DELTA-2000 - User Guide

AVTM 672001
Rev. B
October 2001
Instruction Manual
for
DELTA-2000
10-kV Automated Insulation Test Set
Catalog No. 672001
High-Voltage Equipment
Read the entire manual before operating.
Aparato de Alto Voltaje
Antes de operar este producto lea este manual enteramente.
AVO International
PO Box 9007
Valley Forge, PA 19485-1007 U.S.A
610-676-8500
Shipping Address:
Valley Forge Corporate Center
2621 Van Buren Avenue
Norristown, PA 19403 U.S.A
DELTA-2000
10-kV Automated Insulation Test Set
Instruction Manual
Copyright February 1997 by AVO International

All rights reserved. Reproduction without written permission is prohibited.
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Table of Contents
Section
Page
Introduction................................................................................................................... 1
Receiving Instructions....................................................................................... 1
General Information.......................................................................................... 1
Safety .......................................................................................................................... 3
Precautions ....................................................................................................... 3
Warning and Caution Notices........................................................................... 5
Specifications................................................................................................................. 6
Electrical........................................................................................................... 6
Environmental................................................................................................... 8
Physical Data .................................................................................................... 9
Safety Features................................................................................................ 10
Accessories Supplied ...................................................................................... 10
Optional Accessories....................................................................................... 11
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors .......................................................................... 12

Control Unit Front Panel................................................................................. 12
Control Unit Connector Panels....................................................................... 15
High-Voltage Unit Connector Panel............................................................... 17
Setup and Operation.................................................................................................... 18

Safety Precautions........................................................................................... 18
Setup............................................................................................................... 18
Description of Main Menu and Test Screens .................................................. 22
Ac Insulation Test Procedure.......................................................................... 33
Transformer Excitation Current Test Procedure............................................. 36
Maintenance and Calibration ....................................................................................... 40

Maintenance.................................................................................................... 40
Calibration....................................................................................................... 40
Troubleshooting.............................................................................................. 48
Repair ............................................................................................................. 49
Spare Parts List ........................................................................................................... 50
Glossary................................................................................................................................... 51
Warranty.................................................................................................................................. 53
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Data-Key Data Downloader Program

Applications Guide
Test Data Forms
Temperature Correction Tables
List of Illustrations
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Page
Control Panel............................................................................................................... 13
Connector Panel, Control Unit (Right)........................................................................ 16
Connector Panel, Control Unit (Left).......................................................................... 16
Connector Panel, Control Unit (Front)........................................................................ 17
Connector Panel, High-Voltage Unit........................................................................... 17
Typical Test Setup for Ac Insulation Testing of a Three-Phase Power Transformer .. 19
Typical Test Setup for Transformer Excitation Current Measurements ...................... 20
Printer Dip Switch Settings ......................................................................................... 21
Opening Display Screen ............................................................................................. 22
Self-Diagnostic Results Screen.................................................................................... 23
First Test Screen ......................................................................................................... 23
First Menu Screen ....................................................................................................... 25
Second Menu Screen .................................................................................................. 26
Recall Readings Submenu .......................................................................................... 28
Second Test Screen .................................................................................................... 29
Third Test Screen ....................................................................................................... 30
Typical Test Results Screen ........................................................................................ 31
New Test Test Screen ............................................................................................. 32
First Test Screen if Resonating Inductor Is Connected ............................................... 32
Second Test Screen if Resonating Inductor Is Connected........................................... 33
Sample Printout (Header and Test Results) Ac Insulation Test Measurement ............ 35
Test Results, Transformer Excitation Test .................................................................. 38
Sample Printout of Excitation Current Measurement.................................................. 39
List of Tables
Table
1
2
3
4
5
Maximum Measurable Specimen Capacitance at 50/60 Hz........................................... 8

Definition of Status Blocks on Test Screens................................................................ 24
Analog PCB Calibration Checks ................................................................................. 42
Relay and Range/Mode PCB Calibration Checks........................................................ 44
Function of Relays and CMOS Switches..................................................................... 47
ii
Section 1
Introduction
Receiving Instructions
Check the equipment received against the packing list to ensure that all materials are present. Notify
AVO International of any shortage. Telephone (610) 676-8500 and ask for the Customer Service
Department.
Examine the instrument for damage received in transit. If damage is discovered, file a claim with the
carrier at once and notify AVO International, giving a detailed description of the damage.
This instrument has been thoroughly tested and inspected to meet rigid specifications before being
shipped. It is ready for use when set up as indicated in this manual.
General Information
The DELTA-2000 is used for shop and field testing of high-voltage electrical insulating systems at test
voltages up to 12 kV. Test results can be used to evaluate the nature and quality of electrical insulating
materials and manufacturing processes to reveal contamination, fractures, punctures, and other defects
that accompany the aging of insulation. The test set comprises a control unit, a high-voltage unit,
cables, and a canvas carrying bag. Refer to the Specifications section for a list of included accessories.
Tests are made by measuring the capacitance, power factor (dissipation factor) and dielectric losses of
a specimen. The values measured will change when undesirable conditions exist, such as moisture on or
in the insulation; shorts or opens in windings or insulation; the presence of conductive contaminants in
insulating oil, gas or solids; and the presence of internal partial discharges.
The test set measures the capacitance, power factor (dissipation factor) and dielectric losses of
electrical insulation on high-voltage power equipment such as cables, bushings, insulators, circuit
breakers, transformers, rotating machines, capacitors, and surge (lightning) arresters.
The test set measures changes of capacitance and dielectric loss due to variations of voltage level and
ambient conditions, for example, changes in temperature, humidity, pressure, mechanical shock,
vibration, and stress. Dielectric constant and transformer excitation current can also be measured. The
test set makes all standard UST and GST tests on high-voltage apparatus; seven front-panel test mode
switches set up test configuration.
Ungrounded specimen test (UST), three positions

Grounded specimen test (GST), one position
Grounded specimen test using guard connection (GST), three positions
Features include:
Automatic balance control by high-performance microprocessor.
User-friendly operation.
Automatic self-checking of test set calibration and operation.
Large, easy-to-read LCD shows alphanumeric and graphic data.
Front-panel MENU switches select operating mode.
Dual low-voltage input cables simplify measurements on multi-winding transformers and circuit
breakers containing inboard and outboard bushings.
Automatic interference suppression circuit ensures trouble-free operation in switchyards (up to

765 kV) under electrostatic and magnetic interference conditions. The interference suppressor
circuit is turned on and off using MENU switches. When the interference suppressor circuit is
turned on, the level of interference is shown on the display.
Direct reading of the following quantities:

Voltage
Capacitance
Current at 2.5 kV or 10 kV
Percent power factor
Percent dissipation factor
Watts at 2.5 kV or 10 kV
External printer records test data.
External personal computer (PC) or laptop can be connected instead of a printer to transfer test
results.
Data key stores 127 tests for retrieval and analysis. Stored data can be transferred to a PC.
Optional bar code wand records equipment identification and temperature.
Two safety interlocks (hand switch or foot switch).
Built-in interface to the optional Resonating Inductor provides extended range of capacitive
measurements.
Two-piece design makes the test set easy to transport.
Meets the requirements of both the European EMC and Low Voltage Directives.
Section 2
Safety
Precautions
The test set and the specimen to which it is connected are a possible source of high-voltage electrical
energy and all persons making or assisting in tests must use all practical safety precautions to prevent
contact with energized parts of the test equipment and related circuits. Persons actually engaged in the
test must stand clear of all parts of the complete high-voltage circuit, including all connections, unless
the test set is de-energized and all parts of the test circuit are grounded. Persons not directly involved
with the work must be kept away from test activities by suitable barriers, barricades, or warnings. An
interlock circuit is provided on the control unit of the test set to enable the operator to enclose all parts
of the complete high-voltage circuit within a secure area. The interlock circuit should be used to shut
off input power automatically upon unauthorized entry into the high-voltage area or for any other
safety reasons.
Treat all terminals of high-voltage power equipment as a potential electric shock hazard. There is
always the potential of voltages being induced at these terminals because of proximity to energized
high-voltage lines or equipment. Always use a safety ground stick to ground the high-voltage
conductor. A safety ground jumper must then be installed between all terminals of apparatus under test
and ground. Always disconnect test leads from power equipment before attempting to disconnect them
at the test set. The ground connection must be the first made and the last removed. Any interruption of
the grounding connection can create an electric shock hazard.
This instrument operates from a single-phase power source. It has a three-wire power cord and
requires a two-pole, three-terminal, live, neutral, and ground type connector. The voltage to ground
from the live and neutral poles of the power source must be within the following rated operating
voltage:
For Cat. No. 672001
For Cat. No. 672001-44
For Cat. No. 672001-45
For Cat. No. 672001-47
120 V 10%, 60 2 Hz
120 V 10%, 50 2 Hz
230 V 10%, 60 2 Hz
230 V 10%, 50 2 Hz
Before making connection to the power source, determine that the instrument rating matches the
voltage of the power source and has a suitable two-pole, three-terminal grounding connector.
The power input plug must be inserted only into a mating receptacle with a ground contact. Do not
bypass the grounding connection. Any interruption of the grounding connection can create an electric
shock hazard. Determine that the receptacle is properly wired before inserting the plug.
For test sets energized with 230 V input, the neutral terminal of the input supply cord (white or blue
lead) must be connected to the neutral pole of the line power source. The ground terminal of the input
supply cord (green or yellow/green lead) must be connected to the protective ground (earth) terminal
of the line power source. The black or brown cord lead is the live (hot) lead.
To avoid electric shock hazard, operating personnel must not remove the instrument from the case or
remove the protective cover from the power supply. Component replacement and internal adjustment
must be performed by qualified service personnel.
The control circuits in all test sets are protected by two mains circuit fuses. These fuses are not
replaceable by the operator. Refer fuse replacement to qualified service personnel only. To avoid
electric shock and fire hazard, use only the fuse specified in Section 3, Specifications, that is identical in
respect to type, voltage rating and current rating.
AVO International has made formal safety reviews of the initial design and any subsequent changes.
This procedure is followed for all new products and covers areas in addition to those included in
applicable standards. Regardless of these efforts, it is not possible to eliminate all hazards from
electrical test equipment. For this reason, every effort has been made to point out in this instruction
manual the proper procedures and precautions to be followed by the user in operating this equipment
and to mark the equipment itself with precautionary warnings where appropriate. It is not possible to
foresee every hazard which may occur in the various applications of this equipment. It is therefore
essential that the user, in addition to following the safety rules in this manual, also carefully consider all
safety aspects of the test before proceeding.
Safety is the responsibility of the user.
Misuse of this high-voltage equipment can be extremely dangerous.
The purpose of this equipment is limited to use as described in this manual. Do not use the
equipment or its accessories with any device other than specifically described.
Never connect the test set to energized equipment.
Operation is prohibited in rain or snow.
Do not use the test set in an explosive atmosphere.
A qualified operator should be in attendance at all times while the test equipment is in operation.
Observe all safety warnings marked on the equipment.
Corrective maintenance must only be performed by qualified personnel who are familiar with the
construction and operation of the test set and the hazards involved.
Refer to IEEE 510 - 1983, IEEE Recommended Practices for Safety in High-Voltage and HighPower Testing, for information.
If the test equipment is operated properly and all grounds correctly made, test personnel need not wear
rubber gloves. As a routine safety procedure, however, some users require that rubber gloves be worn,
not only when making connections to the high-voltage terminals, but also when manipulating the
controls. AVO International considers this an excellent safety practice.
High-voltage discharges and other sources of strong electric or magnetic fields may interfere with the
proper functioning of heart pacemakers. Persons with heart pacemakers should obtain expert advice on
the possible risks before operating this equipment or being close to the equipment during operation.
Warning and Caution Notices

Warning and caution notices are used throughout this manual where applicable and should be strictly
observed. These notices appear in the format shown below and are defined as follows:
WARNING
Warning, as used in this manual, is defined as a condition or practice which could result in personal
injury or loss of life.
CAUTION
Caution, as used in this manual, is defined as a condition or practice which could result in damage to or
destruction of the equipment or apparatus under test.
Section 3
Specifications
Electrical
Input Power
Cat. No. 672001
Cat. No. 672001-44
Cat. No. 672001-45
Cat. No. 672001-47
120 V ac, 60 Hz, 12 A continuous, IEC 1010-1 installation category II

120 V ac, 50 Hz, 12A continuous, IEC 1010-1 installation category II
Protective Devices
Circuit breaker: 230 V models: 230 V, 15 A, double pole
120 V models: 230 V, 30 A, double pole
Fuses (2):
IEC designation: Type T, 230 V, 3.15 A
Output Voltage and Current

Output voltage range:
0 to 12 kV
Maximum continuous current: 100 mA @ 10 kV, 83 mA @ 12 kV

Maximum intermittent current: 200 mA @ 10 kV, 167 mA @ 12 kV
15 minutes on, 15 minutes off, maximum eight test cycles.
The power supply capacity can be extended to 4 A using the optional Resonating Inductor
(Cat. No. 670600).
Test Frequency
Same as line frequency.
Measuring Ranges
Voltage:
250 V to 12 kV, 10 V resolution.

Minimum recommended voltage is 500 V.
Current:
0 to 5 A, in 5 ranges, 1A maximum resolution on low range

The measurement can be corrected to 2.5 kV and 10 kV equivalents.
Capacitance:
1 pF to 1.1F, 0.01 pF maximum resolution on low ranges
Dissipation factor:
0 to 200%, 0.01% DF maximum resolution
Power factor:
0 to 90%, 0.01% PF maximum resolution
Watts loss:
0 to 2 kW, actual power

0 to 100 kW when corrected to 10 kV equivalent
0.1 mW maximum resolution
The measurement can be automatically corrected to 2.5 kV and 10 kV
equivalents.
Accuracy
Voltage (rms):
(1% of reading + 1 digit)
Current (rms):
(1% of reading + 1 digit)
Capacitance:
(0.5% of reading + 2 pF) in UST mode

(0.5% of reading + 6 pF) in GST mode
Dissipation factor:
(2% of reading + 0.05% DF)
Power factor:
(2% of reading + 0.05% PF)
Watts loss at 10 kV:
(2% of reading + 1 mW)
Measuring Time
10 to 45 seconds depending on mode of operation
Test Modes
UST;
UST;
UST;
GST;
GST;
GST;
GST;
Ground Red, Measure Blue

Ground Blue, Measure Red
No Ground, Measure to both Red and Blue
Ground Red and Blue
Guard Red and Blue, No Grounding
Guard Red, Ground Blue
Guard Blue, Ground Red
Cancellation Range and Maximum Interference Conditions

Automatic interference cancellation circuit ensures trouble-free operation of test set in switchyards up
to 765 kV, when operated directly under or adjacent to energized lines or bus work.
Magnetic at line frequency:
1000 T in any direction.
Available Methods
Operator selectable automatic forward/reverse measurement averaging.

Operator selectable automatic tracking interference cancellation
Maximum Measurable Specimen Capacitance

Table 1 shows the maximum measurable specimen capacitance. This can be increased up to 1.1 F at
10 kV test voltage using the optional Resonating Inductor.
Table 1: Maximum Measurable Specimen Capacitance at 50/60 Hz
Test Volts
Maximum Capacitance (F)

(100 mA continuous service)
Maximum Capacitance (F)

(200 mA for 15 minutes)
(kV)
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
2.5 & less

4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
0.11
0.066
0.052
0.044
0.033
0.026
0.022
0.11
0.080
0.062
0.053
0.040
0.031
0.026
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.088
0.066
0.052
0.044
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.106
0.080
0.062
0.053
Safety/EMC/Vibration Qualifications
Meets the requirements of the European EMC and Low Voltage Directives and ASTM D999.75.
Environmental Conditions
Operating temperature range: 32 to 122F (0 to 50C)
Storage temperature range:
-58 to 140F (-50 to 60C)
Relative humidity:
0 to 90% noncondensing (operating)

0 to 95% noncondensing (storage)
CAUTION
Storage for extended periods of time at high temperature and relative humidity may cause degradation
of the LCD.
Physical Data
Dimensions and Weight
Control unit:
15 x 22 x 16 in. (381 x 559 x 406 mm) (H x W x D)

74 lb (33 kg)
High-voltage unit:
15 x 22 x 16 in. (381 x 559 x 406 mm) (H x W x D)

63 lb (29 kg)
Cables (in bag): Refer to Accessories Supplied for individual cable lengths.
40 lb (16 kg) max
Measuring Circuit
Based on principle of opposing ampere-turn balance using adjustable transformer ratio arm bridge.
Reference Capacitor
Fixed loss-free capacitor (fully shielded): 100 pF 0.5%, 12 kV.
High-Voltage Transformer
Double-shielded construction.
Guarding
Cold guard type circuit encloses power transformer, reference capacitor, entire high-voltage circuit and
output test cables.
Display
LCD 256 x 128 dot pixels (W x H)
120 x 60 mm viewing area
Printer
A battery/line-powered printer prints results of the present test or test results stored on the data key. A
separate manual is supplied with the printer.
Data Keys
Two data keys are provided; each stores 127 test results. Data can be transferred to a PC using the
interface box and PC program supplied. Refer to Appendix A for a description of the data-key data
downloader program.
Terminals
High-voltage
Low-voltage (2) marked RED and BLUE
Interconnection (2)
Resonating Inductor Return
Supply power
External interlock (2)
Ground
Printer / RS-232
Bar code wand
Data key
Safety Features
Zero start for output voltage.

Two external hand interlock switches (supplied) must be closed to energize high-voltage circuit.
Double ground required to energize high-voltage circuit.
Circuit breaker for short-circuit protection.
All controls at ground potential.
Overvoltage protective devices prevent damage to test set in the event of specimen breakdown.
Low-voltage inputs are grounded when the test set is turned off or between measurements.
Accessories Supplied
High-voltage lead: 70 ft (21.4 m), double shielded, interchangeable hook or clip terminations
Low-voltage leads: two, 70 ft (21.4 m), shielded, (color-coded red and blue)
Ground lead: 15 ft (4.6 m)
Power cord: 8 ft (2.5 m)
Safety hand switch interlock #1: 70 ft (21.4 m)
Safety hand switch interlock #2: 8 ft (2.5 m)
Two 5 ft. (1.5 m) interconnect cables for connecting the control unit to power unit
Two protective caps for the HV cable connectors
Canvas carrying bag for carrying test leads
Battery/line-powered serial thermal printer
10
Printer interface cable for connecting printer to control unit.

