UNIT-II

Solution of algebraic and Transcendental equations and

Interpolation

Solutions of Algebraic and Transcendental equations:

1)

Polynomial function: A function

If
ie
where

f x

f x

is said to be a polynomial function

is a polynomial in x.

f x a0 x n a1 x n 1 ............ a n 1 x an
a0 0 , the co-efficients a0 , a1...........an are real constants and n is a

Non-negative integer.
2)

Algebraic function: A function which is a sum (or) difference (or) product of

two polynomials is called an algebraic fuction.Otherwise, the function is

called a
Transcendental (or) non-algebraic function.
Eg:

f x c1e x c2 e x
f x e5 x

3)

x3
3
2
.

f x 0
Root of an equation: A number is called a root of an equation
if
f 0

.we also says that is a zero of the function.

Note: The roots of an equation are the abscissas of the points where the
graph

y f x

Cuts the x-axis.

Methods to find the roots of f (x) = 0

1)

Direct method:
We know the solution of the polynomial equations such as linear equation
ax b 0 and quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0 ,using direct methods or
analytical methods, Analytical methods for the solution of cubic and
quadratic equations are also available.

2)

Bisection method: Bisection method is a simple iteration method to

solve an equation. This method is also known as Bolzono method of
successive bisection. Some times it is referred to as half-interval method.
Suppose we know an equation of the form
root between two real numbers

f x0

and

f x1

x0 , x1

f x 0

.The number is choosen such that

will have opposite sign. Let us bisect the interval

into two half intervals and find the mid point

x2

is a root.

If

f x1

and

has exactly one real

f x2

x2

x0 , x1

x0 x1
2 . if f x2 0 then

have same sign then the root lies between

x0 and x .
2

x0 , x2

x2 , x1 .

The
interval is taken as

Otherwise the root lies in the interval

Examples:3
1). Find a root of the equation x 5 x 1 0 using the bisection method

in 5 stages

f x x 5x 1

f 0 0

Sol

Let

we note that

f 1 0

One root lies between 0 and 1

Consider

x0 0 and x1 1

By bisection method the next approximation is

x0 x1 1
0 1 0.5
2
2
f x2 f 0 : 5 1.375 0 and f 0 0
x2

We have the root lies between 0 and 0.5

x3

Now

We find
Since

0 0.5
0.25
2

f x3 0.234375 0 and

f 0 0

f 0 0

, we conclude that root lies between

The third approximation of the root is

x4

x0 x3 1
0 0.25
4
2
0.125

We have
Since

f x4 0.37495 0

f x4 0 and f x3 0

, the root lies between

x4 0.125 and x3 0.25

Considering the 4th approximation of the roots

x5

x3 x4 1
0.125 0.25 0.1875
2
2

x0 and x3

f x5 0.06910 0

since

f x5 0 and f x3 0

the

root

must

lie

x5 0.18758

between

x3 0.25
Here the fifth approximation of the root is

1
x5 x3
2
1
0.1875 0.25
2
0.21875

x6

We are asked to do up to 5 stages

We stop here 0.21875 is taken as an approximate value of the root and
it
3)

lies between 0 and 1

3
Find a root of the equation x 4 x 9 0 using bisection method in

four stages
Sol

let

f x x3 4 x 9

We note that

f 2 0

and

f 3 0

One root lies between 2 and 3

Consider

x0 2 and x1 3

By bisection method the next approximation is

x0 x1 1
0 1 0.5
2
2
f x2 f 0,5 1.375 0 and f 0 0
x2

We have the root lies between 0 and 0.5

x3

Now

We find
Since

0 0.5
0.25
2

f x3 0.234375 0 and f 0 0

f 0 0

, we conclude that root lies between

The third approximation of the root is

x0 x3 1
0 0.25 0.125
4
2

x4

We have
Since

f x4 0.37495 0

f x4 0

and

f x3 0

, the root lies between

x4 0.125 and x3 0.25

Considering the 4th approximation of the roots

x5

x3 x4 1
0.125 0.25 0.1875
2
2

By bisection method
Calculating

x2

x0 x1
2.5
2

f x2 f 2.5 3.375 0

the root lies between x2 and 3

The second approximation is

x3

2.5 3
2.75
2

f x3 f 2.75 0.7969 0
The root lies between x2 and x3

x0 and x3

Thus the third approximation to the root is

x4

Again

1
x2 x3 2.625
2

f x4 f 2.625 1.421 0

the root lies between x3 and x4

Fourth approximation is

x5

1
x3 x4 2.6875
2

False Position Method ( Regula Falsi Method)

In the false position method we will find the root of the equation

x0 and x1 near the required root so that

Consider two initial approximate values

f x0 and f x1

f x 0

have different signs. This implies that a root lies between

x0 and x1 . The curve f x crosses x- axis only once at the point x2 lying between
the points

x0 and x1

, Consider the point

A x0 , f x0

and

B x1 , f x1

on the

graph and suppose they are connected by a straight line, Suppose this line cuts
x-axis at

x2 , We calculate the values of f x2 at the point. If f x0 and f x2 are

of opposite sign, then the root lies between

x0 and x2

and value

x1

is replaced by

and the value of

x0

is replaced by

x2
Other wise the root lies between

x2

and

x1

x2
Another line is drawn by connecting the newly obtained pair of values. Again
the point here the line cuts the x-axis is a closer approximation to the root. This
process is repeated as many times as required to obtain the desired accuracy. It

can be observed that the points

of the equation

x2 , x3 , x4

obtained converge to the expected root

y f x

To Obtain the Equation to find the next approximation to the root

Let

A x0 , f x0 and B x1 , f x1

be the points on the curve

y f x----------------1
f x1 f x0
0

1
y f x
x x0
x x0
Then the equation to the chord AB is
f x 0
At the point C where the line AB crosses the x axis, where y 0

x x0
From (1), we get

x1 x0
f x0 ----------------2
2
f x1 f x0

x is given by (2) serves as an approximated value of the root, when the interval in
which it lies is small. If the new values of x is taken as

x2

then (2) becomes

x1 x0 f x
0
f x1 f x0
x f x1 x1 f x0
0
----------------1
3
f x1 f x0

x2 x0

Now we decide whether the root lies between

x0 and x2 or x2 and x1
We name that interval as

x3 is given by

x3

x1 , x2

The line joining

x1 f x2 x2 f x1
f x2 f x1

x1 , y1 x2 , y2

meets x axis at

This will in general, be nearest to the exact root we continue this procedure
till the root is found to the desired accuracy
The iteration process based on (3) is known as the method of false position
The succesive intervals where the root lies, in the above procedure are
named as

x0 , x1 , x1 , x2 , x2 , x3
Where

xi xi 1 and f x0 , f xi 1 are of opposite signs

xi 1
Also

etc

xi 1 f xi xi f xi 1
f xi f xi 1

Examples:1. By using regula - falsi method, find an approximate root of the equation

x 4 x 10 0 that lies between 1.8 and 2 Carry out three approximations

Sol.Let us take

f x x 4 x 10

Then

f x0 f 1.8 1.3 0

Since

f x0

and

The equation

f x1

f x 0

and
and

x0 1.8, x1 2

f x1 f 2 4 0

are of opposite signs,

has a root between

x0 and x1

The first order approximation of this root is

x2 x0

x1 x0
f x0
f x1 f x0

1.8
1.849

2 1.8
1.3
4 1.3

We find that

f x2 0.161

the root lies between

so that

f x2 and f x1

are of opposite signs. Hence

x2 and x1 and the second order approximation of the root is

x1 x2
. f x2
f
x

f
x

1
2

2 1.849
1.8490
0.159
0.159
1.8548

x3 x2

We find that

f x3 f 1.8548
0.019

So that

f x3 and f x2

are of one same sign, Hence, the root does not

f x3 and f x1

between

x2 and x3

between

x3 and x1 and the third order approximate value of the root is

But

lie

are of opposite signs. So the root lies

x1 x3
f x3
f
x

f
x

1
3

2 1.8548
1.8548
0.019
4 0.019
1.8555

x4 x3

This gives the approximate value of x.

3
2. Find out the roots of the equation x x 4 0 using false position

method
A Let

f x x3 x 4 0

f 0 4, f 1 4, f 2 2
Since

f 1 and f 2

have opposite signs the root lies between 1 and 2

x2
By false position method

x2

x0 f x1 x1 f x0
f x1 f x0

1 2 2 4
2 4
2 8 10

1.666
6
6

f 1.666 1.666 1.666 4

3

1.042
Now, the root lies between 1.666 and 2

x3

1.666 2 2 1.042
1.780
2 1.042

f 1.780 1.780 1.780 4

3

0.1402
Now, the root lies between 1.780 and 2

x4

1.780 2 2 0.1402
1.794
2 0.1402

f 1.794 1.794 1.794 4

3

0.0201
Now, the root lies between 1.794 and 2

x5

1.794 2 2 0.0201
1.796
2 0.0201

f 1.796 1.796 1.796 4 0.0027

3

Now, the root lies between 1.796 and 2

x6

1.796 2 2 0.0027
1.796
2 0.0027

The root is 1.796

ITERATION METHOD:Consider an equation

where

f x 0

----------------1

which can taken in the form

x x 1

satisfies the following conditions

(i)

a x b
For two real numbers a and b, a x b implies
and

(ii)

For

all

x1 , x11

lying

x1 x11 m x1 x11

in

the

interval

a, b

we

have

where m is a constant such that 0 m 1

Then, it can be proved that the equation (1) has a unique root in the
interval (a,b). To find the approximate value of this root, we start with an initial
approximation
We put

x0

of the root ' ' and find

x1 x0

Next, we put

and take

x2 x1

x0

x1 as the first approximation of ' '

and take

x2

as the second approximation of - Continuing

the process, we get the third approximation

on.
The nth approximation is given by

x3 , the forth approximation x4 , and so

----------------1

xn xn 1 , n 1 2

In this process of finding successive approximation of the root

, an

approximation of is obtained by substituting the preceding approximation in

the function

which is known such a process approximations

obtained by iteration are called the iterates. The n th approximation

nth iterate.
A formula

xn xn 1 , n 1

Convergence of An Iteration:-

is called an iterative formula

x1 , x2

xn is called the

Since

x1 , x2 , x3 ........xn

are taken as successive approximations at the root

each approximation is nearest to than the preceding approximation, so that for

large n,

xn

xn

may be taken to be almost equal to , In other words, if the sequence

converges to we can say that the iteration rocess is convergant. We state

below a theorem with out proof giving a sufficient condition for the convergence of
the iteration given by

xn xn 1 , n 1

x 1
Note:- Let I be an interval containing a root of the equation (1). If
for all
x in I, then for any value of

x0

in I, the iteration given by (2) is convergent

Examples:1)

Explain the iterative method approach in solving the problem

Sol.

In latin the word iterate means to repeat. Iterative methods use a process

of obtaining better and better estimates of solution with each iteration (or)
repetitive computation. This process continues until an acceptable solution is
found
The steps involved in an iterative method are
1. Develop an algorithm to solve a problem step-by-step
2. Make an initial guess or estimate for the variables (or) variables of the
solution. The initial estimates should be reasonable. Success in the solution is
dependent of the selections of proper initial values of variables
3. Better and better estimates are obtained in the progressive iterations by
using the algorithm developed
4. Stop the iteration process after reaching an acceptable solution, based on a
reasonable criteria being met
1. Explain the classification of iterative method based on the number of guesses

Sol.

Iterative methods can be classified into two categories based on the number
of guesses
1. Interpolation methods also called as bracketing methods
2. Entrapolation methods also called as open end methods
Two estimates are made for the root in the interpolation methods. One

f x

is positive value for the function

for the function

f x

and the other gives a negative value

. This means that the root is bracketed between these

two values
By proper selection, the gap between the two estimates can be
reduced further to arrive at a very small gap. Two popular methods of this
type are
a) Bi-section method
b) False position method
A single value, which is called as initial estimate is chosen in the
extrapolation methods. The new value of the root is successively computed in each
step, depending on the algorithm. This process is continued until the difference
between the values of two successive

iterations is small enough to stop the

iteration process. Some methods of this type are Newton Raphson method
3.

By the fixed point iteration process, find the root correct to 3-

decimal places, of
The equation x cos x near x / 4
Sol

The given equation is of the form

Where

x cos x

1 x sin x 1 for all x

x x

Hence, the iteration process

xn xn 1

is convergent in every interval.

Since the root is near / 4 , we take the initial approximation of the root as

x0 / 4 0.785398
Then, by iteration formula

xn xn 1

x1 x0 cos / 4 0.7071068
x2 x1 cos x1 0.7602446

x3 x2 cos x2 0.7246675
Similarly we get,

x4 0.7487199
x5 0.7325608,
x6 0.7434642.......
By observing these iterations, we conclude the approximation as 0.739 for
the required root correct to three decimal places
4.

Sol

1
Solve x 1 tan x by iteration method

Here

x tan 1 x, 1 x

1
1
1 x2

1
Hence the process converges and we take xi 1 1 tan xi

x0 1, x1 1.7854, x2 2.0602
When

x3 2.1189, x4 2.1318

Hence the root is 2.1323.

Newton- Raphson Method:The Newton- Raphson method is a powerful and eligant method to find the
root of an equation. This method is generally used to improve the results obtained
by the previous methods.

Let

x0

be an approximate root of

root which implies that

f x1 0

f x 0

and let

x1 x0 h

be the correct

. We use Taylors theorem and expand

f x1 f x0 h 0
f x0 hf 1 x0 0
h

f x0
f 1 x0

Substituting this in

x1

we get

x1 x0 h
x0
x1

f x0
f 1 x0

is a better approximation than

x0

Successive approximations are given by

x2 , x3 ........xn 1
where xi 1 xi

f xi
f 1 xi

Examples:1.

Apply Newton Raphson method to find an approximate root, correct to three

3
decimal places, of the equation x 3 x 5 0, which lies near x 2

Sol

Here

f x x 3 3x 5 0 and f 1 x 3 x 2 1

the Newton Raphson iterative formula (f) yields in this case

xi 1 xi

xi 3 3 xi 5
2 xi 3 5

, i 0,1, 2.... 1
3 xi 2 1
3 xi 2 1

x 2
To find the root near x 2 , we take 0
then (1) gives

2 x03 5
16 5
21
x1

2.3333
2
3 x0 1 3 4 1 9
2 2.3333 5
2 x13 5
x2

2.2806
2
3 x1 1 3 2.3333 2 1

2 2.2806 5
2 x23 5
x3

2.2790
2
2
3 x2 1
3 2.2806 1
3

2 2.2790 5
3

x4

3 2.2790 1

Since

2.2790

x3 and x4 are identical up to 3 places of decimal, we take x4 2.279 as

the required root, correct to three places of the decimal

2.

Using Newton Raphson method

a) Find square root of a number
b) Find reciprocal of a number

Sol.

a) Square root:Let

f x x2 N 0

found. The solution to

Here

, where N is the number whose square root is to be

f x

is then x

f ' x 2x

By Newton-Raphson technique

xi 1 xi

xi 1

f xi
xi 2 N

i
f 1 xi
2 xi

1
N
xi
2
xi

Using the above iteration formula the square root of any number N can be
found to any desired accuracy, for example, you will find the square root of
N 24 .

