CONTENT

Acknowledgement
Content
S.NO

1 INTRODUCTION
2 GREEN TECHNOLOGY
3 MOTIVATION:
4 OBJECTIVE:
5 CURRENT RESEARCH GOING ON
6 METHODOLOGY
7 WORKING PLAN
8 APPLICATION OF GREEN NANOTECNOLOGY IN AUTO-EMISSIONS
9 CATALYTIC CONVERTER
10 REFERENCES

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Introduction
The need for development of affordable and safe ways of addressing global challenges, in areas
such as energy, environment and health, has never been more pressing. The global demand for
energy is expected to increase by more than 30% between 2010 and 2035 (International Energy
Agency, 2011).More than 800 million people worldwide are currently without access to safe
drinking water (WHO, 2010).Such challenges have resulted in increasing attention being paid by
policymakers, researchers, and corporations to new technologies, and the application of
technologies in new ways. Green innovation is one such new way of addressing global
challenges. Green innovation is innovation which reduces environmental impacts: by increasing
energy efficiency, by reducing waste or greenhouse gas emissions and/or by minimising the
consumption of nonrenewable raw materials, for example. OECD countries and emerging
economies alike are seeking new ways to use green innovation for increased competitiveness
through a transition to a so-called green growth scenario based on the application of
technology (OECD, 2012a). Within the group of technologies which are expected to help to
contribute to that transition, nanotechnology is attracting particular attention. Since it began its
work in 2007, the OECD Working Party on Nanotechnology (WPN) has developed a number of
projects addressing emerging policy issues of science, technology and innovation related to the
responsible development of nanotechnology. During that time, discussions within the WPN have
increasingly highlighted the potential of nanotechnology to support green growth, focusing on
two particular aspects:
(i) The potential for nanotechnology to contribute to green innovation; and
(ii) The potential and perceived risks and environmental costs of using the technology.
The second of these may reduce the ability of nanotechnology to achieve its green goals, i.e. to
meet its green vocation.

Green chemistry/Green manufacturing/Green nanotechnology

In general, green nanotechnology is closely interconnected with both principles of green
chemistry and green manufacturing.
Green chemistry is an approach to chemical synthesis that considers life cycle factors such as
waste, safety,energy use and toxicity in the earliest stages of molecular design and production, in
order to mitigate environmental impactsand enhance the safety and efficiency associated with
chemical production, use and disposal. It takes a lifecycle approach to minimising undesirable
impacts that can be associated with chemicals and their production.
The Sustainable Manufacturing Initiative of the US Department of Commerce describes
sustainable manufacturing as: The creation of manufactured products that use processes that
minimize negative environmental impacts,conserve energy and natural resources, are safe for
employees, communities and consumers and are economically sound.
The principles of green chemistry can be applied to produce safer and more sustainable
nanomaterials and more efficient and sustainable nano-manufacturing processes. Green
chemistry principles are, for example, used to manufacture nanomaterials from less toxic
chemicals, using less energy and less of certain scarce raw resources. Conversely, the principles
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of nanoscience can be used to foster green chemistry by using nanotechnology to make

manufacturing processes for non-nano materials and products more environmentally friendly.

GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY
Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental
sustainability of processes producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the
products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It includes making green nano-products
and using nano-products in support of sustainability.
Green nanotechnology has been described as the development of clean technologies, "to
minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and
use of nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new
nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle."

Goals
Green nanotechnology has two goals: producing nanomaterials and products without harming the
environment or human health, and producing nano-products that provide solutions to
environmental problems. It uses existing principles of green chemistry and green engineering to
make nanomaterials and nano-products without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures using less
energy and renewable inputs wherever possible, and using lifecycle thinking in all design and
engineering stages.

MOTIVATION:
In today's modern era, the most important things our world needs is to save the environment for
further generations
The most important factors in polluting todays world is over production of CO2 by automobile
and industries which causes global warming.
In this we are trying to overcome this autoemission.

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OBJECTIVE:
In our project we are trying to Control Exhaust-Emissions in Automobiles for Sustainable
Growth Using Green Nanotechnology and catalytic convertor.