PC interface cable for connection of data key box to PC
Two data keys with interface box, cable, and download software
Two, heavy-duty, foam-padded; transit cases for test set
Instruction Manual
Optional Accessories
Bar code wand and software (Cat. No. 34705) The bar code generator program BAR-ONE is a
purchased software package from Vertical Technologies, Inc. This program is used to create bar
code identification labels for the DELTA-2000. The program generates bar codes in the Code 39
format. Refer to the Users Guide accompanying the software for installation and operation.
Bushing tap connectors (3) (Cat. No. 670506)
Calibration standard (Cat. No. 670500-1)
Hot-collar belts (3) (Cat. No. 670505)
Oil Test Cell (Cat. No. 670511)
Resonating Inductor (Cat. No. 670600)
RS232 cable (Cat. No. 34675)
Safety interlock foot switch (Cat. No. 10229-5)
Transit case for cables (Cat. No. 218744-1)
Transit case for standard (Cat. No. 670635)
High-voltage lead 25 ft (7.6 m) (Cat. No. 30012-8)
11
Section 4
Controls, Indicators, and Connectors
Control Unit Front Panel (Fig. 1)
1.
GROUND
This wing nut is for connecting the test set to earth ground.
2.
OPEN GROUND
When lit, this yellow lamp indicates an open in double ground system
or defective grounding of test set.
3.
MENU
Three membrane-type switches select main menu, move cursor up or
down, select setup for operating mode, send test results to printer,
store test results in data key, and enter equipment ID NO. and
temperature from the optional bar code wand.
4.
LCD
Graphic display guides the operator through menu-selected setup, test,
and calibration procedures; displays test results and indicates status of
setup and operating procedures. It also gives indication of the presence
of high voltage at the high-voltage output cable.
WARNING
High voltage is present at the high-voltage output cable whenever the two lightning bolt symbol is
displayed.
5.
CONTRAST
This control changes the contrast and viewing angle of the LCD when
turned clockwise or counterclockwise.
6.
DATA KEY
This receptacle provides capability to store test results when a data key
is inserted. One data key stores 127 test results. Two data keys are
supplied. Data can then be transferred to a PC using the data key
RS232C interface box.
7.
LOW VOLTAGE LEAD CONFIGURATION

Seven membrane-type switches select the ungrounded specimen test
(UST) or grounded specimen test (GST) operating mode. Color bars
next to switch positions identify connection of test leads as to
measurement, guarding or grounding.
12
Figure 1: Control Unit Front Panel
13
UST;
UST;
UST;
GST;
GST;
GST;
GST;
8.
Ground Red, Measure Blue

Ground Blue, Measure Red
No Ground, Measure to both Red and Blue
Ground Red and Blue
Guard Red and Blue, No Grounding
Guard Red, Ground Blue
Guard Blue, Ground Red
POWER
This white lamp when lit indicates that the main circuit breaker is set to
ON and the test set is energized.
9.
ON/OFF
This two-pole, magnetic main circuit breaker controls power to the test
set and provides short-circuit and overload protection.
10.
HIGH VOLTAGE ON
This red lamp when lit indicates that the high-voltage output circuit is
enabled.
11.
HIGH VOLTAGE ON
This white push-button switch, when pressed, energizes the highvoltage output circuit and red HIGH VOLTAGE lamp when the
HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL is set to ZERO START and the
external interlock switches are closed.
12.
HIGH VOLTAGE OFF

This red push-button switch, when pressed, immediately de-energizes
high-voltage output. It may be used as an emergency stop. It turns off
the red MEASURE and red HIGH VOLTAGE ON lamps and clears
display test results.
13.
HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL

Variable-ratio autotransformer adjusts output voltage by controlling
the primary voltage of the high-voltage transformer. This control must
be set to ZERO START to activate high-voltage output.
14.
OPERATION
Three membrane-type switches and one red lamp function as follows:
NEW TEST After completing a test, the operator can choose to
conduct another test by pressing this button; this will bring up a test
screen in which the operator can choose a different lead configuration,
and recall voltage. It also clears display test results.
14
MEASURE When pressed, initiates a measurement test. When

completed, test voltage is removed from the specimen and the test
results are displayed on the LCD.
Red lamp When lit, indicates that a measurement is being made and
high voltage is being applied to the test specimen.
WARNING
High voltage may still be applied to the test specimen even when this lamp is not lit. Check for the
presence of the two lightning bolt symbol on the graphics display for confirmation.
RECALL VOLTAGE This switch is only active after the final
results from a measurement test are shown on the LCD and the NEW
TEST button is pressed. When pressed, high-voltage can be reapplied
to the test specimen without a zero restart of the high-voltage circuit.
This time-saving feature allows the operator to repeat tests or make
tests using a different LOW VOLTAGE LEAD CONFIGURATION
switch setting (7) without readjustment of the output voltage setting.
Internal beeper (not shown)
Beeps to confirm that a membrane switch has been pressed.
Control Unit Connector Panels (Fig. 2, 3, 4)

15, 16. SAFETY INTERLOCK 1 and 2
Two plug receptacles for connecting external interlock switches. Two
hand interlock switches are supplied; however, in the event that a hand
interlock is replaced with a test area interlock, the system must be
constructed so that the interlock switches are closed when the test area
gate or gates are closed. The interlock wiring must be run as a twisted
pair to minimize electromagnetic coupling into the system. This
interlock system should be wired such that connection is made to the A
and B sockets of the SAFETY INTERLOCK receptacle. When the
interlock loop is opened the test is automatically terminated.
17.
AC POWER
Receptacle for connecting the test set to an ac power source as marked
on panel.
15
18.
INDUCTOR RETURN
Receptacle for connecting the test set to an optional Resonating
Inductor (Cat. No. 670600) for extended capacitance range.
19,20. INTERCONNECT 1 and 2

Two plug receptacles for connecting the control unit to the highvoltage unit.
Figure 2: Control Unit Connector Panel (Right)

21.
LOW VOLTAGE RED

Plug receptacle for connecting the red low-voltage test lead.
22.
LOW VOLTAGE BLUE

Plug receptacle for connecting the blue low-voltage test lead.
23.
PRINTER/RS-232 Port
Plug receptacle for connecting the printer or RS-232 port of a PC.
Figure 3: Control Unit Connector Panel (Left)
16
24.
BAR CODE WAND

This receptacle is for connecting the optional bar code wand used to
enter equipment identification and temperature to be included in test
results.
Figure 4: Control Unit Connector Panel (Front)
High-Voltage Unit Connector Panel (Fig. 5)

The following connectors are situated behind the door in the front of the high-voltage unit.
25,26. INTERCONNECT 1 and 2
Two plug receptacles for connecting the control unit to the highvoltage unit.
27.
HV OUTPUT
Plug receptacle for connecting the high-voltage output cable.
28.
Ground
Wing nut terminal for connecting the ground pigtail lead of the highvoltage output cable.
Figure 5: Connector Panel, High-Voltage Unit
17
Section 5
Setup and Operation
Safety Precautions
The output of this test set can be lethal. As with any high-voltage equipment, caution must be used at
all times and all safety procedures followed. Read and understand Section 2, Safety, before proceeding.
Be sure that the test specimen is de-energized and grounded before making connections. Isolate power
equipment to be tested from the high-voltage busbars and attach necessary grounds to floating busbars
in accordance with standard company policy, observing all safety procedures. Make certain that no one
can come in contact with the high-voltage output terminal or any material energized by the output. Be
aware that when testing power cables high voltage will be present at the remote end of the cable. Use
protective barriers if necessary. Locate the control unit and high-voltage unit in an area which is as dry
as possible.
Maintain adequate clearances between energized conductors and ground to prevent arc-over. Such
accidental arc-over may create a safety hazard or damage the equipment being tested. A minimum
clearance of 1 ft (30 cm) is recommended.
Setup
The following steps are a general guide for setting up the test set. Figure 6 shows a typical setup for
testing inter-winding and ground capacitance on a three-phase delta-wye power transformer; Figure 7
shows a typical setup for making excitation current measurements on the same transformer. The test
set controls and connectors are identified in Figures 1 through 5. Refer to the Application Guide for
specific instructions on connecting this and other power equipment to the test set.
WARNING
There is always the possibility of voltages being induced at the terminals of a test specimen because of
proximity to energized high-voltage lines or equipment. A residual static voltage charge may also be
present at these terminals. Ground each terminal to be tested with a safety ground stick, then install
safety ground jumpers, before making connections.
CAUTION
To ensure proper functioning of the DELTA-2000, it is important to avoid exposure of the unit to
excessive heat. When performing tests on days when there is high temperature, keep the DELTA-2000
in the shade whenever possible. Although the DELTA-2000 is rated for operation up to 50C, in direct
sunlight the interior of the control unit can exceed that temperature, reducing the amount of time that
the instrument can be used. Turn the DELTA-2000 off when not in use.
18
1.
Locate the test set at least 6 ft (1.8 m) from the specimen to be tested.
2.
Connect the wing thumb-nut ground terminal (1) of the test set to a low impedance earth
ground using the 15 ft (4.5 m) ground cable supplied. This should always be the first cable
connected.
3.
Connect the control unit receptacle (19, 20) to the high-voltage receptacle (25, 26) using the
two 5 ft (1.52 m) interconnection cables. Make sure that the bayonet type plugs are fully
locked on the receptacles.
Figure 6: Typical Test Setup for Ac Insulation Testing of a Three-Phase Power Transformer
19
Figure 7: Typical Test Setup for Transformer Excitation Current Measurements
20
4.
Connect the low-voltage cable with the red colored boot to the LOW VOLTAGE RED
receptacle (21). Make sure the connector locks to the receptacle. If required, connect the lowvoltage cable with the blue colored boot to the LOW VOLTAGE BLUE receptacle (22).
5.
Connect the external interlock cables or a test area interlock system to the SAFETY
INTERLOCK receptacles (15, 16). Make sure the bayonet type plugs are fully locked on the
receptacles.
6.
Connect the printer to the PRINTER/ RS-232 receptacle (23) of the test set if desired. Make
sure the bayonet type plug is fully locked on the receptacle. Make sure the dip switches on the
bottom of the printer are set as shown in Figure 8:
Figure 8: Printer Dip Switch Settings

7.
Connect the bar code wand (optional) to its receptacle (24) of the test set if desired.
8.
Connect the high-voltage cable to the high-voltage terminal (27) of the high-voltage unit (be
sure that the connector locks in place). Connect the pigtail for the outer shield to the wing nut
terminal (28) (ground) on the high-voltage unit.
Note: The exposed metal shield ring nearest the hook on the outboard end of the high-voltage cable is
at guard potential. The inner metal ring is ground. Both rings are undercut so that a battery or
alligator clip may be attached to them for convenience in connection of short jumper leads to guard
or ground. Keep the insulation at each end of this cable, as well as the high-voltage plug and
receptacle, free from moisture and dirt during installation and operation. Clean as required with a
clean, dry cloth or one moistened sparingly with alcohol.
9.
With the main breaker OFF, plug the input power cord into the test set power receptacle (17)
and into a three-wire grounded power receptacle having the appropriate voltage and current
ratings.
When using a generator as a power source for the DELTA-2000, note the following:
The generator itself should be grounded to a suitable earth ground. If this is not done properly, the
high-voltage circuit of the DELTA-2000 will be disabled.
The voltage supplied to the DELTA-2000 should be 120 V 10% (108 to 132 V). For the -47
model, the voltage should be 230 V 10% (207 to 253 V). Frequency stability should be higher
than 2 Hz. Variations of the output voltage shall be less than 2 V during any 5-min time interval.
21
10.
Connect the crocodile clip of the low-voltage test cable to the desired terminal of the test
specimen.
11.
Connect the hook (or clip) of the high-voltage test cable to the desired terminal of the test
specimen.
When making capacitance measurements on transformer windings, always short each winding on itself
with a jumper lead to eliminate winding inductance effect. When making transformer excitation current
measurements, conduct all tests on high-voltage windings only. This reduces the required charging
current. In load tap changers, set to fully raised or fully lowered position for routine tests.
Description of Menus and Test Screens

The test set is operated by using the controls and switches on the front panel and on the LCD. On
power up, a beep will sound, the test set will run a complete RAM check, and will initialize all the
hardware and software variables.
Opening Display Screen (Fig. 9)
The LCD then displays the opening screen (Fig. 9). This display is followed by a beep sound as the test
set performs a diagnostic self-check of the electronics. If no errors are detected, the message IN
PROGRESS at the bottom of the screen is replaced with the message SUCCESSFUL.
AVO INTERNATIONAL
BIDDLE
DELTA-2000
SELF-DIAGNOSTIC
AND
CALIBRATION CHECK
IN PROGRESS
Figure 9: Opening Display Screen
Self-Diagnostic Results Screen (Fig. 10)
If there are any errors, the self-diagnostic results screen (Fig. 10) will appear and will list the specific
failure(s). Refer to the Maintenance and Calibration section.
22
SELF-DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS:
.....................................
.....................................
.....................................
PLEASE REFER TO THE INSTRUCTION
MANUAL FOR HELP.
Figure 10: Self-Diagnostic Results Screen
First Test Screen (Fig. 11)
After a successful self-diagnostic check, the first test screen appears.
Figure 11: First Test Screen

TEST: This message shows the number of each test.
GST: GUARD BLUE, GND RED This message indicates the low voltage lead configuration
chosen.
23
SELECT LEAD CONFIGURATION This message prompts the operator to choose the
appropriate low voltage lead configuration, which can be selected via membrane switch push
buttons on the front panel.
ENERGIZE HIGH VOLTAGE This message prompts the operator to energize the high voltage
circuit (via push-button switch on front panel) before conducting a test.
V: kV The voltage applied to the specimen is displayed on this line when high voltage is
energized.
IT: mA The total output current is displayed on this line when high voltage is energized.
PLEASE INSERT DATA KEY This message prompts the operator to insert a data key if storage
of test results is desired.
The status blocks shown on the right side of the screen give continuous indication (status) of the
activated operating functions. This feature allows the operator to make an initial setup and then make
repetitive measurements without going back into the menu. The status blocks are further defined as
follows:
Table 2: Definition of Status Blocks on Test Screens
Status Block Definition
Ac insulation test
Transformer excitation test
Interference suppressor: turned on
Interference suppressor: turned off
Voltage polarity: normal/reverse
Voltage polarity: normal only
Print and store readings: print and store
Print and store readings: print readings
Print and store readings: store readings
Print and store readings: none
24
The bottom line on the screen (command line) displays the function of the three buttons immediately
below the display. On the initial screen, with the PRINT/STORE option selected, these selections are
MENU, WAND, and HEADER.
MENU displays the first of two menu screens. Menu operations allow the operator to
change test parameters. Pressing the button below MENU will cause the first menu screen
(Fig. 12) to be displayed.
WAND pressing the button below WAND displays three options on the command line: ID
NO., CANCEL, and TEMP.
Pressing the button below ID NO. allows the operator to enter the test identification
number via the bar code wand.
Pressing the button below CANCEL allows cancellation of an entry if a
mistake
has been made.
Pressing the button below TEMP allows the operator to enter the temperature in C
via the bar code wand.
HEADER sends a header record to the printer.
First Menu Screen (Fig. 12)
From the first menu screen, the operator can choose the desired test parameters. The item selected is
shown in reverse video and the command line shows the options available. The center and right buttons
display UP and DOWN on the screen, respectively. These buttons allow the operator to highlight the
desired line. The selection sequence allows the display to wrap from the first line to the last line and
vice versa. The display above the left button shows the function of this button and changes as different
items are selected; either ENTER or CHANGE is displayed.
EXIT TO TEST
11/26/96
MEASUREMENT:
AC INSULATION TEST (or)

XFMR EXCITATION TEST
CORRECTION:
NONE (or) 10 kV (or) 2.5 kV
10:27
LOSS DISPLAY: POWER FACTOR (or) DISSIPATION FACTOR

INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSOR:
ON (or) OFF
HV POLARITY: NORMAL/REVERSE (or) NORMAL ONLY

NEXT MENU
ENTER (OR) CHANGE
UP
Figure 12: First Menu Screen
25
DOWN
EXIT TO TEST returns the display to the first test screen (Fig. 11).
MEASUREMENT toggles between AC INSULATION TEST (for routine power factor testing)
and XFMR EXCITATION TEST (for measuring transformer excitation current).
CORRECTION toggles between NONE, 10 kV, and 2.5 kV. Allows the operator to view actual
values of current and watts and their 10 kV or 2.5 kV equivalents (calculated).
LOSS DISPLAY toggles between POWER FACTOR and DISSIPATION FACTOR. Allows
operator to view either value. Refer to Appendix B, Applications Guide, for an explanation of
the difference between these two values.
INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSOR toggles between ON and OFF. Select ON for conducting tests
in areas prone to interference, such as energized substations. Select OFF for conducting tests in
areas where there is little or no interference, such as an indoor shop or lab. Refer to Appendix
B, Applications Guide, for information on the effects of electrostatic interference.
HV POLARITY toggles between NORMAL/REVERSE and NORMAL ONLY. Select
NORMAL/REVERSE to cancel the effects of electrostatic interference currents. Refer to
Appendix B. Select NORMAL ONLY when interference is not present.
NEXT MENU when selected, displays the second menu screen (Fig. 13).
Second Menu Screen (Fig. 13)
PRINT/STORE READINGS: PRINT & STORE
11/26/96
10:11
(or) PRINT (or) STORE (or) NONE
OPERATION MODE: SINGLE (or) CONTINUOUS
RECALL READINGS
SET CLOCK
FULL CALIBRATION: LAST CHECKED 11/18/96
SAVE SETTINGS
PREVIOUS MENU
ENTER (or) CHANGE
UP
Figure 13: Second Menu Screen
26
DOWN
PRINT/STORE READINGS toggles among PRINT&STORE, PRINT, STORE, an

NONE.
Select PRINT&STORE to send the test results to the printer and to store the test results on the
data key.
Select PRINT to send results to the printer.
Select STORE to store test results on the data key.
Select NONE if test results are not to be stored or printed.
OPERATION MODE toggles between SINGLE and CONTINUOUS.
Select SINGLE to display test results on the screen after a single test.
Select CONTINUOUS to continue to have the test set make measurements until testing is
stopped (by releasing interlock, pressing HV OFF push button, or pressing the center key) and
display the test results on screen after each test is performed.
RECALL READINGS when selected displays a submenu (Fig. 14).
SET CLOCK allows the operator to change the date and time. When this function is selected, the
operator is asked if he wants to use the optional bar code wand for input. A YES response
allows the operator to enter the date and time one character at a time. All characters must be
entered, including any zeros. The cursor blinks under the character to be entered and moves as
the characters are received. Only the numbers need to be entered as the cursor skips the /,
space, and : characters. A NO response means that the date and time will be updated by the
buttons below the LCD panel. The command line displays from left to right: OK, RAISE, and
LOWER, corresponding to the buttons below the display. The two characters of the month are
shown in reverse video. Use the RAISE and LOWER buttons to select the correct month. The
numbers will wrap from 01 to 12 and vice versa. When the month is correct, press the OK
button. The display will then show the day field in reverse video. Perform the same functions
for each field in the display. After entering OK after the minutes, the display returns to the
menu screen. The date and time will automatically be updated.
FULL CALIBRATION shows the date on which the last calibration check was performed. Select
this line to perform a calibration check of the test set. This requires removing the control unit
from its case (refer to Maintenance and Calibration section).
SAVE SETTINGS saves the desired test parameters.
PREVIOUS MENU returns to the first menu screen (Fig. 12).
27
Recall Readings Submenu (Fig. 14)

When a data key is inserted in its receptacle on the control unit, RECALL READINGS may be
selected on the second menu screen (Fig. 13), and the following submenu is then displayed.
DISPLAY READINGS
PRINT READINGS
CLEAR ALL READINGS
CLEAR LAST READING
RETURN TO MENU
Figure 14: Recall Readings Submenu

DISPLAY READINGS and PRINT READINGS requests the operator to enter the start test
number and then the number of tests to be displayed or printed.
Press the center (RAISE) and right (LOWER) buttons to increase or decrease the test number
displayed.
Press the left button (OK) to select the value.
When DISPLAY READINGS is selected and both prompts are answered, the LCD will
display the test results for the first test and the command line will display NEXT and EXIT
above the left and right buttons, respectively. Press the left button to display the next test or the
right button to exit back to the submenu.
CLEAR ALL READINGS and CLEAR LAST READING prompts the operator with the message
ARE YOU SURE?
To enter a YES response, press the right button.
To enter a NO response, press the left button.
RETURN TO MENU returns to the second menu screen (Fig. 13).
28
Second Test Screen (Fig. 15)

After choosing all desired test parameters from the first and second menu screens, the operator may
select EXIT TO TEST from the first menu screen (Fig. 12). This will return the operator to the first
test screen (Fig. 11).
If STORE was selected from the second menu screen, the HEADER message will not be displayed. If
NONE was selected, only the MENU message is displayed. If PRINT/STORE or STORE were
selected, the test set checks to see if a data key is present and, if not, asks the operator to PLEASE
INSERT DATA KEY. To store data, the data key must be inserted and turned one quarter turn to the
right. Again, the HEADER function sends a header record to the printer. The WAND function
presents another command line with ID. NO., CANCEL, and TEMP above the arrow buttons. The
WAND function displays three additional options on the command line (ID NO., CANCEL, and
TEMP) and requests that the operator enter the identification number and temperature in C of the
equipment being tested, using the optional bar code wand. Pressing the button below CANCEL
cancels an entry if a mistake was made.
From the first test screen (Fig. 11), the operator can choose the desired lead configuration by pressing
the appropriate LOW VOLTAGE LEAD CONFIGURATION button. The operator may then
energize high voltage by pressing the white HIGH VOLTAGE ON push button, when the VOLTAGE
CONTROL is set to ZERO START.
WARNING
High voltage is now present at the terminals of the test specimen.
After energizing high voltage, a second test screen will appear (Fig. 15). The test number (when data
key is inserted) and lead configuration are displayed on the first line. The two lightning bolt symbol
will appear, indicating that high voltage is present.
Figure 15: Second Test Screen
29
Third Test Screen (Fig. 16)

The operator may now set the desired test voltage using the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL. the test
voltage and total current are displayed. To start the test, press the MEASURE button.
A third test screen will appear (Fig. 16). The message MEASUREMENT IN PROGRESS will
appear. The test voltage and current will hold their last value.
Figure 16: Third Test Screen

Typical Test Results Screen (Fig. 17)
When the test is completed, the high voltage is removed from the specimen and the test results are
displayed as shown in Figure 17, including test voltage, calculated watts, power factor, and
capacitance. To view 10 kV and 2.5 kV equivalents of current and watts, press the CORRECTION
button.
The red HIGH VOLTAGE lamp will remain lit, indicating that the high-voltage circuit is still enabled.
The two lightning bolt symbol shown in Figures 15 and 16 is not displayed, indicating that the test
voltage has been removed from the specimen.
The red testing lamp next to the MEASURE button is extinguished, indicating that the test is
completed.
The operator may send a header record (to the printer) by pressing the button directly beneath the
word HEADER on the screen.
30
Figure 17: Typical Test Results Screen

