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Ph. D. Associate Professor Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran.
2
Ph. D. Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
ABSTRACT: The historian-theoretician Christian Norberg-Schulz, examining the development of his ideas
across 30 years. While Norberg-Schulz started out with Intentions in Architecture (1963), a work that was clearly
influenced by structuralist studies, he soon shifted to a phenomenological approach with Existence, Space and
Architecture (1971), and then with Genius Loci (1980) and The Concept of Dwelling (1985). He attempted through this
trilogy to lay down the foundations of a phenomenological interpretation of architecture, with an underlying agenda
that espoused certain directions in contemporary architecture. This article will examine the major writings of Christian
Norberg-Schulz, critically evaluating his interpretation of phenomenology in architecture in its ambiguous relation to
the project of modernity.
In addition we will introduce his perspectives on the meaning of dwelling as well as the newest concept of dwelling in
the West and its problems
Keywords: Existence, Space, Concept, Dwelling, Place
INTRODUCTION
Phenomenology owes its main thrust to Edmund Husserl and
Martin Heidegger. Husserl launched the phenomenological
movement in philosophy with the intent of developing it
into a method of precise philosophical investigation that
is, a comprehensive new science, but it was his student
Heidegger who took it into another direction and turned
it into one of the major philosophical movements of the
twentieth century influencing all subsequent developments in
philosophy from Sartre to Foucault and Derrida. Heidegger
transformed Phenomenology into a means for the questioning
of philosophical traditions, a radical dismantling to be
followed by a reconstruction, with the intent of founding a
new fundamental ontology that looks at the way in which the
structures of Being are revealed through the structures of
human existence.1
The main thrust of Heideggers philosophy was developed
in his major work, Being and Time (1927), which constitutes
the basis of his phenomenological approach. Yet, as scholars
of Heidegger remark, his later works, especially the series of
essays The Origin of the Work of Art (1935), Building,
Dwelling, Thinking (1952) and The Question concerning
Technology (1949),2 reflected a turn in his orientation from
the earlier Being and Time towards a mythopoeic approach that
privileges a direct reflection on the nature of elements, common
to poetic or artistic practice.3 It was this later Heidegger who
*Corresponding Author Email: f.habib@srbiau.ac.ir
Sociology
Psychology
Semiotics
Schulz's Idea
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of meanings.5
Other thinkers in the West note that the crisis has social and
cultural problems for modern man. For example, there is a
sense of the absurd, such as anxiety or pessimism, and loss of
life and enthusiasm to live. Schulz knows that emerging from
this crisis is possible through training.
Basic View
Norberg-Schulzs discussion of perception was largely
influenced by Gestalt psychology, to which were also
added the socialization of perception and the process of
schematization, that is the way in which perception leads
to the construction of an understanding of the world, based
on the pioneering studies of Jean Piaget in child psychology.
From this, he proceeded to outline a theoretical framework
which would include all the semiotic dimensions. This theory,
influenced to a large extent by Charles Morriss interpretation
of semiotics, constituted a similar attempt to develop a
comprehensive structure that is, an architectural totality
that would account for all the dimensions of architecture: the
technical structure, environment, context, scale and ornament.6
It is worth noting that this work did not list any single reference
to Heidegger in its bibliography, only mentioning him in a
single footnote.7
A few years later, Norberg-Schulz published a work with a
very indicative title, Existence, Space and Architecture(1971),
followed
by Genius Loci(1980) and The Concept of
Dwelling(1985) which constitute his phenomenological trilogy
in architecture.
Existence, Space
and Architecture
Concept of
Dwelling
Genius
Loci
House
46
Human Existence
(Hill House in Helensburgh, Scotland is one of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's most famous works, probably second only to Glasgow School
of Art. It was designed and built for the publisher Walter Blackie in
1902 1904)
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Yet this time, the critique of the modern house was more
explicit, and the author recognized its failure to arrive at a
satisfactory solution to the problem of dwelling, for it lacked
the figural quality; it did not look like a house. Hence, what
seems to be the problem is simply the inability of the modern
house to look like a house, and not, as Heidegger had alluded
to, the inability of modern man to dwell. Norberg-Schulz
expressed here the hope that the revival of this figural quality,
as evident in many post-modern projects, will again make
dwelling possible.23 Despite a cautionary remark against the
fall into eclecticism, the book ends on an optimistic note that
this recovery of the figural quality would lead to a recovery of
dwelling, in which phenomenology would play a major role
as the catalyst for the rediscovery of the poetic dimension in
architecture.24
CONCLUSION
Despite its wide dissemination in architectural circles during
the 1980s, Norberg-Schulzs phenomenological interpretation
received relatively little critical overview, apart from the usual
book reviews, most of which were generally positive.25 The
strongest attack against this interpretation of phenomenology
came indirectly fromMassimo Cacciari, who criticized the nave
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This article was extracted from the authors PhD thesis,
Explanation of Spiritual Sphere in Iranian Home under
supervision of: Dr. Khosro Afzaliyan and Dr. Farah Habib, as
partial fulfillment of the PhD degree in architecture, the Science
and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
REFERENCES
1. Dermot Moran, Introduction to Phenomenology, London/
NY: Routledge, 2000, ch. 6.
2. Mar tin Heidegger, Being and Time, Harper, 2008; The
Origin of the Work of Art and Building Dwelling Thinking
are included in the collection of essays published as Poetry,
Language, Thought, Harper, 2001; The Question Concerning
Technology in The Question Concerning Technology, and
Other Essays, Harper: 1982.
3. Moran, Introduction to Phenomenology, p. 209.
4. Structuralism largely developed out of linguistic studies, the
branch of knowledge concerned with the study of language
itself. Initially, the main source of influence was the Swiss
linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who left no work of his own,
other than the collected notes published by his students
after his death, as the General Course on Linguistics, a work
that was first translated to English in 1959. Saussure initiated a
major change in the study of language, insisting on a synchronic
approach rather than the usual diachronic approach by looking
at the structure of the language and its rules of operation. He
also posited that language is a constructed system, and not
naturally inherited or metaphysically inspired, thus opening the
way for a deeper probe into the very foundations of this system,
which directly affects the way we construct our reality and the
world. Although in his collection of notes, the term structure
was never used by Saussure, but rather system, later readers
of Saussure came up with this terminology which became
a standard bearer for other studies, and first among those,
the work of Claude Levi-Strauss in anthropology. For more
on this see Francois Dosse, Histoire du Structuralisme, Vol. 1,
Paris: La Decouverte, 1991; and John Sturrock, Structuralism,
London: Black- well, 2003.
5. Christian
Norberg-Schulz, Intentions in Architecture,
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1965, pp. 2122.
6. Norberg-Schulz, Intentions in Architecture, pp. 101102.
7. Peter Collins wrote a sharp critique of this early work of
Norberg-Schulz, warning against the dangers of assimilating
architecture within overwhelming the-ories of philosophical
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or embodied experience of space is advocated for instance by Fred Rush in his book On Architecture, New York:
Routledge, 2009.
31. Botond Bognar articulated a similar position in his essay
Toward an Architecture of Critical Inquiry, Journal of
Architectural Education, 43, 1, 1989: 1334 in which he
came to the conclusion that the recent phenomenological
approaches architecture are legitimate in insisting on a
meaningful dimension, yet they lack the strategies for
critically evaluating the given social reality which determines
the realms of intentionality and inter subjectivity (p. 22)