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Abstract
This work is based on theoretical studies and/or experimental
observations carried out diverse authors whom have
investigated on the " foamy oil phenomenon " developing a
methodology
to
characterize
these
crude
oils
thermodynamically, taking as bases nonconventional PVT
analysis and using as research tool the application of equations
of state and methods known for the determination of the
equilibrium constants liquid-gas. It is presented two new
correlations developed in this work for the calculation of the
viscosity of heavy crude oils, which are based on values of
molar fractions of liquid and gas in equilibrium. The proposed
methodology was validated using conventional and
nonconventional PVT data of wells located in the Orinoco
Belt, Jobo Field, Morichal Area obtaining excellent results and
showing that the proposed methodology is applicable to
conventional and nonconventional heavy crude oils in all the
possible scenes, that is to say, whether necessary information is
available.
Introduction
When we analyse foamy crude oils under the optics of primary
production mechanisms known traditionally, have not been
able to explain with exactitude the production behavior in these
reservoirs1; this has given basis to many people to do research
with the objective of explainning the origin of this atypical
behavior. To such extreme to establishment the theory of
"foamy oil phenomenon ", which considers a transient state or
supersaturation condition, in which take place the
characteristics named " atypical " that identify to this type of
heavy crude oils. Its of extreme importance for the petroleum
industry to model the thermodynamic behavior of foamy oils
reservoirs, since a good characterization fluid increases the
Methodology
A set of correlations were selected to be used in the
determination of thermodynamic properties of heavy and extra
heavy crude oils, throw an analysis of correlations presented in
texts of reservoirs engineering4, also were considered diverse
methods to determine the equilibrium constants of
hydrocarbons systems and several correlations published to
calculate the viscosity of those crudes. The criteria used for the
selection was the range or conditions for which these
correlations can be used, the cut parameter was the value of
gravity API of the crude.
Worksheets were created to study the correlations, with the
purpose of choosing those that displayed minor percent error
with respect to PVT conventional and nonconventional data.
Afterwards of selecting the correlations to be used, a
methodology to calculate fluid thermodynamics properties was
development which may be applicable in all the possible
scenes, that is to say, whether necessary data is available from
a conventional or no-conventional PVT test. The methodology
proposed (Fig. 2), shows two options to use depending of the
case is analysed.
Option 1
From data PVT (conventional or nonconventional) the
equilibrium constants condition by the method proposed by
Zhou3 are determined, which are modified to supersaturation
condition (foamy oil) by Sheng and Maini method5 to
determine gas and liquid molar fractions at different pressure
and temperature conditions, for both, differential and viscosity
test. Then the crude thermodynamic properties are determined
according to the following expressions:
X=1/K
a=
R * T * o * 5.6146
MWo * P
Rs =
X *a
1 X
(1)
(2)
(3)
Option 2
With data obtained from separator test, GORs are calculated
to pressure and temperature required using Milln6 equation
developed specifically for heavy oils, afterwards to determine
gas and liquid molar fractions in equilibrium condition
applying method proposed by Zhou3, this to be modifycated to
foamy oil condition according to Sheng and Maini5 method ,
finaly the thermodynamic properties and viscosity of the crude
oils are caculated.
In the determination of other thermodynamic properties of
fluids as Bo, Bg, o, Co,etc, both options use the same
correlations, basically the difference between both options is in
the calculation of solution GOR, depending on the available
information (Fig.2).
To determine formation volumetric factor of oil (FVFo) at
pressures below bubble point pressure, a modification of
SPE 69724
(4)
(5)
(6)
SPE 69724
SPE 69724
Solution GOR ( Rs ).
Extra heavy oils: Milln correlation
K(p) = K(p),
Rsb ( P / Pb)^0.83
Rs =
1.031
(p > pb)
(A-1)
K(p) = K(pb),
P
+ 1.4 ) 10^ (0.0125 API 0.00091 Ty ))^1.2048
18.2
(A-2)
(A-3)
(1 .2353 * Pb ^ 0 .02483 )
e ^ ( 0 .00075 * T )
(A-4)
ob * 1 . 6499
e ^ ( 0 . 50074 * ( Bo / Bob )
(A-5)
(A-6)
Isothermal compressibility
Vasquez & Beggs correlation
Co =
. (A-7)
Kv4
Kv 2 e
K = Kv1 +
* T + Kv5
P
(A-9)
(A-8)
K(pb)- K(psb)
* (p - psc)
psb psc
(A-10)
SPE 69724
Sucre
Anzotegui
Monagas
Gurico
Define Input
Data
Delta
Amacuro
ELT
OCO B
ORIN
Option 2:
Input Data To Use
Correlations
Option 1:
Input Data from Laboratory
and define analysis type
GOR Calculation by
Correlations
Calculate Equilibrium
Constants Coefficients( K - value )
Thermodynamics Properties
Crude Determination of LD
o,etc)
Test (GOR, Bo,
CERRO
NEGRO
MACHETE
ZUATA
HAMACA
Thermodynamics Properties
Crude Determination of CCE
Test (Co, V.
rel)
No
Determination of
Equilibrium Constants
( K ) at Pressures of
Viscosity Test
Calculate Viscosity.
Show Results
120
120
100
100
80
80
GOR , scf/stb
GOR, scf/stb
Determination of
Equilibrium Constants
( K ) in Foamy Oil State to
Viscosity Test
Yes
Determination of Equilibrium
Constants ( K ) at Pressure of
LD test andTyac.
60
40
Well 1 Calc.
Well 1 Exp.
Well 4 Calc.
Well 4 Exp.
Well 3 Calc.
Well 3 Exp.
Well 5 Calc.
Well 5 Exp.
Well 2 Calc.
Well 2 Exp.
60
40
Well 4 Calc
Well 1 Calc
Well 3 Calc
Well 4 Exp.
Well 1 Exp
Well 3 Exp
600
800
20
20
0
0
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Pressure, psia
100
200
300
400
500
700
Pressure , psia
900
1000
SPE 69724
1.2
120
100
1.15
GOR ,scf/stb
80
60
Calc.PVT Conv
40
Well 1 Calc.
Well 1 Exp.
Well 3 Calc.
Well 3 Exp.
Well 4 Calc.
Well 4 Exp.
1.1
1.05
Exp.PVT Conv
Calc.PVT Sintetic Conv
Calc.PVT No-Conv
20
Exp.PVT No-Conv
Calc.PVT Sintetic No-Conv
0
0.95
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
100
200
300
400
Pressure , psia
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Pressure, psia
1.15
4000
Smith.(1)
3500
3000
1.1
2500
Viscosity ( cps )
Visc. Exp.
Smith.(2)
Maini
Correl. Developed
1.05
Calc.PVT Conv
2000
1500
1000
Exp.PVT Conv
Calc.PVT Sintetic Conv
500
Calc.PVT No-Conv
Exp.PVT No-Conv
500
1000
0.95
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Pressure , psia
2000
2500
0.0016
5000
4000
Well 1 Exp.
Well 1 Calc.
Well 2 Exp.
Well 2 Calc.
Well 3 Exp.
Well 3 Calc.
Well 4 Exp.
Well 4 Calc.
Well 5 Exp.
Well 5 Calc.
0.0014
4500
3500
Viscosity , cps
1500
Pressure ( psia )
1200
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
0.0012
Well 1 Conv
Well 1 Foamy
Well 4 Conv
Well 4 Foamy
Well 3 Conv
Well 3 Foamy
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
500
0
0
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Pressure , psia
200
400
600
800
1000
4500
Pressure , psia
1200