If the PRINT AND STORE option is on, the test results can be stored on the data key and printed out
to the external printer by pressing the button directly beneath the word RECORD.
When the interference suppressor is turned on, the relative level of interference (low, medium, high, or
severe) is measured and displayed.
New Test Screen (Fig. 18)
To continue testing, select the PRESS NEW TEST TO CONTINUE message from the screen
shown in. Figure 17. If either of the safety interlocks have been released (opened), pressing the NEW
TEST button will bring up the first test screen (Fig. 11). If the safety interlocks have been kept closed,
the following screen will appear (Fig. 18)
The operator may now select another lead configuration by pressing the appropriate LOW VOLTAGE
LEAD CONFIGURATION button. The new lead configuration will appear on the top line of the
screen.
Pressing the RECALL VOLTAGE button will bring up the second test screen (Fig. 15). The test
voltage will be the same as that of the last test performed. If desired, the operator may change the test
voltage.
WARNING
The next test can then be performed by pressing the MEASURE button.
31
Figure 18: New Test Test Screen

Test Screens if Resonating Inductor Is Connected (Fig. 19 and 20)
If a Resonating Inductor (Cat. No. 670600) is connected to the test set, the first test screen will appear
as shown in Figure 19. The second test screen after energizing high voltage will appear as shown in
Figure 20.
Figure 19: First Test Screen if Resonating Inductor Is Connected
32
Figure 20: Second Test Screen if Resonating Inductor Is Connected
Ac Insulation Test Procedure

Proceed only after fully understanding Section 2, Safety, and setting up the test set as described in
Section 5. An operator who is familiar with the contents of this manual, the test setup, and the
operation of the test set may follow the condensed operating procedure in the lid of the test set. The
LCD panel and the front panel controls and switches are the means by which the operator controls the
operation of the test set. Refer to Section 4, Controls, Indicators and Connectors, and to Description
of Main Menu and Test Screens in Section 5. Following are the normal procedures for conducting a
test with print and store functions enabled.
1.
Remove all safety grounds from the specimen to be tested.
2.
To store data, insert a data key into the receptacle on the front panel and turn it one quarter
turn clockwise.
3.
Close the main breaker. The white POWER lamp should light. The opening display screen
(Fig. 9) appears, and after diagnostic self-check, the test screen is displayed.
4.
Adjust the CONTRAST control for desired viewing angle of screen.
5.
Examine the operation status blocks on the first test screen (Fig. 11) to see if the test set is set
up to make measurements in the desired manner. If necessary, press the MENU button to
make required changes.
6.
At this time, the operator can print a header or enter the equipment ID NO. and/or temperature
using the optional bar code wand. Entry can also be made after a test has been completed.
Press the HEADER button to send a header record to the printer.
33
Press the ID NO. button to enter a test ID NO. The operator will then be requested to enter a
test ID NO. on the message line via the bar code wand. If the ID NO. button is pressed
inadvertently, the operator may exit by pressing the button directly beneath the word CANCEL
on the screen. Press the TEMPERATURE button to enter temperature. The operator will then
be requested to enter temperature via the bar code wand. If the TEMPERATURE button is
pressed inadvertently, the operator may exit by pressing the button directly beneath the word
CANCEL on the screen.
7.
Select the desired LOW VOLTAGE LEAD CONFIGURATION by pressing the appropriate
UST/GST switch button. The lead configuration selected will appear on the top line of the test
screen.
8.
Close the external interlock switches.
9.
Set the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL to ZERO START.
10.
Press the white HV ON push-button switch when ready to energize the high-voltage circuit.
The red HIGH VOLTAGE ON lamp should light, and the two lightning bolt symbol should
appear on the screen.
WARNING
11.
Adjust the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL to obtain the desired test voltage. The test voltage
and total current values are shown on the screen.
Note: If 200 mA is exceeded, the message MAXIMUM KVA REACHED - USE INDUCTOR TO
TEST will appear. If current exceeds 210 mA, the high voltage will shut down and the message
OVERCURRENT TRIP OUT - PRESS ENTER TO CONTINUE will appear. If the setting of the
HIGH VOLTAGE control is accidentally changed during a measurement, the error message
SETTING OF HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL HAS CHANGED, PRESS ENTER TO CONTINUE
will appear on the screen.
12.
Press the MEASURE button when ready to make a measurement. This will light the red
operation lamp (to the right of the MEASURE button) and initiate a measurement test. When
the test is completed, test voltage is removed from the specimen and test results are displayed
on the screen (see Fig. 17 for typical test screen). The red HIGH VOLTAGE ON lamp will
remain lit, indicating that the high voltage circuit is still enabled. The red operation lamp will be
extinguished.
13.
At this point, the operator may send a header record to the printer by pressing the button
directly beneath the word HEADER on the screen. The operator may also choose to record
the test results to the data key by pressing the button directly beneath the word RECORD on
the screen (if PRINT & STORE option is on, results will also be sent to the printer). See
Figure 21 for a sample printout of header and test results.
34
AVO INTERNATIONAL
DELTA - 2000
10 kV AUTOMATED INSULATION TEST SET
INSTRUMENT SERIAL NO.:______________________________
OPERATORS NAME:___________________________________
EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION:___________________________
EQUIPMENT SERIAL NO.:_______________________________
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE:______________________________
RELATIVE HUMIDITY:__________________________________
COMMENTS/NOTE:
DATE: 11/22/96 10:28

TEST ID NO.: XFMR - 123 - SS 3
TEMPERATURE (C): 18
TEST MODE: UST: MEAS RED, GND BLUE
MEASUREMENT: AC INSULATION TEST
VOLTAGE: 12.03 kV
CURRENT:
9.04 mA
7.51 mA @ 10 kV
WATTS:
0.024 W
XXX @ 10 kV
POWER FACTOR: 0.02%
DISSIPATION FACTOR: 0.02%
CAPACITANCE: 1993.3 pF
INTERFERENCE: MEDIUM
Figure 21: Sample Printout (Header and Test Results) Ac Insulation Test Measurement
14.
The operator may now choose to conduct another test. If either of the safety interlocks have
been released (opened), pressing the NEW TEST button will bring up the first test screen (Fig.
11). In this case, return to step 5 and repeat the procedure from there. If the interlocks have
been kept closed, pressing the NEW TEST button will bring up the new test test screen (Fig.
18). If this is the case, the operator may then select another lead configuration by pressing the
appropriate LOW VOLTAGE LEAD CONFIGURATION button (the new lead configuration
will appear on the top line of the screen).
15.
Press the RECALL VOLTAGE button to reapply high voltage (same voltage as that of the last
test conducted) to the specimen without a zero restart of the high voltage circuit (if necessary,
readjust the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL to obtain the desired test voltage). Pressing the
RECALL VOLTAGE button will bring up the second test screen (Fig. 15).
WARNING
35
16.
Press the MEASURE button to start the next test. New test results will be displayed. The test
number will increment for each test performed when the data key is inserted.
17.
Repeat steps 14 through 16 as many times as desired to repeat tests or select different
UST/GST test modes (low voltage lead configuration), or change test voltage.
18.
When the tests have been completed, return the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL to the ZERO
START position, press the red HIGH VOLTAGE OFF push-button or open the external
interlock switch, then switch the main breaker to OFF.
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
High-voltage power can be interrupted immediately by pressing the red HIGH VOLTAGE
OFF push-button, opening one or both of the external interlock switches, or switching the main
breaker OFF.
WARNING
Discharge specimen terminals with a safety ground stick to ground all live parts, then solidly ground
these parts with safety ground jumpers before disconnecting the instrument leads. Always disconnect
test cables from the specimen under test before attempting to disconnect them at the test set. The test
set ground cable should be the last cable disconnected.
Transformer Excitation Current Test Procedure

Proceed only after fully understanding Section, 2, Safety, and setting up the test set as described (see
Fig. 8). An operator who is familiar with the contents of this manual, the test setup, and the operation
of the test set may follow the condensed operating procedure in the lid of the test set. The LCD and the
front panel controls and switches are the means by which the operator controls the operation of the test
set. Refer to Section 4- Controls, Indicators and Connectors and to Section 5, Description of Menu
and Test Screens.
To reduce the required charging current, conduct all tests on high-voltage windings only. Shorted turns
will still be detected in the low-voltage windings. Low-voltage windings which are grounded in service
(such as Xo) should be grounded for this test.
Always apply the exact same test voltage to each phase of a three-phase transformer winding. This will
minimize errors due to any nonlinearity between voltage and current. For this same reason, subsequent
tests on transformer windings, whether single or three-phase, should always be repeated at the exact
same test voltage. On three-phase transformers, the excitation current is generally similar for two
phases and noticeably lower for the third phase which is wound on the center leg of the core.
On single-phase transformers, the winding is normally energized alternately from opposite ends. This
should also be done on delta windings of three-phase transformers if the excitation current is abnormal.
The residual magnetism in the magnetic core will seldom affect routine tests; however, the probability
should be considered if the excitation currents are abnormally high. Care should be exercised when
energizing transformer windings so as not to exceed the voltage rating of the winding.
36
Load tap changers should be set to fully raised or fully lowered position for routine tests.
The following instructions are the normal procedures for conducting a transformer excitation current
test, with print and store functions enabled.
1.
Remove all safety grounds from the specimen to be tested.
2.
To store data, insert data key in the key receptacle and turn one-quarter turn clockwise.
3.
Close the main breaker. The white POWER lamp should light. The opening display screen
appears for approximately 5 seconds, and after diagnostic self-check, the test screen is
displayed.
4.
Adjust the CONTRAST control for desired viewing angle of screen.
5.
Examine the status blocks on the test set screen to see if test set is set up to make transformer
excitation current measurements and in the desired manner. For example, do you want to make
measurements with NORMAL/REVERSE or NORMAL ONLY voltage polarity? If
necessary, press the MENU button and make required changes.
6.
At this time, the operator can print a header or enter the equipment ID NO. and/or temperature
using the optional bar code wand. Press the HEADER button to send a header record to the
printer. Press the ID NO. button to enter a test ID NO. The operator will then be requested to
enter a test ID NO. on the message line via the bar code wand. If the ID NO. button is pressed
inadvertently, the operator may exit by pressing the button directly beneath the word CANCEL
on the screen. Press the TEMPERATURE button to enter temperature. The operator will then
be requested to enter temperature via the bar code wand. If the TEMPERATURE button is
pressed inadvertently, the operator may exit by pressing the button directly beneath the word
CANCEL on the screen.
7.
Select the desired LOW VOLTAGE LEAD CONFIGURATION by pressing the appropriate
UST/GST button (UST: Measure Red, Ground Blue, when making initial test in accordance
with Fig. 7). The lead configuration selected will appear on the top line of the test screen
(UST: MEAS RED, GND BLUE).
8.
Close the external interlock switches.
9.
Set the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL to ZERO START.
37
10.
Press the white HIGH VOLTAGE ON push button when ready to energize the high-voltage
circuit. The red HIGH VOLTAGE ON lamp should light, and the two lightning bolt symbol
should appear on the screen.
WARNING
11.
Adjust the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL to obtain the desired test voltage. The test voltage
and measurement current values are shown on the test screen.
12.
Press the MEASURE button when ready to make a measurement. This will light the red
operation lamp (to the right of the MEASURE button) and initiate a measurement test (either
single or continuous, depending on which OPERATION MODE was selected in second menu
screen). When the test is completed, test voltage is removed from the specimen and test results
are displayed on the screen. A typical test result is shown in Figure 22. The red HIGH
VOLTAGE ON lamp will remain lit, indicating that the high-voltage circuit is still enabled. The
red operation lamp will be extinguished.
Figure 22: Test Results, Transformer Excitation Test

Note: The interference suppressor is always turned OFF when making transformer excitation current
measurements.
Note: If the total current exceeds 210 mA with a measurement current below the maximum, the error
message OVERCURRENT TRIP OUT - PRESS ENTER TO CONTINUE will appear. This may
happen when tests are conducted on a high-voltage delta winding with the junction between the two
other windings grounded as shown in Figure 7.
38
13.
Press the HEADER button to send a header record to the printer. Press the RECORD button
to store test results and send test results to the printer. The test number appears on the top line
of the test screen. See Figure 23 for a sample printout of test results.
14.
To repeat a measurement, press the NEW TEST button, then press the RECALL VOLTAGE
button which will reapply high-voltage to the transformer winding without a zero restart of the
high-voltage circuit (test voltage will be the same as that of the last test conducted; if necessary
readjust the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL to obtain the desired test voltage).
WARNING
15.
Press the MEASURE button to start the next test. When completed, the new test results will
be shown on the display. The test number will increment for each test.
16.
Press the RECORD button to both store and print out the new test results.
17.
Repeat steps 14 through 16 as many times as desired to repeat a measurement.
18.
When the tests have been completed, return the HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL to ZERO
START, press the red HIGH VOLTAGE OFF push button or open the external interlock
switch, then switch the main breaker OFF.
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
High-voltage power can be interrupted immediately by pressing the red HIGH VOLTAGE
OFF push button, opening one or both of the external interlock switches, or switching the main
breaker OFF.
WARNING
Discharge transformer terminals with a safety ground stick to ground all live parts, then solidly ground
these parts with safety ground jumpers before disconnecting the instrument leads. Always disconnect
test cables from the transformer under test before attempting to disconnect them at the test set. The
test set ground cable should be the last cable disconnected.
DATE: 11/22/96 10:28

TEST ID NO.: XFMR - 123 - SS 3
TEMPERATURE (C): 27.6
TEST MODE: UST: MEAS RED, GND BLUE
MEASUREMENT: XFMR EXCITATION TEST
VOLTAGE: 7.03 kV
CURRENT: 85.76 mA
122 mA @ 10 kV
Figure 23: Sample Printout of Excitation Current Measurement
39
Section 6
Maintenance and Calibration
Maintenance
Maintenance should be performed only by qualified persons familiar with the hazards involved with
high-voltage test equipment. Read and understand Section 2, Safety, before performing any service.
Routine maintenance is all that is required for these test sets. The cables and connector panel should be
inspected frequently to be sure all connections are tight and all ground connections intact.
The appearance of the test set can be maintained by occasional cleaning of the case, panel and cable
assemblies. The outside of the carrying case can be cleaned with detergent and water. Dry with a clean,
dry cloth. The control panel can be cleaned with a cloth dampened with detergent and water. Do not
allow water to penetrate panel holes, because damage to components on the underside may result. A
household all-purpose spray cleaner can be used to clean the panel. Polish with a soft, dry cloth, taking
care not to scratch the display screen cover. The cables and mating panel receptacles can be cleaned
with isopropyl or denatured alcohol applied with a clean cloth.
Contamination of some parts of the high-voltage circuit, in particular the high-voltage cable
terminations and its mating panel receptacle, may show up as a residual PF(DF) meter reading.
Cleaning of these sensitive parts will remove the leakage paths which cause the unwanted leakage
current. Treat the high-voltage cable with care. Keep it clean and do not subject it to abuse, such as
dropping or crimping.
Calibration
During the warranty period, no calibration should be necessary. Contact the factory if there is any
suspected problem. A complete operation and calibration check as described in the following is
recommended at least once every year. This will ensure that the low-voltage measuring circuit of the
test set is functioning and calibrated properly.
The overall accuracy of capacitance and power factor (dissipation factor) at 10 kV should also be
checked at least once a year against AVO Internationals Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Standard
(Cat. No. 670500-1). This will ensure that the entire high-voltage circuit is functioning and calibrated
properly.
To perform the following calibration checks, loosen and remove the screws securing the control panel.
Set the unit on a bench with the latch side down. Then slide the control panel out of the case a few
inches to allow access to the push-button switch situated at the top left side of the PC board cage.
Calibration potentiometers, labeled R1 through R10, are accessible through the long cut-out in the top
of the PC board cage.
40
1.
The analog PCB potentiometers will be precisely set in this step and a complete overall
test/calibration sequence performed on the control unit. The control unit must be allowed to
warm-up for at least 5 minutes before attempting to adjust the potentiometers.
2.
To initiate the Test/Calibration sequence, which is controlled by the microprocessor, press the
MENU button then go to the Second Menu Screen. Enter FULL CALIBRATION.
3.
Follow the Table 3 Test/Calibration sequence, steps 1 through 20 to check Analog PCB
operation and to adjust potentiometers precisely. Table 3 also contains an abbreviated
troubleshooting guide in the event of a malfunction. Press the push button at the top left side of
the PC board cage when ready to advance to the next step.
4.
Steps 21 through 24 of Table 3 check the Analog Relay and Range/Mode PCB operation. Step
25 initiates an automatic sequence of 73 self check steps on the Relay and Range/Mode PCB.
The entire self-check sequence is performed within 38 seconds. Countdown appears on the
graphic screen.
For an approved calibration check there should be no diagnostic error messages appearing on the LCD
at the end of countdown (00). Absence of an error message indicates all measurements within
tolerance.
A diagnostic error for the Relay and Range/Mode PCB will appear on the LCD in the following typical
format.
DIAGNOSTIC ERROR TEST #03
12
08
22
14
The first number indicates the Table 4 test number step. The second number indicates the number of
bits error measured by the A/D converter (1 bit = 4.8828 mV).
Table 4 indicates the instrument setup for each of the 73 self-check steps as well as the possible faulty
component for a malfunction on the Relay and Range/Mode PCB.
Table 5 tabulates the function of all relays (K numbers) and CMOS switches (U numbers).
5. Switch the MAIN breaker OFF, then disconnect all cables from the control unit. This
completes Preliminary Operation and Calibration Checks.
41
Table 3: Analog PCB Calibration Checks

Test/Calibration
Check Sequence
(1) 0 Cross Detector check
(2) Phase locked loop check
(3) A/D OFFSET
(4) A/D GAIN

Adjust R10
(5) A/D ZERO Check
Adjustment/Check
Display Indication
Will skip to next step if check is
OK
Malfunction Checks or Possible Defective

Component on Analog PCB
Recheck +15 V, -15 V, +10 V, - 10 V, and +5 V
supply voltages
Displays No 0 crossing Check for +5V 1/2 cycle square wave at TP35
Detector for malfunction
Will skip to next step if check is Voltage at TP36 will be +5V if locked and <6 V if
unlocked
OK
Displays No Phase Locked
Loop for malfunction
Adjust R9 to between -9.995 and
-10.004 (should trigger between
H&L limits)
Adjust R10 to between 9.990 and
10.000 (should trigger between
H&L limits)
Should be 0.000 0.050 V
(6) C DAC OFFSET

Adjust R7
(7) C DAC GAIN
Adjust R3
(8) C DAC MINUS GAIN Check
Adjust R7 to 0.000 0.010 V
(9) DF DAC OFFSET

Adjust R8
(10) DF DAC GAIN
Adjust R4
(11) DF DAC MINUS GAIN
Check
(12) C SUPP DAC OFFSET
Adjust R6
(13) C SUPP DAC GAIN Check
Adjust R8 to 0.000 0.010 V
(14) C SUPP DAC MINUS GAIN

Check
(15) DF SUPP DAC OFFSET
Adjust R5
(16) DF SUPP DAC GAIN Check
Should be -9.689 0.20 V
Adjust R3 to 9.982 0.020 V

Should be -9.982 0.020 V
Adjust R4 to 9.982 0.020 V

Should be -9.982 0.020 V
Adjust R6 to 0.000 0.010 V
Should be 9.689 0.20 V
Adjust R5 to 0.000 0.010 V

(17) DF SUPP DAC MINUS Should be -9.689 0.20 V

GAIN Check
(18)
VOLTAGE CHANNEL Should be 8.000 0.10 V
Check
42
Defective U35 or U44

Defective U3, U11, U10, U15, U12
Check for -10 V at TP6
Check for +10 V at TP6
Defective U3, U11, U10, U15
Check for 0 V at TP6
Defective U3, U29, U45, U46, U47, U48, U49
Check for 0 V at TP26 and TP6
Check for 9.982 V at TP26 and TP6
Defective U3, U29, U45, U46, U47 U48, U49
Check for -9.982 V at TP26 and TP6
Check for --9.982 V at TP43 and TP6
Defective U3, U29, U54, U60, U61, U62 U63
Check for 10.0 V P-P square wave at TP4;
16.0 V P-P square wave at TP24 and TP7;
Table 3: Analog PCB Calibration Checks

Test/Calibration
Check Sequence
Adjustment/Check
Display Indication
(19)
MEAS
CHANNEL Check
CURRENT
(20)
TOTAL
CHANNEL Check
CURRENT
(21) FILTER PHASE

Adjust R2
(22) C PHASE RECTIFIER Check
(23) DF PHASE RECTIFIER

Adjust R1
(24) C PHASE RECTIFIER Check
(25) Overall check of complete

Analog PCB, Relay PCB, and
Range/Mode PCB
Malfunction Checks or Possible Defective

