Constitutive Equiations

MCEN 5023/ASEN 5012
Chapter 9
Constitutive Equations - Plasticity
Fall, 2006
Constitutive Equations
Mechanical Properties of Materials:
Modulus of Elasticity
Tensile strength
Yield Strength
Compressive strength
Hardness
Impact strength
Creep
Force
Extension
Time dependent, rate dependent
Force
Extension
4
Stress
Stress
time
time
Strain
Strain
time
Elasticity
time
Viscoelasticity
5
Viscoelasticity
Creep
Relaxation
Stress
Stress
time
Strain
time
Strain
time
time
6
Plastic Deformation in Materials
Load
Elongation
Physics of plasticity of metals
Some typical crystal structure of metals
Body Centered Cubic

(b.c.c)
Face Centered Cubic

(f.c.c)
Hexagonal close-packed
(h.c.p)
Physics of plasticity of metals- Defects
Line defects
10
Physics of plasticity of metals- Dislocations
Edge dislocation
Screw dislocation
11
- Dislocations
From edge dislocation

to screw dislocations
12
Physics of plasticity of metals- Motion of dislocations
Edge dislocations
Screw dislocations
13
Physics of plasticity of metals- Motion of dislocations
Professor Hideharu Nakashima Kyushu University, Japan
14
Physics of plasticity of metals- Hardening
Hardening is due to obstacles to

the motion of dislocations;
obstacles can be particles,
precipitations, grain boundaries.
15
Physics of plasticity of metals- Hardening
Three types of hardening mechanism
Solid solution hardening
Precipitation hardening
Strain hardening
16
Physics of plasticity of metals- Yield
y is yield strength
Question: how can relate the
y from 1D test to yield in a

general 3D stress state?
0.2%
e
A simple tension test
17
Physics of plasticity of metals- Yield Criteria
It has been found experimentally
1.Tresca yield condition (1864)
max =
1
1 3 y
2
Shear yield strength
2.Mises yield condition (1913)
<y
Mises stress
Equivalent tensile stress
18
Mises yield condition
( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 1 3 )2 2 y2
19
Advantage of Mises criterion: Continuous function

Advantage of Tresca criterion: Simple
20
Mises criterion is more conservative

21
Physics of plasticity of metals- Tensile yield and shear yield
Tensile yield
Shear yield
22
Physics of plasticity of metals- Single crystal and polycrystal
Shear yield strength of polycrystal
y, poly
Shear yield strength of single crystal
y ,single
23
Plastic Deformation:
Elastic strain in a single crystal is the strain related to the stretching of the crystal
lattice under the action of applied stress. Therefore, elastic strain is recoverable.
Since the production of plastic strain requires the breakage of interatomic bonds,
plastic deformation is dissipative.
Crystals contain dislocations; When dislocations move, the crystal deform

plastically.
Plastic strain is incompressible because dislocation motion produces a shearing

type of deformation; Hydrostatic pressure has a negligibly small effect on the
plastic flow of metals.
Plastic strain remains upon removal of applied stress, that is, plastic strain
produces a permanent set.
The current resolved shear stress governs the plastic strain increment, and not the
total strain as in linear elasticity.
24
Rate-Dependent Plasticity and Rate-Independent Plasticity:
Plastic deformation in metals is thermally-activated and inherently rate-dependent
- Energy barrier and thermal vibration of atoms
- Increasing temperature promote thermal vibration
- Applying stress lowers down the energy barrier
For most single and polycrystalline materials, the plasticity is only slightly ratesensitive if the temperature
T < 0.35 Tm
25
General Requirements for a Constitutive Model:
Requirements from thermodynamics
First Law:
The rate of change to total energy of a thermodynamic system

equals the rate at which external mechanical work is done on that
system by surface tractions and body forces plus the rate at
which thermal work is done by heat flux and hear sources.
Total energy change = Mechanical work + Heat transfer

Second Law:
(Entropy inequality principle).