Let the initial approximation be

x1

x0 4.8

1
24
47.04
1 23.04 24

4.9
4.8

2
4.8
4.8
9.6
2

1
24
48.01
1 24.01 24

x2 4.9
4.898

2
4.9
4.9
9.8
2
1
24
47.9904
1 23.9904 24

x3 4.898
4.898


2
4.898
4.898
9.796
2
Since

x2 x3

, there fore the solution to

f x x 2 24 0

is 4.898 . That

means
the square root of 24 is

4.898

b) Reciprocal:-

Let

f x

1
N 0
x
where N is the number whose reciprocal is to be

found

The solution to

f x 0

f x

is then

1
1
f 1 x 2
N also,
x , To find the solution for

, apply Newton Raphson method

x
x 2 x N
xi 1 xi i

i
i
2
1/ xi
For example, the calculation of reciprocal of 22 is as follows
Assume the initial approximation be

x0 0.045

 x1 0.045 2 0.045 22
0.045 2 0.99

0.0454 1.01 0.0454

x2 0.0454 2 0.0454 22
0.0454 2 0.9988

0.0454 1.0012 0.04545

x3 0.04545 2 0.04545 22

0.04545 1.0001 0.04545

The reciprocal of 22 is 0.04545

3.

x
Find by Newtons method, the real root of the equation xe 2 0 .

Correct to three decimal places.

Sol.

Let

f x xe x 2 1

Then

f 0 2

So root of

f x

and

f 1 e 2 0.7183

lies between 0 and 1

It is near to 1. so we take

x0 1

and

f 1 x xe x e x and f 1 1 e e 5.4366

By Newtons Rule

x1 x0
First approximation

f x1 0.0672

f x0
f 1 x0

0.7183
0.8679
5.4366

f 1 x1 4.4491

x2 x1
The second approximation

f x1
f 1 x1

 0.8679

0.0672
4.4491

0.8528
Required root is 0.853 correct to 3 decimal places

Iterative Methods
Defintion:
An nxn matrix A is strictly diagonally dominant if the absolute value of each leading
diagonal element is greater than or equal to the sum of the absolute values of the
remaining elements in that row

aii
i.e.

j 1, j i

ij

The process of iteration in solving the system of equations AX=B will converge
quickly if the coefficient matrix A is diagonally dominant.

Gauss-Jacobi iteration Method:

Given a general set of n equations and n unknowns, we have
a11 x1 a12 x2 a13 x3 ... a1n xn c1
a21 x1 a22 x2 a23 x3 ... a2 n xn c2
.
.
.
.
.
.
an1 x1 an 2 x2 an 3 x3 ... ann xn cn

If the diagonal elements are non-zero, each equation is rewritten for the
corresponding unknown, that is, the first equation is rewritten with x1 on the left
hand side, the second equation is rewritten with x 2 on the left hand side and so on
as follows

x1

c1 a12 x2 a13 x3 K K a1n xn

a11

x2

c2 a21 x1 a23 x3 K K a2 n xn
a22

M
M
xn

cn an1 x1 an 2 x2 K K an ,n 1 xn1
ann

These equations can be rewritten in a summation form as

n

c1 a1 j x j
j 1
j 1

x1

a11
n

c2 a2 j x j
j 1
j 2

x2

a 22

.
.
.

c n 1
x n 1

j 1
j n 1

n 1, j

xj

a n 1,n 1
n

c n a nj x j
xn

j 1
j n

a nn

Hence for any row i ,

n

ci aij x j
xi

j 1
j i

aii

, i 1,2, , n.

(1)

(0)
(0)
(0)
We start with initial values for the variables x1 , x2 ,......., xn to be x1 , x2 ,......., xn .
(1)
(1)
(1)
Substituting these values in the equations of (1), respectively, we get x1 , x2 ,......., xn .

(1)
(1)
(1)
Putting x1 x1 , x2 x2 ,......., xn xn in the respective equations of (1), we get next
(2)
(2)
(2)
approximations as x1 , x2 ,......., xn .

(r )
(r )
(r)
In general, if the values of x1 , x2 ,......., xn in the rth iteration are x1 , x2 ,......., xn then (r +
1)th iteration values are

x1( r 1)

c1 a12 x2( r ) a13 x3( r ) K K a1n xn( r )

,
a11

x2( r 1)

c2 a21 x1( r ) a23 x3( r ) K K a2 n xn( r )

,
a22

M
M
xn( r 1)

cn an1 x1( r ) an 2 x2( r ) K K an, n 1 xn( r)1

ann

Gauss-Seidel iteration Method:

Gauss-seidel method is a refinement of gauss-jacobi method.
As in Jacobi method consider a set of n equations and n unknowns, we have
a11 x1 a12 x2 a13 x3 ... a1n xn c1
a21 x1 a22 x2 a23 x3 ... a2 n xn c2
.
.
.
.
.
.
an1 x1 an 2 x2 an 3 x3 ... ann xn cn

If the diagonal elements are non-zero, each equation is rewritten for the
corresponding unknown, that is, the first equation is rewritten with x1 on the left

hand side, the second equation is rewritten with x 2 on the left hand side and so on
as follows

x1

c1 a12 x2 a13 x3 K K a1n xn

a11

x2

c2 a21 x1 a23 x3 K K a2 n xn
a22

M
M
xn

cn an1 x1 an 2 x2 K K an ,n 1 xn1
ann

(1)

(0)
(0)
We start with initial values for the variables x2 ,......., xn to be x2 ,......., xn . Substituting
(1)
these values in the first equation of (1), we get x1 as

x1(1)

c1 a12 x2(0) a13 x3(0) K K a1n xn(0)

.
a11

(1)
(1)
(0)
(0)
In the second equation of (1), we use x1 for x1 = x1 , x3 = x3 ,........, xn = xn . Thus we get

x2(1)

c2 a21 x1(1) a23 x3(0) K K a2 n xn(0)

.
a22

(1)
(1)
(1)
Proceeding as above we obtain the first iteration values as x1 , x2 ......., xn .

(r )
(r )
(r)
In general, if the values of x1 , x2 ,......., xn in the rth iteration are x1 , x2 ,......., xn then (r +
1)th iteration values are given by

x1( r 1)

c1 a12 x2( r ) a13 x3( r ) K K a1n xn( r )

,
a11

x2( r 1)

c2 a21 x1( r 1) a23 x3( r ) K K a2 n xn( r )

,
a22

M
M
( r 1)
n

cn an1 x1( r 1) an 2 x2( r 1) K K an ,n 1 xn( r11)

ann

Assignment Questions
1. Find a positive root of the following equation by bisection method

x3 x 2 1 0
3
2. Find the positive root of x 2 x 5 by false position method

x
3. Find an approximate root of x log10 1.2 0 by regular false method

x
4. Find a real root of e sin x 1 by regulafalsi method.

5. Find a positive root of the eqn by iteration method 3x=cosx+1

x
6. Find a real root of xe cos x 0 by Newton Raphson method

x
7. Find a real root of x log10 2 0 using Newton Raphson method.

SOLUTIONS OF ALGEBRAIC & TRANSCEDENTAL EQNS

3
x and x1 are 1
1. If x x 4 0 by bisection method first two approximations 0

and 2 then

x2

is

a) 1.25
2.

b) 2.0

c) 1.75

d) 1.5

3y5
a)

y6 3 y5 3 y4 y3

b)

y5 3 y4 3 y3 y2

c)

y6 3 y5 3 y4 y3

d)

y5 3 y4 3 y3 y2

x1 is approximate value then relative error E is

3. If X is true of quantity and

x1 x
x1

a)

b)

x x1
x1

4. If X is the true value and

x x1
x
c)

x x1
x
d)

x1 is the approximate value then the percentage

error is

a)

x x1
100
x
1
b)

x x1

5. The bisection method if the sign

x x1
100
c) x

x1
100
d) x

x0 is equal to that of x2 then

a)

x0

x2

b)

x1

c)

x1 should be replaced by x0

d)

x0 and x1 should be taken

should be replaced by

6. The interval in which the root lies for

a)

(1,2)

b)

(3,5)

should be replaced by

f x x3 2 x 5 0
c)

(5,1)

x2

is
d)

(2,3)

d)

2,3

3
7. The two initial values for the root of x x 4 0 are

a)

0,1

b)

1,0

c)

1,2

2
x and x1 are 1 and
8. If x x 1 0 by bisection method first tow approximations 0

2 then
a)

x2 is
1.5

b)

1.75

c)

2.0

d)

1.25

9. If

x0 and x1

3
the first two approximations for the roots at x x 4 0 are 1 and

2 by bisection method then

a)

1.5

b)

x3 is

1.25

c)

1.75

d)

1.33

3
x and x1
x
10.If x 5 x 1 0 , the first approximations 0
are 0 and -1 3 by bisection

method is
a)

-.5

b)

11.The formula to find

Raphson method is

xn 1 xn
a)

xn 1 xn
c)
12.If

x0

-.33

n 1

c)

d)

th

approximation of root of

f x
f xn 1

b)

f xn
f 1 xn

-0.25

f x 0

by Newton

f 1 xn
xn 1 xn
f xn

xn1 xn
d)

f xn
f 1 xn

3
x
the first intervation of the root of the equation x 5 x 3 0 is 0 then 1

by Newton Raphson method is

a)

0.51

b)

13.If first approximation

method

x2

a) 0.6724

0.25

c)

0.6

d)

0.75

x1 for the root x 3 5 x 3 0 is 0.64 by Newton Raphson

is
b) 0.6565

14.If first approximation

c) 0.721

d) 0.825

x0 for the root at x log10 x 1.2 0 is 2.74 then x1 by

Newton Raphson method is

a) 2.741

b)2.73

c) 2.751

d) 2.82

2
x 2
x
15.If first approximation of roots x x 4 0 is 0
then 1 by Newton Raphson

method is

a) 1.82

b) 1.796

c) 1.896

d) 0.796

16.The order of convergence in Newton Raphson method is

a)
17.If

b)

f x x 4 4 x 10, x1

c)

d)

first approximation of root of

f x 0

1
=1.858 then

x2

by Newton Raphson method is

a) 1.861

b) 1.872

c) 1.855

d) 1.92

18.under the conditions that f(a) and f(b) have apposite signs and a<b, the first
approximation of one of the roots f(x)=0 by regula-falsi method is given by

x1
a)

x1

af a bf b
f a f b

x1

f a f b

d)

af b bf a
f b f a
af b bf a
f b f a

x0 and x1 are 1.4 and 1.5 by false position method x2 root x 2 1 sin x 0

a) 1.0009
20.

b)

af a bf b

c)
19.If

x1

b) 1.2097

If first two approximations

x0 and x1

c) 1.1940

d) 1.4091

3
2
of root of x x 2 0 are 1.5 and 2 then

x2 by regula falsi method is

a) 1.652
21.

b) 1.724

c) 1.892

d) 1.928

x
x
If first two approximations of root of xe 3 0 are 1 and 1.5 then 2 by

regula flasi method is

a) 1.21
22.

b) 1.425

If first two approximations

-3 then

x2

c) 1.035

d) 1.312

x0 and x1 for the root of x 3 3 x 4 0 are 2.125 and

by regula falsi method is

a) -2.521

23.

b) -2.34

c) -2.171

d) -2.79

3
2
r 1
If rth iteration of the root of x 2 x 4 0 is 2.5877 then

th

iteration by

successive approximation method is

a) 2.71

b) 2.59

c) 2.69

d) 2.89
24.

3
If 4th iteration of root of x x 1 0 is 0.729 then 5th iteration by successive

approximation method is
a) 0.712
25.

b) 0.653

c) 0.734

d) 0.821

3
If 2nd approximation of root x x 1 0 by successive approximation method

is 0.8 then

x3

a) 0.75

b) 0.61

c) 0.58

d) 0.79

NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION:
The process of obtaining the derivative of a function y=f(x) using a numerical
technique is known as Numerical Differentiation. It is the process of calculating the
value of the derivate of a function at some assigned value of x from the given set
of data points which corresponds to the values of the unknown function y=f (x).
Numerical Differentiation using forward differences formula:
Consider
( x i, y i )
the function y=f(x) which is passing through the points
that are at equally
spaced intervals. The formula to find the derivate of the function for some value of
given x lying in the beginning of the table is
1
1 3
dy
1

= -y 0 2+y 0
-y.....................

0

2
3
dx x = x 0 h

Numerical Differentiation using backward differences formula: It is used to

find the value at the end of the tabulated values and it is given as
1
1
dy
1

y n 2 y n 3 y n .....................

dx
h
2
3
x xn

Numerical Differentiation using central differences formula: It is used to

find the value at the middle of the tabulated values and it is given as
dy
1 1
= + y 0

dx x = x 0 h 2

y -1

1 3
1 5
5
+ y -1 + 3 y -2
+ y -2 - .....................
y -3

12
60

problem:
The following table of values of x and y is given by
X

6.9897

7.4036

7.7815

8.1291

8.4510

8.7506

9.0309

dy

find dx when x = 1,3,6.
X
Y
y
2 y
0

3 y

4 y

5 y

6 y

6.9897
0.4139

7.4036

- 0.036
0.3779

7.7815

0.0057
- 0.0303

0.3476
3

8.1291

0.0046
-0.257

0.3219
4

8.4510

-0.0012

-0.0223

8.7506

0.003
-0.0193

9.0309
using Newtons forward difference formula

-0.0007
-0.0008

-0.0004

0.2803
6

-0.0001

0.0034

0.2996
5

- 0.0011

1
1 3
dy
1
= -y 0 2+y0
-y....................

0
dx
h
2
3
x =1
0.43658

1 6
y
6 0

using Newtons backward difference formula

1
1
1
dy
1
y n 2 y n 3 y n ................... 6 y n

dx
h
2
3
6
x6
0.27235.

using Sterlings formula

dy
1 1
= + y 0

dx
x = 3 h 2

y -1

1 3
+ y -1 +3 y -2 601 + 5 y -2
12

y -3

0.33408.

Numerical Integration

I. Trepezoidal Rule

xn

ydx 2 y

yn 2 y1 y2 yn1

x0

II. Simphson 1/3 Rule

xn

ydx 3 y

yn 4 y1 y3 yn1 2 y2 y4 yn2

x0

III. Simphson 3 / 8 Rule

xn

3h
ydx 8 y

yn 3 y1 y2 y4 y5 yn1 2 y3 y6 yn3

x0

1.

Find the value of

trapezoidal rule

1 x
0

dx
, taking 5 sub internals & by using

1
, n 5, a 0, b 1
1 x2
b a 1 0
h

0.2
n
5
f x

Ans.

Construct a table of values of

xi & yi f xi

as follows

xi

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

yi

1.00

0.961
538

0.832
069

0.735
294

0.609
755

0.50

Using Trapezoidal rule we get

1
0.2
dx
1.0 0.50 2 0.961538 0.832069 0.735294 0.609759
2
1 x
2
0

0.783734
2.

f x y

Find the area bounded by the curve

x 7.47 to x 7.52
xi
7.47
7.48
7.49
7.50
yi

Ans.

1.93

1.95

1.98

Area formed by the curve

y f x

2.01

and x-axis from

7.51

7.52

2.03

2.06

Here h = 0.01
and x axis from x 7.47 to x 7.52 is

7.52

Area

f x dx

7.47

Applying Trapezoidal rule we get

7.52

Area

h
f x dx 2 y

7.47

y5 2 y1 y2 y3 y4

0.01
1.93 2.06 2 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.03
2
0.0996

x dx
3

3.

Evaluate

Ans.

Here

with 5 sub intervals by Trapezoidal rule

a 0, b 1, n 5 & y f x x 3

b a 1 0

0.2
n
5

The values of x& y are tabulated below

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.008

0.064

0.216

0.512

By Trapezoidal rule
1

x dx 2 y
3

y4 2 y1 y2 y3

0.2
0.008 1 2 0.064 0.216 0.512
2

0.2592

4.

Evaluate

t sin tdt
0

using Trapezoidal rule

0,
Divide the internal

Ans.