Component on Analog PCB
+8.0 V dc at TP11 and TP6
Check for 10.0 V P-P square wave at TP4; 16.0 V
P-P square wave at TP3; +8.0 V dc at TP5 and
TP6
Check for 10.0 V P-P square wave at TP4; +5.0 V
dc at TP19 and TP6
Adjust R2 to 0.000 0.050 V
Check for nom 27 V P-P square wave at TP33; 0
V dc at TP2 and TP6
Check for nom 6.0 V rms at TP45
Defective
U3, U23, U34, U45, U59
Should be -1.150 0.30 V
Check for nom 27 V P-P square wave at TP38;
1.15 V dc nom at TP20 and TP6
Adjust R1 to 0.000 0.050 V
Check for nom 27 V P-P square wave at TP33; 0
V dc at TP2 and TP6
Should be -1.150 0.30 V
Check for nom 27 V P-P square wave at TP38; 1.15 V d c nom at TP20 and TP6
Instrument makes 73 diagnostic Refer to Table 4 for explanation of PCB and
self-checks within 38 seconds. At diagnostic error test number and magnitude of
end of countdown, there should error.
be no diagnostic error.
43
Table 4: Relay and Range/Mode PCB Calibration Checks

Meas
Chan
C/DF
C
NX
Winding
(Turns)
0T
02
10T
10T
All 4 DACs set to 0
10
10
03
10T
10 x 1T
All 4 DACs set to 0
10
10
04
100T
100T
All 4 DACs set to 0
10
10
05
100T
10 x 10T All 4 DACs set to 0
10
10
06
1T
1T
All 4 DACs set to 0
10
10
07
1T
1T
All 4 DACs set to 0
100
102
08
1T
2T
C DAC -0.5 FS
100
61
09
1T
0T
C DAC +0.5 FS
100
61
NS
Multiplier DAC &
Winding
Range Settings
(Turns)
All 4 DACs set to 0
0T
Analog
U14
Gain
10
Possible Defective Component

Error
(R) Relay PCB
Allowed
(R/M) Range/Mode PCB
A/D Bits
See steps 21 - 24 of Table 3.
10
Test
No.
01
K12, U9, U3 (R)

K18, U8, Q9, (R/M)
K30, U9, U6 (R)
K18, U8, Q9 (R/M)
K2, U9, U1 (R)
K19, U8, Q11 (R/M)
K20, U9, U4 (R)
K19, U8, Q11 (R/M)
K22, U9, U5 (R)
K16, U8, Q12 (R/M)
K22, U9, U5 (R)
K16, U8, Q12 (R/M)
K22, U9, U5 (R)
K16, U8, Q12 (R/M)
K21, U9, U5 (R)
K16, U8, Q12 (R/M)
C, DF, and DF SUPP DACs

set to 0 (steps 10, 11, 12)
10
11
12
C
C
C
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
C SUPP DAC+FS range 1

C SUPP DAC+FS range 2
C SUPP DAC+0.2 FS range 3
C, DF, and C SUPP DACs
set to 0 (steps 13, 14, 15)
10
1
1
82
82
164
U15, U21, U27 (R)

K39, U9, U7 (R)
K40, U9, U4 (R)
13
14
15
DF
DF
DF
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
DF SUPP DAC+FS range 1

DF SUPP DAC+FS range 2
DF SUPP DAC+0.2 FS range 3
10
1
1
82
82
164
U12, U18, U24 (R)

K31, U9, U6 (R)
K32, U9, U6 (R)
16
0T
0T
All 4 DACs set to 0
10
17
0T
100T
All 4 DACs set to 0
61
17
18
19
20
C
C
C
C
C
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
200T
300T
400T
500T
500T
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
C
C
0T
0T
600T
700T
All 4 DACs set to 0

All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
C SUPP DAC set to -2176 bits
on range 3
New ref value meas in this step
on range 3
Open ckt if error >41 bits

K2, U1, U9 (R)
K3, U9, U1 (R)
K4, U9, U1 (R)
K5, U9, U1 (R)
K6, U9, U1 (R)
K39, K40, U9, U7 (R)
1
1
K42, U9, U1 (R)

K41, U9, U1 (R)
21
44

Test
No.
Meas
Chan
C/DF
NX
Winding
(Turns)
NS
Winding
(Turns)
Analog
U14
Gain
Error
Allowed
A/D Bits
22
0T
800T

on range 3
on range 3
on range 3
K8, U9, U2 (R)
23
0T
900T
K9, U9, U2 (R)
24
0T
1000T
K10, U9, U2 (R)
25
0T
0T
All DACs set to 0
10
10
26
0T
10T
All 4 DACs set to 0
10
61
C
C
C
C
C
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
20T
30T
40T
50T
50T
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
30
C
C
0T
0T
60T
70T
10
10
10
K17, U9, U3 (R)

K7, U9, U3 (R)
31
0T
80T
10
10
K18, U9, U4 (R)
32
0T
90T
10
10
K19, U9, U4 (R)
33
0T
100T
10
10
K20, U9, U4 (R)
0T
1T
10
K22, U9, U5 (R)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
7T
8T
9T
10T
All 4 DACs set to 0

All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
on range 2
on range 2
on range 2
on range 2
on range 2
All 4 DACs set to 0
New ref value meas
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0
All 4 DACs set to 0

K12, U9, U3 (R)
K13, U9, U3 (R)
K14, U9, U3 (R)
K15. U9, U3 (R)
K16, U9, U3 (R)
K39, U9, U7 (R)
26
27
28
29
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
K23, U9, U5 (R)

K24, U9, U5 (R)
K25, U9, U5 (R)
K26, U9, U5 (R)
K33, U9, U5 (R)
K27, U9, U5 (R)
K28, U9, U6 (R)
K29, U9, U6 (R)
K30, U9, U6 (R)
1
1
10
61
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
K34, K35, U9, U7 (R)

K2, U9, U1 (R)
K3, U9, U1 (R)
K4, U9, U1 (R)
K5, U9, U1 (R)
K6, U9, U1 (R)
K39, K40, U9, U7 (R)
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Multiplier DAC &

Range Settings
43
44
DF
DF
0T
0T
0T
100T
C, C SUPP, DF SUPP DACs

set to 0 (steps 43-47)
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
44
45
46
47
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
200T
300T
400T
500T
500T
DF DAC +FS range 3

DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
C & DF SUPP DACs set to
45

(R) Relay PCB

Test
No.
Meas
Chan
C/DF
NX
Winding
(Turns)
NS
Winding
(Turns)
DF
0T
600T
DF
0T
700T
Multiplier DAC &

Range Settings
-2176 bits on range 3
New ref value in this step
Analog
U14
Gain
Error
Allowed
A/D Bits

(R) Relay PCB
1
1
K42, U9, U1 (R)
K41, U9, U1 (R)
K8, U9, U2 (R)
K9, U9, U2 (R)
K10, U9, U2 (R)
52
DF
0T
0T

C, C SUPP, and DF SUPP
DACs set to 0 (steps 52-56)
DF DAC +FS range 3
53
DF
0T
10T
DF DAC +FS range 3
10
61
53
54
55
56
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
20T
30T
40T
50T
50T
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
60T
70T
80T
90T
100T
0T
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
K17, U9, U3 (R)

K7, U9, U3 (R)
K18, U9, U4 (R)
K19, U9, U4 (R)
K20, U9, U4 (R)
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
DF
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
1T
2T
3T
4T
5T
6T
7T
8T
9T
10T
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
K34, K35, U9, U7 (R)

K23, U9, U5 (R)
K24, U9, U5 (R)
K25, U9, U5 (R)
K26, U9, U5 (R)
K33, U9, U5 (R)
K27, U9, U5 (R)
K28, U9, U6 (R)
K29, U9, U6 (R)
K30, U9, U6 (R)
70
71
72
73
DF
DF
DF
DF
0T
0T
0T
0T
0T
50T
50T
50T
DF DAC +FS range 3

DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
C SUPP and DF SUPP DACs
set to -2176 bits on range 2
(steps 57 to 60)
Set C, C SUPP, DF SUPP

DACs to 0 (steps 61-69)
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
C, C SUPP, DF SUPP DACs
set to 0 (steps 70-73)
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +FS range 3
DF DAC +0.1 FS range 4
DF DAC +FS range 2
See steps 21-24 of Table 3.

K30, K35, U9, U7 (R)
K12, U9, U3 (R)
K13, U9, U3 (R)
K14 ,U9, U3 (R)
K15, U9, U3 (R)
K16, U9, U3 (R)
K39, K40, U9, U7 (R)
10
10
10
10
10
102
102
41
See steps 21-24 of Table 3.

K34, K35, U9, U7 (R)
K34, K35, U9, U7 (R)
K34, K35, K36, U9, U7 (R)
K34, U9, U7 (R)
48
0T
49
800T
DF
0T
50
900T
DF
51
0T
1000T
DF
57
58
59
60
46
1
1
1
10
10
Table 5: Function of Relays and CMOS Switches

Relay
K1
K11
K3, K14
K5, K6, K13
K10
K9
K7
K4
K2, K8
K12
K15, K17
K16
K18
K19
Function
Power breaker (top panel)
Line relay (Input PCB)
HV ON relay (Input PCB)
HV OUTPUT relay (Input PCB)
Reverse polarity (Input PCB)
Open ground (Input PCB)
Over V & I relay (Input PCB)
Measure lamp relay (Input PCB)
Triac control (Input PCB)
Short triac (Input PCB)
LV lead short (Input PCB)
Nx 0T (Range/Mode PCB)
K3, K9
K1, K7
K4, K10
K2, K8
K6, K12
K5, K11
K22
K13
K14
Red LV 1 (Range/Mode PCB)

Red LV 2 (Range/Mode PCB)
Blue LV 1 (Range/Mode PCB)
Blue LV 2 (Range/Mode PCB)
GST (Range/Mode PCB)
UST (Range/Mode PCB)
Nx CALIB (Range/Mode PCB)
Cs SHORT (Range/Mode PCB)
Nx CALIB (Range/Mode PCB)
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K42
K41
K8
K9
K10
Ns 100 turn 0 (Relay PCB)

Relay
K11
K12
K13
K14
K15
K16
K17
K7
K18
K19
K20
Function
NS 10 turn 0 (Relay PCB)
K21
K22
K23
K24
K25
K26
K33
K27
K28
K29
K30

K34
K35
K36
K37
K38
K39
K40
K31
K32
K25
K21, K24
K20, K23
% DF range 2 (Relay PCB)

C fine bal range 2 (Relay PCB)
C fine bal range 3 (Relay PCB)
C SUPP range 2 (Relay PCB)
C SUPP range 3 (Relay PCB)
DF SUPP range 2 (Relay PCB)
DF SUPP range 3 (Relay PCB)
Range CT, sec (Range/Mode PCB)
Range CT, pri (Range/Mode PCB)
Range CT tap (Range/Mode PCB)
CMOS
Switches
U34
U32
U20
U3
U59
U45
U54
47
Analog PCB
Measure/calibrate
Gain 1 (always) A1 Logic LO
A2, A3, A4 Logic HI
Gain 1, 10, 100, 1000
Multiplexer 0 V initial
Line ref V/test ref V
Measurement/DAC cal
Measurement/DAC cal
Troubleshooting
General Guidelines
This section provides general guidelines for basic troubleshooting of the DELTA-2000. The DELTA2000 undergoes rigorous testing before being shipped from the factory; however, when it is subjected
to various field conditions, there is always the possibility of damage being done to the instrument or its
cables. This troubleshooting section does not attempt to cover all possibilities, but does list suggestions
that can be carried out in the field. There may be problems that require the unit to be returned to the
factory for repair.
If any error messages appear during self-diagnostic check, refer to Maintenance and Calibration.
If questionable readings are obtained, the first step is to check the calibration of the DELTA-2000
using AVOs Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Standard (Cat. No. 670500-1). If the standard is not
available, the next step is to test a specimen with a known value (a specimen that is known to be good).
If such a specimen is not available, then perform the following procedure for an Open Air Test.
Open Air Test
The purpose of this test is to check the overall functionality of the DELTA-2000, including the highvoltage cable. The readings obtained show the stray signal losses of the high-voltage cable.
1.
Connect the wing nut ground terminal of the test set to a low impedance earth ground using
the 15 ft (4.6 m) ground cable supplied.
2.
Connect the control unit receptacles (INTERCONNECT 1 and 2) to the high-voltage (power
supply) receptacles using the two 5 ft (1.5 m) interconnection cables.
3.
Connect the external interlock cables to the SAFETY INTERLOCK receptacles.
4.
Connect the high-voltage cable to the HV OUTPUT terminal of the high-voltage unit (power
supply). Be sure that the connector locks in place. Connect the pigtail for the outer shield to the
wing nut terminal (ground).
5.
With the main breaker OFF, plug the input power cord into the test set AC POWER receptacle
and into a three-wire grounded power receptacle having the appropriate voltage and current
ratings.
6.
Suspend the outboard end of the high-voltage cable in free air so that it is clear of all
surrounding objects by at least 3 ft (0.91 m). Use dry nylon rope if available.
48
7.
Close main breaker. Refer to the instructions in Section 5 (Setup and Operation) Description
of Menus and Test Screens. From the first menu screen, choose:
Measurement: AC Insulation Test; HV Polarity: Normal/Reverse.
Then choose EXIT TO TEST.
8.
Set LOW VOLTAGE LEAD CONFIGURATION to GST GROUND (grounds red and blue).
Energize high voltage.
9.
Set high voltage to approximately 5 kV. Press MEASURE to start test.
10.
When test is completed, observe test results. The results should be as follows:
Capacitance:
between 4.0 and 8.0 pF
%DF or %PF:
between -1.0 to +2.0%
Watts @ 10 kV:
between -0.002 to +0.006
mA @ 10 kV:
between 0.015 to 0.030
Note: The %DF and %PF readings can be affected by high humidity.
Repair
AVO International offers a complete repair service and recommends that its customers take advantage
of this service in the event of equipment malfunction. Please indicate all pertinent information including
problem, symptoms, and attempted repairs. Pack the DELTA-2000 in its transit case and include all
cables that came with the instrument. Equipment returned for repair must be shipped prepaid and
insured and marked for the attention of the Repair Department.
49
Section 7
Spare Parts List
Description
Part Number
Bag, canvas for cables

Cable, ground (hook lug)
Cable, high-voltage
Cable, interconnect
Cable, interconnect
Cable, PC interface
Cable, printer interface
Data key
Data key interface box
Data key interface box (for 672001-47)
Knob (CONTRAST control)
Knob (HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL)
Lead, low-voltage (red)
Lead, low-voltage (blue)
Line cord (for Cat. No. 672001)
Line cord (for Cat. No. 672001-47)
Pilot light, white (1 per unit)
Pilot light, yellow (1 per unit)
Pilot light, red (2 per unit)
Printer
Printer (for Cat No. 672001-47)
Safety interlock hand switch 8 ft (2.4 m)
Safety interlock hand switch 70 ft (21 m)
34460-010
4702-7
30012-5
27978
27979
29017
29016
30603
30606
30606-1
4690-31
4690-28
25572-1
25572-2
17032-4
17032-2
27931-3
27931-4
27931-5
29015
29015-1
34460-020
34460-0
50
Glossary
Use only in accordance with instruction manual.
Protective conductor terminal is the wing nut for connecting the test set to
earth ground.
Earth terminal
This two lightning bolt symbol, shown on the Second and Third Test Screens
(Fig. 15 and 16), indicates that high voltage is present.
arc-over
A disruptive discharge in the form of an arc or spark between two electrical

conductors or between a conductor and earth (also sparkover or flashover).
bridge symbols Bridge symbols used are: R = red, B = blue, and G = green.
CAP
Capacitance
dissipation factor
The ratio of energy dissipated to the energy (DF) stored in an element for one
cycle.
GST
Grounded specimen test
hot collar
A conductive band used to test for dielectric losses in bushings.
LCD
Liquid crystal display
LED
Light-emitting diode
permittivity
The ability of a dielectric to store electrical potential energy under the influence
of an electric field.
pothead
A device that seals the end of a cable and provides insulated egress for the
conductor or conductors.
power factor
(PF) the ratio of total watts to the total rms volt-amperes.
51
safety ground jumper A temporary connection, not supplied, made between the terminals of the
apparatus under test and ground.
safety ground stick
An insulated stick (sometimes called a hot stick) with a hook type electrode
connected to ground via an insulated cable. In some designs, frequently known
as high voltage discharge sticks, a resistor is connected between the electrode
and the ground cable. Both are used to discharge capacitive specimens by
providing a low impedance path to ground. They must be suitably rated for the
voltage and capacitance of the specimen to be discharged.
UST
Ungrounded specimen test
52
Warranty
Products supplied by AVO International are warranted against defects in material and workmanship for
a period of one year following shipment. Our liability is specifically limited to replacing or repairing, at
our option, defective equipment. Equipment returned to the factory for repair must be shipped prepaid
and insured. This warranty does not include batteries, lamps, or other similar items, where the original
manufacturer's warranty shall apply. We make no other warranty. The warranty is void in the event of
abuse (failure to follow recommended operating procedures) or failure by the customer to perform
specific maintenance as indicated in this manual.
53
54
Appendix A
Data Key Data Downloader Program
If you do not have access to Windows 95 or Windows NT, and if your computer does not meet
system requirements, please contact AVO International technical support. Download software is
available that does not require use of Windows 95 and Windows NT.
DXDKEY -- Data Downloader Program

Copyright 1998 Delta-X Research.
Latest revision: 1998-02-02
Help Topics
Introduction
Acknowledgments
Computer system requirements
DXDKEY installation
Serial port options
Data file options
How to download data
How to erase a data key
How to view and edit data
How to add more data to a data file
Software support
Introduction
DXDKEY is a simple utility program for downloading data from the AVO Delta-2000 test instrument's EEPROM
data key. The program communicates with the PKS-232 Interface Module to retrieve test results from a data key.
Once downloaded, the data can be saved in a comma- or tab-delimited text file for use with database or spreadsheet
software. DXDKEY runs under Windows 95 or Windows NT.
You can also use DXDKEY to view data files and edit them in simple ways. DXDKEY can erase data keys for reuse in the Delta-2000 instrument.
DXDKEY was developed by Delta-X Research for free distribution and use with the AVO Delta-2000 insulation
test set. Because DXDKEY is free software, technical support is limited to information and occasional updates
provided through our Internet web site.
Disclaimer: DXDKEY is not guaranteed or warranted in any manner, and you may acquire, install, and use it
strictly at your own risk. The documentation is not guaranteed to be free of errors, and Delta-X Research reserves
the right to modify the software or documentation at any time without notice.
We hope that you will find DXDKEY reliable and easy to use. We want you to be happy with this software, and we
very much appreciate your suggestions and bug reports.
Acknowledgments
Software and documentation copyright 1998 Delta-X Research. All rights reserved. The DXDKEY setup
program may be distributed freely. Separate publication or copying of the DXDKEY software, its documentation,
or any of its components is prohibited.
The delta-x logo and "Delta-X Research" are trademarks of Hydra-Centaurus Technologies Inc.
The AVO logo is a trademark of AVO International.
"Microsoft" and "Windows" are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
All other brand names and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
Computer system requirements

Note: To run DXDKEY under Windows NT 4.0, you must have Windows NT Service Pack 2 installed. Service
packs for updating Windows NT are available from Microsoft Corp.
486 or Pentium-type PC with Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.0.
Up to 3 MB of hard disk space for installed files.
VGA display or better.
Mouse or equivalent.
Serial communications port for downloading data.
PKS-232 data key reader and cable.
DXDKEY installation
To install DXDKEY, run SETUP.EXE and follow instructions.
To remove DXDKEY from your system, use the Add/Remove Programs feature in your Windows Control Panel.
Data files are not deleted when you un-install DXDKEY.
Serial port options
Run DXDKEY and choose the Options menu.
Enter the number of the serial port you will use for downloading data (usually 1 or 2).
The Data Rate is 9600 unless you have changed the internal setting in the PKS-232.
Likewise, Parity is normally None.
Data Bits and Stop Bits are displayed for your reference, but you cannot change them.
Data file options
Run DXDKEY and choose the Options menu.
Select or enter a Delimiter (usually Tab or comma), a Text Qualifier (single or double quotes, or none), and a Date
Format.
The Delimiter and the Text Qualifier are used for both saving and loading data files. The Date Format is used to
format dates when you download data from a data key or when you load a data file.
The Also Save Raw Data option should normally remain un-checked. It saves downloaded data to a text file in
hexadecimal format for troubleshooting.
How to download data
To download data from a data key, you must connect the interface module, insert the data key, designate a data file,
and start the download. After inspecting, editing, and saving the file, you can repeat the process as many times as
you wish to create more files or download from other data keys.
Set up the PKS-232 interface module
Connect the PKS-232 interface module to a free serial port on the PC using the communications cable supplied
with the module.
Connect the PKS-232 to a power source and turn it on. The power cable connector and switch are on the back of
the module.
Create or open a data file