CURRENT RESEARCH GOING ON :

Solar cells
One major project that is being worked on is the development of nanotechnology in solar cells.
Solar cells are more efficient as they get tinier and solar energy is a renewable resource. The
price per watt of solar energy is lower than one dollar.
Nanotechnology is already used to provide improved performance coatings for photovoltaic (PV)
and solar thermal panels. Hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties combine to create more
efficient solar panels, especially during inclement weather. PV covered with nanotechnology
coatings are said to stay cleaner for longer to ensure maximum energy efficiency is maintained.

Nanoremediation and water treatment

Nanotechnology offers the potential of novel nanomaterials for the treatment of surface water,
groundwater, wastewater, and other environmental materials contaminated by toxic metal ions,
organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms. Due to their unique activity toward
recalcitrant contaminants, many nanomaterials are under active research and development for use
in the treatment of water and contaminated sites.
The present market of nanotech-based technologies applied in water treatment consists of reverse
osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. Indeed, among emerging products one can
name nanofiber filters, carbon nanotubes and various nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is expected
to deal more efficiently with contaminants which convectional water treatment systems struggle
to treat, including bacteria, viruses and heavy metals. This efficiency generally stems from the
very high specific surface area of nanomaterials which increases dissolution, reactivity and
sorption of contaminants.

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Some potential applications include:

To maintain public health, pathogens in water need to be identified rapidly and reliably.
Unfortunately, traditional laboratory culture tests take days to complete. Faster methods
involving enzymes, immunological or genetic tests are under development.
Water filtration may be improved with the use of nanofiber membranes and the use of
nanobiocides, which appear promisingly effective.
Biofilms are mats of bacteria wrapped in natural polymers. These can be difficult to treat with
antimicrobials or other chemicals. They can be cleaned up mechanically, but at the cost of
substantial down-time and labour. Work is in progress to develop enzyme treatments that may be
able to break down such biofilms.
Pollution
Scientists have been researching the capabilities of buckminsterfullerene in controlling pollution,
as it may be able to control certain chemical reactions. Buckminsterfullerene has been
demonstrated as having the ability of inducing the protection of reactive oxygen species and
causing lipid peroxidation. This material may allow for hydrogen fuel to be more accessible to
consumers.

METHODOLOGY
NANOTECNOLOGY CAN BE USED IN FOLLOWING WAYS TO REDUCE CO2
EMISSION .
1. BY USING NANO TYRES
Green tyres using carbon black and silicasilane fillers have been on the market for decades,
providing lower rolling resistance and thus increased fuel efficiency.
Nanotechnology applications can have a role in stretching further all three corners of the tyres
magic triangle, meaning rolling resistance, durability and wet grip.
The new EU tyre label is an important driver of innovations, permitting consumers to choose
the better performing tyres in efficiency, safety and noise, while focusing and intensifying the
research efforts of the tyre OEMs.
Many tyre OEMs already use different types of nanoenhancements in their products, such as
Continental, Pirelli, Bridgestone, and Toyo.
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 Qualities that nanotechnology can improve in tyres include improved dispersion of the filler in
the polymer that affects rolling resistance, reduced friction and heat emissions that cause energy
losses and rapid wear of the tyre, improved air retention, lower weight by reducing the amount of
heavy materials, hydrophobic surfaces for wet grip, and more durable treaT for longer life.
(.vasiliadis@bwcv.es)
2. BY USING CATALYST
The photothermal conversion of CO2 provides a straightforward and effective method for the
highly efficient production of solar fuels with high solar-light utilization efficiency. This is due to
several crucial features of the Group VIII nanocatalysts, including effective energy utilization
over the whole range of the solar spectrum, excellent photothermal performance, and unique
activation abilities. Photothermal CO2 reaction rates (molh-1 g-1 ) that are several orders of
magnitude larger than those obtained with photocatalytic methods (molh-1 g-1 ) were thus
achieved. It is proposed that the overall water-based CO2 conversion process can be achieved by
combining light-driven H2 production from water and photothermal CO2 conversion with H2 .
More generally, this work suggests that traditional catalysts that are characterized by intense
photoabsorption will find new applications in photo-induced green-chemistry processes.
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25044684)
3. CO2 CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION
Many research works were tried to synthesize absorbents in various types of nanostructure, such
nanoporous molecular basket, nanopods, and nanoparticles. Apart from that, some researches
are trying to introduce functionality of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in CO2 adsorption. However,
such nanomaterial will have a higher cost of the production. For instance, CNT with specific
structure is only available at extremely high price (US$ 5/g) compared to granular activated
carbon which cost US$ 1/kg.
(. Xu, C. Song, J.M. Andresen, B.G. Miller, and A.W. Scaroni., Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 62
(2003) 29.)
4.

