that a second loop be formed in the opposed. The loops are then pressed flat one after the
other
7.
A thick film of lubricant should be applied to the inner side of the gasket where the spigot
end will come in contact, to facilitate the entry. The spigot end of the pipe should also be
lubricated
8.
After centering the spigot should be inserted far enough into socket to make contact with
the gasket. This is the initial position for forcing the spigot end in
9.
The spigot end is forced into the socket carefully compressing the gasket till the spigot end
reaches near the bottom of the socket
10. if the assembly is not completed with reasonable forces, the spigot shuld be removed and
the position of he gasket examined
10.15. CI Pipes
Standard consumables
Pipes as per specification, fixtures, spun yarn, cement, sand
Standard tools
Hammer; chisel, plumb, dori, bubble tube, thapi, thagara, pawada
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
The interior of the socket and the exterior of the spigot shall be cleaned thoroughly and
dried.
The spigot of the upper pipe shall be properly fitted in to the socket of the lower pipe, such
that there is uniform annual space for fitting with the jointing materials.
Yarn for required length shall be placed around the spigot of the pipe, to center the spigot
in the socket. Knotting of the yarn shall not be permitted required length of the yarn shall
be in on piece.
When single strand of yarn material is used overlap at the top shall be not more than
50mm when more than single standard is required for a joint, each strand shall be cut to
the required length so that the ends shall meet on the opposite sides of the pipe and not on
Spun yarn soaked in neat cement paste shall be passed round the joint and inserted in it by
means of caulking tool. More skins of yarn shall be added and well rammed. Cement
mortar 1:1 slightly dry shall be carefully inserted by hand in to the joint. The mortar shall
than be punched and caulked into the joint. The joint shall then be finished off neatly
outside the socket at an angle of 45 degree. Leak proof joints needs to be ensured
Generally, in horizontal runs, PVC pipes shall be supported at an interval of not more than
ten times the outside diameter of the pipe. In vertical lines, PVC pipes shal be supported at
an interval of 1 m to a maximum of 2 m
2.
PVC pipes shall be fixed on wall with wooden plugs and suitable clamps
3.
The lines of the trenches for all the pipe lines shall be carefully set out to the alignment of
the pipe lines. The trenches shall be carefully trimmed so that the pie when laid shall rest
on the natural bed throughout its full length. The pipes and fittings shall be laid to line and
level, in the trenches
2.
The joints of the pipes shall be made by but welding using and Electric hot plate or blow
lamp for heating the ends to be jointed. The end of the pipe to be jointed shall be cut
square leaving 3 to 5 mm more than the required finished length. The pipe slowly and
uniformly by means of a metal baffle held in front of the pie.
3.
The temperature of the hot plate/blow lamp shall be brought to 200oC. On heating the pipe
end swells outwards. Heating shall be continued till the swelling of the pipe is equal to the
wall thickness of the pipe.
4.
The pipe shall then be pressed against a flange forming tool and pressure shall be
maintained till a uniform joint is obtained, i.e. till an uniform rim of melted material is
formed. The temperature shall be checked by thermocrome chalk, which shall turn blue
and then black within 3 seconds.
5.
Jointing shall be carried out on ground and a suitable length of the jointed pipe shall be
lowered into the trench. Jointing shall be carried out by skilled persons only. Care shall be
taken so that there is no displacement of the center line of the pipe while jointing
6.
Depending on the site conditions, detachable flanged joints or screwed joints may also be
made
Yes
No
Yes
No
Vertical Stacks
Internal Plaster to
sanitary units
Connection to septic
Connection to filter bed
tank
CHAPTER XI
FORMWORK
&
REINFORCEMENT
Item
Minimum period
Before
striking
formwork
Vertical formwork to columns,walls,beams
16 24 hrs.
Soffit formwork to slabs (props to be refixed immediately 3 days
after removal of formwork)
Soffit formwork to beams(props to be refixed immediately 7-days
after removal of formwork
Props to slabs:
Spanning up to 4.5 m
7-days
Spanning over 4.5 m
14 days
Props to beams & arches
Spanning up to 6 m
14-days
Spanning over 6 m
21 days
Steel material
Others
After completing excavation for column, footing, check the size of pit before P.C.C.
Allow P.C.C. work
Check the level of P.C.C. Then mark the center line on all the sides of footing form work.
Place the footing formwork box, check the size and diagonals of formwork box.
Drop the plumb from the ground surface by extending line dori from center line pegs
established @ ground level
Check for gaps if any in between form work and P.C.C. top level
Before concreting, clean inner space of box and P.C.C. with help of water jet
Give proper supports to footing box so that its position should not change
Mark centers of footing with the help of nail on footing box or planks at centre of form
work length & breadth wise
Center marked on footing box should match to center marked on side rail or center line
pillar which will help in fixing and reinforcement cage to true line.
Check the reinforcement of footing, column and concreting depth of footing which shall
be marked by nail on all sides of formwork and allow for concreting
11.15 Acrow Wall Form materials for 1 mt Long & 2.5 mt height wall, following material
are required
SR.NO.
DESCRIPTION
NO
1.
08
2.
02
3.
08
4.
Coil spring
08
5.
Sing clips
08
6.
Double clips
08
7.
08
04
DESCRIPTION
NO
1.
H Frame
100
2.
Cross Bracing
70(max)60(Avg)
3.
Jacks
60(max)50(Avg)
4.
Dandli
60(max)50(Avg)
5.
Sign-Cross Bracing
34(max)
6.
24
7.
24
8.
24
Grade of steel
Fe 250
Fe 415
Fe 500
11.21 Difference between actual weight and theoretical weight of steel (Rolling Margin )
The actual weight of the steel can be calculated by subtracting the empty weight of truck from
the weight of loaded truck, both weights to be taken from same weigh balance.
As a normal practice take at least three to four of sample rods from every lot of 10 tons
(approx) delivered at site. Put serial no. on the sample pieces. Find out actual weight on a
weigh balance and compare with IS Standard. Record the rolling margin difference in JMC
standard register and also get it approved from site engineer.(client or consultant)
11.22 Stacking of steel
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cutting
Bending
Binding
Placing
Labour should use protective equipment like helmets, safety shoes, gloves .
Area should be defined for stacking of reinforcement
All bent up steel ends to be stacked properly to avoid any injury
Binding wires should not protrude after tying
Vertical reinforcement projections at low height should have a cap to avoid injury to
workers