If you want to create a new data file, choose New in the File menu. The data grid is emptied, and the standard
DXDKEY column headings are displayed.
If you want to append data to an existing data file, choose Open in the File menu and open the file before
downloading data. The data grid is emptied, column headings are read from the first row of the file, and the data
records are displayed in the rows of the grid.
Start the download
Insert a data key into the front of the PKS-232 module and turn it.
Choose Read Data Key in the File menu. A dialog box should appear informing you that the serial port is open. If
the port number is invalid or the port cannot be opened for some reason, cancel the dialog and remedy the problem
before trying again. You may need to change the port number (see Serial port options above).
If the serial port is open, click the Download Data button in the dialog box. If there is an error, cancel the
download dialog, correct the problem (e.g. loose cable, key not inserted), and retry.
The download takes about 10 seconds. Then a message box announces the number of records downloaded, and the
records are displayed in the DXDKEY main window.
Inspect and edit the data (see How to view and edit data below).
Choose Save As in the File menu to save the file.
How to erase a data key
CAUTION: This procedure destroys all information stored in the data key. After erasure, the data key must be reinitialized by the Delta-2000 test instrument before it can be used for data logging.
Connect the PKS-232 interface module, turn it on, and insert the data key to be erased. Choose Erase Data Key in
the File menu.
After you confirm that you do wish to erase the key, a dialog box is displayed showing that the serial port is open.
Click the Erase Data Key button to erase the data key. The process takes about two seconds and cannot be
interrupted.
How to view and edit data
View
You can use DXDKEY to inspect data, whether downloaded from a data key or loaded from a data file. The main
DXDKEY window contains a data grid which can be scrolled vertically and horizontally with the mouse or the
keyboard. The window can be resized or maximized for your convenience.
If you double-click any row in the data grid, the Test Data Record window opens for viewing individual formatted
records. The Test Data Record window is resizable and has a toolbar with "navigation" buttons, a Copy button, a
Delete button, and a Font Size button.
Edit non-measurement data
The Equipment ID and Temperature fields in the data grid are editable. For example, to enter or correct the
Equipment ID in a record, click the Equipment ID column in that row and type the information. Press Esc to
cancel the edit, or press Ctrl-Z to start over if you make a mistake. Move to a different column or row to accept
what you typed and stop editing.
Any non-DXDKEY data fields which may be present in your data file are also editable.
All of the DXDKEY data fields representing instrument measurement data are protected and cannot be edited.
Adjust or hide columns

You can adjust the width of any column by clicking the column boundary with the left mouse button and dragging
it.
NOTE: If you shrink a column to zero or near-zero width, that column is omitted when printing or saving the file.
Print
Select the Print command in the File menu to print the data shown in the grid, using column widths similar to the
ones shown in the grid. There are no options available for printing other than the ones offered in the Print dialog.
Delete
Highlight one or more rows of data and press the Del key or choose Delete from the Edit menu to delete data.
Cut, Copy, and Paste
Highlight one or more rows of data and choose Copy from the Edit menu to copy the highlighted data to the
Windows Clipboard in a format which can be pasted directly into a spreadsheet or text file. If you choose Cut
instead of Copy, the selected rows are copied into the Clipboard and deleted from the grid.
If you click the Copy button in the Test Data Record window, the displayed record as shown in the window is
copied into the Windows Clipboard in tab-delimited text format, one data item per row. It can be pasted into a
spreadsheet or text file.
Save and Save As
The Save command in the File menu saves the data grid contents in a text file using the delimiter and quotation
character specified in the Data File Options. Data items in zero-width columns are not saved. The Save As
command allows you to specify a new file name and directory before saving the data.
For your convenience, some basic editing functions can be performed in DXDKEY. To do more complex editing,
such as rearranging columns or sorting, you must use a spreadsheet or database program.
How to add more data to a data file
Choose Open File in the File menu and open the file you want to modify. The DXDKEY data file options must
agree with the delimiter and text qualifier (if any) used in the data file. You may be asked to change the options if
the data file is not in a format compatible with your selected options.
If you download data from a data key (see How to download data above) while DXDKEY already has a file loaded,
the data key records are appended at the bottom of the list.
CAUTION: Only columns with names identical to standard DXDKEY data columns receive data. Any data key
item whose column is missing is discarded.
After editing or deleting data, you can save the file under its original name or choose Save As in the File menu to
save it under a new name.
Software support
Because DXDKEY is free software, Delta-X Research does not provide telephone support for it. There is a
DXDKEY Home Page in the Delta-X Research web site
http://www.hydracen.com/dx
where you can find helpful material such as:
Answers to frequently asked questions,
A form for asking questions or reporting problems,
A form for obtaining the latest version of DXDKEY or files needed for operating DXDKEY in other languages.
Your AVO representative may be able to assist you with some questions or problems.
Appendix B
Applications Guide
Table of Contents
Section
Page
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1
General............................................................................................................. 1
Principle of Operation...................................................................................... 1
Current, Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Relationship............................. 3
Conversion Formulas....................................................................................... 8
Connections for UST/GST Low Voltage Lead Configurations.................... 11
Interpretation of Measurements ................................................................................. 16

Significance of Capacitance and Dissipation Factor..................................... 16
Dissipation Factor (Power Factor) of Typical Apparatus Insulation ............ 17
Permittivity and %DF of Typical Insulating Materials................................. 18
Significance of Temperature ......................................................................... 18
Significance of Humidity............................................................................... 20
Surface Leakage............................................................................................. 20
Electrostatic Interference............................................................................... 20
Negative Dissipation Factor .......................................................................... 22
Types of Apparatus .................................................................................................... 24

Transformers.................................................................................................. 24
Circuit Breakers ............................................................................................. 29
Bushings......................................................................................................... 36
Rotating Machines......................................................................................... 39
Cables............................................................................................................. 42
Surge (Lightning) Arresters........................................................................... 42
Liquids ........................................................................................................... 45
Miscellaneous Assemblies and Components ................................................ 45
ii
List of Illustrations
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Page
Two and Three Terminal Capacitors ........................................................................... 2
Simplified Measuring Circuit Diagram, UST Measure Red Test Mode..................... 3
Simplified Measuring Circuit Diagram, GST Ground Red Test Mode ...................... 4
Simplified Measuring Circuit Diagram, GST Guard Red Test Mode ........................ 5
Vector Diagram Insulation System.............................................................................. 5
Vector Diagram Showing Resistance and Reactance.................................................. 6
Equivalent Circuit for Capacitor Losses...................................................................... 7
Series-Parallel Equivalent Circuit ................................................................................ 7
Graph for Converting Power Factor vs Dissipation Factor Above 20%..................... 9
Connection for Three Phase Specimens .................................................................... 12
Connection for Four Terminal Specimens, UST Test Modes................................... 13
Connection for Four Terminal Specimens, GST Test Modes.................................. 14
Connection for Four Terminal Specimens, GST Guard Test Modes........................ 15
Two Winding Transformer Tests............................................................................... 25
UST Test on Transformer Bushing............................................................................ 37
GST Test with Guarding on Insulated Tube Covering Metal Rod ........................... 46
List of Tables
Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
DF (PF) of Typical Apparatus Insulation .................................................................. 17

Permittivity of Typical Insulating Materials.............................................................. 18
Two Winding Transformer Test Connections ........................................................... 26
Three Winding Transformer Test Connections ......................................................... 27
Transformer Excitation Current Test Connections.................................................... 28
SF6 Dead Tank Circuit Breaker Test Connections ................................................... 31
Tank Loss Index of Oil Circuit Breakers (Equivalent to 10 kV Losses) .................. 32
Tank Loss Index of Oil Circuit Breakers (Equivalent to 2.5 kV Losses) ................. 33
General Electric Air Blast Type Circuit Breaker Test Connections.......................... 34
Live Tank Circuit Breaker Test Connections
(Typical Three-Column Support Per Phase).............................................................. 35
Three-Phase Rotating Machinery Stator Test Connections (Motors and Generators)41
Surge Arrester Test Connections ............................................................................... 44
iii
Section 1
Introduction
General
The intention of this section is to guide the operator in the appropriate method of making
capacitance and dissipation factor measurements on power apparatus and to assist in the
interpretation of test results obtained. It is not a complete step-by-step procedure for
performing tests.
WARNING
Specific instructions in the operation of the test set, making connection to the apparatus
under test, and safety precautions to be observed are not included.
Before performing any test with this apparatus, read and understand Section 2, Safety, and
observe all safety precautions indicated throughout this manual. In addition, before
performing any field tests, refer to IEEE 510 - 1983, IEEE Recommended Practices for
Safety in High-Voltage and High-Power Testing for more information.
Principle of Operation
Most physical capacitors can be accurately represented as a two or three-terminal network as
shown in Figure 1. The direct capacitance between the terminals H and L is represented by
CHL while the capacitances between each respective terminal and ground are represented by
CHG and CLG. In the two-terminal capacitor the L terminal is connected to ground.
An example of a two-terminal capacitor is an apparatus bushing. The center conductor is
one terminal and the mounting flange (ground) is the second terminal. An example of a
three-terminal capacitor is an apparatus bushing which has a power factor or capacitance
tap. The center conductor is one terminal, the tap is the second terminal, and the mounting
flange (ground) is the third terminal.
It is possible to have a complex insulation system that has four or more terminals. A direct
measurement of any capacitance component in a complex system can be made with this test
set since it has the capability for measuring both ungrounded and grounded specimens.
Figure 2 shows a simplified measuring circuit diagram of the DELTA-2000 test set when
operating in the UST test mode. The basic bridge circuit uses a three-winding differential
current transformer. The ampere-turns due to the current iX through the test specimen (CHL)
are balanced by the ampere-turns due to the current is passing through the reference
capacitor (CS). The same voltage is applied to the two capacitors by the power supply. An
ampere-turn balance is obtained for the quadrature (capacitance) component of current by
automatic adjustment of the NX and NS turns. The value of the capacitance is then displayed
on the LCD.
Since the specimen current includes both an in-phase component (leakage) and a quadrature
component (capacitive) of current, a residual difference current will appear in the third
winding after the capacitance has been balanced. This represents the leakage (loss)
component of current. This current component is also automatically balanced to produce a
dissipation factor (power factor/watts/milliwatts) balance. The % dissipation factor/power
factor/watts/milliwatts is displayed on the LCD.
Figure 2 also shows how guarding is accomplished in the UST test mode. The bridge
measures the capacitance CHL which is shown by the heavy solid line. All internal and
external stray capacitance between the high-voltage H terminal and guard (ground) shunts
the power supply, where it affects only the supply loading and does not influence the
measurement. All stray capacitance between the L terminal and guard (ground) shunts the
NX bridge winding and also does not influence the measurement. In practice the transformer
winding resistance and leakage inductance is very small so that a large value of capacitance
(>2000 pF) can be allowed to shunt the NX bridge winding before there is a noticeable error
in the measurement.
Figure 1: Two and Three Terminal Capacitors
Figure 2: Simplified Measuring Circuit Diagram, UST MEASURE RED Test Mode
Figure 3 shows the measuring circuit and guarding for the GST GROUND RED test mode.
In this test the L terminal of the specimen is grounded (two-terminal specimen). The bridge
measures the two capacitances shown by the heavy solid lines (CHL + CHG). All internal
stray capacitance between the high-voltage lead and guard shunts the power supply, whereas
the stray capacitance between guard and ground shunts the NX bridge winding, therefore,
both internal stray capacitances are excluded from the measurement for the same reasons as
for the UST test method.
Figure 4 shows the measuring circuit and guarding for the GST GUARD RED test mode.
The bridge measures the capacitance shown by the heavy solid line (CHG). All internal and
external stray capacitance between the high-voltage H terminal and guard shunts the power
supply, whereas all internal and external stray capacitance between guard and ground shunts
the NX bridge winding; therefore, both stray capacitances are excluded from the
measurement.
Current, Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Relationship

In an ideal insulation system connected to an alternating voltage source, the capacitance
current Ic and the voltage are in perfect quadrature with the current leading. In addition to
the capacitance current, there appears in practice a loss current Ir in phase with the voltage as
shown in Figure 5.
The current taken by an ideal insulation (no losses, Ir = 0) is a pure capacitive current
leading the voltage by 90 ( = 90). In practice, no insulation is perfect but has a certain
amount of loss and the total current I leads the voltage by a phase angle (< 90). It is
more convenient to use the dielectric-loss angle , where = (90 - ). For low power factor
insulation Ic and I are substantially of the same magnitude since the loss component Ir is
very small.
The power factor is defined as:
Power factor = cos = sin =
Ir
I
and the dissipation factor is defined as:
Dissipation factor = co t = tan =
Ir
Ic
The DELTA-2000 test set is calibrated for direct reading in terms of capacitance and
dissipation factor (tan ).
Figure 3: Simplified Measuring Circuit Diagram, GST GROUND RED Test Mode
Figure 4: Simplified Measuring Circuit Diagram, GST GUARD RED Test Mode
Figure 5: Vector Diagram Insulation System
tan =
Xc =
R
= RC
Xc
1
C
Figure 6: Vector
Diagram Showing
Resistance and Reactance
The important characteristic of a capacitor is the ratio of its loss resistance to its reactance,
which is the dissipation factor. This relationship is shown in the vector diagram of Figure 6.
In cases where angle is very small, sin practically equals tan . For example, at power
factor values less than 10 percent the difference will be less than 0.5 percent of reading
while for power factor values less than 20 percent the difference will be less than 2 percent
of reading.
The value of Ic will be within 99.5 percent of the value I for power factor (sin ) values up to
10 percent and within 98 percent for power factor values up to 20 percent.
If it is desired to find the value of the charging current Ic at a given test voltage and
frequency, it may be determined from the following relationship:
Ic = VC
In reality, a capacitor possesses both a series and parallel loss resistance as shown in Figure
7. The frequency of the applied voltage determines which loss dominates, however, at low
frequencies (50/60 Hz) only the parallel losses Rp, predominately generated in the dielectric,
are generally measured. For a particular frequency, any loss can be expressed in terms of
either a series or parallel equivalent circuit with equal accuracy. The choice is a matter of
convenience. The dissipation factor (tan ) for the series equivalent circuit is defined as:
tan = Rs Cs
To find the equivalent parallel impedance Cp and Rp, use the conversion formulas shown in
Figure 8.
Figure 7: Equivalent Circuit for Capacitor Losses
tan =
Cp =
1
Rp Cp
Cs
Cs
=
2
1+ tan s
1+ ( R s C s )2
1
1
R p = R s 1+ 2 = R s 1+
2
( Rs Cs )
tan s
Figure 8: Series - Parallel Equivalent Circuit
Conversion Formulas
Note: Capacitance, dissipation factor, power factor, watts, watts at 10 kV, watts at 2.5 kV,
current, current at 10 kV, and current at 2.5 kV can all be read directly from the DELTA2000 test set. These formulas are provided for informational purposes only.
Use the following formulas and the chart in Figure 9 to compare the capacitance reading
obtained on the DELTA-2000 test set against the milliampere reading as well as the
DELTA-2000 test set dissipation factor reading versus the watts loss reading. The mA and
mW readings, even if obtained at reduced test voltages, are generally recorded in terms of
equivalent 2.5 kV values (2.5 kV test set) or equivalent 10 kV values (10 kV test set).
Conversion Formulas for Test at 2.5 kV, 60 Hz
(based on equivalent 2.5 kV values)
CpF = mA x 1061
mA = CpF x 94.3 x 10-5
%DF =
Applicable when DF (PF)

is less than 20 percent
W loss x 40
mA
Wloss = CpF x %DF x 23.6 x10-6
No limitation
Conversion Formulas for test at 10 kV, 60 Hz

(based on equivalent 10 kV values)
CpF = mA x 265
mA = CpF x 377 x 10-5
%DF =

is less than 20%
W loss x 10
mA
Wloss = CpF x %DF x 377 x 10-6
No limitation
Figure 9: Graph for Converting Power Factor vs. Dissipation Factor Above 20%
Conversion Formulas for test at 2.5 kV, 50 Hz

(based on equivalent 2.5 kV values)
CpF = mA x 1273
is less than 20%
mA = CpF x 78.6 x 10-5

%DF =
W loss x 40
mA
Wloss = CpF x %DF x 19.6 x 10-6
No limitation
Conversion Formulas for test at 10 kV, 50 Hz

(based on equivalent 10 kV values)
CpF = mA x 318
mA = CpF x 314 x 10-5
is less than 20%
%DF =
W loss x 10
mA
Wloss = CpF x %DF x 314 x 10-6
No limitation
General Conversion Formulas
CpF = mA x 10 6
kV
CpF = mA x 2650 @ 60 Hz
kV
CpF = mA x 3180 @ 50 Hz
kV
is less than 20%
mA = kV CpF x 10
-6
mA = kV x CpF x 377 x 10-6 @ 60 Hz

mA = kV x CpF x 314 x 10-6 @ 50 Hz
%DF =
W loss x 100
kV x mA
10
Wloss = kV2 x CpF x %DF x 3.77 x 10-6 @ 60 Hz

No limitation
Wloss = kV2 x CpF x %DF x 3.14 x 10-6 @ 50 Hz
PF =
DF
1 + DF 2
No limitation
PF
DF =
1 PF 2
where:
CpF
DF
mA
PF
kV
Wloss
f
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
capacitance, picofarads
dissipation factor
milliamperes
power factor
kilovolts
2f
watts loss
frequency
Connections for UST/GST Low Voltage Lead Configuration

Figures 10 through 13 show the connections between the test set and specimen for each of
the UST/GST low voltage lead configurations. The following chart shows the connections
of the low voltage red and blue test leads for a measurement and to either guard or ground in
the bridge circuit. It also provides cross-reference to the existing AVO Biddle test sets. The
component measured is shown by the heavy solid line in Figures 10 through 13.
Measurements are always made between the black high-voltage lead and the lead in the
MEASURES column. For the GST test mode, measurement is also made between the high
voltage lead and ground.
DELTA-2000 Test Set (Cat. No. 672001)

GROUNDS
BLUE
RED
GUARDS
RED & BLUE
RED
BLUE
TEST MODE POSITION

(Cat. No. 670025, 670065, 670070 & 672000)
UST
MEASURES
RED & BLUE
RED
BLUE
GST GROUND
GROUNDS
RED & BLUE
GST
GROUNDS
1
3
2
5
7
6
BLUE
RED
11
Figure 10: Connection for Three-Phase Specimens
12
Figure 11: Connection for Four-Terminal Specimens, UST Test Modes
13
Figure 12: Connection for Four-Terminal Specimens, GST Test Modes
14
Figure 13: Connection for Four-Terminal Specimen, GST Guard Modes
15
Section 2
Interpretation of Measurements
Significance of Capacitance and Dissipation Factor
A large percentage of electrical apparatus failures are due to a deteriorated condition of the
insulation. Many of these failures can be anticipated by regular application of simple tests
and with timely maintenance indicated by the tests. An insulation system or apparatus
should not be condemned until it has been completely isolated, cleaned, or serviced and
measurements compensated for temperature. The correct interpretation of capacitance and
dissipation factor tests generally requires a knowledge of the apparatus construction and the
characteristics of the particular types of insulation used.
Changes in the normal capacitance of an insulation indicate such abnormal conditions as the
presence of a moisture layer, short circuits, or open circuits in the capacitance network.
Dissipation factor measurements indicate the following conditions in the insulation of a
wide range of electrical apparatus:
Chemical deterioration due to time and temperature, including certain cases of acute
deterioration caused by localized overheating.
Contamination by water, carbon deposits, bad oil, dirt and other chemicals.
Severe leakage through cracks and over surfaces.
Ionization.
The interpretation of measurements is usually based on experience, recommendations of the

manufacturer of the equipment being tested, and by observing these differences:
Between measurements on the same unit after successive intervals of time.
Between measurements on duplicate units or a similar part of one unit, tested under the
same conditions around the same time, e.g., several identical transformers or one
winding of a three-phase transformer tested separately.
Between measurements made at different test voltages on one part of a unit; an increase
in slope (tip-up) of a dissipation factor versus voltage curve at a given voltage is an
indication of ionization commencing at that voltage.
An increase of dissipation factor above a typical value may indicate conditions such as those
given in the previous paragraph, any of which may be general or localized in character. If
the dissipation factor varies significantly with voltage down to some voltage below which it
is substantially constant, then ionization is indicated. If this extinction voltage is below the
operating level, then ionization may progress in operation with consequent deterioration.
Some increase of capacitance (increase in charging current) may also be observed above the
16
extinction voltage because of the short circuiting of numerous voids by the ionization
process.
An increase of dissipation factor accompanied by a marked increase in capacitance usually
indicates excessive moisture in the insulation. Increase of dissipation factor alone may be
caused by thermal deterioration or by contamination other than water.
Unless bushing and pothead surfaces, terminal boards, etc., are clean and dry, measured
quantities may not necessarily apply to the volume of the insulation under test. Any leakage
over terminal surfaces may add to the losses of the insulation itself and may, if excessive,
give a false indication of its condition.
Dissipation Factor (Power Factor) of Typical Apparatus Insulation