NANOTUBES IN CARS AND PLANES

The mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes can be exploited in applications,
such as aircraft bodies with in-situ 'health' monitoring and self healing properties; superior brakes
with carbon-carbon composite discs that could dissipate a heat more efficiently; strong and
interactive windscreens with de-icing properties (Fig. 3). Even a few percentage loading of
carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix could make non-conductive polymers conductive, solving
many problems with static electricity that could spark a fire within a vehicle. In aircraft wings,
the conductivity of carbon nanotubes could provide de-icing and lighting strike protection,
combined with weight reduction. Importantly, they could improve the strength of vehicle bodies,
decrease their weight and make army vehicles or military airplanes electromagnetically invisible.
Carbon nanotubes and nanofibres could be added to metals in order to improve their properties
and make lighter engines, they could be used in tyres instead of carbon black to improve wear
properties - and provide in situ pressure sensing!
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(http://nanomagazine.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=532%3Acarbonnanomaterials-for-transport&Itemid=149)

APPLICATION OF GREEN NANOTECNOLOGY IN AUTOEMISSIONS

Many of these technologies are based on ourimproved understanding of and control over
materials, and represent incrementalimprovements in existing technologies rather than truly
disruptive break throughs.The future and timelines of other major applications of nanomaterials
such as the enabling of batteries and super capacitors for hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cells
for zero emissions vehicles are still unclear and are not included in these calculations.
As such, the numbers contained in this report should be taken as a minimum expected
contribution to emissions reduction, and the actual figure may be far higher.
From an analysis of the impact of nanotechnologies on CO2 emissions, it is clear that
nanotechnologies provide a piece of the solution, but not the entire one. Currently available
technologies have the potential to directly reduce carbon emissions by almost200,000 tons by
2010, chiefly through weight savings and improved combustion intransport applications and
through improvements in building insulation. Taken as a whole, the use of nanotechnologies can
contribute to the reduction of global CO2 emissions in 2010 by 0.00027%, but the underlying
picture is far more complex. Our calculations do not take into account the many materials-based
advances enabled by nanotechnologies that are currently under development in the academic
world, whose applications are as yet unclear. Many of these may possibly enable far more radical
reductions in emissions by changing industrial manufacturing processes or allowing break
throughs in the understanding and harnessing of natural processes such as photosynthesis which
allow energy to be stored in a chemical form.

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Figure 1: Reduction Of Emissions Due To Use Of Nanotechnologies

It can be see from the figure above that the major contribution to emissions reduction will come
from weight savings in the transportation sector rather from any new energy sources. As a result,
nanocomposite materials will have the greatest impact in the near term.
The impact of nanotechnologies in emission reductions will be in three main areas:
a) The reduction of emissions from transportation through weight reduction and improved
drive train efficiency
b) The use of improved insulation in residential and commercial buildings
c) The generation of renewable photovoltaic energy.
Many research works were tried to synthesize sorbents in various types of nanostructure, suchas
nanoporous molecular basket, nanopods, and nanoparticles. Apart from that, some researches
are trying to introduce functionality of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in CO2 adsorption. However,
such nanomaterial will have a higher cost of the production. For instance, CNT with specific
structureis only available at extremely high price (US$ 5/g) compared to granular activated
carbon which cost US$ 1/kg. In recent decades for CO2 utilization, the transformation of CO2 to
valuable chemicals and biofuel has attracted much attention. Researchers have been conducted
on CO2 hydrogenation, CO2 of chemicals products (<80%). Thus, the exploration of superior
design and fabrication of high performance nanocatalyst system for conversion of CO2 to
valuable chemicals is required for CO2 removal in industrial and a beneficial investment for the
plant developer cycloaddition to epoxides, CO2 reduction under photo irradiation or electrolytic
conditions.

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Fig. 2: Schematic diagram of solvent stripping CO2 capture technology in industry

Table 1: Nanometerials synthesized for CO2 capture with the advantages
Nanosorbents
Nanoporous MCM-41
molecular basket
Mesoporous MgO

Advantages
A synergetic effect on the adsorption of CO2 by
polyethylenimine (PEI) CO2 condensed in a pore channel like
a basket form
selective to CO2 gas thermally stable regenerable.