The values of

f t y

in to 6 parts each of width

f t t sin t

are given below

/6

2 / 6

3 / 6

4 / 6

5 / 6

0.261
8

0.906
9

1.570
8

1.813
8

1.309

y5

y6

y1

y2

y3

y4

y0

By Trapezoidal rule

t sin tdt 2 y

y6 2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5

0 0 2 0.2618 0.9069 1.5708 1.8138 1.309

12

11.7246
12

3.0695
2

5.

dx
find the value of 1 x by simpsons 1/3 rule. Hence obtain approximate

log e

value of

Divide the interval (1,2) in to 8 parts each of width h 0.125

Ans.

The value of x & y are tabulated below

X

1
x

1.125

1.25

1.375

1.5

1.625

1.75

1.875

0.888
8

0.8

0.727
2

0.666
6

0.615
3

0.571
4

0.533
3

0.5

y3

y4

y5

y6

y7

y0

y2

y1

y8

By simpsons 1/3 value

h
y0 y8 4 y1 y3 y5 y7 2 y2 y4 y6
3

0.125
1 0.5 4 0.8888 0.7272 0.6153 0.5333 2 0.8 0.6666 0.5714
3

0.125
1.5 11.0584 4.076
3

0.125
16.6344
3

0.6931
By actual integration,

dx
2
log x 1 log 2 log1 log 2
x

Hence log 2 0.6931 , correct to four decimal places

6.

A rocket is launched from the ground. Its acceleration is registered

during the first 80 seconds and is given in the table below. Using
simpsons 1/3 rule, find the velocity of the rocket at t = 80 seconds
t (sec)

f cm / sec2

Ans.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

30

31.6
3

33.3
4

35.4
7

37.7
5

40.3
3

43.2
5

46.6
9

50.6
7

We know that the rate of velocity is acceleration I.e.,

v
t

velocity of the rocket at t 80sec is given by

80

fdt
0

10
30 50.67 4 31.63 35.47 40.33 46.63 2 33.34 37.75 43.25
3
10
80.67 616.48 228.68
3
10
925.83
3
30.86 m / sec

7.

A river is soft wide. The depth d in feet at a distance x ft from one

bank is given by the table
x

Find approximately the area of cross-section

Ans.

Here

h 10, y0 0, y1 4, y2 7, y3 9, y4 12, y5 15, y6 14, y7 8 & y8 3

80

Area of cross section =

ydx
0

h
y0 y8 4 y1 y3 y5 y7 2 y2 y4 y6
Area = 3

10
0 3 4 4 9 15 8 2 7 12 14
3
10
3 144 66
3

710 sq. ft

8.

sin x dx

evaluate 0
by dividing the interval
using simpsons 1/3 rule
Ans.

in to 8 sub intervals &

a 0, b , n 8 & f x sin x

Given

0,

ba 0

/8
n
8

Tabulate the values of sin x as follows

0

/8

/4

3 / 8

5 / 8

6 / 8

7 / 8

0.3
8

0.7
1

0.92

1.00

0.92

0.71
0

xi
sin xi

Simpsons 1/3 rule for n = 8 is

b

I f x dx
a

h
y0 y8 4 y1 y3 y5 y7 2 y2 y4 y6
3

0 0 4 0.38 0.92 0.92 0.38 2 0.71 1.0 0.71

8.3

 1.99
1

9.
Ans.

1 x

dx

evaluate
using simpsons 3/8 rule
Divide the interval into 6 sub intervals & tabulate the values of
0

f xi

1
1 x 2 as
follows

xi

f xi 1

1/6

2/6

3/6

4/6

5/6

6/6

0.97
29

0.8
0

0.90

0.692
31

0.590
16

0.5

Here h 1/ 6
Using simpsons rule
1

1
3h
dx
y0 y6 3 y1 y2 y4 y5 2 y3
2
1

x
8
0

3
1.0 0.50 3 0.9729 0.30 0.6931 0.59016 2 0.80
8.6
0.785395

10.

x
find the area bounded by the curve y e

/2

, x axis between

x 0 & x 3 by using simpsons 3/8 rule

Ans.

Divide the interval

0,3

in to 6 sub intervals

30
0.5
6

x
The values of yi e

xi

0.
0

0.5

/2

are tabulated as follows

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

y xi

1.
0

1.3
3

1.6
49

3.08
0

7.38
9

22.7
60

90.0
17

By simpsons 3/8 rule we get

3

I e x /2 dx
2

3h
y0 y6 3 y1 y2 y4 y5 2 y3
8

3 0.5
1.00 90.017 3 1.133 1.649 7.389 22.760 2 3.080
8

36.744 square units

Objective questions
1. for the data

ydx
2

when calculated by the trapezoidal rule is

a) 18

b) 16

c) 25

d) 32

2. for the data

f t

12

-1

3
12

The value of the integral

a) 15

b) 10

f (t )dt
3

when found by simpsons 1/3 rule

c) 0

d) 5

3.

xi, yi , I 1, 2....n

are n points,

y f x

is the functional relation between

dy
x & y given by them. Then the value of dx at x x0 using Newtons forward
differences is ____________

dy
x xn is ________
4. Newtons backward formula for dx at

5. For the data and y a bx , b = _________

x

6. Simpsons 3/8 rule for 9 ordinates is __________

3

7. if

f x

I f x dx
0

, the value of I by trapezoidal rule for the data is________

-2

12

8. The value of

9. The value of

using trapezoidal rule taking n = 4 is _________

x dx
1

10.The value of

x dx

using Simpsons 1/3 rule taking n = 4 is __________

1 x dx
0

using trapezoidal rule taking h = 0.5 is __________

11.The value of
12.The value of

1 x 2 dx

by using trapezoidal rule is _____________

1 x dx
0

using Simpsons 1/3 rule taking h = 0.25 is ________

13.The value of

1 x 2 dx
using Simpsons 1/ 3 rule is ___________

14.The value of

1 x

dx

using Simpsons 1/3 rule with n = 4 is ___________

x
2 5 2 x dx

15.The value of
using trapezoidal rule _____________

sin x
0 x
16.The value of
by using weedles rule taking n = 6 is ______________
5
dx
0 4 x 5
17.The value of
by usinf Simpsons 1/3 rule taking n = 10 is __________
0

1 dx

18.The value of
using Simpsons 3/8 rule , dividing the range into
three equal parts is ____________
1

/2

sin d

19.The value of
intervals is _______

using Simpsons 1/3 rule considering 6 sub-

/2

20. The value of

intervals is
_________

1/2

21.The value of
22.The value of

dx

1 x 2 using Weddles rule with n = 6 is _____________

6
dx
0 1 x
using Trapezoidal rule is ______________

dx

1 x
0
6

24.The value of

using Simpsons 3/ 8 rule considering 6 sub-

23.The value of

sin d

dx

1 x
0

using Simpsons 3/8 rule is ___________

using Weddles rule is _________
4

e dx
x

25.Given e 1, e 2.72, e 7.39, e 20.09, e 54.60 find

1/3 rule is ______________
0

/2

26.The value of

using Simpsons

cos d
dividing the range in six equal parts is ___________

27.The value of

using Simpsons 1/3 rule is ____________

dx

1 x

using Simpsons 3/8 rule is ____________

0
6

30.The value of
31.For the data

using Trapezoidal rule is ____________

dx

1 x
6

29.The value of

0
6

28.The value of

dx

1 x

dx

1 x
0

using Weddles rule is ____________

-1

12

20

If

y a0 a1 x

a)

a0 1.1381, a1 2.8966

b)

a0 1, a1 2

c)

a0 2.8966, a1 1.1381

d)

a0 1.1381, a1 2.8966

, the values of

a0 & a1

are

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. Use the Trapezoidal rule with n = 4 to estimate

places

dx

1 x
0

correct to 4 decimal

(Jntu 2007,08)

2.

dx

1 x

Evaluate

by using (i) Trapezoidal rule

(ii) Simpsons 1/3 rule
(iii) Simpsons 3/8 rule

and compare the result in each case with its actual value

3.

Given

Time t
Temp

f t

81

75

70

83

78

70

60

Evaluate

f t dt
1

using Simpsons rule

(Jntu 2006)

2.0

4.

Evaluate

y dx

0.6

using Trapezoidal rule

(Jntu 2007)

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1.2
3

1.5
8

2.0
3

4.3
2

6.2
5

8.3
8

10.2
3

12.4
5

5. Given that
x

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

5.0

5.2

log x

1.386
3

1.435
1

1.481
6

1.526
1

1.568
6

1.609
4

1.648
7

5.2

Evaluate

log x dx

4.0

by Simpsons 3/8 rule.

Numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations

1. The important methods of solving ordinary differential equations of first order
numerically are as follows
1)

picards method

2)

Elers method

3)

modified Eulers method of successive approximations

4)

Taylors series method

5)

Runge- kutta method

6)

Predictor corrector methods

a) Mline predictor corrector formula
b) Adams predictor corrector method

To describe various numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential

eqns,we consider the general 1st order differential eqn
dy/dx=f(x,y)-------(1)
with the initial condition y(x0)=y0
The methods will yield the solution in one of the two forms:
i) A series for y in terms of powers of x,from which the value of y can be
obtained by direct substitution.
ii ) A set of tabulated values of y corresponding to different values of x
The methods of Taylor and picard belong to class(i)
The methods of Euler, Runge - kutta method, Adams, Milne etc, belong to class (ii)
Picards method of successive approaches
Consider the following diff eqn

dy/dx=f(x,y)-------(1)
initial condition is that
y=y0 at x=x0----(2)
the eqn is dy=f(x,y)dx
integrating the eqn between the limits x 0 and x1 we get

x x0

dy

y
i.e

f ( x, y ) dx

x0

x
x x0

y(x)-y(x0)=

f ( x, y )dx

x0

f ( x, y )dx

x0

or y(x)=y +
0

x0

f ( x, y )dx

----(3)

we find that the R.H.S of (3)

contains the unknown y under the integral sign An eqn of this kind is called an
integral eqn and it can be solved by a process of successive approximation
Picards method gives a sequence of functions y 1(x),y(2)(x),y (3)(x),.
Which form a sequence of approximation to y converges to y(x)
To get the 1st approximation y (1) (x), put y = y0, in the integral of (3)
We get y1(x)= y0+

x0

f ( x, y0 )dx

------------(4)

Since f(x,y0) is a function of x it is a possible to integral it with respect to x

To get the 2nd approximation y (2) (x) for y, put

y y

in the integral of (3) we get

y 2 x y0 f ( x, y 1 ( x ))dx 5
x0

2
y 3 y0 f x, y
y
rd
x0

Similarly, a 3 approximation of
for y is

proceeding in this way we get the nth approximation

x

yn x y0 f x, y
x0

n 1

dx 7

or

yn y0 f
x0

y n x

dx 6

for y as

x, ynn11 dx, n 1, 2.....

TAYLORS SERIES METHOD

To find the numerical solution of the differential equation

dy
f ( x, y )
dx
(1)
With the initial condition

y ( x0 ) y0

(2)

y ( x) can be expanded about the point x0 in a Taylors series in powers of ( x x0 ) as

y ( x) y ( x0 )
In equ3,

( x x0 )
( x x0 ) 2
( x x0 ) n n
y ( x0 )
y ( x0 ) ............
y ( x0 )
1
2!
n!
(3)

y ( x0 ) is known from I.C equ2. The remaining coefficients

y( x0 ), y( x0 ),......... y n ( x0 ) etc are obtained by successively differentiating equ1 and

x0 . Substituting these values in equ3, y ( x ) at any point can be

h x x0 is small.
calculated from equ3. Provided
evaluating at

When

x0 0

, then Taylors series equ3 can be written as

y ( x ) y (0) x. y(0)

x2
xn n
y (0) ......
y (0) ........
2!
n!
(4)

x
1. Using Taylors expansion evaluate the integral of y 2 y 3e , y (0) 0 , at
a) x 0.2

b) compare the numerical solution obtained with exact solution .

Sol:

x
Given equation can be written as 2 y 3e y, y (0) 0

Differentiating repeatedly w.r.t to x and evaluating at x 0

y( x) 2 y 3e x , y(0) 2 y (0) 3e 0 2(0) 3(1) 3

y( x) 2 y 3e x , y(0) 2 y (0) 3e 0 2(3) 3 9
y( x) 2. y ( x) 3e x , y (0) 2 y (0) 3e 0 2(9) 3 21
y iv ( x) 2. y( x) 3e x , y iv (0) 2(21) 3e 0 45
y v ( x) 2. y iv 3e x , y v (0) 2(45) 3e 0 90 3 93
( n 1)
( x) 2. y ( n ) ( x ) 3e x or y ( n 1) (0) 2. y ( n ) (0) 3e 0
In general, y

x 0
The Taylors series expansion of y ( x) about 0
is

y ( x ) y (0) xy (0)

x2
x3
x4
x5
y (0) y (0)
y (0) y (0) ....
2!
3!
4!
5!

Substituting the values of y (0), y(0), y(0), y(0),..........

y ( x) 0 3 x
y ( x) 3x

9 2 21 3 45 4 93 5
x x
x
x ........
2
6
24
120

9 2 7 3 15 4 31 5
x x x
x ........
2
2
8
40
equ1

Now put x 0.1 in equ1

9
7
15
31
y (0.1) 3(0.1) (0.1) 2 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 4 (0.1) 5
0.34869
2
2
8
40
Now put x 0.2 in equ1

9
7
15
31
y (0.2) 3(0.2) (0.2) 2 (0.2) 3 (0.2) 4 (0.2) 5
0.811244
2
2
8
40
9
7
15
31
y (0.3) 3(0.3) (0.3) 2 (0.3)3 (0.3) 4 (0.3) 5
1.41657075
2
2
8
40
Analytical Solution:

dy
2 y 3e x
dx
The exact solution of the equ
with y (0) 0 can be found as
follows

dy
2 y 3e x
dx
Which is a linear in y.
x
Here P 2, Q 3e

I.F =

pdx

2 dx

e 24

General solution is

y.e 2 x 3e x .e 2 x dx c 3e x c

y 3e x ce 2 x where x 0, y 0

0 3 c c 3

2x
x
2x
x
The particular solution is y 3e 3e or y ( x) 3e 3e

Put x 0.1 in the above particular solution,

y 3.e 0.2 3e 0.1 0.34869

Similarly put x 0.2

y 3e0.4 3e 0.2 0.811265

put x 0.3

y 3e0.6 3e0.3 1.416577

dy
x2 y2
dx
2. Using Taylors series method, solve the equation
for x 0.4
given that y 0 when x 0
Sol:

dy
x2 y 2
dx
Given that
and y 0 when x 0 i.e. y (0) 0
Here

y0 0 , x0 0

Differentiating repeatedly w.r.t x and evaluating at x 0

y( x) x 2 y 2 , y(0) 0 y 2 (0) 0 0 0
y( x) 2 x y.2 y, y(0) 2(0) y(0)2. y 0
y( x) 2 2 yy 2 y. y, y(0) 2 2. y (0). y(0) 2. y(0) 2 2
y( x) 2. y. y 2. y. y 4. y. y, y(0) 0
The Taylors series for f(x) about

y ( x ) y (0) xy (0)

x0 0

is

x2
x3
x4

y (0) y (0)
y (0) ...
2!
3!
4!

