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Here though the contract for chartering the cruise was made in 2010 but performance was
carried out in 2011. Similarly passengers were provided service in the year 2011.
Considering principle of conservatism and matching concept, the Travel Agency should
recognize its revenue only in year 2011 and its expenses either on chartering the ship
$200,000 or sales promotion expense $40,000 should be treated as expense for year 2011.
The profit $20,000 should thus be recognized in the year 2011. During year 2010 $40,000
expense on sales promotion could be treated as deferred revenue expenses under current
assets to be recouped in 2011.
If the contract between Travel agent and Passengers (executed in 2010 for service to be
rendered in year 2011) contains non refundable clause, still in my opinion under
conservatism and matching concept the Travel agency should not recognize any revenue
during year 2010.
Reply to Query 4: Accretion:
In the instant case it is given that a Nursery is engaged in raising Christmas tree. It has
four year old trees and its cost till date is @$3 per tree. After one year the tree would be
complete and marketable. The Nursery shall have to incur some additional cost during
one year period.
The Nursery during year 2010 had received an offer from a wholesaler to buy its partly
developed tree @$4 each and was ready to bear further costs to be incurred in bundling,
transporting etc. The offer of wholesaler has been turned down by the Nursery owner. As
Nursery owner has turned down the offer, therefore, no contract has been concluded and
nothing can be recognized as revenue during year 2010.
All expenses incurred in development of Christmas tree until they are sold should be
treated as work in progress and revenue be recognized in year 2011 as and when they are
sold.
Reply to Query 5: Unbilled Revenue:
This is the case of an Architectural firm that provides tailor made service to its client. The
service rendered by the firm differs with that of a manufacturing concern which usually
manufacture standard product. The standard product can be sold to any one whereas
architectural service is tailor made and cannot be used by any other client.
The contract between an Architectural firm and its client usually specifies treatment of
revenue in the account. In case of an Architectural firm period cost is significant than the
product cost and allocation and apportionment of period cost among various ongoing
projects is difficult to be ascertained correctly. Moreover a project undertaken by the
architectural firm may run into more than one year. The firm cannot follow completed
contract basis for revenue recognition if the contract execution takes two or more years.
The appropriate method is Percentage Completion Method and depending upon terms of
contract a firm usually treats work in progress in its Balance Sheet based on
predetermined rates fixed with the client. After completion of job the WIP is transferred
to Revenue Receipts in full and bal lance profit or loss is adjusted in the year of
completion of respective job.
Reply to Query 6: Premium Coupons:
In the instant case it is given that a Coffee Manufacturer while selling coffee jar to the
wholesaler @$2.50 each also provides discount coupon which could be used by the buyer
while buying Tea Pot. The coupon contains discount which a Retailer could claim
@$0.60 from the Manufacturer. The past experience of Manufacturer suggests that about
20% claims for discount are received. In the year 2010 however actual claim was 10%
instead of 20%.
The Manufacturer should make provision for 20% @0.60 per coupon at the time of sale
of Coffee. This provision should be maintained until the validity of Discount coupon
expires. During this period whatever claims are received they should be adjusted against
the provision and balance should be treated as Liability. While preparing Income
Statement for a particular period the Sales Revenue of Coffee should be recognized at
gross value and corresponding provision 20% of coupon @$0.60 should be treated as an
expense. After the expiry period the balance amount lying in the provision should be
transferred back to Income statement as Unclaimed Discount written back.
The provision for rebate should be linked with Coffee sales instead of Tea Sales based on
matching principle and its nexus directly with the sale of Coffee even though this may
lead to increase in sale of Tea.
Reply to Query 7: Travelers Checks:
In the instant case it is given that a commercial bank (Say A) sells American Express
Travelers check of $500 for $505. It earns service charge @1% on sale of Travelers
check.
Usually a travelers check once sold by a bank to its customer, the service charge so
collected is non refundable and customer can get $500 from any bank in lieu of check so
issued.
The Service charge so received is recognized as revenue instant by the selling bank A in
its Income statement. The amount so collected $505 is debited to Cash, and credit $5 to
Revenue and balance $500 as its liability payable to American Express. The American
Express on the other hand on payment (or on receipt of advice from the issuing bank)
debits the Bank A and credit Cash. The Income Statement of American Express is not
affected either on issue of Travelers check by A or at the time of encashment of TC. The
revenue of American Express is the interest it earns during the period on non encashment
of TC.