Multiwalled CNT
Single-walled CNT
CaO Nanopods

have higher capture capacity with same surface area

with activated carbon or zeolite
higher CO2 capture capacity retaining >50% CO2 absorption
capacity after 50 CO2 capture-and-release cycles
CaO-MgAl2O4 spinel
Reduce decay problem of CaO, retain more than 115 captureNanoparticles
regenaration cycles
Nanocrystalline
Li2ZrO3 Improved capture of CO2 in a wide temperature range and
particles
improved kinetics of the regeneration

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Green materials
One should always aware that a material will only be claimed potential when it is produced and
assembled through green and environmentally responsible methodology. Green materials are
defined as materials that are efficient and durable as their conventional counter parts. But, these
do not pose a threat to people or the environment and provide other major benefits. In this
century, it is apparent that the full potential of as-prepared nanostructures will only be realized
when nanomaterials are notonly synthesized in large quantities with reproducible size, shape,
structure, crystallinity, and composition but also prepared and assembled using green,
environmentally responsible methodologies.
Table 2: Types of CO2 utilizations with their reaction details.
Reaction

Catalyst

CO2 reforming of
CH4
to synthesis gas
CO2 hydrogenation
to methanol

- Metal oxide
- Metal/Zeolite

Reaction
Condition
773973K
773 -1173K

- Metal oxide
- Metal/Zeolite

433-523
8.0MPa

Synthesis of cyclic - Metal/mesoporous

carbonate
- Metal/Zeolite
from
CO2
and
epoxide
Synthesis of DMC - Metal/zeolite
from
CO2
and
methanol

Results (%)
CH4 conversion: 59-92
CO2 conversion: 54-94

K, CO2 conversion: 9-54

CH3OH selectivity: 6092
293-393K,
Epoxide conversion: 60.5-2.0 MPa
98
283- 393 K, 2-3 Cyclic carbonate
MPa
Selectivity: 90-97
373-403K,
CH3OH conversion: 30.2-1.5 MPa
10
DMC selectivity: 25-86

Especially, the latter point is the focus of the present review and the social significance
associated with developing these types of techniques cannot be over emphasized. Green
chemistry can be broadly defined as the invention of novel reactions that can maximize the
desired products and minimize by-products, designing new synthetic schemes and apparatus that
can simplify operations in chemical productions, and seeking greener solvents that are inherently
environmentally and ecologically benign. Specifically, many groups worldwide have worked on
similar types of materials, we have made a deliberate effort to abide by the 12 principles that had
been clearly defined in the publication of GreenChemistry. Theory and Practice in 1998 listed
below to provide a coherent vision for theemerging green chemistry movement.
1) Designing safer chemicals with desired function while minimizing their toxicity,
2) Safer solvents and auxiliaries,
3) Maximize energy efficiency as ifpossible to conduct synthetic process under ambient
temperature and pressure,
4) Use of renewable feed stocks,
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5) Reduce reaction derivatives,

6) Make use of selective catalytic reagents,
7) Design fordegradation of chemical products so their function breakdown into innocuous
degradation products anddo not persist in the environment,
8) Real-time analysis for pollution prevention as in-process monitoring and control prior to
the formation of hazardous substances and
9) Safer chemistry foraccident prevention as substances used in chemical process should be
chosen to minimize the potentialfor chemical accidents, including releases, explosions
and fires.
For nanomaterials made of green materials the potentials can be given that green chemistry
hasbeen employed successfully in the preparation of highly functionalized nanomaterials
proposed for arange of future applications.
(i) These materials are expected to exhibit new size-dependent propertiesparticularly in
beneficial quantum realm,
(ii) Involving a multidisciplinary of material scienceapproach and innovation with
associated elemental and material compositions, including organics,inorganics and
hybrid structures, and
(iii)
Occupied a high degree of surface functionality.
Apart from that, assessment of the potential toxicological and environmental effects of
nanoscale materials beforethey are accepted as mature technologies presents an opportunity to
minimize putative negativeconsequences from the outset and ultimately lead to the design of
higher performance materials. Therefore, understanding the structure-function relationships that
related specifically to nanomaterials could lead to new design rules for producing benign,
high-performance nanoscale substances and toward greener synthetic methods for functionalized
metal nanoparticles. Recently, a great deal ofattentions have been paid to the development of
greener synthetic methods involving innovative citratereduction, direct synthesis of ligand
stabilized nanoparticles, seeded growth and shape control of nanoparticles and alternative
solvents for nanoparticles synthesis.

