STEEL STRUCTURES

1.

a.

2.

a.

The connection in the figure made with butt welds is subjected to tension.
The verification of the normal stresses is done with the following
relationship:

s =

N
R
t1 b

b.

s =

N
0,8 R
t1 (b 2 t1 )

s =

c.

N
Rts
t 2 (b 2 t 2 )

d.

s =

N
0,8 R
t2 b

The welded joint presented in the figure is a butt-welded connection

subjected to bending moment (M) and axial force (N). Normal stresses are
checked with the relationship:

N
M
s =
+
R
t1 b t1 b 2
6

s =

N
+
t1 (b 2 t1 )

6M

b.

t 1 (b 2 t1 )

s =
c.

0,8 R

N
+
t2 b

6M
t 2 b

s =

N
+
t 2 (b 2 t 2 )

6M

d.

0,8 R

t 2 (b 2 t 2 )2

Rts

The welded joint presented in the figure is a butt -welded connection subjected
to shear. The verification of the shear stresses is done with the relationship:
3.

a.

4.

a.

s =

V
R sf
t1 b

b.

s =

V
0,6 R
t1 (b 2 t1 )

c.

s =

V
R sf
t 2 (b 2 t 2 )

d.

s =

V
0,6 R
t2 b

The connection in the figure with lap (longitudinal) fillet welds having the
thickness (throat) a is subjected to axial force (N); the stresses are checked
with the relationship:

s =

N
R sf
ab

b.

s =

N
R
a (b 2 a )

c.

s =

N
R sf
2 a (b 2 a )

d.

s =

N
0,7 R
2 ab

5.

The connection in the figure with lap (longitudinal) fillet welds having the
thickness (throat) a is subjected to bending moment (M), shear force (V) and
tension (N). The verifications of strength are performed with the relationship:

M /h+ N 2
V
s
Rf

+
a

b
a

b
2
2

c.

M /h+ N 2
V
0,7 R

+
a

b
a b

b.

V 2
M /h+ N 2

+
R sf
a
(
b
2
a)
)
a
(
b
2
a
)

d.

M /h+ N
V

+
0,7 R
a
(
b
2
a)
)
a (b - 2 a )

6.

a.

The welded connection with transversal (side) fillet welds of thickness (throat) a in
the figure is subjected to bending moment (M) and shear force (V); the strength
verification is done with the relationship:

a.

+M
2
b Rs
f
ah

b.

V
6M
+
R
2 a h a h2

c.

+M
2
b Rs
f
a (h - 2 a )

V +M
0.7 R
2 a (h 2a )

d.

In which point of the connection with both longitudinal and transversal fillet welds
from the figure we have to check the maximum stresses due to bending moment?
7.

a.

8.

a
.

b.

c.

d.

Checking the strength in the point A of the welded connection in the figure with
both transversal and longitudinal fillet welds, subjected to bending moment (M)
and shear force (V) is done with the following relationship:

( ) + (
M 2
s, y

M
s, z

+ Vs , z

R sf b
.

( ) + (
M 2
s, y

M
s, z

+ Vs , z

R sf c
.

sM, y + sM, z + Vs , z 0,7 R d

.

M
s, y

+ sM, z

) + ( )
2

V 2
s, z

R sf

Checking the strength in the point A of the welded connection in the figure with
both transversal and longitudinal fillet welds, with thickness a and length

9.

subjected to bending moment (M) and shear force (V) is done with the

following relationship:

a.

M d max
V
+
R sf
I sp
a
ls

c.

M z max M y max

+
I sp
I sp

b.
2

+ V R
a l

d.

M z max

I sy + I sz

+ M y max + V R sf
I +I

a ls
sz

sy

M z max M y max

+
I sy + I sz I sy + I sz

+ V
R sf

a ls

Checking the strength in the point A of the welded connection

with fillet welds in the figure, with thickness a and length

that joins the girder to the column and is subjected to

bending moment (M), axial force (N) and shear force (V) is
done with the following relationship:

10.

M
N
z max +
R sf
I sy
As

a.

b.

M
N
+
R
Wsy a l s

c.

M
N
z max +
y max R sf
I sy
I sy

M
N
+
0,7 R
Wsy Wsz

d.

Checking the strength in the point B of the welded connection with

fillet welds with thickness a and length

that joins the girder to

the column and is subjected to bending moment (M) and tension

11. force (N) is done with the following relationship:
is done with the relationship
a.

M
sB

+ sN

) + ( )
2

V 2
s

R sf b.

M
sB

+ sN

) + ( )
2

V 2
s

R sf c.

M
sB
+ sN + Vs R sf d.

M
sB

+ sN + Vs

0,7 R

c.
d.

The bolts in a bolted connection subjected to axial force that acts in the plane of the connection are able to sustain:
Efforts that produce a relative slip between the metal plates;
Efforts that produce shear of the shank in a cross section corresponding to the separation surface between the
metal plates;
Efforts that produce bearing on the ply;
Efforts that lead to detaching the plates one from the other.

13.

The resistance capacity of an ordinary bolt in a connection subjected to tension (N) in its plane, is:

12.
a.
b.

a.

N cfb = n f

d 2
4

R bf

b.