Substituting the values of y (0), y (0), y(0),.....

y ( x) 0 x(0) 0
y (0.4)

2 x3
x3
0 ........
3!
3 (Higher order terms are neglected)

(0.4)3 0.064

0.02133
3
3

2
3. Solve y x y , y (0) 1 using Taylors series method and compute
y(0.1),y(0.2)

Sol:

2
Given that y x y , y (0) 1

Here

y0 1 x0 0
,

Differentiating repeatedly w.r.t x and evaluating at x=0

y( x) x y 2 , y(0) 0 y (0) 2 0 1 1
y( x) 1 2 y. y, y(0) 1 2. y (0) y(0) 1 2( 1) 3
y( x) 1 2 yy 2( y) 2 , y(0) 2. y(0). y(0) 2.( y(0)) 2 6 2 8
y( x) 2. y. y 2. y. y 4. y. y, y(0) 2. y(0). y(0) 6. y(0). y(0) 16 18 34
The Taylors series for f(x) about x0 = 0 is

x2
x3
x
y(x) = y(0) + 1! y1(0) + 2! y11(0) + 3! y111(0) + ..
Substituting the value of y(0), y1(0), y11(0),..

3
8
34
2
3
y(x) = 1 x + 2 x - 6 x + 24 x4 +..
3
4
17
2
3
y(x) = 1 x + 2 x - 3 x + 12 x4 +..

(1)

now put x = 0.1 in (1)

3
4
17
y(0.1) = 1 0.1 + 2 (0.1)2 + 3 (0.1)3 + 12 (0.1)4 + ..
= 0.91380333 ~ 0.91381
Similarly put x = 0.2 in (1)

3
4
17
y(0.2) = 1 0.2 + 2 (0.2)2 - 3 (0.2)3 + 12 (0.2)4 + ..
= 0.8516.
4. Solve y1 = x2 y, y(0) = 1, using Taylors series method and compute
y(0.1), y(0.2), y(0.3) and y(0.4) (correct to 4 decimal places).
Sol. Given that yI = x2 y and y(0) = 1
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 or y =1 when x=0
Differentiating repeatedly w.r.t x and evaluating at x = 0.
YI(x) = x2 y,

yI(0) = 0 1 = -1

yII(x) = 2x yI,

yII(0) = 2(0) yI(0) = 0 (-1) = 1

yIII(x) = 2 yII,

yIII(0) = 2 yII(0) = 2 1 = 1,

yIV(x) = - yIII ,

yIV(0) = -yIII (0) = -1.

The Taylors servies for f(x) about x0 = 0 is

x2
x3
x4
x
y(x) = y(0) + 1! yI(0) + 2! yII(0) + 3! yIII(0) + 4! yIV(0) +
substituting the values of y(0) , y1(0) , y11(0) , y111(0) ,

x2
x3
x4
y(x) = 1 + x (-1) + 2 (1) + 6 (1) + 24 (-1) +

x2
x3
x4
y(x) = 1 x + 2 + 6 - 24 +

(1)

Now put x = 0.1 in (1),

0.1
y(0.1) = 1 0.1 +

0.1

0.1

24

+ .

= 1 0.1 + 0.005 + 0.01666 0.0000416 -0.905125 ~ 0.9051

(4 decimal places)
Now put x = 0.2 in eq (1),

0.2
y(0.2) = 1 0.2 +

0.2

0.2

64

= 1 0.2 + 0.02 + 0.001333 0.000025

= 1.021333 0.200025
= 0.821308 ~ 0.8213 (4 decimals)
Similarly y(0.3) = 0.7492 and y (0.4) = 0.6897 (4 decimal places).

dy
5. Solve dx -1 = xy and y(0) = 1 using Taylors series method and compute
y(0.1).

dy
Sol. Given that dx - 1 = xy and y(0) = 1
dy
Here dx = 1 + xy and y0 = 1, x0 = 0.
Differentiating repeatedly w.r.t x and evaluating at x 0 = 0
yI(x) = 1 + xy,

yI(0) = 1+0(1) = 1 .

yII(x) = x.y + y,

yII(0) = 0+1=1

yIII(x) = x.y + yI + yI,

yIII(0) = 0.(1) + 2 g(1) =2

yIV(x) = xyIII + yII + 2yII,

yIV(0) = 0+3(1) =3.

yV(x) = xyIV + yIII +2yIII,

yV(0) = 0 + 2 + 2(3) = 8

The Taylor series for f(x) about x0 = 0 is

x2
x3
x4
x5
y(x) = y(0) + x.yI(0) + 2! yII (0) + 3! yIII(0) + 4! yIV(0) + 5! yV(0)+..
Substituting the values of y(0) , y I(0) , yII(0) , .

x2
x3
x4
x5
y(x) = 1 + x + 2 + 6 (2) + 24 (3) + 120 (8) + .
x2
x3
x4
x5
y(x) = 1 + x + 2 + 3 + 8 + 15 + .

(1)

Now put x = 0.1 in equ (1),

(0.1) 2
(0.1)3
(0.1) 4
(0.1)5
2 + 3 + 8 + 15 + ..
y(0.1) = 1 + 0.1 +
= 1 + 0.1 +0.005 + 0.000333 + 0.0000125 + 0.0000006
= 1.1053461
H.W
6. Given the differential equ y1 = x2 + y2, y(0) = 1.Obtain y(0.25), and y(0.5)
by Taylors
Series method.
Ans: 1.3333, 1.81667
7. Solve y1 = xy2 + y, y(0) =1 using Taylors series method and compute
y(0.1) and y(0.2).
Ans: 1.111, 1.248.
Note:
We know that the Taylors expansion of y(x) about the point x 0 in a power of
(x x0)is.

( x x0 ) 2
( x x0 )3
( x x0 )
1! yI(x0) +
2! yII(x0) +
3! yIII(x0) + (1)
y(x) = y(x0) +
Or

( x x0 ) 2
( x x0 )3
( x x0 )
y0I
y0II
y0III
1!
2!
3!
y(x) = y0 +
+
+
+ ..
If we let x x0 = h. (i.e. x = x0 + h = x1) we can write the Taylors series as

h2
h3
h4
h
I
II
III
IV
y(x) = y(x1) = y0 + 1! y0 + 2! y0 + 3! y0 + 4! y0 + .

h2
h3
h IV IV
h
y0
I
II
III
i.e. y1 = y0 + 1! y0 + 2! y0 + 3! y0 + 4!
+ ..
(2)
Similarly expanding y(x) in a Taylors series about x = x 1. We will get.

h I
y1
y2 = y1 + 1!

h 2 II
y1
2!

h3 III
y1
3!

h 4 IV
y1
4!

+ .

(3)
Similarly expanding y(x) in a Taylors series about x = x 2 We will get.

h I
h 2 II
h3 III
h 4 IV
y2
y2
y2
y2
y3 = y2 + 1!
+ 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ ...
(4)
In general, Taylors expansion of y(x) at a point x= x n is

h I
h 2 II
h3 III
h 4 IV
yn
yn
yn
yn
yn+1 = yn + 1!
+ 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ ..

(5)

4. Solve y1 = x-y2, y(0) = 1 using Taylors series method and evaluate y(0.1),
y(0.2).
(1)

Given y1 = x y2

Sol:

(2)

and y(0) = 1
Here

x0 = 0, y0 = 1.

Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get.

yII = 1 2yyI

(3)

yIII = -2(y. yII + (yI)2)

(4)

yIV = -2[y. yIII + y. yII + 2yI. yII] (5)

= -2(3yI. yII + y. yIII) ...
Put x0 = 0, y0 = 1 in (1),(3),(4) and (5),
We get
y0I

= 0-1 = -1,

y0II = 1-2(1) (-1) = 3,

y0III

= -2[(-1)2) + (1) (3)] = -8

y0IV = -2[3(-1) (3) + (1) (-8)] = -2(-9 -8) = 34.

Take h=0.1
Step1: By Taylors series, we have

h 2 II
h3 III
h 4 IV
h I
y0
y0
y0
y0
y1 = y0 + 1!
+ 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ ..

(6)

I
II
on substituting the values of y0, y0 , y0 , etc in equ (6) we get

(0.1) 2
(0.1)3
(0.1) 4
0.1
2 (3) + 6 (-8) + 24 (34) + .
y(0.1) = y1 = 1 + 1 (-1) +
= 1 0.1 + 0.015 0.00133 + 0.00014 +
= 0.91381
Step2: Let us find y(0.2), we start with (x1,y1) as the starting value.
Here x1 = x0 + h = 0+0.1 = 0.1 and y1 = 0.91381
Put these values of x1 and y1 in (1),(3),(4) and (5),we get
y1I = x - y12 = 0.1 (0.91381)2 = 0.1 0.8350487 = -0.735
1
y1II

= 1 2y1 y1 = 1- 2(0.91381) (-0.735) = 1 + 1.3433 = 2.3433

I

y1III = - 2[( y1I )2 + y y1II ] = - 2[(-0.735)2 + (0.91381) (2.3433)] =

1

-5.363112
y1IV

I
II
III
= - 2[3. y1 y1 + y1 y1 ] = - 2[3.(-0.735) (2.3433) + (0.91381) (-

5.363112)]
= -2[(-5.16697) 4.9] = 20.133953
By Taylors series expansion,

h 2 II
h3 III
h 4 IV
h I
y1
y1
y1
y1
y2 = y1 + 1!
+ 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ .

(0.1) 2
2 (2.3433) +
y(0.2) = y2 = 0.91381 + (0.1) (-0.735) +
(0.1)3
(0.1) 4
6 (-5.363112) + 24 (20.133953) + .
y(0.2) = 0.91381 0.0735 + 0.0117 0.00089 + 0.00008
= 0.8512
5. Tabulate y(0.1), y(0.2) and y(0.3) using Taylors series method given that
y1 = y2 + x
and y(0) = 1
Sol:

Given y1 = y2 + x
and y(0) = 1

(1)
(2)

Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1.
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get

y II = 2y yI + 1
y III = 2[y y II + (yI)2]

(3)
(4)

y IV = 2[y y III + yI y II + 2 yI y II ]
= 2[y y

III

II

+ 3 yI y ]

(5)

Put x0 = 0, y0 = 1 in (1), (3), (4) and (5), we get

y0I

= (1)2 + 0 = 1

y0II = 2(1) (1) + 1 = 3,

y0III

= 2((1) (3) + (1)2) = 8

y0IV = 2[(1)(8) + 3(1)(3)]

= 34
Take h = 0.1.
Step1: By Taylors series expansion, we have

h 2 II
h3 III
h 4 IV
h I
y
y0
y
y0
0
0
y(x1) = y1 = y0 + 1!
+ 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ .

(6)

I
II
on substituting the values of yo, y0 , y0 etc in (6),we get

(0.1) 2
(0.1)3
(0.1) 4
2 (3) + 6 (8) + 24 (34) + .
y(0.1) = y1 = 1 + (0.1)(1) +
= 1 + 0.1 + 0.015 + 0.001333 + 0.000416
y1 = 1.116749
Step2: Let us find y(0.2),we start with (x1,y1) as the starting values
Here x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1 and y1 = 1.116749
Putting these values in (1),(3),(4) and (5), we get
y1I = y12 +x = (1.116749)2 + 0.1 = 1.3471283
1
y1II

= 2y1 y1 + 1 = 2(10116749) (1.3471283) + 1 = 4.0088

y1III = 2(y y1II + ( y1I )2) = 2((1.116749) (4.0088) + (1.3471283)2] = 12.5831

1
y1IV

III
I
II
= 2y1 y1 + 6 y1 y1 = 2(1.116749) (12.5831) + 6(1.3471283) (4.0088) =

60.50653
By Taylors expansion

h 2 II
h3 III
h 4 IV
h I
y1
y1
y1
y1
y(x2) = y2 = y1 + 1!
+ 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ .

(0.1) 2
(0.1)3
2 (4.0088) + 6
y(0.2) = y2 = 1.116749 + (0.1) (1.3471283) +
(12.5831)

(0.1)4
+ 24 (60.50653)
y2 = 1.116749 + 0.13471283 + 0.020044 + 0.002097 + 0.000252
= 1.27385
y(0.2) = 1.27385
Step3: Let us find y(0.3),we start with (x2,y2) as the starting value.
Here x2 = x1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 =0.2 and y2 = 1.27385
Putting these values of x2 and y2 in eq (1), (3), (4) and (5), we get
y2I

2
= y2 + x2 = (1.27385)2 + 0.2 = 1.82269

y2II = 2y y12 + 1 = 2(1.27385) (1.82269) + 1 = 5.64366

2
y2III

II
I
= 2[y2 y2 + ( y2 )2 ] = 2[(1.27385) (5.64366) + (1.82269)2]

= 14.37835 + 6.64439 = 21.02274

y2IV = 2y + y2III + 6 y2I y1II = 2(1.27385) (21.00274) + 6(1.82269) (5.64366)
2

= 53.559635 + 61.719856 = 115.27949

By Taylors expansion,

h 2 II
h3 III
h 4 IV
h I
y2
y2
y2
y2
y(x3) = y3 = y2 + 1!
+ 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ ..
(0.1) 2
(0.1)3
2 (5.64366) + 6 (21.02274)
y(0.3) = y3 = 1.27385 + (0.1) (1.82269) +

(0.1) 4
+ 24 (115.27949)
= 1.27385 + 0.182269 + 0.02821 + 0.0035037 + 0.00048033
= 1.48831
y(0.3) = 1.48831
6. Solve y1 = x2 y, y(0) = 1 using Taylors series method and evaluate
y(0.1),y(0.2),y(0.3) and y(0.4) (correct to 4 decimal places)
Sol:

Given y1 = x2 y
and y(0) = 1

(1)
(2)

Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x, we get
yII = 2x y1

(3)

yIII = 2- yII

(4)

yIV = -yIII

(5)

put x0 = 0, y0 = 1 in (1),(3),(4) and (5), we get

y0I

2
= x0 - y0 = 0-1 = -1,

y0II = 2x - y0I = 2(0) (-1) = 1

0
y0III

II

= 2- y0 = 2-1 = 1,

y0IV = - y0III = -1

Take h = 0.1

Step1: by Taylors series expansion

h2
h3 III
h 4 IV
h
y0
y0
I
II
y(x1) = y1= y0 + 1! y0 + 2! y0 + 3!
+ 4!
+ .

(6)

I
II
On substituting the values of y0, y0 , y0 etc in (6), we get

(0.1) 2
(0.1)3
(0.1) 4
2 (1) + 6 (1) + 24 (-1)+.
y(0.1) = y1 = 1+ (0.1) (-1) +
= 1-0.1 + 0.005 + 0.01666 0.0000416
= 0.905125 ~ 0.9051 (4 decimal place).
Step2: Let us find y(0.2) we start with (x1,y1) as the starting values
Here x = x0 + h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1 and y1 = 0.905125,
Putting these values of x1 and y1 in (1), (3), (4) and (5), we get
y11 = x12 - y = (0.1)2 0.905125 = -0.895125
1
y1II

1
= 2x1 - y1 = 2(0.1) (-0.895125) = 1.095125,

y1III = 2 - y1II = 2 1.095125 = 0.90475,

y1IV

III
= - y1 = -0.904875,

By Taylors series expansion,

h2
h3 III
h 4 IV
h
y1
y1
I
II
y(x2) = y2 = y1 + 1! y1 + 2! y1 + 3!
+ 4!
+.