Some examples for green nanomaterials

Since the pioneered work for by J. Turkevich et al. in 1951, they gave nearly monodisperse,water
soluble gold clusters with diameters ranging from 7-100 nm. Although the synthesis
predatesgreen chemistry principles by several decades, it is a rather benign procedure, as the
reagent pose littlehazard. The preparation did not rely on organic solvents and few (if any)
undesirable side productswere generated in the course of the reaction. Revered for itssimplicity,
requiring only a metal salt,trisodium citrate, and water, it remained one of the most reliable
methods of creating large metalnanoparticles.For direct synthesis of ligand stabilized
nanoparticles, a wide range of metal nanoclusters or nanoparticles stabilized by polymers and
organic ligands have boosted thedevelopment of nanotechnology as one of the most important
building blocks to constructnano-organized systems. The direct preparation of ligand-stabilized
nanoparticles provided a simpleroute to functionalized materials, usually in a single-step, straight
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forward, imparting stability and chemical functionality to the nanoparticle products without postsynthetic modification .
Current research challenges are focused on selecting solvents, reaction conditions, and reagents
tosynthesis a target material, but one should not overlook the opportunity to adopt greener
synthesespathway by giving equal consideration to more benign reaction conditions (i.e., safer
solvents and avoid toxic surfactants), overall yield and atom economy, and environmental issue
of newnanoproducts. Additional aspects of metal nanoparticles in organic solvent such as their
fabrication,morphology control, growth mechanism, stabilization, characterization, physical
properties, and potential applications to be covered .
Focusing on seeded growth approaches for the synthesis of nanoparticles leads again to
manydifferent methods that have been published. On broad sense, nanoparticles having core
diametersexceeding 5 nm can be grown from smaller seed particles through the epitaxial addition
of metal atoms. In addition, the use of well-defined seeds is crucial to obtain products with
narrow size dispersity.Other reagents like surfactants may promote the formation of anisotroic
materials or simply as surfacepassivants and stabilizing agents. Nevertheless, growth of such
materials from monodisperse seedsallows the researcher to employ milder reaction conditions for
the synthesis of materials, and the widerange of weaker reducing agents capable of reducing
metal ions in a growth solution offers increasedpossibilities for designing greener syntheses.
Barriers

Location in the
innovation chain
There are no clear design guidelines for
Discovery phase; link
researchers in initial discovery phases of green between academic
nanoscience
research and industry
Green nanomaterials require new
Development and
commercial production techniques, which
Production phase;
increases the need for basic research, Research phase; link
engineering
between academic
research, and coordination of the two between research and industry
the
industrial and research communities;
There is a lack of deep bench of scientists
Development and
and engineers with experience developing production phase
greennanotechnology;
Regulatory uncertainty persists, and green
Commercialization
nanotechnologies often face higher regulatory
Phase
barriers than existing or conventional
chemicals;
The end-market demand is unclear,
Commercialization
especially since there are only a limited number Phase
of commercial grade products that can be
compared to conventional materials in terms of
performance

Stakeholder
Universities

Universities; Small and large

Industry

Small and large industry

Regulatory Agencies, Small

andlarge
industry,
Consumers
Small and large industry.
Consumers,financing
mechanisms

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Table 3: Some details of barriers faced in green nanoscience

CATALYTIC CONVERTER
A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an internal
combustion engine. First widely introduced on series-production automobiles in the U.S. market
for the 1975 model year to comply with tightening EPA regulations on auto exhaust, catalytic
converters are still most commonly used in motor vehicle exhaust systems.
The catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical engineer and
expert in catalytic oil refining who lived in the United States. About 1950, when the results of
early studies of smog in Los Angeles were published, Houdry became concerned about the role
of automobile exhaust in air pollution and founded a special company, Oxy-Catalyst, to develop
catalytic converters for gasoline engines - an idea ahead of its time for which he was awarded a
patent (US2742437).
Widespread adoption had to wait until the extremely effective anti-knock agent tetra-ethyl lead
was eliminated from most gasoline over environmental concerns, as the agent would "poison"
the converter by forming a coating on the catalyst's surface, effectively disabling it. The catalytic
converter was further developed by John J. Mooney and Carl D.