N cib =

d 02
4

Rib

c.

b
N cb = min N cfb , N cp

d.

b
N cp
=d

t R

b
p

min

The total number of bolts, n in the bolted connection in the figure

subjected to tension, is determined with the condition imposed:

14.

n N cfb N

a.

b.

b
n N cp
N

c.

n N cb N

n N cib N

d.

Verification of the connection in the figure using ordinary bolts and subjected to
bending moment (M) in its plane is done:

15.

a.

For each bolt in

the connection

16.

b.

For the bolts placed

in the axis of the
connection;

c.

For the bolts extremely situated from

the centroid of the connection on each d.
semi-splice;

For all the bolts on the

semi-splice.

Verification of the bolt from the connection in the figure, subjected to maximum
efforts determined by the bending moment (M) acting in the plane of joining
pieces is done with the relationship:
be he
>
2
3
n = number of the bolts on both sides of the connection, on each semi-splice;
n1 = number of the vertical rows of bolts on each side of the connected part (on
each semi-splice)

a.

c.

My

max

z i2 + y i2

M z max

(z
(

2
i

+ y i2

+ M y max

z i2 + y i2

+ M y max

z i2 + y i2

N
cb

Nb
cf

b.

M z max M y max

+ 2
z2 + y2
z i + y i2
i
i

b
N cp

d.

M z

M y

max
max
+
2
n
n
z
z i2
i
1
1

N
cb

17.

Verification of the bolts in the connection with ordinary bolts from the
figure and subjected to bending moment (M) and shear force (V) in the
plane of the joined parts,
be he
<
2
3
n = number of bolts on each side of the connected parts (each semi-splice)
n1 = number of vertical rows on each side of the splice
is done with the following relationship:

a.

c.

M z

max
n
z i2
1

M z max

(z

2
i

+ y i2

+ M y max + V N
cb

n
z i2 + y i2

b.

d.

M z

max
n
z i2
1

+ V N
cb

M z max

(y

2
i

+ z i2

+ M y max + V N
cb

n1 n
z i2 + y i2

+ M y max + V N
cb

n
y i2 n1 n

Checking the connection in the figure made with n ordinary bolts and
subjected to bending moment (M) normal to its plane is done with the
following relationship:
18.

a.

M max
n

i2

N cb

M max

b.

n1

i2

N cib

c.

M max
n

d 02
4

Rib

a.

The capacity of resistance of a connection with high strength friction grip bolts is:
b
b
N SIRP = n n F m f 0,8 A0 Rc b. N SIRP = min N cf
, N cp
c.
N SIRP = N cib

20
a.

H. S. F. G. B. (high strength friction grip bolts) transfer the stresses by:

shear
b. bearing on the ply
c. tension in the rod d.

19.

M max

d.

n1

2
i

N cb

N SIRP = n F m f N t

d.

friction between the surfaces in contact

Verification of the equivalent stresses to the plate girders having a

build up section, is done with the following relationship:

21.

a.

c.

ech

M
V

h
ech = max + 3 max 1,1 R
I
2
t h

M h
V
= x i + 3 x
Iy 2
t i hi

b.

1,1 R

M h
V
ech = x + 3 x 1,1 R
I
2
t h

d.

ech

M
V
h
= max i + 3 max
Iy

2
t i hi

22.

The build up sections used for plate girders subjected to concentrated forces acting on the top flange are verified for
the equivalent stresses at the level of joint between the flange in compression and web, with the relationship:

a.

ech = x2 + l + 3 x2 R

b.

ech = x2 + l2 x l + 3

c.

ech = 2 + 3 2 m R

d.

ech = 2 l2 + l + 3 2 m R

23.

a.

2
x

mR

Plate girders with symmetrical sections have the area of the flange, At and the area of the web, Ai, in the following
inter-relation:
Ai = At
b.
Ai = 2At
c.
Ai << 2At
d.
Ai >> 2At
Verification against buckling of the steel column with the cross section in the
figure is done with the help of the slenderness ratio, z, determined with the
relationship:

24.

a.

25.

a.

z =

l fz
iz

b.

tr = 2z + n

A
Ad

c.

tr = 2z + 2z1

d.

z = 2y + 2z1

Buckling of the steel columns with simple section subjected to compression is checked with the help of buckling
ratios extracted from the buckling curves, depending on:
tr
b.
y ; z
c.
N /A
d.
g
For the battened column in the figure, the value of the shear force in the batten
is:

26.

a.

Tp =

T l1
4c

b.

Tp =

T l1
2c

c.

Tp =

T1 l1
4c

d.

Tp =

T1 l1
2c

Verification against buckling of the steel columns with compound section,

made with laced hot rolled shapes and subjected to bending moment (M) and
compression (N) is done with the following relationship:
27.

a.

c z M z y
c z M z y
c M z z
N
N
N
+ z
1,1R
M z y
+
R
+
R
N
A
+
1,1R

b. A
c. A
d.

Iz
g 1
A g Iz
Iy
Iz

cr

cr

cr

The fillet welds with thickness a, between a batten and the leg of a column are checked
with the relationship:
28.

a.

c.

6Mp

a h 2p

6Mp
a h 2p

Tp
a hp

0,7 R

b.

R sf

d.

Tp
a hp

6Mp

a h 2a
p

6Mp

a h p 2a

)2

Tp
+

a h p 2a

R sf

a h p 2a

) 0,7 R

Tp