Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
21 (1985), 1237-1260
Dressing Transformations
and Poisson Group Actions
By
o A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY*
1238
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
I prefer this term to the one originally used in [8] which was 'Hamilton Lie groups'.
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
1239
fact crucial since it changes the composition law of dressing transformations. With the group action on the phase space at hand, a question on its Poisson properties may be correctly posed and solved. In
passing we discover a new Poisson structure which is in a sence dual
to the one studied in [7], [8].
It is precisely this new Poisson
structure that is relevant for the Poisson properties of dressing
transformations. It also plays an important role in the description of
Lax equations (as explained in sections 3-5 below). For technical
reasons we shall mainly deal with the difference Lax equations. The
results for the continuous case are analogous and are stated at the
end of Section 6.
Our result has a clear bearing on the quantization problem.
Namely, it indicates that the dressing transformation group itself
should be quantized, its matrix elements becoming g-numbers rather
than ordinary c-numbers.
An appropriate algebraic notion of a
"quantum group" was recently proposed by V. Drinfel'd. I hope to
consider these questions more closely in a separate publication.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank V. Drinfel'd for very valuable and
stimulating discussions. Discussions held during the International
Taniguchi Symposium at Kyoto and Katata in August, 1984 were
also of considerable support to me. I am deeply grateful to the
organizers of Taniguchi Symposium for their hospitality. The present
paper gives an answer to the question enrolled in the list of open
problems published by the Taniguchi Foundation.
1. Basic Algebra Related to the Yang-Baxter Identity
The technical background for our study in provided by the rmatrix formalism as developed in [7], [8]. We begin with a brief
review of the relevant facts.
Definition 1. Let $ be a Lie algebra, R^Eud g a linear operator.
We say (Q,R) is a Baxter Lie algebra if
(i) There is a nondegenerate invariant scalar product on g
(ii) R is skew-symmetric and satisfies the Yang-Baxter identity
1240
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
( 1)
X=X+-X,
Proposition 2,
(i)
R b = P8~PQRtEEndb
D
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
1241
x = x+x~l
with (x+, #_) eG K cD. This mapping establishes a local homeomorphism of GR into G. The factorization problem (6) may be regarded
as an abstract version of the Riemann problem,,
Let 5 GcGxG be the diagonal subgroup.
For each (#,jy) eD
there exists a unique factorization
( 7)
(f, f) e5G,
(A + , A.) eG*.
2.
Classical r-matrices are used to define Poisson structures on Lie
groups. We shall eventually need quite a lot of them, their mutial
relations being of importance to describe integrable systems, their
dynamics and their transformation groups. A fairly general class of
Poisson brackets is defined as follows.
Let H be a Lie group, 5 its Lie algebra,, Suppose, there is an
invariant scalar product on \
For <p^C(H) let us denote by
V^V'y^fy its left and right gradients defined by
Put
(9)
Theorem 1. Suppose R,R'^Endty are skew-symmetric and satisfy the
Yang-Baxter identity (1). Then (9) is a Poisson bracket on H.
Sketch of a proof, (i) Consider first the right and left brackets (cf.
[11]).
do)
{p,0r=(/2'(r;),F;),
fe>,0.=(*(P,),r,).
1242
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
-c. P.
For obvious reasons one has also [^,^1=0 (since right and left
shifts commute). Now, the r-matrices R, R' satisfy the classical YangBaxter identity (1). Hence (11) simplifies to
(12)
(13)
H(Ri _
(14)
^(/2,O
[<p, 0} y^j (^) = f^^, ^} X.-R) (A?) + {^, 4^} az.fi/) (7)
Let 3$4.i2' be the Hamiltonian operator associated with (9) in the left
invariant frame. Obviously, one has
2%.fi/(*) =R' + Ad x^oRoAd x
whence
7fi,ff'(*jO =^R,R/(J) +Adj;- 1 o^ > _ R (^)oAd>
(16)
(17)
F^OO
* =r;c^),
F'j/ w =Ad^-r;c^).