Catalyst Applications
Two-way Converter
Two-way catalytic converter is widely used on diesel engines to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon
monoxide emissions, and they were also used on spark ignition (gasoline) engines in USA
market automobiles through 1981, when the two-way converter's inability to control NOx led to
its supersession by three-way converters.
A two-way catalytic converter has two simultaneous tasks:
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 _ 2CO2
Oxidation of un-burnt and partially-burnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water:
CxH2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2] O2 _ xCO2 + (x+1) H2O (a combustion reaction)

Three-way Converter
Since 1981, three-way catalytic converters have been used in vehicle emission control systems in
North America and many other countries on road going vehicles. A three-way catalytic converter
has three simultaneous tasks:
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 _ 2CO2
Oxidation of un-burnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water:
CxH2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2]O2 _ xCO2 + (x+1)H2O
Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen:
2NOx _ xO2 + N2

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Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)

For compression-ignition (i.e., diesel) engines, the commonly used catalytic converter is the
diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). In most applications, a diesel oxidation catalyst consists of a
stainless steel canister that contains a honeycomb structure called a substrate or catalyst support.
There are no moving parts, just large amounts of interior surface area. The interior surfaces are
coated with precious metals such as platinum or palladium as oxidation catalytic material. It is
called an oxidation catalyst because the device converts exhaust gas pollutants into harmless
gases by means of chemical oxidation.

In the case of diesel engine exhaust, the catalyst oxidizes CO, HC, and the liquid hydrocarbons
adsorbed on carbon particles. In the field of mobile source emission control, liquid hydrocarbons
adsorbed on the carbon particles in engine exhaust are referred to as the soluble organic fraction
(SOF) -- the soluble part of the particulate matter in the exhaust. Diesel oxidation catalysts are
efficient at converting the soluble organic fraction of diesel particulate matter into carbon dioxide
and water, typically can achieve 25% to 40% over all particulate reduction by simply burning the
SOF component of particulate matter.
About 30 percent of the total particulate matter (PM) mass of diesel exhaust is attributed to liquid
hydrocarbon. Under certain operating conditions, DOCs have achieved SOF removal efficiencies
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of 80 to 90 percent. Actual emission reductions vary however, as a result of engine type, size,
age, duty cycle, condition, maintenance procedures, baseline emissions, test procedure, product
manufacturer and the fuel sulfur level. However, as all chemical reactions always occur in the
simplest possible way - the existing O2 in the exhaust gas stream would react first, the NOx will
be remained in the exhaust gas stream.
To reduce NOx on a compression ignition engine, the chemical composition of the exhaust must
first be changed. Two main techniques are used: selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and NOx
traps (or NOx Absorbers).
Catalytic converters cannot clean up elemental carbon, although they remove up to 90% of the
soluble organic fraction (SOF), so the rest of the particulates are cleaned up by a soot trap or
diesel particulate filter (DPF). In the United States, all on-road heavy-duty vehicles powered by
diesel and built after 1 January 2007 must be equipped with a catalytic converter and a diesel
particulate filter. DOC and DPF are sometimes packaged together in one can in order to save
space and cost in automotive and HD truck industry.

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REFERENCES:
M. V. Twigg, Platinum Metals Rev., 2003, 47, (1), 15
Advanced Catalysts for Emission Controls., SP-1756; .Emission Measurement and
Testing 2003., SP-1757; .General Emissions., SP-1758; .Lean Engine NOx Control., SP1759; .Diesel Exhaust Emission Control., SP-1754; .Diesel Emission Measurement and
Modelling., SP-1755. Papers in the last two publications are available on the CD-ROM
SP-1754CD (.Diesel Emission Measurement, Modeling, and Control.). The following
contain related papers of interest: .In-Cylinder Diesel Particulate and NOx Control 2003.,
SP-1738; .Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Combustion 2003., SP1742
Balasubramanian.B, Jayabalan.V, Balasubramanian.V, 2006, Optimizing the Pulsed
Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Parameters, J Mater Sci Technol, Vol.22, No.6, p.821.

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