(0.1) 2
(0.1)3
2 (1.09125) + 6
y(0.2) = y2 = 0.905125 + (0.1)(-0.895125) + +
(0.1) 4
(1.095125) + 24 (-0.904875)+.
y(0.2) = y2 = 0.905125 0.0895125 + 0.00547562 + 0.000150812
0.0000377
= 0.8212351 ~ 0.8212 (4 decimal places)
Step3: Let us find y(0.3), we start with (x2,y2) as the starting value
Here x2 = x1 + h = 0.1+ 0.1 = 0.2 and y2 = 0.8212351
Putting these values of x2 and y2 in (1),(3),(4), and (5) we get
y12

x22

- y2 = (0.2)2 0.8212351= 0.04 0.8212351 = - 0.7812351

y2II = 2x - y12 = 2(0.2) + (0.7812351) = 1.1812351,

2
y2III

II
= 2 - y2 = 2 1. 1812351 = 0.818765,

y2IV = - y2III = -0.818765,

By Taylors series expansion,

h2
h3 III
h 4 IV
h
y2
y2
I
II
y(x3) = y3 = y2 + 1! y2 + 2! y2 + 3!
+ 4!
+.
(0.1) 2
2 (1.1812351) +
y(0.3) = y3 = 0. 8212351 + (0.1)(-0.7812351) +

(0.1)3
6

(0.1) 4
(0.818765) + 24 (-0.818765)+.
y(0.3) = y3 = 0. 8212351 0.07812351+ 0.005906 + 0.000136 0.0000034
= 0.749150 ~ 0.7492 (4 decimal places)

Step4: Let us find y(0.4), we start with (x3,y3) as the starting value
Here x3 = x2 + h = 0.2+ 0.1 = 0.3 and y3 = 0.749150
Putting these values of x3 and y3 in (1),(3),(4), and (5) we get
y31 = x32 - y = (0.3)2 0.749150= -0.65915,
3
y3II

1
= 2x3 - y3 = 2(0.3) + (0.65915) = 1.25915,

y3III

II
= 2 - y3 = 2 1. 25915 = 0.74085,

y3IV = - y3III = -0.74085,

By Taylors series expansion,

h2
h3 III
h 4 IV
h
y3
y3
I
II
y(x4) = y4 = y3 + 1! y3 + 2! y3 + 3!
+ 4!
+.
(0.1) 2
2 (1.25915) +
y(0.4) = y4 = 0. 749150 + (0.1)(-0.65915) +

(0.1)3
6

(0.1) 4
(0.74085) + 24 (-0.74085)+.
y(0.4) = y4 = 0. 749150 0.065915+ 0.0062926+ 0.000123475 0.0000030
= 0.6896514 ~ 0.6896 (4 decimal places)
EULERS METHOD
It is the simplest one-step method and it is less accurate. Hence it has a limited
application.

dy
Consider the differential equation dx = f(x,y)

(1)
(2)

With y(x0) = y0

Consider the first two terms of the Taylors expansion of y(x) at x = x 0

y(x) = y(x 0) + (x x0) y1(x0)

(3)

from equation (1) y1(x0) = f(x0,y(x0)) = f(x0,y0)

Substituting in equation (3)
y(x) = y(x0) + (x x0) f(x0,y0)

At x = x1, y(x1) = y(x0) + (x1 x0) f(x0,y0)

y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0)

where h = x1 x0

Similarly at x = x2 , y2 = y1 + h f(x1,y1),
Proceeding as above, yn+1 = yn + h f(xn,yn)
This is known as Eulers Method
6. Solve y1 = x2 y, y(0) = 1using T.S.M and evaluate y(0.1),y(0.2),y(0.3) and y(0.4)
(correct to 4 decimal place ) 0.9051, 0.8212, 07492, 0.6896

7. Given the differentiating equation y 1 = x1 + y2, y(0) = 1. Obtain y(0.25) and y(0.5) by
T.S.M.
Ans:

1.3333, 1.81667
1

8. Solve y = xy2 + y, y(0) = 1 using Taylors series method and evaluate y(0.1) and
y(0.2)
Ans:

1.111, 1.248.

dy
1. Using Eulers method solve for x = 2 from dx = 3x2 + 1,y(1) =
2,taking step size

(I) h = 0.5 and (II) h=0.25

Sol: here f(x,y) = 3x2 + 1, x0 = 1,y0 = 2

Eulers algorithm is yn+1 = yn + h f(xn,yn), n = 0,1,2,3,..
(I)

(1)

x1 = x0 + h = 1+0.5 = 1.5

h = 0.5

Taking n = 0 in (1) , we have

x 2 = x1 + h = 1.5 + 0.5 = 2

y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0)
i.e.

y1 = y(0.5) = 2 + (0.5) f(1,2) = 2 + (0.5) (3 + 1) = 2 + (0.5)(4)

Here x1 = x0 + h = 1 + 0.5 = 1.5
y(1.5) = 4 = y1

Taking n = 1 in (1),we have

y2 = y1 + h f(x1,y1)
i.e. y(x2) = y2 = 4 + (0.5) f(1.5,4) = 4 + (0.5)[3(1.5) 2 + 1] = 7.875
Here x2 = x4 + h = 1.5 + 0.5 = 2
y(2) = 7.875

(II)

x1 = 1.25, x2 = 1.50, x3 = 1.75, x4 = 2

h = 0.25
Taking n = 0 in (1), we have
y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0)
i.e.

y(x1) = y1 = 2 + (0.25) f(1,2) = 2 + (0.25) (3 + 1) = 3

y(x2) = y2 = y1 + h f(x1,y1)

i.e. y(x2) = y2 = 3 + (0.25) f(1.25,3)

= 3 + (0.25)[3(1.25)2 + 1]

= 4.42188
Here x2 = x1 + h = 1.25 + 0.25 = 1.5
y(1.5) = 5.42188

Taking n = 2 in (1), we have

i.e.

y(x3) = y3 = h f(x2,y2)
= 5.42188 + (0.25) f(1.5,2)
= 5.42188 + (0.25) [3(1.5) 2 + 1]
= 6.35938

Here x3 = x2 + h = 1.5 + 0.25 = 1.75

y(1.75) =7. 35938

Taking n = 4 in (1),we have

y(x4) = y4 = y3 + h f(x3,y3)
i.e. y(x4) = y4 = 7.35938 + (0.25) f(1.75,2)
= 7.35938 + (0.25)[3(1.75) 2 + 1]
= 8.90626
Note that the difference in values of y(2) in both cases
(i.e. when h = 0.5 and when h = 0.25).The accuracy is improved
significantly when h is reduced to 0.25 (Example significantly of the equ is y = x 3 +
x and with this

y(2) = y2 = 10

2. Solve by Eulers method,y 1 = x + y, y(0) = 1 and find y(0.3) taking

step size h = 0.1. compare the result obtained by this method with
the result obtained by analytical solution
Sol:

y1 = 1.1 = y(0.1),
y2 = y(0.2) = 1.22
y3 = y(0.3) = 1.362

Particular solution is y = 2ex (x + 1)

Hence y(0.1) = 1.11034, y(0.2) = 1.3428, y(0.3) = 1.5997

We shall tabulate the result as follows

0

X
Euler y

0.1

0.2

0.3

1.1

1.22

1.362
1

Euler y

1.11034

.3428

1.3997
The

value of y deviate from the execute value as x increases. This indicate that the
method is not accurate
3. Solve by Eulers method y1 + y = 0 given y(0) = 1 and find y(0.04)
taking step size
h = 0.01
Ans:

0.9606
4. Using Eulers method, solve y at x = 0.1 from y1 = x+ y +xy, y()) = 1
taking step size

h = 0.025.

dy
5. Given that dx = xy ,y(0) = 1 determine y(0.1),using Eulers method.
b=0.1

dy
Sol: The given differentiating equation is dx = xy, y(0) = 1
a=0
Here f(x,y) = xy , x0 = 0 and y0 = 1
Since h is not given much better accuracy is obtained by breaking up the interval
(0,0.1) in to five steps.

ba
0.1
i.e. h = 5 = 5 = 0.02
Eulers algorithm is yn+1 = yn + h f(xn,yn)
From (1) form = 0, we have

y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0)
= 1 + (0.02) f(0,1)
= 1 + (0.02) (0)

(1)

=1
Next we have x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.02 = 0.02
From (1), form = 1,we have

y2 = y1 + h f(x1,y1)
= 1 + (0.02) f(0.02,1)
= 1 + (0.02) (0.02)
= 1.0004
Next we have x2 = x1 + h = 0.02 + 0.02 =0.04
From (1), form = 2,we have

y3 = y2 + h f(x2,y2)
= 1.004 + (0.02) (0.04) (1.0004)
= 1.0012
Next we have x3 = x2 + h = 0.04 + 0.02 =0.06
From (1), form = 3,we have

y4 = y3 + h f(x3,y3)
= 1.0012 + (0.02) (0.06) (1.00012)
= 1.0024.
Next we have x4 = x3 + h = 0.06 + 0.02 =0.08
From (1), form = 4,we have

y5 = y4 + h f(x4,y4)
= 1.0024 + (0.02) (0.08) (1.00024)
= 1.0040.
Next we have x5 = x4 + h = 0.08 + 0.02 =0.1
When x = x5, y~y5
y = 1.0040 when x = 0.1

2y
6. Solve by Eulers method y1 = x given y(1) = 2 and find y(2).
dy
7. Given that dx = 3x2 + y, y(0) = 4.Find y(0.25) and y(0.5) using
Eulers method

dy
Sol: given dx = 3x2 + y and y(1) = 2.
Here f(x,y) = 3x2 + y , x0 = (1), y0 = 4

Consider h = 0.25
Eulers algorithm is yn+1 = yn + h f(xn,yn)

(1)

From (1), for n = 0, we have

y1 = y0 + h f(x0,y0)
= 2 + (0.25)[0 + 4]
=2+1
=3
Next we have x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.25 = 0.25
When x = x1, y1 ~ y
y = 3 when x = 0.25
From (1), for n = 1, we have

y2 = y1 + h f(x1,y1)
= 3 + (0.25)[3.(0.25)2 + 3]
= 3.7968
Next we have x2 = x1 + h = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5
When x = x2, y ~ y2
y = 3.7968 when x = 0.5.

yx
dy
8. Solve first order diff equation dx = y x , y(0) = 1 and estimate
y(0.1) using Eulers method (5 steps)
Ans:

1.0928

dy
9. Use Eulers method to find approximate value of solution of dx = yx + 5 at x = 2-1 and 2-2with initial contention y(0.2) = 1

Modified Eulers method

i 1
y i k 1 yk h / 2 f xk , yk f xk 1 ,1 k 1 , i 1, 2....., ki 0,1.....

It is given by

Working rule :
i)Modified Eulers method

k 1

i 1
yk h / 2 f xk , yk f xk 1 ,1 k 1 , i 1, 2....., ki 0,1.....

0
ii) When i 1 y k 1 can be calculated from Eulers method

iii) K=0, 1 gives number of iteration. i 1, 2...

gives number of times, a particular iteration k is repeated
Suppose consider dy/dx=f(x, y) -------- (1) with y(x 0) =y0----------- (2)
To find y(x1) =y1 at x=x1=x0+h
Now take k=0 in modified Eulers method

y1 y0 h / 2 f x0 , y0 f x1 , y1

We get
1

i 1

(3)

Taking i=1, 2, 3...k+1 in eqn (3), we get

y1 0 y0 h / 2 f x0 , y0

(By Eulers method)

y1 1 y0 h / 2 f x0 , y0 f x1 , y1 0

y1 2 y0 h / 2 f x0 , y0 f x1 , y1 1

------------------------

y1 k 1 y0 h / 2 f x0 , y0 f x1 , y1 k

If two successive values of

y1 k , y1 k 1 are sufficiently close to one another, we will

take the common value as

y2 y x2 y x1 h

We use the above procedure again

1) using modified Eulers method find the approximate value of x when x 0.3
given that
sol:

dy / dx x y and y 0 1

Given
Here

dy / dx x y and y 0 1

f x, y x y, x0 0, and y0 1

Take h = 0.1 which is sufficiently small

Here

x0 0, x1 x0 h 0.1, x2 x1 h 0.2, x3 x2 h 0.3

The formula for modified Eulers method is given by

yk 1 i yk h / 2 f xk yk f xk 1 , yk 1 i 1 1

Step1: To find y1= y(x1) = y (0.1)

Taking k = 0 in eqn(1)

yk 1 y0 h / 2 f x0 y0 f x1 , y1

when

i 1

First apply Eulers method to calculate

y0 h f x0 , y0

= 1+(0.1)f(0.1)
= 1+(0.1)
= 1.10

now x0 0, y0 1, x1 0.1, y1 0 1.10

y1 1 y0 0.1/ 2 f x0 , y0 f x1 , y1 0

= 1+0.1/2[f(0,1) + f(0.1,1.10)
= 1+0.1/2[(0+1)+(0.1+1.10)]
= 1.11
When i=2 in eqn (2)

y1 2 y0 h / 2 f x0 , y0 f x1 , y1 1

= 1+0.1/2[f(0.1)+f(0.1,1.11)]
= 1 + 0.1/2[(0+1)+(0.1+1.11)]
= 1.1105

y1 3 y0 h / 2 f x0 , y0 f x1 , y1 2

= 1+0.1/2[f(0,1)+f(0.1 , 1.1105)]
= 1+0.1/2[(0+1)+(0.1+1.1105)]
= 1.1105
Since

y1 2 y1 3
y1 = 1.1105

Step:2

i = 1 in eqn (2)

y1 i y0 h / 2 f x0 , y0 f x1 , y1 0

y1

To find y2 = y(x2) = y(0.2)

(0)
1

= y1

Taking k = 1 in eqn (1) , we get

y2 y1 h / 2 f x1 , y1 f x2 , y2

i 1

I = 1,2,3,4,..
For i = 1

y2 1 y1 h / 2 f x1 , y1 f x2 , y2 0

y2 0

is to be calculate from Eulers method

y2 0 y1 h f x1 , y1
= 1.1105 + (0.1) f(0.1 , 1.1105)
= 1.1105+(0.1)[0.1+1.1105]
= 1.2316

(1)
2

1.1105 0.1/ 2 f 0.1,1.1105 f 0.2,1.2316

= 1.1105 +0.1/2[0.1+1.1105+0.2+1.2316]
= 1.2426

y2 2 y1 h / 2 f x1 , y1 f x2 y2 1

= 1.1105 + 0.1/2[f(0.1 , 1.1105) , f(0.2 . 1.2426)]

= 1.1105 + 0.1/2[1.2105 + 1.4426]
= 1.1105 + 0.1(1.3266)
= 1.2432

y2 3 y1 h / 2 f x1 , y1 f x2 y2 2

= 1.1105+0.1/2[f(0.1,1.1105)+f(0.2 , 1.2432)]
= 1.1105+0.1/2[1.2105+1.4432)]
= 1.1105 + 0.1(1.3268)
= 1.2432

Since

y 2 3 y 2 3

Hence y2 = 1.2432
Step:3
To find y3 = y(x3) = y y(0.3)
Taking k =2 in eqn (1) we get

y3 1 y2 h / 2 f x2 , y2 f x3 , y3 i 1 4

For i = 1 ,

y3 1 y2 h / 2 f x2 , y2 f x3 , y3 0

y3 0 is to be evaluated from Eulers method .

y3

y2 h f x2 , y2
= 1.2432 +(0.1) f(0.2 , 1.2432)
= 1.2432+(0.1)(1.4432)
= 1.3875

y3

= 1.2432+0.1/2[f(0.2 , 1.2432)+f(0.3, 1.3875)]

= 1.2432 + 0.1/2[1.4432+1.6875]
= 1.2432+0.1(1.5654)
= 1.3997

2
1
y3 y2 h / 2 f x2 , y2 f x3 , y3

= 1.2432+0.1/2[1.4432+(0.3+1.3997)]
= 1.2432+ (0.1) (1.575)
= 1.4003

3
2
y3 y2 h / 2 f x2 , y2 f x3 , y3

= 1.2432+0.1/2[f(0.2 , 1.2432)+f(0.3 , 1.4003)]

