Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2014-15
Santanu Bandyopadhyay
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Santanu Bandyopadhyay
Outline
Lecture 2
Topics
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System Load
Number of
lectures
(approx)
2 (8, 12 Jan)
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Load Curve
Graphical representation of electrical load
(i.e., power) as a function of time
Area under the curve represents energy
requirement
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Important for plant 15
operation
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5
(preparation,
take-off, shut down 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
coordination, etc.)
Time (hour of the day)
Time intervals
daily, weekly, seasonal, annual, etc.
Usage
Demand (kW)
End-usage
Lighting, air conditioning, pumping, etc.
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Commercial shops
Street lighting
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Partial
peak
Off-peak
Off-peak
Morning
peak
Evening
peak
Demand, MW
11000
10260 MW
9892 MW
10000
9000
8000
morning
peak
Evening
peak
7000
6000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time hours
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Few Definitions-1
Peak load
Demand (kW)
maximum demand
Growth of peak load
capacity addition
Capital cost investment
Average load
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time (hour)
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Few Definitions-2
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Few Definitions-3
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Few Definitions-4
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Few Definitions-5
Utilization factor
Peak load/plant capacity
Extent up to which plant capacity is utilized to
satisfy the peak demand
Related to the reliability of the power system
Helps in planning capacity addition
Reserve factor
Load factor/capacity factor
Inverse of utilization factor
15
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Few Definitions-6
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Connected Load
sum of the continuous (or nameplate) ratings
of equipment.
Total
Demand factor
Peak load/connected load
Diversity factor
Shop
Industry
Residential
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Problem
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Answer
Energy generated
Time (h)
0-6
6-10
10-12
12-16
16-20
20-22
22-24
Load (MW)
30
70
90
60
100
80
60
30*6+70*4+90*2+60*4+100*4+80*2+60*2 =
1560 MWh
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LDC Variation
Peak load
daily
monthly
annual
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Power Plants-1
Base load
Therefore,
15%
90%
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Power Plants-2
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Power Plants-3a
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Power Plants-3b
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Load Management
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Planning
A scheme, program, or method worked out
beforehand to achieve optimum balance of
needs or demands with the available
resources
The planning process:
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Up to 5 years
Short term forecasting
Economics is the most important objective
Existing constraints
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Up to 5-10 years
Planning for thermal plants
Economics is the preferred objective
Existing constraints
Renewables
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Parameters
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Alternatives
Energy Source/Fuel
Fossil fuels
Nuclear
Hydro
Renewables
Generation system
Steam-cycle
Gas turbine
Combined cycle
Hydroelectric
IC engine
others
Plant type
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Up to 10-20 years
Long term forecasting
Renewable energy
Policy development
Understanding risk
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Site
Base
Intermediate
Peak
Incidental
Site requirements
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Further Readings
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