Values of insulation dissipation factor for various apparatus are shown in Table 1. These
values may be useful in roughly indicating the range to be found in practice; however, the
upper limits are not reliable service values. Dissipation factor has a direct advantage over an
equivalent watts value since it is independent of the insulation thickness and area. The
dielectric watts loss increases as the amount of insulation under test increases.
Table 1: DF (PF) of Typical Apparatus Insulation
Type Apparatus
% DF (PF) at 20C
Oil-filled transformer: New, high-voltage (115 kV and up)

15 years old, high-voltage
Low-voltage, distribution type
0.25 to 1.0
0.75 to 1.5
1.5 to 5.0
Oil circuit breakers
0.5 to 2.0
Oil-paper cables, solid (up to 27.6 kV) new condition
0.5 to 1.5
Oil-paper cables, high-voltage oil-filled or pressurized
0.2 to 0.5
Rotating machine stator windings, 2.3 to 13.8 kV
2.0 to 8.0
Capacitors (discharge resistor out of circuit)
0.2 to 0.5
Bushings: Solid or dry

Compound-filled, up to 15 kV
Compound-filled, 15 to 46 kV
Oil-filled, below 110 kV
Oil-filled, above 110 kV and condenser type
3.0 to 10.0
5.0 to 10.0
2.0 to 5.0
1.5 to 4.0
0.3 to 3.0
17
Permittivity and % DF of Typical Insulating Materials

Typical values of permittivity (dielectric constant) k and 50/60 Hz dissipation factor of a
few kinds of insulating materials (also water and ice) are given in Table 2.
Table 2: Permittivity of Typical Insulating Materials
Material
% DF (PF) at 20C
Acetal resin (Delrin*)
3.7
0.5
Air
1.0
0.0
Askarels
4.2
0.4
Kraft paper, dry
2.2
0.6
Oil, transformer
2.2
0.02
Polyamide (Nomex*)
2.5
1.0
Polyester film (Mylar*)
3.0
0.3
Polyethylene
2.3
0.05
Polyamide film (Kapton*)
3.5
0.3
Polypropylene
2.2
0.05
Porcelain
7.0
2.0
Rubber
3.6
4.0
Silicone liquid
2.7
0.01
Varnished cambric, dry
4.4
1.0
Water**
80
100
Ice**
88
1.0 (0C)
* Dupont registered trademark.
** Tests for moisture should not be made at freezing temperatures because of the 100 to 1 ratio difference of
% dissipation factor between water and ice.
Significance of Temperature
Most insulation measurements have to be interpreted based on the temperature of the
specimen. The dielectric losses of most insulation increase with temperature. In many cases,
insulations have failed due to the cumulative effect of temperature, i.e., a rise in temperature
causes a rise in dielectric loss which in turn causes a further rise in temperature, etc.
It is important to determine the dissipation factor-temperature characteristics of the
insulation under test, at least in a typical unit of each design of apparatus. Otherwise, all
tests of the same specimen should be made, as nearly as practicable, at the same
temperature. On transformers and similar apparatus, measurements during cooling (after
factory heat-run or after service load) can provide the required temperature correction
factors. For circuit breakers and other apparatus in which little heating occurs in service,
18
measurements to determine correction factors can be made at different but constant ambient
conditions.
To compare the dissipation factor value of tests made on the same or similar type apparatus
at different temperatures, it is necessary to convert the value to a reference temperature base,
usually 20C (68F). Tables of multipliers for use in converting dissipation factors at test
temperatures to dissipation factors at 20C are found in Appendix D.
The test temperature for apparatus such as spare bushings, insulators, air or gas filled circuit
breakers, and lightning arresters is normally assumed to be the same as the ambient
temperature. For oil-filled circuit breakers and transformers the test temperature is assumed
to be the same as the oil temperature. For installed bushings where the lower end is
immersed in oil the test temperature lies somewhere between the oil and air temperature.
In practice, the test temperature is assumed to be the same as the ambient temperature for
bushings installed in oil-filled circuit breakers and also for oil-filled transformers that have
been out of service for approximately 12 hours. In transformers removed from service just
prior to test, the temperature of the oil normally exceeds the ambient temperature. The
bushing test temperature for this case can be assumed to be the midpoint between the oil and
ambient temperatures.
Any sudden changes in ambient temperature will increase the measurement error since the
temperature of the apparatus will lag the ambient temperature. The capacitance of dry
insulation is not appreciably affected by temperature; however, in the case of wet insulation,
there is a tendency for the capacitance to increase with temperature.
Dissipation factor-temperature characteristics, as well as dissipation factor measurements at
a given temperature, may change with deterioration or damage of insulation. This suggests
that any such change in temperature characteristics may be helpful in assessing deteriorated
conditions.
Be careful making measurements below the freezing point of water. A crack in an insulator,
for example, is easily detected if it contains a conducting film of water. When the water
freezes, it becomes nonconducting, and the defect may not be revealed by the measurement,
because ice has a volumetric resistivity approximately 100 times higher than that of water.
Tests for the presence of moisture in solids intended to be dry should not be made at
freezing temperatures. Moisture in oil, or in oil-impregnated solids, has been found to be
detectable in dissipation factor measurements at temperatures far below freezing, with no
discontinuity in the measurements at the freezing point.
Insulating surfaces exposed to ambient weather conditions may also be affected by
temperature. The surface temperature of the insulation specimen should be above and never
below the ambient temperature to avoid the effects of condensation on the exposed
insulating surfaces.
19
Significance of Humidity
The exposed surface of bushings may, under adverse relative humidity conditions, acquire a
deposit of surface moisture which can have a significant effect on surface losses and
consequently on the results of a dissipation factor test. This is particularly true if the
porcelain surface of a bushing is at a temperature below ambient temperature (below dew
point), because moisture will probably condense on the porcelain surface. Serious
measurement errors may result even at a relative humidity below 50 percent when moisture
condenses on a porcelain surface already contaminated with industrial chemical deposits.
It is important to note that an invisible thin surface film of moisture forms and dissipates
rapidly on materials such as glazed porcelain which have negligible volume absorption.
Equilibrium after a sudden wide change in relative humidity is usually attained within a
matter of minutes. This, however, excludes thicker films which result from rain, fog, or dew
point condensation.
Surface leakage errors can be minimized if dissipation factor measurements are made under
conditions where the weather is clear and sunny and where the relative humidity does not
exceed 80 percent. In general, best results are obtained if measurements are made during late
morning through mid afternoon. Consideration should be given to the probability of
moisture being deposited by rain or fog on equipment just prior to making any
measurements.
Surface Leakage
Any leakage over the insulation surfaces of the specimen will be added to the losses in the
volume insulation and may give a false impression as to the condition of the specimen. Even
a bushing with a voltage rating much greater than the test voltage may be contaminated
enough to cause a significant error. Surfaces of potheads, bushings, and insulators should be
clean and dry when making a measurement.
It should be noted that a straight line plot of surface resistivity against relative humidity for
an uncontaminated porcelain bushing surface results in a decrease of one decade in
resistivity for a nominal 15 percent increase in relative humidity and vice versa.
On bushings provided with a power factor or capacitance tap, the effect of leakage current
over the surface of a porcelain bushing may be eliminated from the measurement by testing
the bushing by the ungrounded specimen test (UST).
When testing bushings without a test tap under high humidity conditions, numerous
companies have reported that the effects of surface leakage can be substantially minimized
by cleaning and drying the porcelain surface and applying a very thin coat of Dow Corning
#4 insulating grease (or equal) to the entire porcelain surface. When making a hot collar test,
the grease is generally only applied to the porcelain surface on which the hot collar band is
to be located and to that of one petticoat above and one below the hot collar band.
20
When testing potheads, bushings (without test tap), and insulators under unfavorable
weather conditions, the dissipation factor reading may, at times, appear to be unstable and
may vary slightly over a very short period of time. The variation is caused by such factors as
the amount of surface exposure to sun or shade, variations in wind velocity, and gradual
changes in ambient temperature and relative humidity. Similar bushings may have
appreciably different dissipation factor values for the case where one bushing is located in
the sun while the other is in the shade. A test made on the same bushing may have a
different dissipation factor value between a morning and an afternoon reading. Due
consideration must be given to variations in readings when tests are made under unfavorable
weather conditions.
Electrostatic Interference
When tests are conducted in energized substations, the readings may be influenced by
electrostatic interference currents resulting from the capacitance coupling between energized
lines and bus work to the test specimen. In the shop or low-voltage substations the effects of
electrostatic interference currents can be canceled by taking normal and reverse polarity
voltage readings. In high-voltage substations the effects of electrostatic interference currents
can be canceled by using the interference suppressor circuit. Normal and reverse polarity
voltage readings should still be taken to cancel any residual interference currents. Trouble
from magnetic fields encountered in high-voltage substations is very unlikely.
To counter the effects of severe electrostatic interference on the measurement, it may be
necessary to disconnect the specimen from disconnect switches and bus work. Experience in
making measurements will establish the particular equipment locations where it is necessary
to break the connections. The related disconnect switches, leads and bus work, if not
energized, should be solidly grounded to minimize electrostatic coupling to the test set.
The measurement difficulty which is encountered when testing in the presence of
interference depends not only upon the severity of the interference field but also on the
capacitance and dissipation factor of the specimen. Unfavorable weather conditions such as
high relative humidity, fog, overcast sky, and high wind velocity will increase the severity
and variability of the interference field. The lower the specimen capacitance and its
dissipation factor, the greater the difficulty, with possible reduction in accuracy, in making
measurements. It is also possible that a negative dissipation factor reading may be obtained
so it is necessary to observe the polarity sign for each reading. Specifically, it has been
found that some difficulty may be expected when measuring capacitance by the GST test
method in 230 through 550 kV low-profile switchyards when the capacitance value is less
than 100 pF. This difficulty may be minimized considerably by:
Using the maximum voltage of the test set if possible.
Disconnecting and grounding as much bus work as possible from the specimen
terminals.
21
Making measurements on a day when the weather is sunny and clear, the relative
humidity is less than 80 percent, the wind velocity is low, and the surface temperature of
exposed insulation is above the ambient temperature.
Tests made by the UST method are less susceptible to interference pickup than are tests
made by the GST method. In the UST test method, the capacitive coupled pickup current in
the high-voltage circuit flows directly to ground after having passed through the highvoltage winding of the power supply transformer. In the GST test method the same pickup
current, after passing through the high-voltage transformer winding, must pass through one
of the bridge transformer-ratio measuring arms before reaching ground.
It is not generally recognized that when testing by the GST test method in the vicinity of
other energized high-voltage circuits another form of interference is produced which may
cause a change in the actual dissipation factor of the specimen. This interference is partial
discharge that may occur at the specimen high-voltage terminal, not as a result of the test
voltage, but by intense fields between the specimen terminal and the adjacent energized
high-voltage circuit. The partial discharge loss resulting from this interference is added to
the normal loss in the specimen, thereby increasing its dissipation factor. Since this type of
interference is a loss related to the specimen in that particular environment, it cannot be
eliminated from the test and cannot be considered as an error in the measurement.
If the test set is energized from a portable generator when conducting tests in an energized
substation, the readings may fluctuate over a significant range. This results from the
frequency of test set voltage being out of synchronization with the electrostatic interference
field. If it is not possible to synchronize the frequency of the two voltage systems,
disconnect and ground as much bus work as possible from the specimen terminals. This will
decrease both the interference pickup and the reading fluctuation.
Negative Dissipation Factor

In isolated cases, negative dissipation factors are encountered in the measurement of
dielectric specimens of low capacitance. This condition is most likely to arise when making
UST and GST measurements on specimens which have a capacitance value of a few
hundred picofarads or less. Equipment such as bushings, circuit breakers, and low loss surge
arresters fall into this category.
It is believed that the negative dissipation factor phenomenon is caused by a complex tee
network of capacitance and resistance which exists within a piece of equipment. Error
currents may flow into the measuring circuit in instances where phantom multiple terminals
or a guard terminal appear in the measurement system. It is also believed that a negative
dissipation factor may be produced by error currents flowing into a tee network as a result of
space coupling from electrostatic interference fields.
The only time a negative dissipation factor has been observed is in cases where there is
incomplete shielding of the measuring electrode or when the specimen itself is defective.
22
The error is usually accentuated if tests are influenced by strong interference fields or are
made under unfavorable weather conditions, especially a high relative humidity which
increases surface leakage.
There appears to be no clear-cut way of knowing whether an error is significant or what
remedies should be taken to overcome an error. The best advice is to avoid making
measurements on equipment in locations where negative dissipation factors are known to
present a problem when unfavorable weather conditions exist, especially high relative
humidity. Make sure the surface of porcelain bushings are clean and dry to minimize the
effects of surface leakage. Make sure all items such as wooden ladders or nylon ropes are
removed from the equipment to be tested and are brought out of any electrostatic
interference fields that could influence a measurement. Additional shielding around the lowvoltage terminals of the specimen connected to the measuring and guarded leads of the test
set should help to minimize this problem; however, this solution is generally not practical in
the field.
23
Section 3
Types of Apparatus
Transformers
The voltage rating of each winding under test must be considered and the test voltage
selected accordingly. If neutral bushings are involved, their voltage rating must be
considered in selecting the test voltage. Measurements should be made between each
interwinding combination (or set of three-phase windings in a three-phase transformer) with
all other windings grounded to the tank (UST test). Measurements should also be made
between each winding (or set of three-phase windings) and ground with all other windings
guarded (GST test with guarding). In a two-winding transformer, a measurement should also
be made between each winding and ground with the remaining winding grounded (GST
GROUND test). For a three-winding transformer, a measurement should also be made
between each winding and ground with one remaining winding guarded and the second
remaining winding grounded (GST test with guarding). This special test is used to isolate
the interwindings. A final measurement should be made between all windings connected
together and the ground tank. It is also desirable to test samples of the liquid insulation.
Figure 14 shows a typical setup for testing a two-winding transformer, Table 3 outlines the
connections between the test set and two-winding transformer for each UST/GST test. Table
4 specifies the connections for three-winding transformers. Each winding should be shorted
on itself at its bushing terminals. It is recommended that the Measurement Intercheck
calculations, specified in Tables 3 and 4 be performed to validate all measurements. The
calculated intercheck values should agree with the direct measurement values within
reasonable limits.
Table 5 shows typical setups for making transformer excitation current measurements.
Increased dissipation factor values, in comparison with a previous test or tests on identical
apparatus, may indicate some general condition such as contaminated oil. An increase in
both dissipation factor and capacitance indicates that contamination is likely to be water.
When the insulating liquid is being filtered or otherwise treated, repeated measurements on
windings and the liquid will usually show whether good general conditions are being
restored.
Oil oxidation and consequent sludging conditions have a marked effect on the dissipation
factors of transformer windings. After such a condition has been remedied, (flushing down
or other treatment) dissipation factor measurements are valuable in determining if the sludge
removal has been effective.
Measurements on individual windings may vary due to differences in insulation materials
and arrangements. However, large differences may indicate localized deterioration or
damage. Careful consideration of the measurements on different combinations of windings
should show in which particular path the trouble lies; for example, if a measurement
between two windings has a high dissipation factor, and the measurements between each
24
winding and ground, with the remaining winding guarded, gives a normal reading, then the
trouble lies between the windings, perhaps in an insulating cylinder.
Bushings, if in poor condition, may have their losses masked by normal losses in the
winding insulation. Therefore, separate tests should be applied to them. Temperature
correcting curves for each design of transformer should be carefully established by
measurement in factory or field and should be used to correct all measurements to a base
temperature, usually 20C.
10
Figure 14: Two-Winding Transformer Tests
25
Table 3: Two-Winding Transformer Test Connections

Test Connections To
Windings
Low Voltage Lead Configuration

Test
No.
Insulation Tested
Test
Mode
CHG+ CHL
GST
GND
CHG
GST
CHL
UST
CHL
CLG + CHL
GST
GND
CLG
GST
CHL
UST
CHL
Measures
Ground
s
Guards
Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
Red
Blue
Test 1 minus Test 2

Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
Red
Blue
Test 5 minus Test 6
Black
Red
Blue
Remarks
L Grounded
L Guarded
Calculated intercheck
H Grounded
H Guarded
9
10
11
12
Equivalent Circuit
Note: Short each winding on itself.

Measurement Interchecks (Calculated)
Capacitance
Watts
C4 = C1 - C2
W4 = W1 - W2
C8 = C5 - C6
W8 = W5 - W6
Note: Subscripts are test numbers.
H = High-voltage winding
L = Low-voltage winding
G = Ground
26
Table 4: Three-Winding Transformer Test Connections

Test
No.
Insulation Tested
Test
Mode
CHG+ CHL
GST
CHG
GST
CHL
UST
CHL
CLG + CLT
GST
CLG
GST
CLT
UST
CLT
CTG + CHT
GST
10
CTG
GST
11
CHT
UST
12
CHT
Measures
Red
Ground
s
Guards
Black
Red
Blue
Remarks
Red
Blue
Red &
Blue
L Grounded
T Guarded
L & T Guarded
T Grounded
T Grounded
H Guarded
T & H Guarded
H Grounded
H Grounded
L Guarded
H & L Guarded
L Grounded
Blue
Test 1 minus Test 2

Red
Red
Blue
Red &
Blue
Blue
Test 5 minus Test 6

Red
Red
Equivalent Circuit
Test Connections To
Windings
Blue
Red &
Blue
Blue
Test 9 minus Test 10
Measurement Interchecks (Calculated)

Capacitance
Watts
C4 = C1 - C2
W4 = W1 - W2
C8 = C5 - C6
W8 = W5 - W6
C12 = C9 - C10
W12 = W9 - W10
Note: Subscripts are test numbers.
H = High-voltage winding
L = Low-voltage winding
T = Tertiary winding
G = Ground
Note: Short each winding on itself.
27
Table 5: Transformer Excitation Current Test Connections

Single Phase
Measure
s
Terminal
Symbol
H1-H2
H2-H1
Test Lead Connections
Black
H1
H2
Red
H2
H1
Ground
Three Phase High Side Y

Measure
s
Terminal
Symbol
H1-H0
H2-H0
H3-H0
Black
H1
H2
H3
Red
H0
H0
H0
Ground
Three Phase High Side
Measure
s
Terminal
Symbol
H1-H2
H2-H3
H3-H1
28
Black
H1
H2
H3
Red
H2
H3
H1
Ground
H3
H1
H2
Circuit Breakers
The most important insulation in medium and high-voltage outdoor power switch gear is
that of the bushings themselves, the guide assembly, the lift rods, and, in the case of oil
circuit breakers, the oil. Measurements should be made from each bushing terminal to the
ground tank with the breaker open, and from each phase (each pair of phase bushing
terminals) to the grounded tank with the breaker closed. When an individual bushing
assembly is tested in each phase, the other bushing terminal in that phase should be guarded.
It is also desirable to test samples of the liquid insulation.
The specific term tank-loss index has been developed to assist in evaluating the results of
the open and closed oil circuit breaker tests. It is defined for each phase as the difference of
the measured open circuit and closed circuit power, in watts. To obtain the open circuit
value, the individual values measured on the two bushings of each phase must be summed.
Tank-loss index may have values ranging from positive to negative which will give an
indication of the possible source of a problem. Positive indexes occur when the closed
circuit values are larger than the sum of the open circuit values. Conversely, negative
indexes occur when the closed circuit values are smaller than the sum of the open circuit
values. The test results should be recorded in terms of equivalent 10 kV watts or 2.5 kV
watts/milliwatts regardless of the test voltage used. To obtain watts from a previous
measurement of capacitance and dissipation factor, refer to the conversion formulas.
The Oil Circuit Breakers test data form in Appendix C outlines the specific connections
between the test set and breaker as well as the series of measurements which should be
performed on the breaker.
Table 6, SF6 Dead Tank Circuit Breaker Test Connections, outlines the specific connections
between the test set and breaker as well as the series of measurements that should be
performed on the breaker.
Comparison of tank-loss indexes taken when an oil circuit breaker is new and initially
installed will give the general range of values to expect from a good unit. This practice also
will avoid condemning a good unit as the result of the inherent design of a particular
manufacturer that normally may show tank-loss indexes without the unit being defective or
deteriorated.
The losses in an oil circuit breaker are different between an open circuit test and a closed
circuit test because the voltage stress on the insulating members is distributed differently.
Tables 7 and 8 summarize what may be defective based upon the polarity of the tank-loss
index. Once a particular section has given indications of deterioration, the test results should
be verified by systematically isolating the suspected insulating member before
disassembling the unit.
Oil circuit breakers are composed of many different materials each having its own
temperature coefficient. For this reason it may be difficult to correct tank-loss indexes for a
standard temperature. On this basis, an attempt should be made to conduct tests at
approximately the same time of the year to minimize temperature variations. The
29
measurements on the bushings, however, may readily be corrected to the base temperature,
usually 20C. Separate tests for measuring the losses in the bushings are described later.
Air and gas circuit breakers vary so much in construction that specific instructions and
interpretation would be too lengthy. This section, however, does contain a detailed test
connection chart (Table 9) outlining the normal series of measurements performed on a
General Electric Type ATB Air-Blast Circuit Breaker. Table 10 outlines the normal series of
measurements performed on a three-column live tank breaker.
30
Table 6: SF6 Dead Tank Circuit Breaker Test Connections