The second
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
1243
we get the structure of a Poisson Lie group for both G and D = GxG,
We shall refer to the Poisson structure on G(-RiR^ as the Sklyanin
bracket,
Let us recall now the basic definition of [8].
Suppose H is a
Poisson Lie group, its Lie algebra, I)* its dual. For fy^GEl}* choose
p,0eC co (fl r ) such that $ = djp, r] = de<p and put
(18)
[8].
defined
inner
the
Their
1244
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
In a sence, the Poisson structures on SG and GR are dual to each
Hence,
\ /
UJU
1,
CIL
A^rM
K1
L^
r-L,***}
-Lr-L
Z*
Mi
(iii) Let g+(t), g-(t) be the solutions of the factorization problem (6)
with the left hand side
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
1245
(20)
L (O^CO-1^ CO-
(21)
if
(22)
This statement is a direct consequence of the definitions.
Theorem 60 Let GxM~>M be a Poisson group action. Let HdG
be a connected Lie subgroup. Assume that I)-1- eg* is a Lie subalgebra. Then
the algebra CH of H-invariant functions is a Lie subalgebra in C(M)a
Proof. Let <p,0^CH. Then X<p = X<f> = 0 for X(E% and f 9 ,^e^-.
From (22) we get immediately
1246
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
Basically this observation (due to Drinfel'd) motivated the definition of the Poisson bracket on D(RiR}. We now use it to describe a
new Poisson structure on G.
Proposition 7. (i) The natural action of the diagonal subgroup 8GdD
on D(Riin is a Poisson action, (ii) Canonical projections n*': Z)->5G\Z>,
TT: D~>D/8G are dual to each other in the sence of [9].
Proof, (i) This is a special case of Theorem 2. (ii) By definition,
this means that left- and right 5G-invariant functions on D centralize
each other with respect to the Poisson bracket on D(RiR^. Suppose
is left-5G-invariant, 0eC(.D) is right-5G-invariant. Then
L 8 and
-=$
TT : (*, jO H-^jr1,
G\D is G itself.
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
Proposition 8. Equip G with the quotient Poisson structure.
symplectic leaves coincide with the conjugacy classes in G.
Proof.
1247
Its
>G.
(24)
Hence injection GR^D and projection D~+GR give the same Poisson
structures on GR (at least up to sign). The dual assertion is also
true.
Proposition 10. The quotient Poisson structure on G~D/GR coincides
with the Sklyanin bracket on G.
Proposition 11.
each other.
1248
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
(25)
X' = V9
h:(x,j>)(h+Xh-\
h+yh~1}.
Hence
y=y*y-\
in
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
1249
at
~ ,
g: h^gh'g-1.
(iii) Let
g^ (f) 3 g- (0 be the solutions to the factorization problem (6) with the left
hand side given by
(29)
(0=exp*F,(Lo).
(30)
The proof of (30) follows the same lines as in Theorem 50
However, we shall now twist the Poisson structure on D. Extend T
to b = gg by the formula
(31)
t(X,Y) = (X,TY)
and put
(32)
*R> = ioRbo}-\
1250
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
by
8
translations is a Poisson action, (ii) The natural action of
G on D
"
left
tr Ky K^)
R b ,DR j , )
TT: (x,i>)^xy-\
n'\
Projections
(x,y}^~ly~lx.
Poisson
manifold
Proof.
Clearly,
Integral curves of
the
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
1251
h:(x,y)(h+xh-\
*h+yhll).
Theorem 9.
(i) Invariants of (35) form a Lie subalgebra in
C(D(r R .RJ ) (ii) The Quotient Poisson structure on D/GR G coincides
b
p: (x,y) ^^y^xy-,
y=y+y~\
(37)
(X,Y)
(38)
^(i)
= H L4 ,
T(L) = ff Lk .
l<k<N
1252
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
(39)
<pm+l = 0mLm,
m = I,...,N,
= LmMm+1~MmLm,
(iii) Let (gm) (t) be the solution to the factorization problem (6) with the
left hand side given by
="
exp t9
The integral curve of (41) with the origin at L = (L\, . . . , Zw) is given
by
(42)
Lm (0 = (gj (0 -^
(gm+J
(0 .