= 1.2432 + 0.1(1.5718)
= 1.4004

y3 4 y2 h / 2 f x2 , y2 f x3 , y3 3

= 1.2432 + 0.1/2[1.4432+1.7004]
= 1.2432+(0.1)(1.5718)
= 1.4004

y3 3 y3 4

Since
Hence

y3 1.4004

The value of y at x = 0.3 is 1.4004

dy
2 . Find the solution of dx = x-y , y(0)=1 at x =0.1 , 0.2 ,0.3 , 0.4 and 0.5 .
Using modified
Eulers method

dy
Sol . Given dx = x-y and y(0) = 1
Here f(x,y) = x-y , x0 = 0 and y0 = 1
Consider

h = 0.1 so that

x = 0.1 , x2 = 0.2 , x3 =0.3 , x4 = 0.4 and x5 = 0.5

The formula for modified Eulers method is given by

yk 1 yk h / 2 f xk , yk fxk 1 , yk 1
i

Where k = 0,1, 2, 3,..

x

i = 1, 2, 3,..

f xk , yk xk yk 1 f x , y f x , y i 1
k
k
k 1
k 1
2

i 1

yk 1 i yk h / 2 f xk , yk f xk 1 , yk 1 i 1

K=
0
0.0

0-1=-1

1+(0.1)(-1)=0.9 =

y1 0

0.1(i=1)

0-1=-1

0.1(i=2)

0-1=-1

(-1-0.81)= -0.905

1+(0.1)(-0.905)=0.9095

0.1(i=3)

0-1=-1

(-1-0.80.95)=
-0.90475

1+(0.1)(0.90475)=0.9095

0.1

0.1-0.9095=
-0.8095

0.9095+(0.1)(0.8095)=0.82855

0.2(i=1)

-0.8095

0.2(i=2)

-0.8095

(-0.8095-0.6376)

0.9095+(0.1)(0.72355)=0.8371

0.2(i=3)

-0.8095

(-0.8095-0.6371)

0.9095+(0.1)(0.7233)=0.8372

(-1-0.8) = -0.9

1+(0.1)(-0.9)=0.91

K=1

0.2(i=4)

(-0.8095-0.62855)

0.9095+(0.1)(0.719025)=0.8376

-0.8095

(-0.8095-0.6372)

0.9095+(0.1)(0.72355)=0.8371

0.2

0.2-0.8371=0.6371

0.8371+(0.1)(0.6371)=0.7734

0.3(i=1)

= -0.6371

(-0.6371-0.4734)

0.8371+(0.1)(0.555)=0.7816

0.3(i=2)

= -0.6371

(-0.6371-0.4816)

0.83710.056=0.7811

0.3(i=3)

= -0.6371

(-0.6371-0.4811)

0.83710.05591=0.7812

0.3(i=4)

= -0.6371

(-0.6371-0.4812)

0.8371-0.055915
= 0.7812

K=2

K =3
0.3(i=1)

0.3-0.7812

0.7812+(0.1)(0.4812) = 0.7331

0.4(i=1)

-0.4812

(-0.4812-0.4311)

0.7812-0.0457 =
0.7355

0.4(i=2)

-0.4812

(-0.4812-0.4355)

0.7812-0.0458 =
0.7354

0.4(i=3)

-0.4812

(-0.4812-0.4354)

0.7812-0.0458 =
0.7354

0.4

-0.3354

0.7354-0.03354 =
0.70186

0.5

-0.3354

(-0.33540.301816)

0.7354-0.03186 =
0.7035

0.5

-0.3354

(-0.33540.30354)

0.7354-0.0319 =
0.7035

K=4

Runge Kutta Methods

I. Second order R-K Formula
yi+1 = yi+1/2 (K1+K2),
Where K1 = h (xi, yi)
K2 = h (xi+h, yi+k1)
For i= 0,1,2-------

II. Third order R-K Formula

yi+1 = yi+1/6 (K1+4K2+ K3),
Where K1 = h (xi, yi)

K2 = h (xi+h/2, y0+k1/2)
K3 = h (xi+h, yi+2k2-k1)
For i= 0,1,2-------

III. Fourth order R-K Formula

yi+1 = yi+1/6 (K1+2K2+ 2K3 +K4),
Where K1 = h (xi, yi)
K2 = h (xi+h/2, yi+k1/2)
K3 = h (xi+h/2, yi+k2/2)
K4 = h (xi+h, yi+k3)
For i= 0,1,2------3. Find y(0.1) and y(0.2) using modified Eulers formula given that dy/dx=x 2y,y(0)=1
[consider h=0.1,y1=0.90523,y2=0.8214]
4. Given

dy / dx xy 2 , y 0 2

compute y(0.2) in steps of 0.1

Using modified Eulers method

[h=0.1, y1=1.9804, y2=1.9238]
5. Given y1 = x+siny, y(0)=1 compute y(0.2) and y(0.4) with h=0.2 using modified
Eulers
method
[y1=1.2046, y2=1.4644]

1. Using Runge-Kutta method of second order, find

taking h = 0.25 .

Sol: Given

dy
dx =

x y
x , y(2) = 2 .

y 2.5

dy
x y
from dx = x , y(2)=2 ,

x y
Here f(x, y) = x , x0 = 0 , y0=2 and h = 0.25
x1 = x0+h = 2+0.25 = 2.25 , x2 = x1+h =2.25+0.25 = 2.5

By R-K method of second order,

yi 1 yi 1/ 2 k1 k 2 , k1 hf xi h, yi k1 , i 0,1.... 1
Step -1:To find y(x1)i.e y(2.25) by second order R - K method taking i=0 in eqn(i)

We have

y1 y0

1
k1 k2
2

Where k1= hf (x0,y0 ), k2= hf (x0+h,y0+k1)

f (x0,y0 )=f(2,2)=2+2/2=2
k1=hf (x0,y0 )=0.25(2)=0.5
k2= hf (x0+h,y0+k1)=(0.25)f(2.25,2.5)
=(0.25)(2.25+2.5/2.25)=0.528
y1=y(2.25)=2+1/2(0.5+0.528)

=2.514
Step2:
To find y(x2) i.e., y(2.5)
i=1 in (1)
x1=2.25,y1=2.514,and h=0.25
y2=y1+1/2(k1+k2)
where k1=h f((x1,y1 )=(0.25)f(2.25,2.514)
=(0.25)[2.25+2.514/2.25]=0.5293

k2 h f x0 h, y0 k1 0.1 f 0.1,1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.09

=(0.25)[2.5+2.514+0.5293/2.5]
=0.55433

y2 y

(2.5)=2.514+1/2(0.5293+0.55433)

=3.0558
y =3.0558 when x = 2.5

Obtain the values of y at x=0.1,0.2 using R-K method of

(i)second order (ii)third order (iii)fourth order for the diff eqn y 1+y=0,y(0)=1
Sol: Given dy/dx = -y, y(0)=1
f(x,y) = -y, x0 = 0, y0 = 1
Here f (x,y) = -y, x0 = 0, y0 = 1 take h = 0.1
x1 = x0+h = 0.1,

x2 = x1+h = 0.2
Second order:
step1: To find y(x1) i.e y(0.1) or y1
by second-order R-K method,we have
y1 = y0+1/2(k1+k2)
where k1=hf(x0,y0)=(0.1) f(0,1) = (0.1)(-1)= - 0.1
k2= hf (x0+h, y0+k1)= (0.1) f (0.1, 1-0.1) = (0.1)(-0.9) = -0.09
y1=y(0.1)=1+1/2(-0.1-0.09)=1-0.095=0.905
y =0.905 when x=0.1

Step2:
To find y2 i.e y(x2) i.e y(0.2)
Here x1 = 0.1, y1 = 0.905 and h=0.1
By second-order R-K method, we have

y2 = y(x2)= y1+1/2(k1+k2)
Where

k1 h f x1 , y1

=(0.1)f(0.1,0.905)=(0.1)(-0.905)=-0.0905

k2 h f x1 h, y1 k1 0.1 f 0.2, 0.905 0.0905

0.1 f 0.2, 0.8145 0.1 0.8145
0.08145
y2 = y(0.2)=0.905+1/2(-0.0905-0.08145)
= 0.905- 0.085975 = 0819025
Third order
Step1:
To find y1 i.e y(x1)= y(0.1)
By Third order Runge kutta method

y1 y0 1/ 6 k1 4k 2 k3
where k1 = h f(x0, y0) = (0.1) f (0.1) = (0.1) (-1) = -0.1

k2 h f x0 h / 2, y0 k1 / 2 0.1 f 0.1/ 2,1 0.1/ 2 0.1 f 0.05, 0.95

0.1 0.95 0.095

and k3 = h f((x0+h,y0+2k2-k1)
(0.1) f (0.1,1+2(-0.095)+0.1)= -0.905
Hence y1 = 1+1/6(-0.1+4(-0.095)-0.09) = 1+1/6 (-0.57) = 0.905
y1=0.905 i.e y(0.1)= 0.905
Step2:
To find y2,i.e y(x2)= y(0.2)
Here x1=0.1,y1=0.905 and h = 0.1
Again by 2nd order R-K method
y2 = y1+1/6(k1+4k2+k3)

Where k1=h f(x1, y1) = (0.1)f (0.1,0.905)= -0.0905

k2 = h f (x1+h/2,y1+k1/2)=(0.1)f(0.1+0.2,0.905 - 0.0905)= -(0.1) f (0.15, 0.85975)=
(0.1) (-0.85975)
and k3 = h f((x1+h,y1+2k2-k1)=(0.1)f(0.2,0.905+2(0.08975)+0.0905= -0.082355
hence y2 = 0.905+1/6(-0.0905+4(-0.085975)-0.082355)=0.818874
y = 0.905 when x = 0.1

And y =0.818874 when x =0.2

iii) fourth order:
step1:
x0=0,y0=1,h=0.1 To find y1 i.e y(x1)=y(0.1)
By 4th order R-K method, we have
y1 = y0+1/6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)
Where k1=h f(x0,y0)=(0.1)f(0.1)= -0.1
k2= h f (x0+h/2, y0+k1/2) = -0.095
and k3= h f((x0+h/2,y0+k2/2)=(0.1)f (0.1/2,1-0.095/2)
= (0.1)f(0.05,0.9525)
= -0.09525
and k4= h f(x0+h,y0+k3)
= (0.1) f(0.1,1-0.09525)=(0.1)f(0.1,0.90475)
=-0.090475
Hence y1=1+1/6(-0.1)+2(-0.095)+2(0.09525)-0.090475)
=1+1/6(-0.570975)+1-0.951625 = 0.9048375
Step2:
To find

y2 , i.e., y x2 y 0.2 , y1 0.9048375, i.e., y 0.1 0.9048375

Here x1 = 0.1, y1=0.9048375 and h = 0.1

Again by 4th order R-K method, we have
y2 = y1+1/6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)

Where k1=h f(x1,y1)=(0.1)f(0.1,0.9048375)=-0.09048375

k2= hf (x1+h/2,y1+k1/2)=(0.1)f(0.1+0.1/2,0.9048375 -0.09048375 /2)=-0.08595956
and k3=hf(x1+h/2, y1+k2/2)=(0.1)f(0.15,0. 8618577)= -0.08618577
k4 =h f(x1+h,y1+k3)=(0.1)f(0.2,0.86517)
= -0.08186517
Hence y2 = 0.09048375+1/6(-0.09048375-2(0.08595956)-2(0.08618577)0.08186517
=0.9048375-0.0861065
=0.818731
y = 0.9048375 when x =0.1 and y =0.818731

3. Apply the 4th order R-K method to find an approximate value of y when x=1.2 in
steps
of 0.1,given that
y1 = x2+y2,y (1)=1.5
sol.

Given y1= x2+y2,and y(1)=1.5

Here f(x,y)= x2+y2, y0 =1.5 and x0=1,h=0.1

So that x1=1.1 and x2=1.2
Step1:
To find y1 i.e., y(x1)
by 4th order R-K method we have
y1=y0+1/6 (k1+2k2+2k3+k4)
k1=hf(x0,y0)=(0.1)f(1,1.5)=(0.1) [12+(1.5)2]=0.325
k2= hf (x0+h/2,y0+k1/2)=(0.1)f(1+0.05,1.5+0.325)=0.3866
and k3=hf((x0+h/2,y0+k2/2)=(0.1)f(1.05,1.5+0. 3866/2)=(0.1)[(1.05)2+(1.6933)2]

=0.39698
k4=hf(x0+h,y0+k3)=(0.1)f(1.0,1.89698)
=0.48085
Hence

1
y1 1.5 0.325 2 0.3866 2 0.39698 0.48085
6
1.8955
Step2:
To find y2, i.e.,

y x2 y 1.2

Here x1=0.1,y1=1.8955 and h=0.1

by 4th order R-K method we have
y2 = y1+1/6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)
k1=hf(x1,y1)=(0.1)f(0.1,1.8955)=(0.1) [12+(1.8955)2]=0.48029
k2= hf (x1+h/2,y1+k1/2)=(0.1)f(1.1+0.1,1.8937+0.4796) =0.58834
and k3=hf((x1+h/2,y1+k2/2)=(0.1)f(1.5,1.8937+0.58743) =(0.1)[(1.05)2+(1.6933)2]
=0.611715
k4=hf(x1+h,y1+k3)=(0.1)f(1.2,1.8937+0.610728)
=0.77261
Hence y2=1.8937+1/6(0.4796+2(0.58834)+2(0.611715)+0.7726) =2.5043
y =2.5043 where x 0.2

4. using R-K method, find y(0.2) for the eqn dy/dx=y-x,y(0)=1,take h=0.2
Ans:1.15607
5.Given that y1=y-x,y(0)=2 find y(0.2) using R- K method take h=0.1
Ans: 2.4214

6. Apply the 4th order R-K method to find

10

y 0.2 and y 0.4

for one equation

dy
x2 y 2 , y 0 1
dx
take h = 0.1

Ans. 1.0207, 1.038

7. using R-K method, estimate y(0.2) and y(0.4) for the eqn dy/dx=y 2-x2/
y2+x2,y(0)=1,h=0.2
Ans:1.19598,1.3751
8. use R-K method, to approximate y when x=0.2 given that y 1=x+y,y(0)=1
Sol: Here f(x,y)=x+y,y0=1,x0=0
Since h is not given for better approximation of y
Take h=0.1
x1=0.1, x2=0.2

Step1
To find y1 i.e y(x1)=y(0.1)
By R-K method,we have
y1=y0+1/6 (k1+2k2+2k3+k4)
Where k1=hf(x0,y0)=(0.1)f(0,1)=(0.1) (1)=0.1
k2= hf (x0+h/2,y0+k1/2)=(0.1)f(0.05,1.05)=0.11
and k3=hf((x0+h/2,y0+k2/2)=(0.1)f(0.05,1+0. 11/2)=(0.1)[(0.05) +(4.0.11/2)]
=0.1105

k4=h f (x0+h,y0+k3)=(0.1)f(0.1,1.1105)=(0.1)[0.1+1.1105]
=0.12105

Hence

y1 y 0.1 1

1
0.1 0.22 0.240 0.12105
6

y = 1.11034
Step2:
To find y2 i.e y(x2) = y(0.2)
Here x1=0-1, y1=1.11034 and h=0.1
Again By R-K method,we have
y2=y1+1/6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)
k1=h f(x1,y1)=(0.1)f(0.1,1.11034)=(0.1) [1.21034]=0.121034
k2= h f (x1+h/2, y1+k1/2)=(0.1)f(0.1+0.1/2,1.11034+0.121034/2)
=0.1320857
and k3=h f((x1+h/2,y1+k2/2)=(0.1)f(0.15,1.11034+0.1320857/2)
=0.1326382
k4=h f(x1+h,y1+k3)=(0.1)f(0.2,1.11034+0.1326382)
(0.1)(0.2+1.2429783)=0.1442978
Hence y2=1.11034+1/6(0.121034+0.2641714+0.2652764+0.1442978
=1.11034+0.1324631 =1.242803
y =1.242803 when x=0.2

9.using Runge-kutta method of order 4,compute y(1.1) for the eqn

y1=3x+y2,y(1)=1.2 h = 0.05
Ans:1.7278
10. using Runge-kutta method of order 4,compute y(2.5) for the eqn dy/dx = x+y/x,
y(2)=2 [hint h = 0.25(2 steps)]
Ans:3.058
Predictor-corrector methods:
This method is the method in which we 1 st predict a value of yn+1 by using a certain
formula and then correct this value by using a more accurate formula

ADAMS - BASHFORTH MOULTON METHOD

Adams Moulton predictor formula is

ynp1 yn

h
[55 f n 59 f n 1 37 f n 2 9 f n 3 ]
24

p
The subscript p indicates that yn 1 is predicted value.

Adams Moulton corrector formula is

ync1 yn

h
[9 f np1 19 f n 5 f n 1 f n 2 ]
24

c
The subscript c indicates that yn 1 is a corrected value.

Note: Like Milnes method. Adams method also requires

information about

previous four points, to predict the fifth value. If in any problem these values are not
given we can find them by using Taylors series or Eulers method or R-k method

1.

dy 1
xy
dx 2

Given

y (0) 1 , y (0.1) 1.0025 , y (0.2) 1.0101 , y (0.3) 1.0228

and

compute y (0.4) by Adams - Bashforth method.

Sol:

Here

f ( x, y )

1
xy
2

x0 0, x1 0.1, x2 0.2, x3 0.3, x4 0.4, h 0.1

and

y0 1, y1 1.0025, y2 1.0101, y3 1.0228

To find

y4

i.e.

y ( x4 ) y (0.4)

Adams-Moulton Predictor formula is

ynp1 yn

h
[55 f n 59 f n 1 37 f n 2 9 f n 3 ]
24
equ1

Putting n 3 in equ1, we have

y4p y3

h
[55 f3 59 f 2 37 f1 9 f 0 ]
24

1
f 0 f ( x0 , y0 ) f (0,1) (0) 0
2
1
f1 f ( x1 , y1 ) f (0.1,1.0025) (0.1)(1.0025) 0.0501
2
1
f 2 f ( x2 , y2 ) f (0.2,1.0101) 0.1 1.0101 0.1010
2
1
f 3 f ( x3 , y3 ) f (0.3,1.0228) (0.3)(1.0228) 0.1534
2
Hence

y4p

1.0228

0.1
[55(0.1534) 59(0.1010) 37(0.0501) 9(0)] 1.0408
24

x4 0.4, y4p 1.0408 (Predicted values)

f 4p f ( x4 , y4p ) f (0.4,1.0408)

1
(0.4)(1.0408) 0.20816
2

Adams-Moulton corrector formula is

ync1 yn

h
[9 f np1 19 f n 5 f n 1 f n 2 ]
24
equ2

Putting n 3 in equ2, we have

y4c y3

h
[9 f 4p 19 f 3 5 f 2 f1 ]
24

1.0228

0.1
[9(0.20816) 19(0.1534) 5(0.1010) 0.0501]
1.0408
24

Hence y (0.4) 1.0408

2
2. Given y x y, y (0) 1 and the starting values y (0.1) 0.90516,

y (0.2) 0.82127, y (0.3) 0.74918 . Find y (0.4) using Adam bashforth Moulton
method.
p
c
Ans: y4 0.68967 and y4 0.6897 (correct to four decimal places)

dy
x y2
3. Given dx
and y (0) 0, y (0.2) 0.02, y (0.4) 0.0795, y (0.6) 0.1762
estimate y (0.8) using Adams-Moulton method.
Ans: 0.2416 {by Milnes method 0.3046]

dy
2e x . y, y (0) 2
dx
4. If
find y (0.4) using Adams predictor corrector formula by
calculating y (0.1), y (0.2) and y (0.3) using Eulers modified formula.
2
5. Given y 1 y , y (0) 0 . Find the initial values y (0.2), y (0.4) and y (0.6) using

Runge-Kutta method and hence estimate y (0.8) by Adams-BashforthMoulton method.

Sol:

2
Here f ( x, y ) 1 y

x0 0, x1 0.2, x2 0.4, x3 0.6, x4 0.8, h 0.2

To find the initial values
Step1:To find

and

y0 0

y1 , y2 , y3 by using R-K method

y1 y ( x1 ) y (0.2)

y1 0.2027
Step2:To find

y2 y ( x2 ) y (0.4)

y2 0.4228
Step3:To find

y3 y ( x3 ) y (0.8)

y3 0.6841
y1 0.2027 , y2 0.4228 , y3 0.6841

To find

y4 y ( x4 ) y (0.8)

Adams-Moulton predictor formula is

ynp1 yn

h
[55 f n 59 f n 1 37 f n 2 9 f n 3 ]
24
equ1

Putting n=3 in equ1, we have

y4p y3

h
[55 f3 59 f 2 37 f1 9 f 0 ]
24

f 0 f ( x0 , y0 ) f (0, 0) 1
f1 f ( x1 , y1 ) f (0.2, 0.2027) 1 (0.2027) 2 1.0411
f 2 f ( x2 , y2 ) f (0.4, 0.4228) 1 (0.4228) 2 1.1787
f 3 f ( x3 , y3 ) f (0.6, 0.6841) 1 (0.6841) 2 1.4680

Hence

y4p 0.6841

0.2
[55(1.4680) 59(1.1787) 37(1.0411) 9(1)] 1.0234
24

Adams-Moulton Corrector formula is

ync1 yn

h
[9 f np1 19 f n 5 f n 1 f n 2 ]
24
equ2

Putting n=3 in equ2, we get

y4c y3

h
[9 f 4p 19 f 3 5 f 2 f1 ]
24

f 4p f ( x4 , y4p ) f (0.8,1.0234) 1 (1.0234) 2 2.0473

Hence

y4c 0.6841

(0.2)
[9(2.0473) 19(1.4680) 5(1.1787) 1.0411] 1.0296
24

The corrected value of

y4 y (0.8) is 1.0296

y (0.8) 1.0296
6. Compute y (0.1), y (0.2), y (0.3) from the initial value problem

dy
xy y 2 , y (0) 1
dx
using R-K method and evaluate y (0.4) by AdamsBashforth-Moulton method.

Ans: 1.8389

dy
x y
7. Find the solution of dx
at x 0.5 subject to condition y 1 at x 0
and h 0.1 using Adams-bashforth-Moulton method. Use Eulers method
initially.
Sol:

Here f ( x, y ) x y

x0 0, x1 0.1, x2 0.2, x3 0.3, x4 0.4, x5 0.5, h 0.1

To find initial values

and

y0 1

y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 using Euler Method

By Eulers method, we get

y1 0.9, y2 0.82, y3 0.758

To find

and

y4 0.7122

y5 y ( x5 ) y (0.5) :
Adams-Bashforth-Moulton formula is

ynp1 yn

h
[55 f n 59 f n 1 37 f n 2 9 f n 3 ]
24
equ1

Putting n=4 in equ1, we get

y5p y4

h
[55 f 4 59 f 3 37 f 2 9 f1 ]
24

f1 f ( x1 , y1 ) f (0.1, 0.9) 0.1 0.9 0.8

f 2 f ( x2 , y2 ) f (0.2, 0.82) 0.2 0.82 0.62
f 3 f ( x3 , y3 ) f (0.3, 0.758) 0.3 0.758 0.458
f 4 f ( x4 , y4 ) f (0.4, 0.7122) 0.4 0.7122 0.3122
Hence

y5p

(0.1)
= 0.7122 + 24 [55(-0.3122) + 59 (0.458) -37 (0.62) + 9 (0.8)]

=0.6877
Adams- Moulton corrector formula is
ync1

yn

h
p
+ 24 [9 f n 1 +19 f n -5 f n 1 + f n 2 ]

equ2

Putting n = 4 in equation-2, we have

y5c

y4

h
p
f
f
+ 24 (9 f 5 +19 f 4 -5 3 + 2 )

y5p =f(x ,) =f(0.5,0.6877)=0.5-0.6877=-0.1877

5

(0.1)
c
Hence y5 =0.7122+ 24 [9(-0.1877)-19(0.3122)+5(0.458)-0.62] =0.6874

y(0.5) = 0.6874.
8. Use Adams method to find y(0.4) from y1=xy+y2, y(0)=1 Find the initial
values y(0.1), y(0.2) and y(0.3) from the Taylors series method.
Sol:

Here f(x,y)=xy+y2, x0=0, x1=0.1,x2=0.2,x3=0.3,x4=0.4 h=0.1 and y0=1

To find the initial values y(0.1)=y1, y2=y(0.2), y3=y(0.3)
Using Taylors series method.
Taylors series expansion of y(x) about x0=0 is

y ( x ) y (0) x. y (0)

x2
x3
y (0) y(0)
2!
3!
equ1

2
2

Here y xy y , y (0) x0 y0 y0 1

y x. y y 2 yy, y(0) x0 y0 y0 2 y0 y0 3
y x. y y y 2. y. y 2( y ) 2 , y(0) 2 6 2 10
3 2 5 3
x x
3
y(x)=1+x+ 2
3
5
y1 y (0.1) 1 0.1 (0.1) 2 (0.1)3 ...
2
3
=1+0.1+0.015+0.0016667=1.1166

3
5
y2 y (0.2) 1 0.2 (0.2) 2 (0.2) 3
1 0.2 0.06 0.0133333 1.2733
2
3
3
5
y3 y (0.3) 1 0.3 (0.3) 2 (0.3)3
1 0.3 0.135 0.045 1.480
2
3
To find

y4 y ( x4 ) y (0.4)

Adams-Moulton predictor formula

ynp1 yn

h
[55 f n 59 f n 1 37 f n 2 9 f n 3 ]
24
equ1

Putting n=3 in equ1

y4p y3

h
[55 f3 59 f 2 37 f1 9 f 0 ]
24

f 0 f ( x0 , y0 ) f (0,1) 0 1 1
f1 f ( x1 , y1 ) f (0.1,1.1166) (0.1)(1.1166) (1.1166) 2 1.3584
f 2 f ( x2 , y2 ) f (0.2,1.2733) (0.2)(1.2733) (1.2733) 2 1.8759
f3 f ( x3 , y3 ) f (0.3,1.480) (0.3)(1.480) (1.480) 2 2.6344

Hence

y4p 1.480

(0.1)
[55(2.6344) 59(1.8759) 37(1.3584) 9(1)]
1.7944
24

Adams-Moulton corrector formula is

ync1 yn

h
[9 f np1 19 f n 5 f n 1 f n 2 ]
24
equ2

Putting n=3 in equ2, we get

y4c y3

h
[9 f 4p 19 f 3 5 f 2 f1 ]
24

f 4p f ( x4 , y4p ) f (0.4,1.7944) (0.4)(1.7944) (1.7944) 2 3.9376

Hence,

y4c 1.48

0.1
[9(3.9376) 19(2.6344) 5(1.8759) 1.3584]
24

y4c 1.80279

Equ 7 gives the general iterative formula for y iterations are repeated until the two
successive approximations y(i) and y(i-1) are sufficiently close.
Equ 7 is known as picards iteration formula.
This method is not convenient for computer based solutions

1. Use picards method to approximate y when x=0.2

dy
x y
given that y=1 when x=0 and dx
dy
f ( x y)
sol: Consider dx
where y=y0 at x=x0.
Here f(x,y)=x-y, x0=0 and y0=1.
By picards method, picards iteration formula is
x

y (n) y 0 f ( x, y ( n 1) ) dx
x0

(n )

1 f ( x, y ( n 1) ) dx 1
0

First approximation: put y=1 on R.H.S at (1).

x

y(1) 1 f ( x,1)dx 1 f ( x 1)dx 1 [

x2
x2
x]0x 1 x
2
2

Second approximation:
x

y (2) 1 f ( x, y (1) )dx 1 f ( x,1 x

x

1 [ x (1 x
0

1
0

x2
) dx
2

x2
)]dx
2

x2
x3
2
(2 x 1 )]dx 1 x x
2
6

Third approximation:

(3)

1 f ( x, y )dx 1 f ( x y (2) ) dx
(2)

1
0

x3
( x 1 x x )dx
6

1 x2 x

x3 x 4

3 24

Fourth approximation:
x

(4)

1 f x, y

(3)

dx 1 f x y dx
(3)

1 ( x 1 x2 x
0

x3 x 4
)dx
3 24

x2
x3 x 2 x 4 x5
x
2
3 2 12 120
x3 x 4 x5
1 x x2
3 12 120
1

Fifth approximation:
x

(5)

1 f ( x, y )dx 1 [ x y (4) ]dx

(4)

1 ( x 1 x x2
0
x

1 (2 x 1 x 2
0

1 x x2

x3 x 4 x5

) dx
3 12 120

x3 x 4 x5

) dx
3 12 120

x 3 x 4 x5
x6

3 12 60 720

when x=0.2, we have

y0=1, y(1)=0.82, y(2)=0.83867, y(3) = 0.83740, y(4) = 0.83746 and y(5) = 0.83746
y=0.83746 at x=0.2

dy
x y
Find an approximate value of y for x=0.1, x=0.2, if dx
and y=1 at x=0 using
picards method.
Check your answer with the exact particular solution.

Sol:

dy
f ( x, y )
Consider dx
where y=y0 at x=x0.
Here f(x,y)=x+y, x0=0 and y0=1.
By picards method, a sequence of successive approximations
are given by.
x

y ( n ) ( x) y0 f ( x, y ( n 1) ( x ))dx
x0

(or)
x

y ( n ) y0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
x0

For n=1,2,3,----

y ( n ) 1 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
0

For n=1,2,3,---

when x=0.1

y (3) 1 (0.1) (0.1) 2

1.1 0.01

(0.1)3 (0.1) 4

3
24

(0.001) 0.0001

3
24

=1.1+0.01+0.0003+0.0000041
= 1.1103041 ~ 1.1103
X=0.2

y (3) 1 (0.2) (0.2) 2

(0.2)3 (0.2) 4

3
24

=1.2+0.04+0.00266+0.0000666
=1.2427
Y=1.1103 at x=0.1
and y=1.2427 at x=0.2
Analytical solution:

dy
x y
The exact solution of dx
, y(0)=1 can be found as follows.

dy
yx
The equation can be written as dx
dy
p. y Q
This is a linear equation in y [i.e, dx
]

then p=-1, Q=x. I .F e

pdx

general solution is y X I.F=

y.e-x=

x.e

( 1) dx

e x

QXI .Fdx c

dx c

y.e-x=-e-x(x+x)+c. or y=-(x+1)+ce+x
when x=0, y=1 i.e, i=-(0+1)+c or c=2
Hence the particular solution of the equation is
Y=-(x+1)+2ex=2ex-x-1.
For x=0.1, y = e0.1-0.1-1=2(1.1052)-0.1-1
=1.1104
For x=0.2, y=2e0.2-0.2-1=2(1.2214)-0.2-1
=1.2428.
3. Find the value of y for x=0.4 by picards method, given that

dy
x2 y 2
dx
, y(0)=0.
Sol:

dy
f ( x, y )
Consider dx
and y=y0 at x=x0i.e y(x0)=y0
2
2
Here f ( x, y ) x y and x0=0, y0=0.

By picards method, the successive approximation are given by

x

y ( n ) ( x) y0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
x0

, n=1,2,3,---

y ( n ) ( x) 0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
0

y ( n ) ( x) f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
0

, n=1,2,3-----

The first approximation:

y ( x) f ( x, y ) dx f ( x, 0) dx x 2dx
(1)

(0)

x3
3

The second approximation:

x

y ( x)
(2)

x3 2
x3 x7
f ( x, y ) dx f [ x ( ) ]dx
3
3 54
0
(1)

Calculation of y(3) is tedious and hence approximate value is y (2).

(0.4)3
For x=0.4, y(1)= 3 =0.02133
(0.4)3 (0.4) 7

54 =0.0213333+0.0000303.
y(2)= 3
=0.0213636 ~ 0.0214(correct to 4 decimal places)
Y=0.0214 at x=0.4.

dy
1 xy
4. Given that dx
and y(0)=1, compute y(0.1) and y(0.2) using picards
method.
Sol:

dy
1 xy
dx
and y(0)=1
dy
f ( x, y )
Consider dx
and y(x0)=y0.
Here f(x,y)=1+xy and y0=1, x0=0.
By picards method, the successive approximations are given by
x

y ( x) y0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
(n)

x0

, n=1,2,3,---

y ( n ) ( x) 1 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
0

, n=1,2,3---

The first approximation:

x

y (1) ( x ) 1 f ( x, y (0) )dx 1 f ( x,1)dx 1 (1 x )dx 1 x

The second approximation:

x2
2

x 2
dx 1 1 x 1 x dx
0
2

x 2 x3 x 4
1 x
2 3 8
x

x 1 0

f x, y

The third approximation:

x

y (3) x 1 f ( x, y (2) )dx 1 [1 x (1 x

1 x

x2 x3 x4
)]dx
2 3 8

x 2 x3 x 4 x5 x 6

2 3 8 15 48

It is clear that the resulting expressions too big, as we proceed to higher

approximations. Hence approximative value is y(3).
For x=0.1,

y (3) 1 (0.1)

(0.1) 2 (0.1)3 (0.1)4 (0.1)5 (0.1) 6

2
3
8
15
48

=1+0.1+0.005+0.000333+0.0000125+0.000000666+0.00000002
=1.105346 1.10535
Y(0.1)=1.10534.
For x=0.2,

y (3) 1 (0.2)

(0.2) 2 (0.2)3 (0.2) 4 (0.2) 5 (0.2) 6

2
3
8
15
48

=1.2+0.02+0.0026666+0.0002+0.00002133+0.000001333
=1.222889 ~ 1.22289
y(0.2)=1.22289.

dy
x y2
5.Using picards method, obtain the solution of dx
, y(0)=1 and compute
y(0.1) correct to four decimal places.
Sol:

dy
f ( x, y )
Consider dx
and y(x0)=y0.
Here f(x,y)=x-y2, y0=1 and x0=0.
By picards method, a sequence of successive approximation to y are given by

y ( x) y0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
(n)

x0

, n=1,2,3,---

y ( n ) ( x) 1 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
0

, n=1,2,3,---

First approximation: we have

x

y ( x ) 1 f ( x, y )dx 1 f ( x,1)dx 1 ( x 1)dx 1

(1)

x2
x
2

Second approximation, we have

x2
y ( x) 1 f ( x, y )dx 1 x 1 x dx
2

0
0

(2)

x4
1 ( x (1 x 2 x 2 2 x x3 ) dx
4

0
=

1 (3 x 1
0

x4
2 x 2 x 3 ) dx
4

3x 2
x5 2 x3 x 4
x

2
20
3
4

It is clear that the resulting expressions too big as we proceed to higher

approximations. Hence approximate value of y(x) is y (2)(x).
For x=0.1

3
2
1
(0.1)5
1 0.1 (0.1) 2 (0.1)3 (0.1) 4
2
3
4
20
y2) =
=1-0.1+0.015-0.0006666+0.000025-0.0000005
=1.015025-0.1006671
=0.9143579 ~ 0.9143 (correct to four decimal places) y = 0.9143 at x=0.1.

dy
x2 y 2
6. Given the differential equation dx
, y(0)=0. Obtain y(0.2) and y(1)
by picards method.
Sol:

dy
f ( x, y )
Consider dx
and y(x0)=y0.
Here f(x,y)=x2+y2, y0=0 and x0=0.

By picards method, a sequence of successive approximation to y are given

by
x

y ( n ) ( x ) y0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
x0

, n=1,2,3,---

y ( x ) f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
(n)

, n=1,2,3,--

First approximation, we have

x

y (1) ( x ) f ( x, y 0 )dx x 2 dx

x3
3

Second approximation, we have

x

y (2) ( x) f ( x, y )dx ( x 2
1

x6
x3 x 7
)dx
9
3 63

Third approximation, we have

x
x

x3 x7
2
y (3) ( x) f ( x, y ) dx x 2 ( )2 dx
3 63
0
0

2
(x

=0

x6
x14
2 10

x )dx
2
9 (63) 189

x3 x 7
x15
2

x11
2
3 63 15.(63) 11. 189

3
Calculation of y4) is tedious and hence approximative value for y is y

For x 0.2

Y(3)=

(0.2)3 (0.2)7 (0.2)15

2

(0.2)11
2
3
63
15.(63) 11. 189

=0.0026666+0.000000203+
=0.0026668

For x=1, y(3)=

1 1
1
2

3 63 59535 11 189

=0.3333333+0.0158730+0.000016796+0.000962
=0.350185.

dy
x2 y
dx
7. Solve the differential equation
, y(0)=1 by picards method to
get the value of y at x=1. Use terms through x5,

y4 1 x

Ans:

x 2 x 3 x 4 x5
x6

2 6 24 60 360

y4 ( x 1) 0.638888
8. Find the value of y for x=0.25, 0.5, 1 by picards method, given that

dy
x2
2
dx y 1 and x0=0,
y0 = 0.
Sol:

dy
f ( x, y )
Consider dx
and y(x0)=y0 or y=y0 at x=x0

f ( x, y )
Here

x2
y 2 1 and x0=0, y0=0

By picards method a sequence of approximations are given by

x

y ( n ) ( x ) y0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
x0

, n=1,2,3,---

y ( x ) 0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
(n)

, n=1,2,3---

First approximation: we have

x

x2
x3
dx

02 1
3
0

y (1) ( x ) 0 f ( x, y 0 ) dx 0 f ( x,1) dx 0
Second approximation, we have
x

x2
x2
dx

0 x3 2 dx
( y (1) )2 1
0
( ) 1
3

y (2) ( x) 0 f ( x, y )dx

tan 1 (

x3
x3
)0
3
[by putting 3 =t]

tan 1 (

x3
)
3

Third approximation, we have

y ( x)
(3)

x2
f ( x, y )dx
dx
3
1 x
2
0
[tan ( )] 1
3
2

The integration is difficult, this is the drawback of the method. Hence the
approximation value of y is y(2)(x).

y (2) ( x ) tan 1 (

x3
x3
x3 1 x3 1
) ( )3 ( ) 5
3
3
3 3
3 5

x3 x9
x15

= 3 81 1215

x3 x5
tan (2) x
3 5
[
]
1

For x=0.25,

y (2) ( x )

(0.25)3 (0.25)9 (0.25)15

0.0052082
3
81
1215

at x=0.5,

(0.5)3 (0.5)9 (0.5)15

y ( x)

0.0416425
3
81
1215
(2)

At x=1,

y (2) ( x)

1 1
1

0.32180699
3 81 1215

Y=0.0052082 at x=0.25
Y=0.0416425 at x=0.5
Y=0.32180699 at x=1

dy
xe y
9. Given dx
, y(0)=0, determine y(0.1), y(0.2) and y(1) using picards
method.
Sol:

dy
f ( x, y )
Consider dx
and y(x0)=y0
y

Here f(x,y)= xe , x0=0 and y0=0

By picards method, a sequence of approximations are given by
x

y ( n ) ( x ) y0 f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
x0

, n=1,2,3,---

y ( x ) f ( x, y ( n 1) )dx
(n)

, n=1, 2, 3,---- (1)

First approximation, we have

x

y (1) ( x ) f ( x, y 0 )dx x.e0 dx

x2
2

Second approximation, we have

x

x2
2

y ( x) f ( x, y )dx x.e dx e
(2)

x2
2

Third approximation, we have

x

y ( x) f ( x, y )dx x.e
(3)

x2
( x) 2

dx

( 2)
The integration is difficult, Hence the approximate value of y is y ( x) .

y ( x) e
(2)

x2
2

for x=0.1, y

(2)

for x=0.2, y

(2)

for x=1, y

(2)

( x) e
( x) e

(0.1)2
2

(0.2) 2
2

1 0.005012
1 0.02020

1
2

( x ) e 1 0.648721

Objective type questions

dy
1. If dx = x - y and y(0) = 1 using Picard method, the value of y I(1) = _________
a) 1.0905

b) 0.9157

c) 0.905

d) None

yx
dy
2. If dx = y x , y(0) = 1 and h = 0.02, using Eulers method the value of y 1 =
_________
a) 1.02

b) 1.04

c) 1.03

d) none

dy
3. If dx = x2+y2, y(0) = 0 using Taylors series method, the value of y(0.4)=___________
a) 0.2133
4.

b) 0.02133

c) 0.002133 d) None

If yI = y x2, y(0)=1 using Picards method up to the second approximation, the

value of y(x) =_______

x2
x 4 x3

a) 1 + x + 2 - 12 3

x2
x3 x 4

b) 1 + x + 2 + 3 12

x2
x3 x 4

c) 1 + x - 2 + 3 12

d) None

dy
5. If dx = -y, y(0) = 1, h = 0.01 then by Eulers method, the value of y 1 = __________
a) 0.099

b) 0.0981

c) 0.99

d) None

dy
6. If dx = x2+y2, y(1) = 1.5, h = 0.1 then the value of k 1 in fourth order Runge Kutta
method is __________
a) 0.0325
7.

b) 0.325

c) 0.235

d) None

The value of y at x= 0.1 using Runge Kutta method of fourth order for the

dy
differential equation dx = x 2y, y(0) = 1 taking h = 0.1 is __________
a) 0.825

b) 0.0825

c) 0.813

d) None

8. The value of y at x = 0.1 using modified Eulers method up to second approximation

dy
for dx = x y, y(0) = 1 is _________
a) 0.909

b) 0.0909

c) 0.809

d) None

dy
9. If dx = 1 + y2, f(x0,y0) =1,h 0.2,K1 = 0.2,K2 = 0.202,K3 = 0.20204,K4 =
0.20216,then the value of y1 by fourth order Runge Kutta method is ________
a) 0.0202

b) 0.202

c) 0.102

d) None

dy
10.Using Runge Kutta method, the approximate value of y(0.1) if dx = x + y2,y
= 1 where x =0 and f(x0,y0) = 1 K1 = 0.1, K2 = 0.115, K3 = 0.116, K4 = 0.134 is
a) 1.116

b) 1.001

c) 1.211

d) None

Fill in the blanks

dy
11. If dx = f(x,y),y(x0) = y0 then the Taylors series for solution of the differential
equation is __________

dy
12. Using Taylors series, solution for dx = y2 x,y(0) = 1 the value y(0.1) is __________

dy
13. Using Taylors series method from dx = x + y,y(1) = 0 the value of y(1.1) is
__________

dy
14. The value of y(0.1) using Taylors series method given that dx = 1 y, y(0) = 2 is
_____

dy
15. The Picards method of solving the differential equation dx = f(x,y),y(x0) = y0 using
the integral equation _________

dy
16. The second approximate solution of dx = 1 + xy using Picards method is _______
17. Using Picards method to third approximate of y when x = 0.2 given that y = 1

dy
x 2, y0 0
when 0
x= 0, dx = x y is ______
dy
x 2, y0 0
18. The solution of dx = 1 + xy with 0
using Picards method is_______
dy
19. If dx = x2 + y2,y(0) = 0 then by Picard method the value of y 1(x) is __________
dy
20. The value of y for x = 0.4 by Picards method given that dx = x2 + y2,y(0) = 0 is
______

dy
21. Using the Picards method the solution of dx = x + y2,y(0) = 1 is ________
dy
22. If dx = -xy2, y(0) = 2,using Eulers method the first approximate value of y(0.1)
is_____

dy
23. Given dx = 4 + x2 + y, y(0) = 1, using Eulers modified method the value of
y(0.02) is_________

dy
24. If dx = x + y2,f(0) = 1 using Runge Kutta method , the approximate value of
y(0.1) is_________

dy
25. If dx = f(x,y),y(x0) = y0,the
_______

formula for fourth order Runge Kutta method is

26. Using Taylors method the first approximate value of y(1.1) for the differential
equation y1 = xy1/3,y(1) = 1 is ____________

dy
27. The value of y(0.1) using Eulers method for the differential equation dx = x- y2,
y(0) = 1 is ________

2x
dy
28. Using Eulers modified method, find y(0.1) given dx = y y ,y(0) = 1 is __________
dy
29. In fourth order Runge Kutta method for dx = x + y2,y(0) = 1,h = 0.1 the value of
K2 is __________

yx
dy
30. IF dx = y x ,y(0) = 1 then by Picards method the value of y (1)(x) is _________
Assignment Questions
1. Tabulate y(0.1),y(0.2) & y(0.3) using Taylors series method given that y 1 = y2
+ x & y(0) = 1
(JNTU 2006)

dy
2. Given that dx = 1 + xy, y(0) = 1 compute y(0.1) & y(0.2) using Picards
method
(JNTU 2006)
3. Solve y1 = y x2, y(0) = 1 by Picards method up to the fourth
approximations. Hence find the value of y(0.1) & y(0.2)
(JNTU
2006)

dy
4. Find the solution of dx = x y,y(0) = 1 at x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 & 0.5 using
modified Eulers method
(JNTU
2006)

dy
5. Find y(0.1) & y(0.2) using Eulers modified formula given that dx = x2 y,y(0)
=1
(JNTU 2006)
6. Given y1 = x + sin y, y(0) = 1 compute y(0.2),y(0.4) with h = 0.2 using
Eulers modified method

(JNTU 2006)
7. Use Runge Kutta method to evaluate y(0.1) & y(0.2) given that y 1 = x +
y,y(0) = 1
(JNTU 2006)
8. Find y(0.1) & y(0.2) using Runge Kutta 4 th order formula given that y 1 = x2
y&
y(0) =1
(JNTU 2006)

dy
9. If dx = 2yex,y(0)=2 find y(0.4) using Adams Predictor corrector formula by
calculating y(0.1),y(0.2) and y(0.3) using Eulers modified formula.
(JNTU 2006)

dy
10.Using 4th order Runge Kutta method find y(0.1),y(0.2) and y(0.3) given dx =
y2 2x
y 2 2 x ,y(0) = 1
dy
11.Given dx = y x, y(0) = 2.Using 4th order Runge Kutta method. Find
y(0.2),y(0.4) & y(0.6)

yx
dy
12. Given dx = y x ,y(0) = 1.using 4th order Runge Kutta method, find y(0.1)
and y(0.2)

dy
1
13. Given dx = 2 (1 + x)y2,y(0) = 1 using 2nd order Runge Kutta method find
y(0.3) taking h = 0.1

dy
dx = x 2y, y(0) = 1.Taking h = 0.1, determine y(0.1) and y(0.2)

14. Given
using 3rd order Runge Kutta method.

dy
15. Using Runge Kutta of 4th order find y(0.1) and y(0.2),given dx = x + y,y(0)
= 1.

dy
16. Given dx = y2 + 1,y(0) = 0,find y(0.2) using Taylors series method.
dy
y
17. Given dx = 3x + x and y(0) = 1.Using Taylors series method. Find y(0.1)
and y(0.2).

dy
18. Solve dx = x y2 by Taylors series method for x = 0.2 to 0.6 with h =
0.2,given

y(0) = 1

dy
19. Using Picards method, compute y(0.2) from dx = 1 2xy,y(0) = 0
dy
20. Using Picards method obtain the solution of dx = x + x4y,y(0) = 3.Find the
value of y for x = 0.1 and x = 0.2