Test Connections To
Bushings

Test
No.
CB
Insulation
Tested
Test
Mode
Measures
Grounds
Black
Red
C5G
C6G
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
C12
UST
Red
Blue
C34
UST
Red
Blue
C56
UST
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
Red
Blue
Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
C1G
C2G
3
4
7
8
O
P
E
N
O
P
E
N
9
10
11
12
C
L
O
S
E
D
C3G
C4G
C1G + C2G
C3G + C4G
C5G + C6G
Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
Red &
Blue
Guards
Bushing 2 floating
Bushing 1 floating
Bushing 4 floating
Bushing 3 floating
Bushing 6 floating
Bushing 5 floating
3 or 4
5 or 6
Insulation Tested
1 to 6 = Bushing terminals
G=
Ground
Note: No. in Black column is
bushing energized. Tests 1
through 6, 10, 11, and 12 all
other bushings must be floating.
31
Remarks
1 or 2
Diagram
Blue
Table 7: Tank-Loss Index of Oil Circuit Breakers (Equivalent to 10 kV Losses)

Tank Loss
Index
Insulation Rating
Test Remarks
Probable Problem
<0.16 W
Normal results for both open CB

tests
None
Good
>+0.16 W

tests
1. Tank oil
2. Tank liner
3. Lift rod
4. Auxiliary contact insulation
Investigate
>-0.16 W
High losses for both open CB

tests
1. Cross guide assembly

2. Isolated cross guide
3. Contact assembly insulation
4. Lift rod upper section (moisture
contaminated)
Investigate
1. Bushing with high loss reading

2. Arc interruption assembly
Investigate
1. Bushings
3. Tank oil
4. Tank liner
5. Lift rod
Investigate
Closed CB test near normal

<0.16 W
Normal results for one open CB

test
Other has high losses
<0.16 W

tests and closed CB test
32
Table 8: Tank-Loss Index of Oil Circuit Breakers (Equivalent to 2.5 kV Losses)

Tank Loss
Index
Insulation Rating
Test Remarks
Probable Problem
<10 mW

tests
None
Good
>+10 mW

tests
1. Tank oil
2. Tank liner
3. Lift rod
Investigate
>-10 mW

tests

4. Lift rod upper section (moisture
contaminated)
Investigate
1. Bushing with high loss reading

Investigate
1. Bushings
3. Tank oil
4. Tank liner
5. Lift rod
Investigate
Closed CB test near normal

<10 mW
Normal results for one open CB

test
Other has high losses
<10 mW

tests and closed CB test
33
Table 9: General Electric Air-Blast Type Circuit Breaker Test Connections

Test
No.
Insulation Tested
Test
Mode
Measures
Grounds
C2 + B2
UST
Red
C1 + B1 + I1
UST
C2 + B2 + C1 + B1 + I1
UST
Blue
Red &
Blue
R (or R + I3)
Black
Red
Blue
Remarks
Blue
A Grounded
Red
F Grounded
GST
Guards
Test Connections To
Breaker
Red &
Blue
Blue
Red
5
I2 + T *
GST
* Test performed only on units with current transformer.

Measurement Intercheck
Capacitance:
C1 = C3 - C2
Watts:
W1 = W3 - W2
Note: Subscripts are test no.s.
Entrance bushings
B1 & B2
C1 & C2 Grading capacitors
D
Module live tank
Upper insulator
I1
Lower insulator
I2
Insulator for units without current
I3
transformer
R
Glass fiber air supply tube, open
rods and
wood tie rods
T
Current transformer insulation
Protective glass fiber tube that
I4 and I5
encloses R tube
is slit at E with metal guard ring
34
F & A Guarded
D Guarded
F Grounded
Table 10: Live Tank Circuit Breaker Test Connections

(Typical Three-Column Support Per Phase)
Test
No.
Insulation
Tested
1
2
Test
Mode
Measures
Ground
s
C1
UST
Red
Blue
C2
UST
Blue
Red
Red &
Blue
S1
GST
C3
UST
Red
Blue
C4
UST
Blue
Red
Red &
Blue
S2
GST
C5
UST
Red
Blue
C6
UST
Blue
Red
S3
Guards
GST
Red &
Blue
Test Connections To
Breaker
Black
Red
Blue
Remarks
C Grounded
A Grounded
A & C Guarded
E Grounded
C Grounded
C & E Guarded
G Grounded
E Grounded
E & G Guarded
10
11
12
Note: To reduce the effects of severe electrostatic
interference, disconnect one side of L1 and L2
links to break circuit between modules. All
terminals and bus work not in measurement
circuit must be solidly grounded.
Diagram
A, C, E & G
B, D, F
C1 thru C6
grading
Low lead test connections

Module live tanks
Module entrance bushing and
capacitors
Connection links joining
L1, L2
modules
S1, S2, S3 Module support columns
35
Bushings
All modern bushings rated 23 kV and higher have a power factor or a capacitance tap which
permits dissipation factor testing of the bushing while it is in place on the apparatus without
disconnecting any leads to the bushing. The dissipation factor is measured by the
ungrounded specimen test (UST) which eliminates the influence of transformer winding
insulation, breaker arc-interrupters, or support structures which are connected to the bushing
terminal. The effects of stray capacitance between the bushing terminal and ground as well
as surface leakage over the porcelain are also eliminated from the measurement. The UST
method measures only the bushing and is not appreciably affected by conditions external to
the bushing.
Figure 15 shows the test connections between the test set and bushing when using the UST
test mode. Connect the high-voltage lead (black boot) to the terminal at the top of the
bushing and the low-voltage lead (red boot) to the power factor tap. Ground the apparatus
tank. The tap is normally grounded through a spring and it is necessary, when making
measurements, to remove the plug which seals and grounds the tap. Use the UST measure
red, ground blue test mode setting.
The UST test also can be used for making measurements on bushings which have provisions
for flange isolation. The normal method of isolating the flange from the apparatus cover is to
use insulating gaskets between the flange and cover and insulating bushings on all but one
of the bolts securing the mounting flange to the cover. During normal operation, the flange
is grounded by a single metal bolt; however, when testing the bushing, this bolt is removed.
The measurement is identical to that when testing bushings which have a power factor tap
except that the low-voltage lead, red in this case, is connected to the isolated bushing flange.
Hot Collar Test
The dielectric losses through the various sections of any bushing or pothead can be
investigated by means of a hot collar test which generates localized high-voltage stresses.
This is accomplished by using a conductive hot collar band designed to fit closely to the
porcelain surface, usually directly under the top petticoat, and applying a high voltage to the
band. The center conductor of the bushing is grounded. This test provides a measurement of
the losses in the section directly beneath the collar and is especially effective in detecting
conditions such as voids in compound filled bushings or moisture penetration since the
insulation can be subjected to a higher voltage gradient than can be obtained with the normal
bushing tests.
36
Measures main bushing insulation C1
CHG, CHL, and C3 shunt power supply, therefore no influence on measurement

C2 shunts bridge winding, therefore negligible influence if less than 5000 pF
Figure 15: UST Test on Transformer Bushing
37
This method is also useful in detecting faults within condenser layers in condenser-type
bushings and in checking the oil level of oil-filled bushings after a pattern of readings for a
normal bushing has been established. If an abnormal capacitance or dissipation factor
reading is obtained, the test should be repeated with the hot collar band wrapped around the
porcelain surface directly under the second petticoat rather than the first. If necessary, move
the band further down on the bushing to determine the depth that the fault has progressed.
The hot collar measurements are made by normal GST GROUND test method and the
bushing need not be disconnected from other components or circuits. Make sure that the
collar band is drawn tightly around the porcelain bushing to ensure a good contact and
eliminate possible partial discharge problems at the interface. Refer to the sections on
Significance of Humidity and Surface Leakage if tests are made under unfavorable
weather conditions.
Power Factor or Capacitance Tap Test
Insulation tests on a power factor or capacitance tap of a bushing are performed by the GST
with low lead guarded test method. For this test the high-voltage lead is connected to the tap,
the low-voltage red lead to the bushing center conductor, and the bushing flange grounded.
This method measures only the insulation between the tap and ground and is not appreciably
affected by connections to the bushing center conductor.
CAUTION
The power factor tap is normally designed to withstand only about 500 V while a
capacitance tap may have a normal rating of 2.5 to 5 kV. Before applying a test voltage to
the tap, the maximum safe test voltage must be known and observed. An excessive voltage
may puncture the insulation and render the tap useless.
Some bushings do not have a power factor or capacitance tap or an isolated mounting
flange. These bushings must be electrically isolated from the apparatus for test. This can be
accomplished by removing the metal bolts and temporarily replacing them with insulated
bolts. The insulating gasket between the bushing flange and apparatus cover will normally
provide sufficient insulation so that a UST type measurement can be made on the bushing in
the same manner as for a bushing which has provisions for flange isolation. Verify isolation
with an ohmmeter.
Evaluation of Test Results
Interpretation of capacitance and dissipation factor measurements on a bushing requires a

knowledge of the bushing construction since each type bushing has its own peculiar
characteristics. For example, an increase in dissipation factor in an oil-filled bushing may
indicate that the oil is contaminated, whereas an increase in both dissipation factor and
capacitance indicates that the contamination is likely to be water. For a condenser type
bushing which has shorted layers, the capacitance value will increase, whereas the
dissipation factor value may be the same in comparison with previous tests.
38
Except for the specific purpose of investigating surface leakage, the exposed insulation
surface of the bushing should be clean and dry to prevent surface leakage from influencing
the measurement. The effects of surface leakage are eliminated from the measurement when
testing by the UST test method.
Temperature correction curves for each design of bushing should be carefully established by
measurement and all measurements should be temperature corrected to a base temperature,
usually 20C. The temperature measurement should be based on that at the bushing surface.
The air temperature should also be recorded. When testing a bushing by the grounded
specimen method, the surface of the bushing should be at a temperature above the dew point
to avoid moisture condensation.
Rotating Machines
The main purpose of capacitance and dissipation factor tests on rotating machines is to
assess the extent of void formation within the winding insulation and the resulting damage
to the insulation structure due to ionization (partial discharge) in the voids. An overall
measurement on a winding will also give an indication of the inherent dissipation factor of
the winding insulation and will reveal potential problems due to deterioration,
contamination, or moisture penetration.
A power factor (dissipation factor) tip-up test is a widely used maintenance test in
evaluating the extent of insulation deterioration caused by ionization. In this test, the
dissipation factor is measured at two different voltages, the first low enough so that no
ionization occurs (normally 25 percent of rated line-to-ground voltage), the second at rated
line to ground voltage or slightly above rated voltage. The tip-up value is obtained by
subtracting the value of the dissipation factor measured at the lower test voltage from that
measured at the higher test voltage. When the dissipation factor increases significantly
above a certain voltage, it is evident that ionization is active and producing some loss. An
increase in dissipation factor above a certain voltage is a guide to the rate at which ionization
is occurring and gives guidance as to how the ionization action may be expected to
accelerate. If voids are short-circuited when ionization occurs, some increase of capacitance
with voltage may also result. Any forecast of remaining useful life must be based upon
knowledge of the resistance of the particular insulation to ionization.
In general, the coils nearest the line terminals and operating at the highest voltage to ground
are most affected by ionization. The reliable life remaining in a winding can often be
extended by obtaining dissipation factor versus voltage curves on all coils, replacing only
the worst, and regrouping them so that the coils with the least increase of dissipation factor,
and preferably lower value of dissipation factor, are nearest the line terminals. Considerable
extension of winding life can also be realized in many cases by measuring dissipation factor
versus voltage on groups of coils without removal and rearranging the line and neutral
connections accordingly. This can be done several times in a lifetime so that the coils are
evenly deteriorated.
39
An overall measurement on a rotor or stator winding is made on the insulation between the
winding and ground. In the case of three-phase stator windings, where the connection
between the winding phases and neutral can be conveniently opened, additional
measurements are also made on the interwinding or phase-to-phase insulation. When a tipup test is made on a complete phase winding, only the average value is measured; an
isolated section having an abnormally high tip-up may be completely masked.
Table 11 shows the specific connections between the test set and a typical generator threephase stator winding as well as the routine series of measurements performed on the
windings. It is assumed that the connection between the winding phases and also neutral are
opened. The phase-to-ground insulation tests are made by the GST test method, whereas, the
phase-to-phase tests are made by the UST test method.
When testing large generator windings which have a very high value of capacitance per
phase, the maximum specimen capacitance measurable at a particular test voltage may be
limited due to the thermal rating of the power supply transformer (refer to Section 3,
Specifications). For this case tests will have to be made at a reduced voltage level or with
the use of Resonating Inductor (Cat. No. 670600).
The temperature of the windings should be above and never below the ambient temperature
to avoid the effects of moisture condensation on the exposed insulating surface.
Temperature measurements when using temperature correction curves should be based on
that at the winding surface.
Avoid prolonged exposure to high humidity conditions before testing because such exposure
may result in moisture absorption in the insulating materials. It is desirable to make tests on
the winding insulation shortly after shutdown.
40
Table 11: Three-Phase Rotating Machinery Stator Test Connections (Motors and
Generators)
Test
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Insulation Tested
A to
A to B
B to
B to C
C to
C to A
A + B + C to
Test
Mode
Measures
Ground
s
GST
UST
Red
UST
Black
Red
Blue
Remarks
Red &
Blue
B & C Guarded
C Grounded
C & A Guarded
A Grounded
A & B Guarded
A,B,C
B Grounded
May require
Resonating Inductor
Red &
Blue
Red
Blue
Red &
Blue
GST
UST
GST
GND
Guards
Blue
GST
Red
Equivalent Circuit
Blue
Remarks
A = Phase A winding
B = Phase B winding
C = Phase C winding
G = Ground
Note: Short each winding on itself if possible.
41
Test Connections To
Windings
Cables
Cables rated for operation at 5 kV and above are usually shielded by a metal cable sheath.
Measurements for this type cable are made by the GST GROUND test method and are
confined to the insulation between the conductor and the sheath. The high-voltage lead is
connected to the cable conductor and the cable sheath solidly connected to the same
grounding system as the test set.
When testing three conductor cables which have a single metal cable sheath, UST tests
should be made between each conductor combination with the remaining cable grounded. A
second set of tests should be made between each conductor and ground with the remaining
two conductors guarded (GST test with guarding). A third test should be made between all
conductors connected together and ground (GST GROUND test). This test procedure is
similar to that when testing three winding transformers.
The test set measures the average dissipation factor of the cable; therefore, if a long length
of cable is measured, an isolated section of cable having an abnormally high dissipation
factor may be completely masked and have no significant effect on the average value. Thus,
the ability to detect localized defects will diminish as the cable length increases. Tests on
long lengths of cable give a good indication of the inherent dissipation factor of the
insulation and when compared with previous tests or measurements on similar cable may
reveal potential problems due to general deterioration, contamination, or moisture
penetration.
Cables are inherently of relatively high capacitances per unit length (typically 0.5 F per
phase per mile) so that for long lengths the kVA capacity of the test set power supply may
be exceeded. Refer to Section 3, Specifications, for maximum specimen capacitance
measurable at a particular test voltage.
Surge (Lightning) Arresters

A complete test on a surge arrester involves impulse and overvoltage testing as well as a test
for power loss at a specified test voltage using normal 50/60 Hz operating frequency.
Impulse and overvoltage testing is not generally performed in the field since it involves a
large amount of test equipment that is not easily transportable. Experience has demonstrated
that the measurement of power loss is an effective method of evaluating the integrity of an
arrester and isolating potential failure hazards. This test reveals conditions which could
affect the protective functions of the arrester, such as: the presence of moisture, salt deposits,
corrosion, cracked porcelain, open shunt resistors, defective pre-ionizing elements, and
defective gaps.
To evaluate the insulation integrity of an arrester, measure the power loss (watts-loss or
dissipation factor) at a specified voltage and compare it with previous measurements on the
same or similar arrester. Measurements on a surge arrester should always be performed at
the same or recommended test voltage since nonlinear elements may be built into an
arrester. When using this test set, all measurements should normally be made at 10 kV.
Except for the specific purpose of investigating surface leakage, the exposed insulation
surface of an arrester should be clean and dry to prevent leakage from influencing the
measurements.
42
Some types of arresters show a substantial temperature dependence, while others show very
little dependence. Temperature correction curves for each arrester design should be carefully
established by measurement, and all measurements should be temperature corrected to a
base temperature, usually 20C. The temperature measurement should be based on that at
the arrester surface. The air temperature should also be recorded. The surface of the arrester
should be at a temperature above the dew point to avoid moisture condensation.
WARNING
Exercise extreme care when handling arresters suspected of being damaged, since
dangerously high gas pressures can build up within a sealed unit.
It is recommended that tests be made on individual arrester units rather than on a complete
multi-unit arrester stack. A single arrester unit can be tested by the normal ungrounded
specimen test (UST) in the shop; however, it can only be tested by the grounded specimen
test (GST) when mounted on a support structure in the field. Table 11 shows the
recommended test procedure for testing installed multi-unit arrester stacks. When testing in
the field, disconnect the related high-voltage bus from the arrester.
Surge arresters are often rated on the basis of watts loss. To obtain the equivalent 10 kV
watts loss from a measurement of capacitance and dissipation factor, perform the following
calculations:
Watts loss = CpF x %DF x 377 x 10-6 (for 60 Hz)
Watts loss = CpF x %DF x 314 x 10-6 (for 50 Hz)
where: CpF
=
%DF =
capacitance in picofarads
percent dissipation factor
Note: Capacitance, dissipation factor, power factor, watts at 10 kV, current, and current at
10 kV can all be read directly from the DELTA-2000 test set. These formulas are provided
for informational purposes only.
43
Table 12: Surge Arrester Test Connections

Test
No.
Surge Arrester Symbol

Insulation Tested
Test
Mode
Measures
Ground
s
SA -A
UST
Blue
SA - B
UST
SA - C
UST
SA - D
GST
Guards
Test Connections To
Surge Arrester
Black
Red
Blue
Remarks
Red
Terminal 3 Grounded
Red
Blue
Terminal 1 Grounded
Red
Blue
Red
Note: All tests normally made at 10 kV.
Typical Multi-Unit Arrester Stack
44
Terminal 3 Guarded
In some cases, where limited test data are recorded, it may be desirable to convert equivalent
10 kV watts loss to equivalent 2.5 kV watts loss and vice versa. The conversion can be made
using the following formula. Keep in mind that the relationship is true only when testing
arresters which have a linear response below a 10 kV test voltage.
Watts loss @ 2.5 kV =
Watts loss @ 10 kV
16
An increase in dissipation factor or watts loss values compared with a previous test or tests
on identical arresters under the same conditions may indicate:
Contamination by moisture
Contamination by salt deposits
Cracked porcelain housing
Corroded gaps.
A decrease in dissipation factor or watts loss values may indicate:
Open shunt resistors

Defective pre-ionizing elements.
Liquids
To measure the dissipation factor of insulating liquids, a special test cell such as the Biddle
Catalog No. 670511 Oil Test Cell is required. It is constructed with electrodes which form
the plates of a capacitor and the liquid constitutes the dielectric. The test cell is a threeterminal type with a guard electrode to avoid measuring fringe effects and the insulation for
the electrode supports.
When samples of insulating liquid are tested, the specimen capacitance is used for
determining the dielectric constant (permittivity) of the insulating liquid. The ratio of the test
cell capacitance measured when empty (air dielectric) to the test cell capacitance measured
when filled (liquid dielectric) is the value of dielectric constant of the liquid. Instructions for
the use of the Oil Test Cell are contained in Instruction Manual AVTM670511.
Miscellaneous Assemblies and Components