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
(For simplicity we assumed in (41) that G is a matrix group 0
generalization is of course straightforward) .
1253
The
60 Dressing Transformations
We now turn to the definition of dressing transformations on the
group G, Consider again the linear difference system (39). Let (fik
be its solution given by (38) i. e. satisfying the normalization condition
<pi=l, (Note that arbitrary solutions of (39) may be obtained from
(38) by a left translation 9^.^A<^? /z=G) 0
The dressing action
GxGR->G is defined by
(*),= (fa1 a (g) <*) ?LH (fcV (g) <pn+i} +
(43)
<P/=g+-l<Pn(fa
<Png = <Pn(<Pn^g<Pn}^
g^G.
Note that the action (44) preserves the normalization condition ^i=l.
We shall see readily that the normalization factor g+l in (44) affects
the composition law of dressing transformations.
Proposition 17. Formula
(46)
xff=g^1x(x'1a(g)x)
1254
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
D>G is given by
(47)
p: (*, jO -*(*'!?)+
In passing we note an
(i) The
D(R ,R ) -
>R} XGR-*D(R iR
) is a Poisson
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
satisfying the normalization condition <fii(L)=l,
Poisson structure on V by demanding that
1255
We fix the
ft-1^,)
- (R (?9n) , F,m) ,
n <m.
2{^ fPm }
(w)=^R,(V;)9w-^9
1256
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
Since V9{hw) =Ad h (F^ (te;)), our assertion now follows from the
definition of Poisson actions.
Define an action WxGNR-+W by right translations
Proposition 200 Ri ght-GNR-invariant functions on W form a Lie subalgebra with respect to the Poisson bracket (49).
Proof. It suffices to prove that the Poisson bracket of two cylindrical
G^-invariant functions is again Gf-invariant. Note that Gf-invariance
of <pn implies /2 b (Fp ) = p'<pn* Hence the formula (49) simplifies to give
(5 1 ) fe?,, <pm}
, , ^3
We
We are able now to finish the proof of Theorem 12. Just observe
that diagonal action GRxW->W projects down to the dressing action
(44) on V (this is basically the contents of Proposition 17). Since
DX W/G\->W/G\ is a Poisson action and GRdD is a Poisson subgroup,
our main assertion follows.
We conclude our paper with a few remarks on the continuous
case. The definition of dressing transformations in the continuous
case is given as follows. Let & =C(Ii,Q) be the current algebra
associated with a Baxter Lie algebra (Q,R). We extend R to ^ by
RX(x) =R(X(x)) and define scalar product on ^ in the ordinary way
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
1257
differential
dJ> = <f>L
normalized by
Put
(54)
Theorem 14.
The proof follows the same lines as before with minor changes, so
we shall not dwell upon it.
Lemma A8 1.
x
Natural action of D (r
l
by (gi9g2) '-x^gi g2 is
r
^b 1 "" RV
xD(-R
R}
' b
on D (TR
vRJ
given
Poisson action,
Then
1258
Proof,
only if
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
An element ((Xi,X2), (Yi, Y 2 )) ^bb annihilates QR if and
R.(Xl~T~lX2)+R+(Yl~Y2)=Q.
Equivalently,
implies
Q.E.D.
The first assertion of Theorem 9 now follows from Theorem 6.
Recall that the canonical projection p: D->G is given by
(A. 2)
p: O,j;) H-^~ly+lxy- .
Hence
DRESSING TRANSFORMATIONS
1259
+ (Z_,ry_)-(Xl,rY_)
(A. 5)
Hence
(A. 6)
A=l
n-1
~H-i(R($kl<p n <Pk)3
k=i
fik1?*
m $1)9
n<m,
Hence
(A. 7)
F^ \v = (^(X)
+,
^ (X) +^1)
1260
M. A. SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY
Q.E.D.
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