Lecture-8 (SQL - Part-II) C-3 PDF

Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
CIT-4307
Database Management Systems
Abdullah Al Hasib
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology (CIT)
Islamic University of Technology (IUT)
Gazipur - 1704, Bangladesh
Email: hasib@iut-dhaka.edu
February 20, 2011
Abdullah Al Hasib
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Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Outline
1
Constraints
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
SQL Query
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Exercise
SQL Constraints
SQL Query
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Outline
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Integrity Constraint
Constraints are conditions that must be satisfied by every

database instance.
The constraints should be declared in Create Table
SQL checks if each modification preserves constraints
Constraints can be defined in two ways
- Column level definition
- Table level definition
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
SQL Integrity Constraints
Not Null: Used to prevent the the entry of NULL values.

Unique: Ensures that all values in a column are different.
Primary Key: Used to uniquely identify a row in the table.
Foreign Key: Used to ensure referential integrity of the
data.
Check: Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain
criteria.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Not Null constraint

Used to prevent the the entry of NULL values
- [Constraint <constraint name>] Not Null
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Not Null constraint

Create Table Movies (
mID int,
title varchar2(20) Not Null,
director varchar2(10),
year int default 0 );
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Not Null constraint

mID int,
Note:
It is recommended to use constraint name so that referring to
constraint will be easier later on.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Not Null constraint

mID int,
Note:
It is recommended to use constraint name so that referring to
constraint will be easier later on.
Not Null constraint can only be defined at column level
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Primary Key Constraint

Defines a column or combination of columns which uniquely
identifies each row in the table
Syntax to define a Primary key at column level
- <Column name> <Data type> [Constraint
<constraint name>] Primary Key
Syntax to define a Primary key at table level
- [Constraint <constraint name>] Primary Key (
<Column name1>, <Column name2>)
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check

Defines a column or combination of columns which uniquely
identifies each row in the table
Syntax to define a Primary key at column level
- <Column name> <Data type> [Constraint
<constraint name>] Primary Key
Syntax to define a Primary key at table level
- [Constraint <constraint name>] Primary Key (
<Column name1>, <Column name2>)
Note:
You have to use table constraint to define composite primary
key.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check

Two equivalent ways to declare primary keys:
mID int Primary key,
title varchar2(20),

mID int,
title varchar2(20),
year int default 0,
Primary key (mID));
What if we have another key, e.g., (title, director)?
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check

Two equivalent ways to declare primary keys:
mID int Primary key,
title varchar2(20),

mID int,
title varchar2(20),
year int default 0,
Primary key (mID));
What if we have another key, e.g., (title, director)?

- We cannot declare it as another primary key
- But we can declare it as unique
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check

Revised Examples (with constraint-names)
1

mID int Constraint movies mid pk Primary key,
title varchar2(20),
year int default 0);

mID int,
title varchar2(20),
year int default 0,
Constraint movies mid pk Primary key (mID));
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Unique Constraint
Unique specifications are verified in the same way as primary
key(also accept NULL values)
- [Constraint <constraint name>] Unique
- [Constraint <constraint name>] Unique (<column name>)
mID int,
title varchar2(20),
year int default 0,
Constraint movies mid pk Primary key (mID),
Constraint movies tdir un Unique (title, director));
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Foreign key or Referential Integrity

Attributes of one relation that refer to attributes of another
relation
Most often this constraint references the PRIMARY KEY of
another table
Syntax to define a Foreign key at column level
- [Constraint <constraint name>]
References <referenced table name>(<column name>)
Syntax to define a Foreign key at table level
Foreign Key (<column name>)
References <referenced table name>(<column name>)
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Foreign key or Referential Integrity

* Referenced Table Schema:
Product(product id, product name, unit price)
Create Table order details (
order id number(5) Not Null,
product id number(5),
quantity number(5),
order date date,
delivery date date,
Constraint order oid pk Primary key (order id),
Constraint order pid fk
Foreign Key (product id)
References Product(product id) );
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
More on referential integrity constraints

It is possible to associate reaction policies to the violations of
referential integrity constraints.
Violations arise from
- updates on referred attribute, or
- tuple deletions
Reactions operate on referencing table, after changes to the
master(referenced) table. They are:
*
*
*
*
*
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No Action: reject the change on the master table;

Restrict: reject the change on the master table;
Cascade: propagate the change;
Set Null: nullify the referring attribute;
Set Default: assign default value to the referring attribute.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
More on referential integrity constraints

