Fractions

What is a Fraction?
If you divide an apple equally between two persons. each person gets half an
apple, or one of the two equal parts of the apple. If you divide it equally between

three persons, each person gets a third of the apple, or one of the three equal
parts of the apple; if you divide it between four persons, each person gets one
fourth, and so on.

Quantities such as these, which represent parts of a whole, are called fractions.
1 1 1 1 1
Fractions such as - , - . - , - . - , . .. are called unit fractions because they
2 3 4 5 6

represent one of the parts of a whole. However, a fraction need not always
represent one of the parts of a whole. The following are also fractions.

5 one-sixth
parts= 516

3 one-fourth
parts= 314

5 one-fourth
parts= 5/4

Denominator and numerator

In a fraction, the number above the line of division is called the numerator and
the number below the line is called the denominator.
3
Examples (i) In , numerator = 3 and denominator = 7.
7
(ii)

In ~, numerator = 2 and denominator = 13.

13

(iii) In .!...!. , numerator

= 11 and denominator
= 6.
.
N-38

N-39

Fractions

Proper fractions and improper fractions

If the numerator of a fraction is less than the denominator then the fraction is
called a proper fraction. If the numerator is greater than or equal to the

denominator then the fraction is called an improper fraction.

3 5 23

Examples - , - , -

77

, - - are some proper fractions.

4 8 60 123
6 13 25 8

- ,5

,-

, - are some improper fractions.

Mixed fractions
A fraction which consists of (i) a natural number and (ii) a proper fraction is
called a mixed fraction.
Examples (i) 1.!. =the natural number 1, and the proper fraction.!. together.
3
3
2
4
2
4
(ii) 2
=2 +
(iii) 3 .!. = 3 + .!.
(iv) 7 = 7 +
5

Since a mixed fraction is made up of a natural number and a proper fraction,

it is also known as a mixed number. The natural number is the integral part
of a mixed fraction, while the proper fraction is the fractional part of the
mixed fraction.
Any mixed fraction can be written as an improper fraction. Conversely, any
improper fraction can be written as a mixed fraction.
7
Examples (i) 1 3 = 4 one fourths + 3 one fo\lrths = 7 one fourths =

(ii)

= 9 one fifths = 5 one fifths + 4 one fifths = 1 +

4
5

4
4

=1
5

To write a mixed fraction as an improper fraction, use:

.
.
_ integral part x denominator+ numerator- in the fractional part
Mixed fraction d enomina t or

Examples (i) 3 5

= 3 x 5+2
5

17

=-
5

(ii) 2 2 = 3x2+2 =8.

To write an improper fraction as a mixed fraction, use:

Improper fraction

= quotient in {numerator + denominator)+ dremainder

min t
eno
a or

-------

---

Examples (i) 37 = 9 .!.

(: in 37 + 4, quotient = 9 and remainder = 1).

37 = 6 .!.

(. in 37 +6, quotient = 6 and remainder = 1).

(ii)

_I

Equivalent fraction
Half of each of the following circles is shaded, so the shaded portions are equal.
However, in the first circle, the shaded portion represents one of two equal

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

N-40

parts, in the second circle, two of four equal parts, in the third circle, four of
eight equal parts, and in the fourth circle, three of six equal parts.

We can put this numerically as, - = - = - = -

Such fractions are called equivalen t fractions because they are equal in value.
2 l x2
4 l x 4 3 l x3
-= - - . - = - - . - = --
Observe that
4 2 x 2 8 2 x 4 6 2 x3
1 2 + 2 4+4 3 + 3
Also,
- = --= - - = - -
2 4 + 2 8+4 6 + 3
In general. If the numerator and the denominator of a fraction are multiplied
or divided by the same number (other than 0), we get an equivalent fraction.

Examples (i) 2 = 2 x 2 = 4 = 2 x 3 = 6 = 2 x 4 = ~ , etc.

3 3 x 2 6 3x3 9 3 x 4 12
(ii) ~ = 12 + 2 = 6 = 12 +3 = 4 = 12 + 6 = 2 .

18

18 + 2

18 +3

18 +6

Fraction in lowest terms

A fraction is said to be in lowest terms (its s implest form ) if its numerator and

denominator have no factor in common except 1.

1 2 5 13 18
Examples - , - , - , - , - are in lowes t terms.
5 7 9

2 15 100 22
- , - ,- - , - are not in lowest terms.
6 35 40 10
A fraction can be reduced to its lowest terms by cancelling out the common
factors of the numerator and the qenominator. This can be done by (a ) prime
factorisation Cb) or HCF.
135
to lowest terms.
150

EXAMPLE

Reduce

Solution

By prime factorisation
135 =5 x 27 = 5 x 3x9 = 5x3x3x3.
150 = 2 x 75 = 2 x 5 x 15 = 2 x 5 x 5 x 3.

ByHCF

HCFofl35and 150 = 5 x 3 = 15.

135 135 + 15 9
- - --- =-
150 150 + 15 10

135 .Sx 3 x 3 xZ 3 x 3 9
- - - - - = - -.= -
150 2 x.Sx5xZ 2 x 5 10.
Note In general, a fraction is expressed in its lowest terms.

Fractions

N-41

Like fractions and unlike fractions

Fractions are called like fractions if their denominators are equal. ,
1 3 6 21
.
Examples - , - . - , - are like fractions.
10 10 10 10
.
6 3 9 12
- . - , - , - are unlike fractions, though they are equal fractions.
10 5 15 20
Conversion of fractions into like fractions

Steps

1. Find the LCM of the denominators of the fractions.

2. Multiply the numerato~ and denominator of each fractions by
LCM ..,.. denominator.

EXAMPLE
Solution

17

Reduce - and - into like fractions.

24
42

2 24, 42
3 12,21

LCM of 24 and 42 is 2 x 3 x 4 x 7, that is, 168.

4, 7

Now, 168-;-24 -:.: 7and168 -;- 42 = 4.

Multiplying the numerator and denominator of the two fractions by 7 and 4
respectively,
1 7 x 7 119
5x4
20
24 x 7 = 168 . 42 x 4 168
119
20
the like fractions are
and

168
168

Comparison of fractions
1. If two fractions are like fractions,
(a) they are equal if their numerators are equal, or
(b) the fraction with the bigger numerator is bigger.
.
.
2. If two fractions are unlike fractions, convert them into like fr.actions and
then compare them.
13
4
and -
25
. 25

EXAMPLE

Compare the fractions -

Solution

The fractions are like fractions, and 13 > 4.

13 4
-

25

>-

25

EXAMPLE

Compare the fractions - and -

21
12

Solution

Let us convert the given fractions. into like fractions.

21=3x7 .. 12 = 2 x 6 = 2x2x3
..
LCMof21 andl2 :::;:3x7x2 x 2 = 84.
Now, 84-;-21 = 4, 84 -;- 12=7.

N-42

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

Multiplying the
respectively,

numer~tor

Sx 4
20
21 x 4 . 84

and denominator of the two fractions by 4 and 7

7x 7
49
12 x 7 84
20
49
In the like fractions - and - , 49 > 20.
84
84
49 20
7
5
- > - , or - > -
84 84
12 21

- ---

- -- -

Note If two fractions have the same numerator then the fraction with the bigger
denominator is the smaller fraction.
6

6
7
7
5
5
< - , - < - . - <13 11 10 8
19 14

For example: .