When an apparatus is dismantled to locate internal trouble and make repairs, dissipation
factor measurements can be valuable in detecting damaged areas of insulation to such parts
as wood or fiberglass lift-rods, guides or support members. Sometimes existing metal parts
can be used as the electrodes between which measurements can be made. Sometimes it will
be necessary to provide electrodes. Conductive collars, can be used; aluminum foil also
works well. Whenever conducting material is used, ensure that intimate contact is made with
the critical areas of the insulation. Petroleum jelly or Dow Corning #4 insulating grease
applied at the interface surface often helps to obtain better physical contact.
45
It may sometimes be necessary to separate volume losses from surface losses by providing a
third (guard) terminal on or within the specimen insulation system. For example, an
insulating tube formed over a metal rod may be tested for internal damage in the insulation.
A conductive band (or foil) is applied near the center of the insulating tube with additional
conductive (guard) bands on each side, separated from the center band by enough clean
insulation to withstand the intended test voltage. With the metal rod grounded, the test set
will measure the capacitance and dissipation factor of the volume of insulation between the
center conductive band (high-voltage) and the metal rod. Figure 16 shows a typical test
setup.
Comparisons between dissipation factors of suspected areas and components against similar
parts which can be assumed to be in good condition are of prime importance in analyzing
insulation components. Dissipation factor voltage measurements can indicate the presence
of ionization in a component by a sudden tip-up of dissipation factor as the test voltage is
increased. Delaminations within a material can also be detected in this way. Avoid
overstressing component insulation by indiscriminate use of the available test voltage.
Consider the voltage on the component under normal operating conditions.
Figure 16: GST Test with Guarding on Insulated Tube Covering Metal Rod
46
Appendix C
Test Data Forms
Test Data Forms
Two-Winding Transformers Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
Three-Winding Transformers Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
Transformer Excitation Current Tests
Oil Circuit Breakers Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
SF6 Dead Tank Circuit Breakers Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
Vacuum Circuit Breakers Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
Air-Magnetic Circuit Breakers Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
Rotating Machinery (Motors and Generators) Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
Miscellaneous Equipment Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
AVO International
Valley Forge, PA U.S.A.
Two-Winding Transformers
Capacitance and Power Factor Tests
COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
XFMR IDENT.
XFMR SERIAL NO.
XFMR MFR
HIGH KV
HIGH KV BUSH
LOW KV
LOW KV BUSH
TYPE
SGL
Y
SGL
Y
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
OIL TEMPERATURE
% RH
WEATHER
TERTIARY KV
TERTIARY BUSH
KVA
SGL
Y
TRANSFORMER OVERALL TESTS

TEST CONNECTIONS
(WINDINGS)
TEST
NO.
TEST
MODE
ENG
GND
CHG
CHL
UST
CHL
CLG + CHL
CLG
GST
GND
GST
CHL
UST
CHL
TEST 5 MINUS TEST 6
CHG
CHG MINUS HIGH BUSH.
10
CLG
CLG MINUS LOW

BUSH.
CHG + CHL
GAR
UST
TEST
KV
GST
GND
GST
INSULATION TESTED
CAPACITANCE
C (PF)
MEASURED
20C
%PF
CORR
FCTR
mA
WATTS
INSULATION
RATING
L
L
TEST 1 MINUS TEST 2
EQUIV 10 KV
EQUIV 2.5 KV
% POWER FACTOR
H
H
H
BUSHING TESTS
TEST
NO.
HI
kV
11
UST
12
UST
13
UST
14
LO
BUSHING
NO. SER. NO.
UST
15
UST
16
UST
17
UST
kV
18
19
UST
OIL TEST
UST
INSULATION RATING KEY

G=
D=
I=
B=
GOOD
DETERIORATED
INVESTIGATE
BAD (REMOVE OR RECONDITION)
H = HIGH -VOLTAGE WINDING

L = LOW-VOLTAGE WINDING
G = GROUND
N = NEUTRAL BUSHING
NOTE: SHORT EACH WINDING ON ITSELF.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
REMARKS
Test No. 4, 8, 9, 10 are calculated intercheck values.
AVO International
Three-Winding Transformers
COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
XFMR IDENT.
XFMR SERIAL NO.
XFMR MFR
HIGH KV
HIGH KV BUSH
LOW KV
LOW KV BUSH
TYPE
SGL
Y
SGL
Y
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
KVA
OIL TEMPERATURE
% RH
WEATHER
TERTIARY KV
TERTIARY BUSH
TRANSFORMER OVERALL TESTS
TEST CONNECTIONS
(WINDINGS)
TEST
NO.
INSULATION TESTED
CHG + CHL
CHG
CHL
CHL
CLG + CLT
CLG
CLT
CLT
CTG + CHT
CTG
CHT
CHT
CHG
CLG
CTG
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
TEST
MODE
ENG
GND
GAR
GST
GST
UST
GST
UST
GST
CAPACITANCE
C (PF)
% POWER FACTOR
20C
CORR
MEASURED
%PF
FCTR
Y
EQUIV 10 KV
EQUIV 2.5 KV
mA
WATTS
L&T
T
TEST 1 minus TEST 2
GST
UST
TEST
KV
SGL
H
T &H
TEST 5 minus TEST 6

T
GST
UST
L
H&L
TEST 9 minus TEST 10
CHG minus high bushings
CLG minus low bushings
CTG minus tertiary bushings .

BUSHING TESTS
TEST
NO.
16
HI
kV
UST
17
UST
18
UST
19
LO
BUSHING
NO. SER. NO.
20
UST
21
UST
22
UST
kV
23
T
kV
UST
24
UST
25
UST
26
UST
27
28
N
OIL TEST

G=
D=
I=
B=
UST
UST
UST
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
GOOD
DETERIORATED
INVESTIGATE
H = HIGH -VOLTAGE WINDING

L=
LOW-VOLTAGE WINDING
T=
TERTIARY WINDING
G = GROUND
N = NEUTRAL BUSHING
NOTE: SHORT EACH WINDING ON ITSELF.
REMARKS
Test No. 4, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15 are calculated intercheck values
INSULLATION
RATING
AVO International
Transformer
Excitation Current Tests
COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
XFMR INDENT.
XFMR SERIAL NO.
XFMR MFR
HIGH KV
LOW KV
TERTIARY KV
TYPE
SGL
SGL
SGL
TEST
NO.
LOAD TAP
CHANGER
POSITION
KVA
Y
Y
Y
PHASE A
TEST
KV
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
OIL TEMPERATURE
%RH
WEATHER
TERMINAL
SYMBOL
MILLIAMPERE
S
PHASE B
TERMINAL
SYMBOL
MILLIAMPERES
PHASE C
TERMINAL
SYMBOL
MILLIAMPERES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
TAP POSITION
R = RAISED
L = LOWERED
N = NEUTRAL
NOTE: Periodic tests should be performed at same test voltage.
REMARKS
REMARKS
AVO International
Oil Circuit Breakers

COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
BREAKER IDENT.
BREAKER MFR
BREAKER KV
BREAKER SERIAL NO.
BUSHING MFR
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
OIL TEMPERATURE
%RH
WEATHER
TYPE
AMPS
TYPE
KV
CIRCUIT BREAKER OVERALL TESTS

TEST CONNECTIONS
BUSHING
TEST
NO.
CB
INSULATION
TESTED
C2G
C3G
C4G
C5G
C6G
8
9
C
L
O
S
E
D
TEST
MODE
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
C1G
C1G + C2G
ENG
GND
GAR
UST
TEST
KV
CAPACITANCE
C(PF)
% POWER FACTOR
20C
CORR
MEASURED
%PF
FCTR
EQUIV 10 KV
EQUIV 2.5 KV
mA
WATTS
INSULATION
RATING
1
2
3
4
5
6
1&2
C3G + C4G
GST
GND
3&4
C5G + C6G
GST
GND
5&6
BUSHING & OIL TESTS

TEST
BUSHING
SER. NO.
NO.
NO.
10
UST
TAP
11
UST
TAP
12
UST
TAP
13
UST
TAP
14
UST
TAP
15
UST
TAP
16
TANK 1 OIL
UST
17
TANK 2 OIL
UST
18
TANK 3 OIL
UST
DIAGRAM

G=
D=
I=
B=
GOOD
DETERIORATED
INVESTIGATE
INSULATION TESTED
Note: Circuit breaker open: bushing tests
(Test No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
Circuit breaker closed: tank tests
(Test No. 7, 8, and 9).
1 TO 6 =
G=
BUSHING TERMINALS
GROUND
Note: No. in ENG column is bushing

energized, all other bushings must be
floating.
TANK LOSS INDEX

TANK 1 = W7 -(W1 + W2) =
TANK 2 = W8 - (W3 + W4) =
TANK 3 = W9 - (W5 + W6) =
Note: Subscripts are test no.s. Index may be
positive or negative.
AVO International
SF6 Dead Tank Circuit Breakers

COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
BREAKER IDENT.
BREAKER MFR
BREAKER KV
BREAKER SERIAL NO.
BUSHING MFR
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
%RH
WEATHER
TYPE
AMPS
TYPE
KV
TEST CONNECTIONS
BUSHING
TEST
NO.
CB
INSULATION
TESTED
C34
UST
C56
UST
C1G + C2G
GST
GND
1&2
C3G + C4G
GST
GND
3&4
C5G + C6G
GST
GND
5&6
C3G
C4G
C5G
10
C6G
11
12
C
L
O
S
E
D
UST
GAR
C2G
O
P
E
N
GND
C12
ENG
TEST
MODE
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
UST
C1G
TEST
KV
CAPACITANCE
C(PF)
% POWER FACTOR
20C
CORR
MEASURED
%PF
FCTR
2
3
4
5
6
BUSHING TESTS
TEST
BUSHING
SER. NO.
NO.
NO.
13
UST
TAP
14
UST
TAP
15
UST
TAP
16
UST
TAP
17
UST
TAP
18
UST
TAP
DIAGRAM

G=
D=
I=
B=
GOOD
DETERIORATED
INVESTIGATE
INSULATION TESTED
1 TO 6 =
G=
BUSHING TERMINALS
GROUND
.
energized in Tests 1 through 6, 10, 11, and
12 all other bushings must be floating.
REMARKS
EQUIV 10 KV
EQUIV 2.5 KV
mA
WATTS
INSULATION
RATING
AVO International
Vacuum Circuit Breakers

COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
BREAKER IDENT.
BREAKER MFR
BREAKER KV
BREAKER SERIAL NO.
BUSHING MFR
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
%RH
WEATHER
TYPE
AMPS
TYPE
KV
TEST CONNECTIONS
BUSHING
TEST
NO.
CB
INSULATION
TESTED
UST
C34
UST
C56
UST
C3G
C4G
C5G
GAR
C2G
C6G
O
P
E
N
GND
C12
ENG
TEST
MODE
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
GST
GND
UST
C1G
TEST
KV
CAPACITANCE
C(PF)
% POWER FACTOR
20C
CORR
MEASURED
%PF
FCTR
2
3
4
5
6
BUSHING TESTS
TEST
BUSHING
SER. NO.
NO.
NO.
10
UST
11
UST
12
UST
13
UST
14
UST
15
UST
DIAGRAM

G=
D=
I=
B=
GOOD
DETERIORATED
INVESTIGATE
INSULATION TESTED
1 TO 6 =
G=
BUSHING TERMINALS
GROUND

energized in Tests 1 through 6, all other
bushings must be floating
REMARKS
EQUIV 10 KV
EQUIV 2.5 KV
mA
WATTS
INSULATION
RATING
AVO International
Air-Magnetic Circuit Breakers

COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
BREAKER IDENT.
BREAKER MFR
BREAKER KV
BREAKER SERIAL NO.
BUSHING MFR
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
%RH
WEATHER
TYPE
AMPS
TYPE
KV
TEST CONNECTIONS
BUSHING
TEST
NO.
CB
INSULATION
TESTED
TEST
MODE
ENG
C1G
GST
GND
GAR
UST
C2G
GST
C3G
GST
C4G
GST
C5G
GST
C6G
GST
C12
UST
C34
UST
C56
UST
6
7
8
9
O
P
E
N
TEST
KV
CAPACITANCE
C(PF)
% POWER FACTOR
20C
CORR
MEASURED
%PF
FCTR
BUSHING TESTS
TEST
BUSHING
SER. NO.
NO.
NO.
10
UST
11
UST
12
UST
13
UST
14
UST
15
UST
DIAGRAM
NSULATION RATING KEY

G=
D=
I=
B=
GOOD
DETERIORATED
INVESTIGATE
INSULATION TESTED
1 TO 6 =
G=
BUSHING TERMINALS
GROUND

energized.
Note: UST test checks grading capacitors
across open contacts.
REMARKS
EQUIV 10 KV
EQUIV 2.5 KV
mA
WATTS
INSULATION
RATING
AVO International
Rotating Machinery
(Motors and Generators)
COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
EQUIPMENT TESTED
SERIAL NO.
KVA/MVA
RPM
MFR
STATOR INSUL
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
STATOR TEMPERATURE
% RH
WEATHER
STATOR KV
HP
ROTOR IN OUT
TYPE
AGE
TEST CONNECTIONS
TEST
NO.
PHASE TESTED
TEST
MODE
ENG
GND
GAR
EQUIV 10 KV
EQUIV 2.5 KV
% POWER FACTOR
UST
TEST
KV
CAPACITANCE
C (PF)
MEASURED
%TIP
UP
REACTOR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

G=
D=
I=
B=
GOOD
DETERIORATED
INVESTIGATE
A = PHASE A WINDING
B = PHASE B WINDING
C = PHASE C WINDING
G = GROUND
NOTE: Short each phase winding on itself, if possible
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
REMARKS
mA
WATTS
INSULATION
RATING
AVO International
Miscellaneous Equipment
COMPANY
TEST LOCATION
EQUIPMENT TESTED
EQUIPMENT IDENT.
DATE
TESTED BY
TEST SET NO.
AIR TEMPERATURE
OIL TEMPERATURE
% RH
WEATHER
TEST CONNECTIONS
TEST
NO.
INSULATION TESTED
TEST
MODE
ENG
GND
GAR
% POWER FACTOR
UST
TEST
KV
CAPACITANCE
C (PF)
MEASURED
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

G=
D=
I=
B=
GOOD
DETERIORATED
INVESTIGATE
REMARKS
20C
%PF
CORR
FCTR
EQUIV 10 KV
EQUIV 2.5 KV
INSUL-
mA
ATION
RATING
WATTS
Appendix D
Temperature Correction Tables
Table 1: Temperature Correction Factors for Liquids, Transformers, and Regulators

TEST TEMPERATURE
OIL-FILLED POWER TRANSFORMERS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
66
70
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
107.6
111.2
114.8
118.4
122.0
125.6
129.2
132.8
136.4
140.0
143.6
150.8
158.0
ASKAREL
FILLED
XFMRS
FREEBREATHING
&
CONSERVATOR
TYPE
SEALED
&
GASKET
BLANKETED
TYPE
OIL-FILLED
INSTRUMENT
XFMRS
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.81
0.76
0.72
0.68
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.53
0.51
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.39
0.37
0.35
0.33
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.12
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.50
1.48
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.41
1.38
1.35
1.31
1.27
1.24
1.20
1.16
1.12
1.08
1.04
1.00
0.96
0.91
0.87
0.83
0.79
0.76
0.73
0.70
0.67
0.63
0.60
0.58
0.56
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.47
0.45
0.44
0.42
0.38
0.36
0.33
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.12
1.57
1.54
1.50
1.47
1.44
1.41
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.28
1.25
1.22
1.19
1.16
1.14
1.11
1.09
1.07
1.05
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.75
0.73
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.62
0.59
0.56
0.54
0.51
0.49
0.47
0.45
0.43
0.41
0.40
0.36
0.33
1.67
1.64
1.61
1.58
1.55
1.52
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.36
1.33
1.30
1.27
1.23
1.19
1.16
1.12
1.08
1.04
1.00
0.97
0.93
0.90
0.86
0.83
0.80
0.77
0.74
0.71
0.69
0.67
0.65
0.62
0.60
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.45
0.42
Table 2: Bushing Temperature Correction Factors

TEST TEMPERATURE
GENERAL ELECTRI C
TYPE B
TYPE F
TYPES
L-LC LILM
TYPES
OF-OFI
OFM
TYPES
S-SI-SM
TYPE U
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
66
70
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
107.6
111.2
114.8
118.4
122.0
125.6
129.2
132.8
136.4
140.0
143.6
150.8
158.0
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.93
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.77
0.75
0.73
0.71
0.69
0.67
0.65
0.63
0.61
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.78
0.74
0.70
0.64
0.58
0.52
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.83
0.82
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.70
0.66
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.97
0.96
0.94
0.93
0.91
0.90
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.78
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.70
0.67
0.63
0.61
0.58
0.56
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.46
0.44
0.40
0.39
0.36
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.12
1.11
1.10
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.04
1.03
1.01
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.93
0.92
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.70
0.68
0.67
0.63
0.60
0.56
0.53
0.50
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.38
0.36
0.33
0.28
0.23
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96

TEST TEMPERATURE
LAPP INSULATOR COMPANY
MICANITE AND INSULATORS COMPANY
CLASS P O C
15 TO 69 KV
PRC
25 TO 69 KV
ABOVE 69 KV
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
54
56
58
60
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
122.0
125.6
129.2
132.8
136.4
140.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.80
1.55
1.13
0.86
1.40
1.09
0.91
1.25
1.06
0.95
1.12
1.03
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.04
0.89
0.97
1.08
0.80
0.94
1.11
0.72
0.91
1.13
0.64
0.88
1.13
0.56
0.86
1.11
0.50
0.83
1.01

TEST TEMPERATURE
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
50
58
60
62
66
70
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
107.6
111.2
114.8
118.4
122.0
125.6
129.2
132.8
136.4
140.0
143.6
150.8
158.0
OHI O BRASS
W ESTI NGHOUSE
CLASS
G & l
46 TO
138 KV
CLASS
L 7.5
TO
34.5
KV
CLAS
S GK
69 TO
196 KV
CLASS
LK 23
TO 69
KV
TYPE D
CONDE
N-SER
TYPE O
TYPE O
1.54
1.50
1.47
1.43
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.32
1.29
1.26
1.24
1.21
1.18
1.16
1.14
1.11
1.09
1.07
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.95
1.93
0.91
0.89
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.71
0.69
0.68
0.66
0.65
1.29
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24
1023
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.17
1.16
1.14
1.12
1.11
1.09
1.07
1.06
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.00
0.99
0.97
0.96
0.94
0.93
0.91
0.90
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.76
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.90
0.90
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.93
0.93
0.94
0.94
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.24
1.26
1.27
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.33
1.34
1.35
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.21
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.26
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.12
1.10
1.09
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.71
0.69
0.65
0.62
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.51
0.49
1.61
1.56
1.52
1.48
1.44
1.40
1.36
1.33
1.30
1.26
1.23
1.21
1.18
1.16
1.13
1.11
1.09
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.59
0.56
0.53
0.51
0.50
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.42
0.40
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.88
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
DELTA 2000
5/27/98

DELTA-2000 - User Guide

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AVTM 672001

Copyright February 1997 by AVO International

Controls, Indicators, and Connectors .......................................................................... 12

Setup and Operation.................................................................................................... 18

Maintenance and Calibration ....................................................................................... 40

Spare Parts List ........................................................................................................... 50

Data-Key Data Downloader Program

Maximum Measurable Specimen Capacitance at 50/60 Hz........................................... 8

Ungrounded specimen test (UST), three positions

Automatic balance control by high-performance microprocessor.

Automatic self-checking of test set calibration and operation.

Large, easy-to-read LCD shows alphanumeric and graphic data.

Front-panel MENU switches select operating mode.

Automatic interference suppression circuit ensures trouble-free operation in switchyards (up to

Direct reading of the following quantities:

External printer records test data.

Optional bar code wand records equipment identification and temperature.

Two safety interlocks (hand switch or foot switch).

Two-piece design makes the test set easy to transport.

Safety is the responsibility of the user.

Misuse of this high-voltage equipment can be extremely dangerous.

Never connect the test set to energized equipment.

Operation is prohibited in rain or snow.

Do not use the test set in an explosive atmosphere.

Observe all safety warnings marked on the equipment.

Warning and Caution Notices

120 V ac, 60 Hz, 12 A continuous, IEC 1010-1 installation category II

IEC designation: Type T, 230 V, 3.15 A

Output Voltage and Current

Maximum continuous current: 100 mA @ 10 kV, 83 mA @ 12 kV

250 V to 12 kV, 10 V resolution.

0 to 5 A, in 5 ranges, 1A maximum resolution on low range

1 pF to 1.1F, 0.01 pF maximum resolution on low ranges

0 to 200%, 0.01% DF maximum resolution

0 to 90%, 0.01% PF maximum resolution

0 to 2 kW, actual power

(1% of reading + 1 digit)

(1% of reading + 1 digit)

(0.5% of reading + 2 pF) in UST mode

(2% of reading + 0.05% DF)

(2% of reading + 0.05% PF)

Watts loss at 10 kV:

(2% of reading + 1 mW)

Ground Red, Measure Blue

Cancellation Range and Maximum Interference Conditions

1000 T in any direction.

Operator selectable automatic forward/reverse measurement averaging.

Maximum Measurable Specimen Capacitance

Maximum Capacitance (F)

Maximum Capacitance (F)

2.5 & less

-58 to 140F (-50 to 60C)

0 to 90% noncondensing (operating)

15 x 22 x 16 in. (381 x 559 x 406 mm) (H x W x D)

15 x 22 x 16 in. (381 x 559 x 406 mm) (H x W x D)

Zero start for output voltage.

Printer interface cable for connecting printer to control unit.

LOW VOLTAGE LEAD CONFIGURATION

Figure 1: Control Unit Front Panel

Ground Red, Measure Blue

HIGH VOLTAGE OFF

HIGH VOLTAGE CONTROL

MEASURE When pressed, initiates a measurement test. When