* Revised Example
* Referenced Table Schema:
Product(product id, product name, unit price)
Create Table order details (
order id number(5) Not Null,
product id number(5),
quantity number(5),
order date date,
delivery date date,
Constraint order oid pk Primary key (order id),
Constraint order pid fk
Foreign Key (product id)
References Product(product id)
On Update Cascade On Delete Restrict );
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Check Constraints
The most generic constraint type
It allows you to specify that the value of an attribute must
satisfy some condition
Check (<column name> <condition>)
Create Table Students (

sID int,
name varchar2(20),
gender char(1),
department varchar2(10),
Constraint std gdr chk Check(gender in (M,F))
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
Adding/Romoving Constraint using Alter Table

Adding a constraint using Alter table
- Alter Table <table name>
Add Constraint <constraint name>
Check(<column name> <condition>) [Disable]
- Alter Table Students
Add Constraint std gdr chk
Check(gender in (M,F))
Dropping a constraint using Alter table
Drop Constraint <constraint name>
- Alter Table Students
Drop Constraint std gdr chk
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Not Null
Primary Key
Unique
Foreign Key
Check
To enable/disable a Constraint
To enable a constraint
Enable Constraint <constraint name>
To disable a constraint
Disable Constraint <constraint name>
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Outline
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
SQL Query: Basic structure
A typical SQL query has the form:

Select [Dinstinct] <a1 , a2 , ...., an >
From <r1 , r2 , ...., rn >
[Where <condition>]
[ Order By <attributes> [asc|desc] ]
Distinct eliminates the duplicate tuples.
From clause produces Cartesian product of listed relations.
Where clause selects the tuples that satisfy the given
condition(s).
Simple conditions can be combined using the logical
connectives And, Or, Not.
Order By clause specifies a sorting order in which the
tuples of a query are displayed.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Sample Database schema for query

Consider the Movie schema below, consisting of three relations.
The key attributes are underlined.
Movies(mID, title, director, year, length)
That is, the ID, the title, the director of a movie, the year
when it was released and its length.
Artists(aID, aName, nat)
That is, the ID and the name of an artist and his/hers
nationality.
Roles(mID, aID, character)
That is, the ID of a movie in which an artist (aID) played a
character.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
More on the SELECT clause

An asterisk in the SELECT clause denotes all attributes
Select *
From Movies
- Result:
mID
1
2
3
4
Abdullah Al Hasib
title
Shining
Player
Chinatown
Repulsion
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director
Kubrick
Altman
Polanski
Polanski
year
1980
1982
1974
1965
length
146
146
131
143
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

The SELECT clause can contain arithmetic expressions
involving the operators +, -, *, and /, and operating on
constants or attributes of tuples.
- Select mID, title, director, 2010 year As numOfYears
From Movies
Result:
mID
1
2
3
4
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title
Shining
Player
Chinatown
Repulsion
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director
Kubrick
Altman
Polanski
Polanski
noOfYears
30
28
36
34
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

To force the elimination of duplicates, use the keyword
Distinct after Select.
Query: Find the names of directors who directed at least one
movie
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

To force the elimination of duplicates, use the keyword
Distinct after Select.
Query: Find the names of directors who directed at least one
movie
- Select Distinct director
From Movies
Result
director
Kubrick
Altman
Polanski
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Join queries
Query: Find actors playing in movies directed by Lucas:
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Join queries
Select A.aName
From Artists A, Roles R, Movies M
Where M.director = Lucas
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Join queries
Select A.aName
Where M.director = Lucas And
R.mID = M.mID
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Join queries
Select A.aName
Where M.director = Lucas And
R.mID = M.mID And
A.aID = R.aID
Evaluation strategy
[-] From clause produces Cartesian product of listed relations;
[-] Where clause:
Selection condition M.director = Lucas
eliminates irrelevant tuples;
Join conditions R.mID = M.mID And A.aID = R.aID
relates facts to each other;
[-] Select clause retains only the listed attributes.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Nested subqueries
SQL provides a mechanism for the nesting of subqueries.
A subquery is a Select-From-Where expression that is
nested within another query.
In general, a Where clause could contain another query,
and test some relationship between an attribute and the
result of that query.
A common use of subqueries is to perform tests for
Set-valued subqueries
- <expression> [Not] In ( subquery )
- <expression> <comparison operator> In ( subquery )
Test for non-existence
- [Not] Exists ( subquery )
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Nested subqueries contd
Query: Find actors(name) playing in movies directed by Lucas:

Select A.aName
From Artists A
Where A.aID In
(Select Distinct R.aID
From Roles R, Movies M
Where M.director = Lucas AND
R.mID = M.mID)
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Evaluation strategy:
The subquery is evaluated once to produce the
set of aIDs of actors who played in movies of
Lucas
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aID
2
4
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Evaluation strategy:
The subquery is evaluated once to produce the
set of aIDs of actors who played in movies of
Lucas
Each tuple (as A) is tested against this set
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aID
2
4
aName
Harrison Ford
Carrie Fisher
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Aggregate functions
These functions operate on the values of a column of a relation,
and return a value.
Avg: average value
Min: minimum value
Max: maximum value
Sum: sum of the values
Count: number of values
Stddev: standard deviation of the values
Var: variance of the values
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Aggregate functions contd

mID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
title
Shining
Player
Chinatown
Repulsion
Star Wars IV
American Graffiti
Full Metal Jacket
director
Kubrick
Altman
Polanski
Polanski
Lucas
Lucas
Kubrick
year
1980
1982
1974
1965
1977
1973
1987
Query: Count the no of tuples in Movies
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length
146
146
131
143
126
110
156
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

mID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
title
Shining
Player
Chinatown
Repulsion
Star Wars IV
American Graffiti
Full Metal Jacket
director
Kubrick
Altman
Polanski
Polanski
Lucas
Lucas
Kubrick
year
1980
1982
1974
1965
1977
1973
1987

- Select Count(*) As noTuples
From Movies
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length
146
146
131
143
126
110
156
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

mID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
title
Shining
Player
Chinatown
Repulsion
Star Wars IV
American Graffiti
Full Metal Jacket
director
Kubrick
Altman
Polanski
Polanski
Lucas
Lucas
Kubrick
year
1980
1982
1974
1965
1977
1973
1987

- Select Count(*) As noTuples
From Movies
- Result:
Abdullah Al Hasib
noTuples
7
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length
146
146
131
143
126
110
156
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

Query: Find the number of directors
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

Select Count(Distinct director)
As noDirectors
From Movies
Result:
noDirectors
4
Query: Find the average length of Lucass

movies.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

Select Count(Distinct director)
As noDirectors
From Movies
Query: Find the average length of Lucass
movies.
Select Avg(length) As Avgl
From Movies
Where Director = Lucas
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Result:
noDirectors
4
Result:
Avgl
118
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Aggregation and grouping

Query: For each director, return the average running time of
his/her movies.
Select director, AVG(Length) As Alength
From Movies
Group By director
First, create groups based on the values of the director attribute.

mID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
title
director
year
length
Player
Shining
Full Metal Jacket
Chinatown
Repulsion
Star Wars IV
American Graffiti
Altman
Kubrick
Kubrick
Polanski
Polanski
Lucas
Lucas
1982
1980
1987
1974
1965
1977
1973
146
146
156
131
143
126
110
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Then, for each group, compute the average

length of the movies in it.
Result:
Director
Alength
Altman
Kubrick
Polanski
Lucas
146
151
137
118
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Selection based on aggregation results

Query: Find directors and average length of their movies,
provided they made at least two movies
Idea:
from all the groups of directors, consider only those for whom
COUNT(mID) >= 2;
for those directors, compute AVG(Length)
SQL has a special syntax for it: HAVING.

Select director, AVG(Length)
From Movies
Group By director
Having Count(mID) >= 2
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Important considerations for Where and Having clause

Where clause can be used to check for conditions based on
values of columns and expressions related to individual rows.
It cannot be used with conditions related to groups.
- Select director, AVG(Length) From Movies
Where Count(mID) >= 2
Group By director
Having clause is specially designed to evaluate the conditions
that are based on group functions such as Sum and Count.
Having clause cannot be used for conditions that are not
related to groups.
- Select aName
From Artists
Having nat = USA
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Selection based on aggregation results
Results of aggregates can be used for comparisons not only in

the HAVING clause.
Query: Find the director and the title of the longest movie
Select M.director, M.title
From Movies M
Where M.length =
( Select Max (M1.length) As maxLen
From Movies M1)
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
String operations
SQL includes a string-matching operator for comparisons on
character strings e.g Like operator)
Syntax: match expression [Not] Like pattern
Patterns are described using two special characters:
Wildcard
underscore ( )
percent (%)
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Description
Any single character
Any string of zero or
more characters
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Example
a b matches cacbc, aabba etc
%a%b matches ab, ccaccbc,
aaaabcbcbbd, aba, etc
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
String operations contd

Find the list of movies containing the word War.
Select Title
From Movies
Where title Like %War%
Is Polanski spelled with a y or with an i?
Select Title, Director
From Movies
Where director Like Polansk
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

SQL supports a variety of string operations such as
Function
CONCAT(x, y)
INITCAP(x)
LENGTH(x)
LOWER(x)
REPLACE(x, str1, str2)
SUBSTR(x, start[, length])
UPPER(x)
Abdullah Al Hasib
Description
Appends y to x
Converts the initial letter of each word in x to
uppercase
Returns the number of characters in x
Converts the letters in x to lowercase
Searches x for str1 and replaces it with str2
Returns a substring of x that begins at the
position specified by start. You can supply
an optional length for the substring
Converts the letters in x to uppercase
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Find out the full name of all customers

Select Concat(first name, last name)
From Customers
Find out the length of the titles of all the movies
Select Title, Length(title)
From Movies
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Set comparison
< value >< condition > ALL(< query >)
Is true if either
< Query > evaluates the empty set
for every < value1 > in the result of < query >,
< value >< condition >< value1 > is true.
where < condition > can be <, , >, , 6=, =

For example
5 > ALL() is true;
5 > ALL(1, 2, 3) is true;
5 > ALL(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) is false.
5 6= ALL(1, 2, 3, 4) is true.
5 = ALL(4, 5) is false.
6= ALL is equivalent to NOT IN
But, = ALL is not equivalent to IN
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Set comparison contd

Query: Find directors whose all movies have been completed
before 1980
Select Distinct M.director
From Movies M
Where 1980 > ALL
(Select M1.year
From Movies M1
Where M1.director = M.director)
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison

< value >< condition > ANY (< query >)
Is true if
for some < value1 > in the result of < query >,
< value >< condition >< value1 > is true.
where < condition > can be <, , >, , 6=, =

For example
5 < ANY () is false;
5 < ANY(1, 2, 3) is false;
5 < ANY(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) is true.
5 6= ANY(1, 2, 3, 4) is true.
5 = ANY(4, 5) is true.
= ANY is equivalent to IN
6= ANY is not equivalent to NOT IN
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Query: Find directors who completed some movies after 1980

Select Distinct M.director
From Movies M
Where 1980 < ANY
(Select M1.year
From Movies M1
Where M1.director = M.director)
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Aggregate functions
String operations
Set comparison
Set operations
The set operations UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT

operate on relations and correspond to the relational algebra
operations , ,
Each of the above operations automatically eliminates
duplicates; to retain all duplicates use UNION ALL,
INTERSECT ALL, and EXCEPT ALL.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
SQL Constraints
SQL Query
Outline
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
SQL Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Create a client master table as described below
Column Name
client no
name
address
city
pincode
state
bal due
Data Type
char
varchar2
varchar2
varchar2
float
varchar2
number
Size
6
10
10
10
15
10,2
Attributes
Primary Key
Not Null, *
*
Cannot be negative
*(Name & address) uniquely identify each row

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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
SQL Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
Create a order details table as described below
Column Name
order no
order date
client no
Data Type
char
date
char
delivery date
date
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Size
6
6
Attributes
Primary Key
Foreign Key references
client no of client master table;
if a row in master table is deleted
corresponding row in child is also
deleted
Cant be less than order date
Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
SQL Constraints
SQL Query

Consider the Shipment schema below, consisting of four
relations. The key attributes are underlined.
Customer(cid, cname, address, city, state)
Product(pid, pname, price, inventory)
Shipment(sid, cid, shipdate)
ShippedProduct(sid, pid, amount)
Write down the sql statements for the following queries:

1
Abdullah Al Hasib
Return the product names and inventory value of each product

(price*inventory) ordered by product name.
For all customers in California (CA) list the customer name,
product name, and amount for all shipments
Return total value of products in inventory.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
SQL Constraints
SQL Query


4
Abdullah Al Hasib
Return product names and total amount shipped

(price*amount) for products shipping over $1,000.
Return the shipment id and total value of the entire shipment
(price*amount) ordered by the shipment values.
Return the products (name) whose name contains RAM with
a price more than the average price.
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Constraints
SQL Query
Exercise
SQL Constraints
SQL Query


7
10
Abdullah Al Hasib
Return customer names and total sales of products shipped to

each customer. Only show customers with total sales of over
$200 with the results ordered in descending order of total sales.
Return the number of shipments to customers with first name
Scott.
Return the list of customers (no duplicates) that have never
received a shipment.
Return all customers and their states that share a state with
another customer.
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Constraints

February 20, 2011

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

Constraints are conditions that must be satisfied by every

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SQL Integrity Constraints

Not Null: Used to prevent the the entry of NULL values.

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Not Null constraint

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Not Null constraint

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Not Null constraint

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Not Null constraint

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Primary Key Constraint

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Primary Key Constraint

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Primary Key Constraint

Create Table Movies (

What if we have another key, e.g., (title, director)?

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

Primary Key Constraint

Create Table Movies (

What if we have another key, e.g., (title, director)?

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

Primary Key Constraint

Create Table Movies (

Create Table Movies (

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Foreign key or Referential Integrity

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Foreign key or Referential Integrity

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More on referential integrity constraints

No Action: reject the change on the master table;

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

More on referential integrity constraints

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Create Table Students (

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Adding/Romoving Constraint using Alter Table

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SQL Query: Basic structure

A typical SQL query has the form:

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Sample Database schema for query

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More on the SELECT clause

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

More on the SELECT clause

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

More on the SELECT clause

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)

More on the SELECT clause

Lecture-8 (SQL: Part-II)