Every improper fraction is greater than any proper fraction.

While compar~ fractions, first convert mixed fractions into improper fractions.

Solved Examples
EXAMPLE 1

Identify the proper, improper and mixed fractions among the following. Also,
write the mixed fraction as an improper fraction and the improper fraction as a
mixed fraction.

!..!. 3!
6'

Solution

5
7'8

11

- is a proper fraction. -

ts an improper fraction and 3 - is a mixed fraction.

Now, 3 ~ = 3 x 7 + 4. ( integral part x denominator + numerator of fractional part )

denominator
7
7
21 + 4 25
= - - = -
7
7
11
5
5
And, - = 1 + - = 1-
6
6
6

EXAMPLE 2

(i) 2

3
(ii)

EXAMPLE 3
Solution

quotient in ( numerator ) + remainder ]

denominator
denominator

2
Write the equivalent fraction of - in which
3
(i) the numerator is 6 ,

Solution

= 2 x 3 = ..
3x3

~ = 2 x 4 =~
3 3x 4

12

(ii) the denominator is 12.

(:

6+2 =3).

(:

12 + 3

= 4).

..! ,

Reduce _.!_,
..!. into like fractions.
24 16 32

First. we find the LCM of 24, 16 and 32.

24 = 2 x 12 = 2 x 2 x 6 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
16 =2x8 = 2x2 x 4 = 2x2x2 x 2
32 = 2 x 16 = 2 x 2 x 8 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 4 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
LCM of 24, 16 and 32 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 96.

Fractions

N-43

Now. 96+24 = 4. 96 + 16 = 6 , 96+32 = 3 .

Multiplying the numerator and denominator of the three given fractions by
4 , 6 and 3 respectively,
1
1x 4
4
5
5 x6
BO
9
9 x3
27
24=24x4 = 96 ' 16 = 16x6 = 96 ' 32 = 32 x 3=96 .
6

54

EXAMPLE 4

Prove that the fractions - and - . are equivalent.

10
90

Solution

First, we change the fractions into like fractions.

10 I10. 90
1. 9

LCM of 10 and 90 is 90.

90 + 10 = 9 , 90 + 90 = 1

6 x9
54 54 x 1 54
x = .
x =
10 9 90 90 1 90
As the fractions have equal numerators when their denominators .are equal, the
fractions are equivalent.
So, the like fractions are :

Alternative method
Two fractions are equivalent if numerator of first fraction x denominator of second
fraction = denominator of first fraction x numerator of second fraction.
Symbolically:

x if ay =bx.
ba =y

Here, 6 x 90 =540, 10 x 54 =540. So, the fractions are equivalent.

EXAMPLE 5

Solution

EXAMPLE 6

1
a
3
= - =-
15 30 b

Find the numbers a and b in: -

a
1
l x2
2
Given - = - = - - = - ;
30 15 15 x 2 30
3
1
l x3
3
Again - = - = - - = - ;
b 15 15 x 3 45

a = 2.

b = 45.

Write the following fractions in ascending order.

3 1

12' 8' 6' 10

Solution

To reduce the fractions into like fractions, we find the LCM of 12, 8, 6 and 10.

2 12, 8 , 6 , 10
2 6 , 4, 3 . 5
3 3 , 2, 3 . 5
1, 2, 1. 5
Now, 120+12 = 10, 120 + 8
5
5xl0
50
12 12 x 10 120
84 .
7
7 x l2
=-
10 10 x l2 120
As 20 < 45 < 50 < 84.
1 3
5
7
-<-< - < -
6 8 12 10

:. the LCM =2 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 5 = 120.

= 15, 120 + 6 = 20, 120 + 10=12.
3 3xl5 45
1 1 x 20
20
- = - -= .
6
=
6
x
20
=
120
,
8 8 x 15 120

N-44

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

Remember These
1. A fraction ts (1) proper 1f numerator< denominator,
(ii) improper

1f numerator > or = denominator.

2 . (1) Mixed fractions are converted into improper fractions by using

integral part x denominator + numerator of fractional part

denominator
(11) Improper fractions are changed into mixed fractions by ustng
remainder
improper fraction = quotient in (numerator -:- denominator) + - - -- denominator

mixed fraction=

3 . If the numerator and the denominator of a fraction are multiplied or divided by the same

number (other than 0), the fraction obtained is an equivalent fi:action.

4 . Fractions with equal denominators are like fractions. To change two or more fractions
into Uke fractions, multiply the numerator and denominator of each fraction by (LCM of
denominators -:- denominator of the fraction).

5 . To compare two fractions (proper or improper), change the fractions into like fractions.
After this, the fraction with the larger numerator will be bigger.

1. Identify the proper, improper and mixed fractions.

Ci) !!_
13

(v) 5

.!.
5

Cit)

(iii) 1 ~

13
11

(iv)_'!_!_

11

(vi) 120
241

100

(vii) 15

(viii) 28

15

19

2 . Write the following mixed fractions as improper fractions.

(i) 2 lO

17

(iii) 12 ~

(11) 3 _!_

. 14

(iv) 52 -

10

3 . Convert the following improper fractions to mixed fractions.

(i) 37

(ii) 110

12

. ) -1000
(IV
-

(iii) 41 3

43

108

39

4 . Fill in the blanks.

(1)

~ = ...:..:.:_

=.:..:..:
80 5

(11) 32

42
11 _ .. .
()
v - -15 45

(vi) 123

= . .:. :.:_

66

22

5 . Fill in the blanks with <,

(i) !_ ... 21
10
25

=.:..:..:
9

(1v )

5 - ...
---

(vii) .:.:..:= 3~

(viii)

~ = _:_:._:_

(iii) 7

8
5

64

25 .

= or >.

(ii)

~
9

...

.!..!.
12

...) .!..!. ... '!_

(ill
12

(iv)~ ... 27
7

63

Fractions

N-45

6. Write the followtng in ascending order of magnitude.

(i) 18 ~

!_

(ii)

25 ' 8 ' 10

~ 28 37
5 ' 15 ' 20

(iii) ~ 17 ~

(iv).!..!., !_,~ . 19

4 ' 18 ' 6

36 24 48 72

7 . Write the following fractions 1n descending order.

(i)

~' !!. . 2-

(ii)

32 48 40

~. !_ . .!..!. ' _.!

~' ~ , _!__

(ill)

20 30 50 15

144 84 132

ANSWERS
1. (i) Proper (U) Improper (ill) Mixed
2 , (1) 44

(111) 123

(U) 43

17

10

14

(iv)

Proper (v) Mixed (vi) Proper (V11) Improper (v1U) Improper

4. (1) 18

(U) 2

(ill) 65

(Iv) 40

5. (l) <

(U) <

(111) >

(lv)

6 (1) 5 7 18
. 8'10'25
7 (1)

1
3. (1) 3 12

(1v) 423
8

(111) 3 89

43

(v)33

(iv) 25

108 '

(vi) 41

(vU) 23

25
39

(v1U) 40

(ii) 9 37 28

(ill)~ ~ 17
4 . 6' 18

(11)4 7 11 3
15'30'50'20

(111} .!!._

5 20' 15

.!!
.2-.~
48' 40' 32

(11) 2 24

19 7

11

( v) 48' 72' 24 ' 36

.2.. 2-.

84' 132' 144

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

Addition of like fractions

The sum of two (or more) like fractions is another like fraction.whose numerator
is the sum of the numerators of the given fractions.
sum of numerators
- - - - -- common denominator

Sum of Uke fractions =-

Examples {i) ~ + _.! = 3 + 4

11

11

11

= !_

(ii)_!_+-2_ +_3._= 4 + 7 + 2 = 13.

15 15 15
15
15

11

(iii) 15 +3.!=15+ 25=15 + 25 = 40 =5.

Addition of unlike fractions

To find the sum of two or more unlike fractions, reduce them into like fractions
and then add.
Examples

(i) 15 + 5 .!. = 15 +21 = 15 +2 l x 2

4 x2

= 15 + 42=15 + 42 = 57 =7.!.

N-46

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

3
20
3
3
20 31
(11) - + - + 2 - = - + - + 20 7
14 20 7
14

= 3x7

+20x20 + 3l x l0 (: LCMof20, 7 , 14
20 x 7
7 x 20 14 x 10
. 21
400 310 21 + 400 + 310
= - - +- - +-- = - - -- -140 140 140
140

= 140)

=731 =5 +~ =5~
140

140

140

Subtraction of a fraction from a like fraction

The subtraction of a fraction from a bigger like fraction gives another like
fraction whose numerator is the difference of the numerators.
Examples (i) ~ - ~ =5 - 2 =2-
13

13

13

13

(11) 10 ~ - ~ =112 - 17
11 11
11
11

=112 - 17 =95 =8 2. .
11

11

11

Subtraction of a fraction from an unlike fraction

Convert the fractions into like fractions and then subtract as above.
Examples {t) .!_ _~ = 7 x 4
15

20

9 x3
20 x3

15 x 4

28
60

(:

27
60

28-27
1
=-
60
60

{ii) 4 3 _ 2 _!. = 19 _ 13

= 19x3._ 13 x 2

=---=

= 57

- 26
12 .12

4x3

(:

6 x2

LCM of 15, 20

= 60)

LCM of 4 , 6

= 12)

=5 7 - 26 =31 =2.!_ .
12

12

12

Short cut for addition/subtraction of tWo fractions

For addition use:

numerator of the first x (LCM of denominators + denominator of the first)

+ numerator of the second x (LCM of denominators + denominator

Sumoftwofractlons = - -- - -- -- - -- - - - - - - --o_
fth
_ e_se_co
_ nd
_)
LCM of denominator s

For subtraction, change + into - in the formula.

EXAMPLE

7
1
Find - + -
12 18

Solution

The LCM of 12 and 18 is 36.

7
1
7 x (36 + 12} + 1x(36 + 18) 7 x 3 + 1x2 21+2 23
+- =
=
=--= -
12 18
36
36
36
36

N-47

Fractions

EXAMPLE
Solution

The LCM of 15 and 20 is 60.

7
9
7x(60 + 15)-9x(60+20) 7x4 - 9x3
--- =
=
15 20
60
60

= 28-27 = - 1
60

60

Simplification
Follow these steps to simplify an expression involving the addition and
s ubtraction of fractions.
Steps 1. Convert the mixed fractions into improper fractions.
2. Convert all the fractions into like fractions.
3. Simplify the numerators of the fractions thus obtained.
4. Write a fraction with the number obtained in Step 3 as numerator and
the common denominator in Step 2 as the denominator.
5. Reduce the fraction obtained in Step 4 to its lowest terms. If it is an
improper fraction, change it into a mixed fraction.
EXAMPLE
Solution

7 8
5
Simplify - + - - - .
12 9 24

3 12,9,24
4

4, 3, 8

.. LCM of 12, 9, 24 ts3x4x3x2, that ts, 72.

1, 3, 2

Now, 72 + 12 = 6, 72 +9 =8, 72 +24 = 3.

Multiplying the numerator an1 denominator of three given fractions by 6, 8 and 3

respectively.
7
7 x6
42 8 8x8 64
5
5x3
15
12 = 12 x 6 = 72 . 9 = 9 x 8 = 72 24 = 24 x 3 = 72
2-+~ -~ = 42 + 64_15 = 42+64 - 15 = 106-15 =~ = 1 ~

12

24

72

72

72

72

72

72

72

Short cut
The LCM of 12, 9 , 24 is 72.
7 8 5
7 x (72 +12)+8x(72 + 9) - 5 x (72 +24}
-+ - - - =- -- - - -- - - -- - - 12 9 24
72
= 7x6 +8x8-5x3 = 42 + 64-15=106-15 = ~ = 1 19 .
72
72
72
72
72
EXAMPLE
Solution

3
7 13
Simplify 8 20 - 3 30 - 40 .

Changing the given fractions into improper fractions,

a2- = 8x20+3 = 163 .

20

20

20

32_ = 3x30+7 = 97
30
30
30

8 2__ 3 2__~ = 163 _ 97 -~

20

30

40

20

30

40

The LCM of 20, 30, 40 is 120.

Now, 120+20 = 6, 120 + 30 = 4, 120 + 40 = 3.

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

N-48

Multiplying the numerator and denominator of the given fractions by 6, 4 and 3

respectively,
163x6 978 97 x 4 388 13 x 3
39
=-, - - = -. --=20x6 120 30x 4 120 40x3 120
8 2_ _ 32_ _ _!! = 978 - 388 - 39 = 978 - 388 - 39
20
30 40 120 120 120
120
= 978 - 427 = 551 = 42.!_.
120
120
120

Operations involving negative fractions

So far we have dealt with only positive fractions. Such fractions have a positive
integer as the numerator. Negative fractions, on the other hand, have a negative
integer as the numerator. Remember, however, that the demoninator of all
fractions is a positive integer. For example, in the negative fractions:
- 13
- , -- 20
- and - 6 -2 ( that is -- 32
- ) , which can also be written as
16
11
5
5

13
20
32
and - - . the numerators are - 13, - 20 and -32, while
16. i i
5
the denominators are 16, 11and5.

The operations for negative fractions are the same as those for positive fractions.

-7

16

EXAMPLE

Find - + -

Solution

The LCM of 2 ....and 16 is 16.

5
2

-7
16

5x(16 + 2) + (- 7) x (l6 + 16)

16

- +- = -- - - -- - --

= 5 x 8 + (- 7) x 1 = 40 + (- 7) = 33 = 2 _!_ .
16
16
16
16
EXAMPLE
Solution

3 - 17
Find -+
5
10

The LCM of 5 and 10 is 10.

..

~+ - 17 = 3 x (10 +5) - 17(10 + 10) = 3 x 2 - 17 x l = 6 - 17 = -11 =- l _l_

5
EXAMPLE
Solution

10

10

10

10

10

1 -4
Find - - -
6 15

1 - 4 lx(30+6)-(- 4) x (30 + 15)

--=
6 15
30
l x 5-(-4) x 2 5 - (- 8) 5 + 8 13
=
=
= - -= -
30
30
30
30

Solved Examples
EXAMPLE 1

10

Find (i) 41 + 137

100

150.

(ii) 3 _ + 2.!.!. .

27

36

(LCM of 6

and 15 ts 30)

Fractions

Solution

(i) The LCM of 100 and 150

41
100

137
150

= 300.

4lx3 137 x2
+
100 x 3 150 x 2

~+ ~ =

N-49

123
300

274
300

=~+ ~

= 123 +274 =397 = 1 97 .

300
300
300

Short cut
~
100

+137 = 41x(300+100) + 137 x (300 + 150) , (LCM of 100 and 150 =

150

300)

300
= 41 x 3+ 137 x 2=123 + 274 = 397 = l 97 .
300
300
300
300

(ii) 3__ +2 .!.! = 85 + 83

27

36

27 36
85 x (108 + 27) +83 x (108 + 36)

(LCM of 27 and 36

=--~~-----~

108
= 85 x 4 + 83 x 3 = 340 + 249 = 589
108
108
108

=5

= 108)

49 .
108

Alternative method
3__ + 2!! = 3 + _.!_ + 2 + .!.! = 5 +_.!_ + .!.! = 5 + 4x 4+11 x 3
27
36
27
36
27 36
108
= 5 + 16 + 33 = 5 + 49 = 5 49 .
108
108
108
EXAMPLE2

Solution

Find (i)

15

- ~,

(ii) 4!_ - 2.!_ ,

12

14

(iii) 5 - 2!. .

(i) 15_~=15 x (24 + 8) - 5 x (24+12)

{ii)

12

_!_ _

2 ~ = 29 _ 31 = 29 x (14+7)-31 x(14 + 14)

24
= 15 x 3 - 5x2 = 45-10 = 35 = l.!_!
24
24
24
24

14

14

14

(LCM of 8 and 12

= 24)

(LCM of 7, 14 = 14)

=29x2 - 31 x 1=58 -3 1 = 27 = l13 .

14
14
14
14
(111) 5-2

.!. = ~ _ !_! = 5 x(5 + 1) -

11 x (5 +5) = 5x5- 11 x 1=25 - 11 = 14 = 2 4 .

5
5
5
5
5

515
EXAMPLE 3

Solution

79
5
1
Simplify (i) - - 2 - - 1 -

12

(i) 79 - 2

12

4'

5
7
1
5
--+ 7 - - 3 -
36 12
24
48

(il) -

~ -1.! = 79 - 17 - 5
6

12

= 79 x (12+12)-17 x (12 + 6) - 5x(12+4)_ (LCMofl 2 ,6, 4

12
79 x 1 - 17 x 2 - 5 x 3 79 - 34 - 15
=
12
12
= 79 - 49 = _30 = _30
_+_6 = ~ = 2 .! .
12
12 12 +6 2
2

= l2)

N-50

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

5
7 169 149
(11) Required value= - - - + - - ,
(LCM of 36, 12, 24, 48 = 144)
36 12 24
48
5 x(l44 + 36)-7x (144+12) + 169 x (144 + 24) - 149 x (l44 + 48)
=
144
5x 4-7 x l 2 +169x6-149 x 3 20 - 84 + 1014 - 447
=
= - - - - - -. 144
144
= 1034 -53 1 = 503 = 3 2.!_ .
144
144
144
- 29 -8
-5 2 -7
Simplify (i) 4 + .
+S , (ii)
+g +
.

EXAMPLE 4

12

(i)

Solution

36

27

+ - 29 + -8 = 4x(l2 + l) + (- 29)x(l2 + 12) +(-8)x(l2 + 3)

12
3
12
4
(: 4 = and LCM of 1, 12, 3 = 12)
1
= 4 x l 2+(-29)xl + (-8)x4 48 - 29 - 32 48 - 61 = -13 =_ _!_.
1
12
12
12
12
12

(ii) - 5 +~+ - 7 = (- 5) x (l08 + 36)+2 x (l 08 + 9) +(-7) x (l08 + 27)

36

27

108
(-5) x 3 + 2 x 12 + (-7 ) x 4
=
108

-15 + 24 - 28
=
108

(LCM of 36, 9, 27 = 108)

24 - 43 -19
=-
108
108

Remember These
1. To add two or more fractions, first convert all of them to like fractions.
sum of numerators of all the fractions
Sum of l1ke f rac ti ons =

common denominator
2. Th e short-cut formula for addition is:
num. of the first x (LCM of denoms. + denom. of the first).
+num. of the second x(LCM of denoms: + denom. of the second)
S um of two f rac ti ons =

LCM of denominators
S. For subtraction, replace 'sum' by 'difference' in the first formula and +' by '-' in the
second formula.
4 . Negative fractions have negative integers as numerators. The operations for negative
fractions are the same as these for positive fractions .

.~;tJMHKia> -------------------~~c1. Add the following.

(i) 2

+~

(v)

(11)

~+~+ ~
12

.!. +.?.

12

12

(ill)

(vi) l.?. +

l~ +.!_
18

.!.! + ~
8

(vii)

18

+~
18

(iv) - + - + 20 20 20

(viii) ~+ 25
.

24

Fractions

1
5
16
12
1
1
(xiii) 4- +2 6 .. 3

2
7
3
(x) - + - + 15 20 25
11
1
(xiv) - +5 - + 4
10
15

(ix) 2 - + 3 -

N-5 1

7 5 3
(xi) - + -+12 6 8
3
1
(xv) 3 + 4 - + 3 4
12

5
4
7
(xii) 2 - + 1- + 3 9
9
12

2. Find the following.

(1)

.!..!_ - .!_
30

30

3
1
(v) 4-- 7 14

s.

3
5
-16 16

(ii) 169 - 69

100

100

1
4

7
10

8
3
(iv) - - 15 20

(ill) 1-

3
8

(vi) 3 - - 2 -

(viii) 6!.!.-5

(vii) 8 - 1-

(1) What number s hould be added to -

14

to get! - ?

16
8
5
(11) What number s hould be subtracted from 4 to get 2 - ?
13
.
5
7
(111) What number gives - when 3 - is subtracted from it?
6
12

4. Simplify the following.

(1)

(v)

21 - .!_ + .!..!_
25 25 25

(ii)

I ~ -~- ~

(iii)

3 _.!..!_ +~

(vi) 3.!. + 4.!. - 6.!.

(vii)

12

~ + 5 2-

(ix) 1 _.!:._ - 2

15

(x)

16

9.

6 - I .!_ - 2 ~ - .!_

10

2~ - 1 ~ - 13

16

l ~ - 2~ + 4
6

25

40

16

12

16

(viii) 5 - 2 - - 1-

~ (iii) 13 + -7 + -5

36

-3

36

36

(vi) 2~ + - 13 + - 10

(v) - -2 - + -

10

I
3
I
1
(xi) 5 - - 6-+4 - - 2
4
6 12

5 . Find the value of each of the following.

2 -7
-9 4
{1)-+ (ii)-+15 15
25 25
(iv) 1.i. _ .!2_ + - ll

(iv) - + - - -

14

l~

(Ix)

5 23 (x) 181
48
300

(iX)

4!
6

21

ANSWERS
1. (1) ~
9
(xi)l 19
24

(1)~

(ii) 1.!.

(ill) 1

20
1
(Xii) 7 !_ (xiii) 6.!. (xiv) 1012
2
6
(ii} I

(ill)~

3 . (t) 1..!..
16

(11) I~
13

(ill )

4 . (1) 1

(11) 0

(ill)~

2.

15

5
6
1
5 . (1) - 3

(iv) 19

{tv)

23
60

1
4

(v)l-

(Vi)

3~

1
5

(ill)

18

(viil)

12

5
6

(XV) 10-

5
(V}414

(Vi)!!.

20

(vii)

6~

(Vilt) 1.!.!

14

4~
12

(iv) 35

16

48

_!_

(iv) - -

(v ) 2

17

24

(Vi)

l~

18

(xi) 2 - - .

(ii) - -

(vii) 13

36

1
73
1
(v)-2 - (Vi) 1200
60
42

(vii) 3

.!..!.
24

(viil) 1 :5

(x) 1 f9
24

N-52

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

Representation of a Fraction on the Number Line

Just like integers. fractions can also be represented by points on the number
line. To do so, follow the steps gtven below.
Steps

1. Draw a straight line l. Mark a point 0 on it. Label this point O (zero).

2. Select a unit of length in keeping with the denominator of the fraction

you wish to represent. For example, if you wish to represent -3 ,
4

choose 2 cm or 4 cm as your unit, since you can easily divide such a

unit of l~ngt:h into four segments (parts).
3. Mark points A 1 , A 2 , etc., on the right of 0 such that OA1
OA 2 =8 cm, etc. Label these points 1, 2, etc., respectively.
L O

3/4 1

4. Mark the points Q, R and P between 0 and A1 such that OQ

OR

= 4 cm,

= 1 cm,

=2 cm, OP =3 cm. Then the point P will represent -3 , while the

4
1 2(i.e., -1)respectively.

points Q and R will represent - and 4

1
4

5. If you wish to represent 1- on the number line, mark the point S to

the right of A1 such that A1S = 1 cm. Similarly, mark the points T and
U to the right of A1 , such that A1T

1
2

=2

cm and A1U

=3

cm, to

3
4

represent 1- and 1-
You can represent fractions on the number line in another way. Let us take the
3
example of - again.
4
Steps

1. Draw a straight line l. Mark a point 0 on it. Label the point O (zero).

2. Represent the natural numbers on the line. Let A 3 represent the

number 3.
3. Divide the line segment OA 3 into 4 equal parts b.y inserting points
P, Q and R such that OP

= PQ =QR = RA 3 . (You will learn how to do

this in your geometry lessons.) The point P represents the fraction -3 ,

3

since - means 3 + 4.
4

0
0

3/4

N-53

Fractions

Negative fr~ctions
Let the point P represent the fraction

on the number line. If P' be a point on

the number line on the other side of the origin Q such that OP = OP ' then

- 3 , which is also written

the number represented by P ' is the negative fraction -

3
as --
4
p'
-3

-2

-1 -3/4

3/4 1

Solved ,Examples
EXAMPLE 1

Represent the following pairs of fractions on the number line.

(i)

!. and _!.
3

Solution

(i)

(ii)

~ and !.
8

Taking note of the common denominator 3 of the fractions, let the unit of
1
3

length be 3 cm. Then 1 cm will represent the fraction -

-1 /3
P'

-1

0
0

1/3
P

Thus, the point P represents -1 on the number line, where OP = 1 cm on the

3

right of 0. The point P' on the left of 0 such that OP = OP' will represent the
fraction _ .!_
3
(ii)

First, we write the given fractions as the like fractions ~ and i, to make it
.
8
8
convenient to choose the unit of length. Now, since the common denominator
is 8, let us choose the unit of length as 4 cm. Then 5 mm will represent the
fraction.!..
8
3 4

6 6
p Q

3
Thus, the point P represents - on the number line, where OP
8

= 3 x 5 mm on

the right of 0. The point Q represents - (that is,-) on the number line, where
8
2
OQ = 4x5 mm on the right of 0.

~tii4Hli -----------------1. Represent each of the following fractions on the number line.
(i)

.!.
2

(ii)

~
3

(ill)

~
5

(iv) 5

(v) - -

N-54

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

2. Represent each pair of fractions on the same number line .

. 1
4

1
4

2
5

(1) - and - -

2
5

1
1
(111) - and 2
3

(11) - and - -

ANSWERS
1. (1)
(ill}

0
(v}

1/2 1

P A1

A2

3/5
p

A1

-1

A1

A1 P

5/4

A2

- 1/5

-1

81
(11)

213 1

0
(iv)

81

2. (1)

(ti}

-1/4
Q

1/4
p

- 215

-1

81

A1
215
p

0
0

1/3

0
0

(ill)

A1

A1

1/2

A1

Multiplication and Division of Fractions

Multiplication of fractions
You know that multiplication is repeated addition.
For example, 4x4=4 + 4 + 4+4 = 16.
1

l + l + l+l

4xl

Similarly. 4 x- =-+ - + - +-=

- - --3 3 3 3 3
3
3 lx3
_ product of numerators 4 and 1
product of denominators 1 and 3

4
(Remember: 4 = -}
1

Now we can write the steps for the multiplication of fractions. To multiply two or
more fractions, take the following steps.
Steps 1. Convert mixed fractions (if any) into improper fractions.
2. Multiply the numerators of all the fractions.
3. Multiply the denominators of all the fractions.
4. Write a fraction with the product in Step 2 as the numerator and the
product in Step 3 as the denominator.
5. Reduce the fraction obtained in Step 4 to its lowest terms.
.product of numerators of all fractions
product of denominators of all fractions

Productoffractions=~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fractions

Examples (i)3 X 7=3X7 = ~.

(HCF of 21and36 is 3)
4 9 4x9 36
7
= 21+3 =-
36 +3 12
Alternatively: You can cancel out the common factors from the
numerator and denominator of the product.
3 7 3 1 x 7 l x7
7
Thus, -x-=
= - - =-
4 9 4 x 9 3 4 x3 12
.

(li)
(iii)

1 14 1 5 1 147 1 l x 7xl 7
1
2 - X-X- = - X- - X- =
= - = 1-
2 15 2 2 1 l-5 3 2 l x 3x2 6
6
4

- 24x5 = (-24)x5 = -120 =- 1-20 =- 4 .

35 6
35 x 6
210
2-10 7
7

Reciprocal of an integer or a fraction

A number is called the r eciprocal of another number if the product of the two
numbers is 1. For every integer (:;e 0) or fraction there is a reciprocal integer or

fraction. The reciprocal of a positive number is positive, while the reciprocal of a

negative number is negative .

.---- -- -- - ---.

Number

Reciprocal
number

Number

Reciprocal
number

5
8
8
5
3
4

8
5
5
8
4
3
-

Number

Reciprocal
number

-8
-1

8
4
7

-1

-8
7
4

To write the reciprocal of a number, write the number as a proper or

improper fraction and then interchange the numerator and denominator of the
fraction (retaining the negative sign, if any, in the numerator). For example:
10 3
2
-7 -5
1
Reciprocal of 3 - or - = -
Reciprocal of - 1- or - = -
3
3
10
5
5
7
Division of fractions
1 3
3
1
3 11
We have, 3x- =- So, -+3 =- Also, - X- =-
.
44
4
4
43 4
1
3
Observe that - is the reciprocal of 3. In other words, dividing - by 3 is
3
4
3
.
equivalent to multiplying - by the reciprocal of 3. Now we can generalise and
4

write the steps for the division of one fraction by another.

Steps 1. Convert the mixed fractions (if any) into improper fractions.
2 . Multiply the dividend and the r eciprocal of the divisor.
3. Reduce the product to lowest terms.

N-56

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

S2

Examples (1) -+ - = (ii)

41

7 x1

2 x3

x - = -- = -

1
5 7 21 ::f1 -8 4
1X4 4
1-+ 2 - = - +- = - X= -- = -
6

3 x3

.6'3 ..21 3

-4
- 5 -4-010
(W)8+-=8x - =
=-10.
5

4'1

To find the whole when a fraction of the whole is given

Let

2
of a number
3

= 50. So, 2 x the number = 50.

3

Then the number =

2 3

x the number

3
2

3
2

2
3

= - x50 = 50 x- = 50 +-
Thus, a number

Examples (i) If
(ii)

If

= value of gtven fraction of number + fraction.

of a number is 12, the number = 12 +

= 1-2 4 x

z = 20.

4
4
9
of a number is 60, the number = 60 + = 00 15 x = 135.
9
9
..(

Simplification of fractions
An expression involving fractions is simplified by the rule of BODMAS, as in the
case of integers.

l~

of:+:0

+{l

~! -(! + !)}

EXAMPLE

Simplify

Solution

~of 4 +!..... +{1.!.! -(2 + 3 )} =~of 4 +!..... +{ 23 16

10

12

16

10

12

2 x 4 +3 x3}
12

~ of 4 + !__ + { 23 _ 1
16

=-

10

7} ~
=

12

16

of 4
5

!__ + 23 - 1
10

4'1 xwa:
6'1
3
-+-=-

- x-

16'ir2

12
7

.3'1

12 2

2
3

6
55

33

40

Findl - x- X

Solution

2 6 33 5 6 33
}) 1 x 6 3 x~
3
1- x - x - =-x - x - =
=-
3 55 40 3 55 40
31 x 55- .51 x 46'20
20

EXAMPLE 2

15
l
l
Find 4 x - x 20 - x 1 - .
22
6
3

31

Solution

1 3 +7 w 5 s
+ - = -- = =-
14 2
14
147
7

Solved Examples
EXAMPLE 1

12

15
1
1 4 15 121 4
4 2 x .l-5"5 x l%!11 x 4 2 220
1
4 x - x 20 - xl - = - x - x - x - =
= - = 73 -
22
6
3 1 22
6
3
-22 2 x 63 x 31
3
3

Fractions

EXAMPLE3

Find 6

Solution

6 ~ + 6 ~ = 92 + 69 = 92 x 10 = 92 x 16 = ~ .
15
10 15 10 15 69 183 X693 9

EXAMPLE 4

Simplify 3

Solution

3 7
1 15 7 25
3 -+ - X4 - = - + -X -

15

+6

N-57

10

3
4

7
1
S x4 6

15 8 25
=-X-X4

(: division is done before multiplication)

= l-5 x 8" x 25 = 5 x 25 = 125 = 17 ~.

-4"1 x 7 x-6 21
7
7
7
21

2i+1~}

3~+ (

EXAMPLE 5

Simplify

Solution

.3 ~ +( 2 .!. +. 1 ~)= 17+(Z+12 )= 17 + 49 +36

5
3
7
5 . 3
r
5
21

Solution

1.!. x( 4! +2.!.)=
5

36
5

x(

25
6

+ ~)
2
6

=36x25+15 =36 x 46
5
6
.51 X 6 1

= 48.

1
1
1
1 36 6 x25 5 3618 x s 1 6x5 18
7 - x4 - + 7 - x2-=
+
=--+ - = 30+ 18=48.
5
6
5
2
.51 xS1
5 1 x21
1
1

on simplification, both sides give 48. So, they are equal.

EXAMPLE 7

Solution

5 .!_ _ Lr2 .!. + {3 _.!.x(2 _ _!_ )~Jl = g .:.Lrz + {3_.!.x16-1}Jl

2
3
4 2
3 24 ~
2
3
4 2
24
= g _rlz
2
3

+{s448
-~}J1=g _ [z+36-15]
2
3
48

= !!-(Z +~)= !!- 71 x481s

48
2
J'l. X2-!3
11 16 33-32
1
=-
= --- =
2

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

N-58

Remember These
product of numerators of the fractions
1 The prod uc t o f f rac tions =- - - - - - - - - - - - - - product of denominators of the fractions
2. The reciprocal of a proper or improper fraction is obtained by interchanging the

numerator and denominator of the fraction.

3. To divide a fraction by another fraction, multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of
the divisor.
4. Given the size of a fraction of the whole, the whole = given size + fraction.
5. Simpllftcatlon of fractions is carried out using the rule of BODMAS.

Find the product.

2 5
1. (i) - x 5 18
7
2. (i) 6 x 8
2 5
3 . (1}2 - x 3 12
-5
4. (i) 12 x 6

(ii)~ x 35
7 8
9
(ii) - x 8
20

115 54
14
(ill}
x 22
33

(ii) 12 x 6 2

(iii) 3 ~ x 5!

(iv} 128 x 75
175 112
15
(iv} 28 x
56
2
(iv) l ! x 2
4
5
(iv) - 35 x 5!
11
2

(iii) 96 x 25

25
3
-4
(ii)- x 30
75

(iii) 18 x - 15

25

27

5. Write the reciprocals of the following numbers.

(i) 12

(ii) 13

1
(iv) 3 4

(iii) _l

17

41

(ii) 14 + 7

(iii) 32 + 24

15

21

(v) - 16

23

Find the value.

+~

6.

(i)8

7.

(i) 3! + .!.

25

(iv)._ +~

35

55

(ii).!.+ l_!_
5
10

(iii) 11

7
(ii) - x O = ...
11
10
(vi) 0 + - = ...
17

12 5
(ili)- x-= ...
5 12

+4

(iv} 6 2
3

22

13_!_
13

8. Fill in the blanks.

5
16

(i)} X
(v)

= ...

~ +~ = ...
7

(vii) 4

3
+ 1 = ...
4

- 6 - 11
(iv) - x - = ...
11
6
8
(viii) 1 + - = ...
5

9 . Find the following.

(i)

~ x ~x..
3

(iv)

16

25

2.!. x~x 2 !
9

(vii)

(ii) 14 x 35 x 17

27

1~ x 5 ~x .!. x 1 ~
8

(iii) 42 x 39 x 24

65

49

(v) 6~ x 6~ x 28
11 10

38

51

27

(vi) 2 .!. x 2 .!. x 2 _l_

9
5
22

(viii) 1.E... x l! x 12 x 12_ x l_!_

16

56

18

10

Fractions

N-59

Simplify the following.

(1) 4

10.

+2-x ~

(11)

15 9

(iv) 5 .!. + ~ of.!.

4

11.

(1)

5 .!. + ~ x .!.

(v)

(ill)

+2- of~
15

(vi) 1.!-2

11

12

~ + (1.?.- 3)
8

.?. + 2~-..!.!x3~
8

(111) (

4
9

3
4

of~+~+~

-~)x
11

11

(2

10

3
2
+3 )
4
3

12.

13.

1 ( 2-+
3 -5 ) = 8 -1 x2-+8-,-x-
3
1 5
14. Prove that 8-x
6

15. Find the number (i)

14

~of which is 30,

14

(ii)~ of which is 120.

ANSWERS
1 . (1) ~

(U)

3~

(ill) 80

1
9

3~

2 . (1) 5!

(iU)l7 !
4

(iv) 3

4 . (1) - 10 (U) - 15

4
(iv) 13

3 . (1) 1-

(U}

5. {J) ..!..
12

(U) 17
13

(ill) 41

7. (i) 26

(U)~

(ill)

(U) 0

(ill) l

(U)~

(ill)~

5
16
l
9 . (1) 18

8 . (i) -

11

15

10. (i) 1!.! (U) 6.!_

21
1
(U)
11. (i) -

13. (i)

6~
3

(U)

2~

2~
5

(ill) 113

14

2~

3~

(Iv) 24
49

207

(ill)

I_!!_

108

(11)

1
1
(Ut) 9- (iv) 7 3
2
2
(iii} - - (iv) - 18
5

23
(v)- 16

6. (i)

16~ (U)~
15

(ill)

2-~
9

(iv) 45

(iv) 26
51
(iv) l

(v) 1

(vi) 0

(VU)

4~

(vitl)

(iv)!.!
18

3
(v)l24

(vi) 9.!.
2

(VU)

2~

(vitl) 27

1
(iv) 24 2

(v) !_?_
24

~
8

.!.
2

..

(vi) 13

60

12.

(i)~
14

15 . (i) 80

(U)

~
8

(U) 144

11

Applications of Fractions
Understanding fractions helps us in real life. Suppose, one out of every four
students in a class is a girl. We can express this as "1/4 of the students are girls",
and this statement can help us determine the number of girls in the class if we
know the total strength (i.e., the total number of students) of the class.

. N-60

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

Solved Examples
3
5
are men,
are women. and the
12
8
rest are children. Find the number of children in the housing estate.

EXAMPLE 1

A housing estate has 720 residents. Of these.

Solution

Consider the total number of residents to be the whole portion, or 1. So, the
3 5
portion of children in the estate = 1 - - - -
8 12
Now, 1 _ ~ _ ~ = 24 - 9 - 10 = 24 -19 = ~ .
8 12
24
24
24
5
- of the whole are children.
24
As the total number of people in the estate is 720,
5
5 x no 30
the number of children = - of 720 =
= 5 x 30 = 150.
24
241 x l

Alternative method
3

The number of men = - of 720 =

8

3 x ~ 90
= 3 x 90 = 270.
.81x 1

5
5 x '726 60
The number of women = - of 720 =
= 5 x 60 = 300.
12
l-2' 1 x l
the number of children= 720 - 270 - 300 = 720-570 = 150.
EXAMPLE 2'

Solution

.8
A man spends
of his salary on rent. If he is left with ~ 2940. find his salary.
15
.
8
15 - 8
7
The portion of the salary left with him = 1 - - = - - = -
15
15
15
7
- of his salary is ~ 2940.
15

his entire salary is~ 2940 + - (: the whole =the number + given fraction)
15
nnAA420
5
= ~~v xl = ~ 420 x l5 = ~ 6300.
?1
EXAMPLE 3

The line segment AB is

segment EF is

Solution

of the line segment CD in length. The length of the line

of the length of AB. If CD .is 12 cm. find the length of EF.

5
The length of the line segment EF = - of the length of AB.
6
3
The length of the line segment AB= - of the length of CD.
4

EF = -5 of -3 of CD = (5
- x -3 ) of CD

.8 of 12 cm
62 x 4

=5 x

. 15
5
5
5x1-2 3
1
cm = - cm = 7 - cm.
= - of 12 cm = - x 12 cm =
8
8
2
2

EXAMPLE 4

1
1
An express train covers 871
km in 11 2 hours. What distance does it cover
8
1

(i) in 1 hour. and (ii) in 3 5 hours?

Fractions

Solution

N-61

In 11 ! hours, the train covers 871 ! km.

(1) ..

the distance covered by the train in 1 hour = 871 ! km + 11 !

= ( 6969 + 23) km= ( 6900303 x

km= 303 km = 75 3 km.
8
2
.8'4
23"1
4
4
(11) :.

in 3 ! hours, the train covers 75

5

3
4

x 3 ! km

= 303xl6km=303 x l-6
4 1 x5
4
5
EXAMPLES

km = l212 km= 242 2 km.

5
5

2
.
3
Sheela reads - of a book on the first day and - of tbe remaining portion on
5

10

the second day. If the book has 600 pages, how many more pages are left to
be read?
Solution

After the first day, the portion remaining to b e read = 1 - - = -

5 5
3
3
3 3
9
The portion read on the second day = - of - = - x - = -
10 5 10 5 50
2
9
50 - 20 - 9 21
the portion left to be read = 1 - - - - =
=-
5 50
50
50
21
21 x.600 12
the number of pages left to be read = - of 600 =
= 252.
50
561

Alternative method
2

The number of pages read on the first day = - of 600 =

5

2 x 600120

.51

= 240.

the number of pages left after the first day = 600 - 240 = 360.
3

The nwnber of pages read on the second day = - of 360 =

10

3 x360 36

le'1

= 108.

the number of pages left to be read = 360 - 108 = 252.

EXAMPLE 6

Mr Ali gave - of his salary to his wife. She gave - of her money to her son. The son

was left with Rs 500 after spending - of his money. Find Mr Ali's salary.
4

Solution

2
1 2
The portion of Mr Ali's salary that the son got = - of - = -

3
1- =!
4 4

So, !

of the son's money is Rs 500.

the son's money

1
4
= Rs 500 + -=
Rs 500 x 4

= Rs 2000.

2
We know that this ts - of Mr Ali's salary.
9
2000 1000 x 9
.
2
9
Mr Alis salary = Rs 2000 + - = Rs 2000 x - = Rs
= Rs 9000.
9
2
2'1

N-62

1.

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

In a class,

~ of the students are gtrls.

8
there in the class?

If there are 72 students in all, how many girls are

2. There are 125 apples and oranges in a basket. If.!_ of the fruits in the basket are oranges.

25

how many apples does the basket have?

3. A club has 360 members, of which 80 are government officers and the rest are
businessmen. What fraction of the members of the club are businessmen?
4. A man has Rs 37,500. He gtves .!_of it to his daughter and the rest to his son. How much

does the son get?

15

5. A man earns Rs 18,000 per month. He spends - of his income on household items and9
12
of his income on other expenses. Find his monthly saving.
6. The sum of three numbers is 2 _!_ If two of them are

36

.!_ and .!...!. find the third.

12

18

l
1
7 . The product of two numbers is 7 - If one of them is 2 - then find the other.

12

8 . The product of three numbers is 5 .!_ If two of them are 2 and 1 ~ Find the third.
2
7
' 8
9. Mrs Sharma spends Rs 5250 and she is left with

10. 39 kg of rice is taken out of a bag of rice.

2~ of her salary. Find he.r salary.

If~ of the rice ts left in the bag then find the

21
quantity of rice the bag contained in the beginning.

1 1. In a school. -

of the students were absent on a certain day. If 750 students were present
16
on that day, find the total number of students in the school.
3

12. It takes 1- m of cloth to make a pair of trousers. If the cloth needed to make l 0 pairs of
4

trousers ts cut out of a 20 m length of cloth, what length of cloth will be left?
13. Mr Menon had Rs 2,25,000. He gave..!. of it to his son, ..!. of it to his daughter and the rest to
3
5

his wife. What portion of his money did his wife get and how much did she get?
14. An examination was held in two parts. Of the 630 examinees, 1-._ appeared in only the first

2
10
part and - appeared in only the second part. The rest appeared in both the parts. Find the
15
number of examinees who appeared in both the parts.
1
1
15. Kamal reads - of a book on the first day and - of the remaining portion on the second day.
3
4
What portion of the book does Kamal read in two days? If 200 pages are left to be read, find

the total number of pages in the book.

Fractions

N-63

1
1
16. Reema spends- of her money in a shop . Then she spends - of what is left on the bus fare.

If she is finally left with Rs 20. how much did s h e have in the begtnning?

4
5
full. What is the capacity of the container?

9
10

17. A container of milk is - full. When 10 L of milk is poured into it, the container becomes -

.!.. of his salary in a bank. Then he spent~ 3000 and found that he was left
.
7
4
with - of his salary. Find is salary.
12

18. Hamid deposited

19. A small vessel is used to take out oil from a larger vessel full of oil. The capacity of the small

vessel is ~ of the volume of oil contained in the larger vessel. If the small vessel is filled 15
50
times to draw out oil from the larger vessel, what fraction of th'e original volume of oil is left
in the larger vessel?
2
3
20. Mr Bose gave - of his money to his wife. His wife gave - of her money to her daughter. Two
3
4

thirds of the daughter's money was stolen and she was left

with~

30,000. How much

money did Mr Bose h ave?

ANSWERS
1. 27

2.90

s.?

4. Rs 20,000

5
6. -

3
7.3 5

3
8.14

9. Rs 6250

11. 800

1
12. 2 - m
2

7
13. - : Rs 1,05,000 14. 357
15.
.

16. Rs 60

17. 100 litres

18. ~ 18,000

19. ..!.

10

5. Rs 500
10. 63 kg

1
15. - :400
2
20. ' 1.80,000

ICSE Mathematics for Class 6

N-64

Revision Exercise 2
1. Fill in the blanks.
(1)

-1- 32 I = " "

(ii) l-131-13

(iv)~= 30
8

(vi) 12 =..:..:..:.
64 16

= to fill in the blanks.

(1) (-5) .... (+5)

{ii) 61 .... (- 16)

(v)5 + (-8) .... (- 3)

(viJl-221+1 + 221 .... o

2
5

9
21

(iii) 0 .... {- 4)

3
7

(iv) l-61 .... 161

(vii) (- 4) + (-3) ...... 4

(x) 1- .... 1-

(ix) - .... -

(viii) - .... -

(iii) 1181- l-121 -1+ 61

2_ ...
()3
v - - -

...

2 . Use >, < or

= ....

11
8
.... 12
9

(xi) -

3. Write the following in ascending order.

(1) 10, -3, 3, -6, -4, 2, 6
(ii) 1 ~. ?... 1

5 8

4 7

4. Write the following in descending order.

(1)

The integers greater than -6 and less than 4

(ii) ?... '

~ .!.!. ~

9 7 13 5

5. Represent the following on the number line.

(1)

The integers from (-2) to ( +2)

6
3

3 and -3
5
5

(iv) - 3

(ii)

(iii)

1.!..
4

..

(vi) - and 8
4

(v) -

6 . Evaluate the following.

(1) 132 -(-18)

19 + (- 9) 1+1-91

(ii) - 68-(-25)

{iii)

(iv) 11 - 16 - 3

(v) 20+15 - 40

(vi) - 40 + 17 -12 + 25

2.. + 1 ~

(viii) lO +2 2 + 3
3
11

(vii) 3

13

13

(x) 2_13

(xi)

16

(ix)

5.!. _2~
6

(xii)

~ + 2.. + .!.
9

12

4 2- - 28
10

15

7. Find the following.

(1) 13 +.!.!. - 1J...

24

16

12

(ti) 6 - 2 - - 1-

15

+3 10
25

- 210
5

(111) 1-

(iv)3-1?... - 1~
8

8. Find the product/quotient.

(i) 15 x (+ 12)

(iv} {-72) + (+ 12)

(vii)

56
81

1 _!_
35

(11) (- 18) x 11

(iii) (- 23) x (-5)

(v} 144 +(-18)

(vi) (- 175)+{-25)

15

49

20

(viii) - x l - x -

{ix) .!.!. + 3 _!_ x 6 ~

24

18

= ....

Fractions

N-65

9. Fill in the blanks.

(i) (-50) + ....

=5

(ii) .... x (-9)

=72

(ill) .... + 16

=(- ~2)

5
.
(iv) -1 -x .... = 1
6
10. Simplify:

65+(-13}-(-40)x(- 2)
(ill) {108 +(-9)} +(-6)
15
(v) l~ x (!_
+1!)
13 10 28
8

(- 14) of(- 66) +(-11)

(iv) 10 - [12-{20 -(80+ 10 -7)})
3
(vi) 3!-{3 +(2 !-~)l
2
4
6 12 ~

(i)

(ii)

11. The product of two integers is 288. If one of the integers is - 16, find the other.

4
1
1
of his monthly income on house rent, - on food and - on other items. He
15
2
5
saves ~ 400 in the end. What was his monthly income?
3
13. The capacity of a drum is 50 L and that of a bucket is 8 L. If 5 buckets of water is poured
12. A man spends -

into the drum, what fraction of the drum remains empty?

ANSWERS
1 . (1) - 32

(11) 0

(ii1) 0

(tv) 48

2 . (1) <

(11)

>

(ill) >

(iv)

3. (1) - 6, - 4, - 3. 2. 3. 6.10

5. (1)

- 2 -1

(v) 33

(vi) 3

= (v) = (vi) >

7 8 3 3
CU) a'7 'ls,14'

B1

0
0

6 . (1) 150

0
114

(11) -43

>
(11)

:~~~~

A,

-315

B1
(Vi)

A,

-2/3

-1

(v)

(xi)

At

514

0
0
-1

(x) <

4. (1) 3,2,LO.-L - 2.-3.-4.-5

516
p

(iv)

(IX) <

1. 2

(ill)

(Vilt) =

A1 A2 A3

63 B2 B1 0
(U)

(Vil) <

3/5
p

318

(ill) 9

(iv) -8 (v)-5 (vi) -10 (Vil) 5

(Vill) 619

33

(ix)l.!...!.

36

3
(xi) 2!.!
16
18

(x)l -

(xU) 213

30
7
7.(1) 48
8 . (1)

9
c11> 52!.. (ill) - 150
10

+ 180 c> -198

9 . (1) - 10
11. - 18

(11) -8

(ill) 115

17
(iv) - 24
(Vii) 32

(lv)-6 (v)-8 (Vi) 7

45

(Vill) ~

(IX) 27

32

6
(ill)-192 (iv) - 11

10. (1)-85 (U)-84 (ill) 2

12.' 12.000

13. .!.
8

28
(iv) 17 (V) 19 (Vi) l~
39
14