Entropy cannot decrease unless some work in done;
Heat always flows from the warmer to the colder region of a
body, not vice versa;
Mechanical energy can be transformed into heat by friction, and
this can never be converted back into mechanical energy.
Energy dissipation >=0

26
One Dimensional Theory of Isothermal Rate-Independent Plasticity:
ee
ep
e
27
1. Constitutive Equation For Stress
Stress is due to elastic deformation.
Or
28
2. Yield Condition:
Yield Function:
f ( s ) = s
Yield Condition:
f ( s ) = s = 0
s: Deformation resistance.
Internal variable.
Non-zero, positive valued scalar with dimension of stress
Internal variables:
Internal variables cannot be directly observed. They describe the
internal structure of materials associated with irreversible effects.
29
3. Evolution Equation For ep, Flow Rule:
p
&
e& = e sign ( )
p
&e p 0
30
4. Evolution Equation For s, Hardening Rule:
p
&
s& = he
h: Hardening function
31
5. Consistency Condition:
32
5. Consistency Condition:
33
Summary of 1-D theory
1. Decomposition of strain
e = e p + ee
2. Constitutive Equation
& = E (e& e& p )
3. Yield Condition:
f = s 0
4. Flow Rule :
e& p = e& p sign ( )
e& p = 0
g 1sign( )& trial
if f < 0
if f = 0, and , sign( )& trial < 0
f f = 0, and , sign( )& trial > 0
& trial = Ee&

5. Hardening Rule s:
e& p 0
g = E+h
s& = he& p
34
What are the material parameters and how do we determine them?
e
1. Uniaxial tension or compression
35
ds
h= p
de
ep
36
Possible functions for h for metals
h = h0 1
s*
s = s [(s s )
*
*
(
)
+ 1 h0 s e
1
p 1
37
Another Hardening function
( )
s=K e
p n
38
Three Dimensional Theory of Isothermal Rate-Independent Plasticity:
Governing Variables
39
1. Decomposition of strain rate:
e = e p + ee
2. Constitutive Equations
& = E (e& e& p )
(1D)
(1D)
40
3. Yield Condition:
f = s0
(1D)
41
4. Flow Rule :
e& p = e& p sign ( )
(1D)
42
4. Flow Rule (continued):
43
s& = he& p
44
Summary of 3-D theory
1. Decomposition of strain
eij = eijp + eije
2. Constitutive Equation
& ij = 2G (e&ij e&ijp ) + e&kk ij
3. Yield Condition:
f = s0
4. Flow Rule :
3 ij
p
&
e& = e sign
2
p
ij
e& p = 0
1 3 ij trial
& ij
g
2
if f < 0
if f = 0, and , ij & ijtrial < 0
f f = 0, and , ij & ijtrial > 0
& ijtrial = 2Ge&ij + e&kk ij

s& = he& p
e& p 0
g = 3G + h
45

Constitutive Equiations

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Constitutive Equiations

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

MCEN 5023/ASEN 5012

Constitutive Equations - Plasticity

Body Centered Cubic

Face Centered Cubic

From edge dislocation

Professor Hideharu Nakashima Kyushu University, Japan

Hardening is due to obstacles to

Question: how can relate the

y from 1D test to yield in a

Shear yield strength

2.Mises yield condition (1913)

Equivalent tensile stress

Advantage of Mises criterion: Continuous function

Mises criterion is more conservative

Shear yield strength of polycrystal

Shear yield strength of single crystal

Crystals contain dislocations; When dislocations move, the crystal deform

Plastic strain is incompressible because dislocation motion produces a shearing

The rate of change to total energy of a thermodynamic system

Total energy change = Mechanical work + Heat transfer

(Entropy inequality principle).

Energy dissipation >=0

& = E (e& e& p )

e& p = e& p sign ( )

& trial = Ee&

& = E (e& e& p )

e& p = e& p sign ( )

eij = eijp + eije

& ij = 2G (e&ij e&ijp ) + e&kk ij

& ijtrial = 2Ge&ij + e&kk ij

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen