Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By:
CATALYSIS OF HYDROTREATING
AND HYDROCRACKING
.
Submitted to:
DR. Alok Kumar
Singh sir
DATE OF SUBMISSION
: 02-03-2012
treating catalysts_____________________________________22
What is catalysis:Catalysis is the change in rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of a substance
called a catalyst unlike other reagent that participate in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not
consumed by the reaction itself. A catalyst may participate in multiple chemical transformations.
Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. Substances that slow a catalyst's
effect in a chemical reaction are called inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of
catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic
poisons.
Catalytic reactions have a lower rate-limiting free energy of activation than the corresponding
uncatalyzed reaction, resulting in higher reaction rate at the same temperature. However, the
mechanistic explanation of catalysis is complex. Catalysts may affect the reaction environment
favorably, or bind to the reagents to polarize bonds, e.g. acid catalysts for reactions of carbonyl
compounds, or form specific intermediates that are not produced naturally, such as
osmate esters in osmium tetroxide-catalyzed dihydroxylation of alkenes, or cause lysis of
reagents to reactive forms, such as atomic hydrogen in catalytic hydrogenation.
Kinetically, catalytic reactions are typical chemical reactions; i.e. the reaction rate depends on
the frequency of contact of the reactants in the rate-determining step. Usually, the catalyst
participates in this slowest step, and rates are limited by amount of catalyst and its "activity". In
heterogeneous catalysis, the diffusion of reagents to the surface and diffusion of products from
the surface can be rate determining. Analogous events associated with substrate binding and
product dissociation apply to homogeneous catalysts.
Although catalysts are not consumed by the reaction itself, they may be inhibited, deactivated, or
destroyed by secondary processes. In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary processes
include coking where the catalyst becomes covered by polymeric side products. Additionally,
heterogeneous catalysts can dissolve into the solution in a solidliquid system or evaporate in a
solidgas system.
Catalysis and reaction energetic:Catalysts work by providing an (alternative) mechanism involving a different transition state and
lower activation energy. Consequently, more molecular collisions have the energy needed to
reach the transition state. Hence, catalysts can enable reactions that would otherwise be blocked
or slowed by a kinetic barrier. The catalyst may increase reaction rate or selectivity, or enable
the reaction at lower temperatures. This effect can be illustrated with a Boltzmann
distribution and energy profile diagram.
In the catalyzed elementary reaction, catalysts do not change the extent of a reaction: they
have no effect on the chemical equilibrium of a reaction because the rate of both the forward
and the reverse reaction are both affected (see also thermodynamics). The fact that a catalyst
does not change the equilibrium is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. Suppose
there was such a catalyst that shifted an equilibrium. Introducing the catalyst to the system
would result in reaction to move to the new equilibrium, producing energy. Production of energy
is a necessary result since reactions are spontaneous if and only if Gibbs free energy is
produced, and if there is no energy barrier, there is no need for a catalyst. Then, removing the
catalyst would also result in reaction, producing energy; i.e. the addition and its reverse process,
removal, would both produce energy. Thus, a catalyst that could change the equilibrium would
be a perpetual motion machine, a contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics.
If a catalyst does change the equilibrium, then it must be consumed as the reaction proceeds,
and thus it is also a reactant. Illustrative is the base-catalysed hydrolysis of esters, where the
produced carboxylic acid immediately reacts with the base catalyst and thus the reaction
equilibrium is shifted towards hydrolysis.
The SI derived unit for measuring the catalytic activity of a catalyst is the katal, which is moles
per second. The productivity of a catalyst can be described by the turn over number (or TON)
and the catalytic activity by the turn over frequency (TOF), which is the TON per time unit. The
biochemical equivalent is the enzyme unit. For more information on the efficiency of enzymatic
catalysis, see the article on Enzymes.
The catalyst stabilizes the transition state more than it stabilizes the starting material. It
decreases the kinetic barrier by decreasing the difference in energy between starting material
and transition state. It does not change the energy difference between starting materials and
products (thermodynamic barrier), or the available energy (this is provided by the environment
as heat or light).
Heterogeneous catalysts:In chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis refers to the form of catalysis where the phase of
the catalyst differs from that of the reactants. Phase here refers not only to solid, liquid, gas, but
also immiscible liquids, e.g. oil and water. The great majority of practical heterogeneous
catalysts are solids and the great majority of reactants are gases or liquids. Heterogeneous
catalysis is of paramount importance in many areas of the chemical and energy industries.
Homogeneous catalysts:Homogeneous catalysts function in the same phase as the reactants, but
the mechanistic principles invoked in heterogeneous catalysis are generally
applicable. Typically homogeneous catalysts are dissolved in a solvent with
the substrates. One example of homogeneous catalysis involves the
influence of H+ on the esterification of esters, e.g. methyl acetate from
acetic acid and methanol. For inorganic chemists homogeneous catalysis is
often synonymous with organometallic catalysts.
Organocatalysis:In organic chemistry, the term Organocatalysis (a concatenation of the terms "organic" and
"catalyst") refers to a form of catalysis, whereby the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by
an organic
catalyst referred
to
as
an
"organocatalyst"
consisting
of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur and other nonmetal elements found in organic compounds because
of their similarity in composition and description, they are often mistaken as
a misnomer for enzymes due to their comparable effects on reaction rates and forms of catalysis
involved.
Industrial Catalysis:-
The first time a catalyst was used in the industry was in 1746 by J. Roebuck
in the manufacture of lead chamber sulphuric acid. In the start only pure
components were used as catalysts, but after the year 1900 multi
component catalysts were studied and are now commonly used catalysts in
the industry today.
In the chemical industry and the industrial research, catalysis play an
important role. The different catalysts are in constant development to fulfill
economic, political and environmental demands. To achieve the best
understanding and development of a catalyst it is important that different
special fields work together. These fields can be: organic chemistry, analytic
chemistry, inorganic chemistry, chemical engineers and surface chemistry.
Some of the large chemical processes that use catalysis today are the
production of methanol and ammonia. Both methanol and ammonia
synthesis take advantage of the water-gas shift reaction and
heterogeneous catalysis, while other chemical industries use homogenous
catalysis.
Hydro cracking is a catalytic cracking process assisted by the presence of an elevated partial
pressure of hydrogen gas. Similar to the hydrotreater the function of hydrogen is the purification
of the hydrocarbon stream from sulfur and nitrogen hetero-atoms.
The products of this process are saturated hydrocarbons; depending on the reaction conditions
(temperature, pressure, catalyst activity) these products range from ethane, LPG to heavier
hydrocarbons consisting mostly of isoparaffins. Hydrocracking is normally facilitated by a
bifunctional catalyst that is capable of rearranging and breaking hydrocarbon chains as well as
adding hydrogen to aromatics and olefins to produce naphthenes and alkanes.
Major products from hydro cracking are jet fuel and diesel, while also high octane rating
gasoline fractions and LPG are produced. All these products have a very low content
of sulfur and other contaminants.
Cracking
Reactions:-
HYDROTREATING:With rare exceptions, the intermediate hydrocarbon product streams from the Crude Distillation
unit contain levels of sulphur that exceed the specifications for the finished product stream
and/or the catalyst specifications for downstream processing units. Hydrotreating is the most
common process configuration
utilized to remove the sulfur from the intermediate stream. Hydrotreating may also reduce the
levels of nitrogen contained in the stream. In addition, some of the metals (such as nickel and
vanadium) may be removed from the hydrocarbon stream during hydrotreating. Hydrotreaters
may be designated to continuously process one particular hydrocarbon feedstock, or may
alternate processing of different feed streams (i.e., a batch-continuous operating mode).
Hydrotreating is a refinery process in which hydrogen gas is mixed with the hydrocarbon stream
and contacted with a fixed-bed of catalyst in a reactor vessel at a sufficiently high enough
temperature and pressure to effect the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactions. The catalyst is a
solid consisting of a base of alumina impregnated with metal oxides that promote (i.e., catalyze)
the desired reactions. These catalysts are usually formed into small pellets(approximately 1/8
inch diameter by less than an inch in length), typically shaped as cylinders or trilobes, to
maximize the surface area available for contacting the reactants in the reactors. For HDS
reactions, the most common metal oxides,impregnated in the catalyst are those of nickel and
molybdenum .
In the HDS reaction, the bond between the carbon and sulfur atoms is broken, and the sulfur
atom is replaced with a hydrogen atom. The sulfur atom combines with additional hydrogen to
form the toxic gas hydrogen sulphide.
The general chemical formula for the HDS reaction occurring is
HDS reaction: 2 (..C-S) + 3 H2 ! 2 (..C-H) + 2 H2S
Similarly, in the HDN reaction, the bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms is broken, and
the nitrogen atom is replaced with a hydrogen atom The
nitrogen combines with additional hydrogen to form ammonia (NH3).
1).HDN reaction: ...C-N + 2 H2 ! ..C-H + NH3
The HDS and HDN reactions occur faster (i.e., a higher reactor severity)
the higher the reactor temperature, the higher the reactor pressure (which results in an increased
partial pressure of hydrogen) and the higher the volume of catalyst in the reactor relative to the
volume of oil being processed. For a given crude, when comparing two different boiling point
fractions, the fraction with the higher boiling point range generally has the highest
concentrations of sulphur and nitrogen in each fraction
2). In addition, the sulphur and nitrogen are more easily removed from boiling compounds. As a
result, the reactor severity must be increased, the higher the boiling range of the fraction. HDN
reactions generally required a much higher degree of reactor severity than HDS reactions.
Hydrotreating process conditions range from the relatively mild reactor conditions of as low as
400 psi and 500F for naphthas to very severe conditions of up to 2,000 psi and 800F for heavy
gas oils and vacuum residuum. The amount of hydrogen consumed per barrel of feedstock, and
correspondingly the amount of hydrogen required in the reactor (called .treat gas.) increases
significantly as the feedstocks become heavier. At the higher reactor temperatures and hydrogen
partial pressures, in addition to the HDS and HDN reactions, some cracking of heavy molecules
into lighter molecules followed by hydrogenation occurs. As a result, very high severity
Hydrotreating of heavy gas oils or vacuum residuum is often referred to as Hydrorefining since
an appreciable yield of naphtha and distillate hydrocarbons occurs.
Generally, the process flow for a Hydrotreater process unit is that the hydrocarbon feedstock and
hydrogen streams are both preheated through heat exchange with reactor effluent, then
combined either before or after the final heating from a direct-fired furnace and then the mixed
hydrocarbon and hydrogen stream is passed through the reactor, flowing from top to bottom.
The reactor effluent (hydrogen, light hydrocarbons, H2S and NH3) is cooled through heat
exchange with unit feed followed by separation of the vapor and liquid phases.
The liquid stream is sent to a stripper tower in which steam (or nitrogen in some cases) is
employed to .strip. the hydrogen sulfide and any naphtha and lighter boiling components
generated in the reactor from any higher boiling range product streams. Since the resulting
naphtha stream contains light ends
components, it is referred to as unstabilized naphtha or .wild naphtha.. The stripped liquid
product stream is then further cooled prior to disposition to storage tanks for additional refinery
processing or finished product blending. The separated reactor effluent vapor stream, which is
predominantly hydrogen gas, may be compressed and recycled back to the reactor.
A hydrogen.makeup. gas stream (with a hydrogen purity of 75-100% hydrogen, depending on the
source of hydrogen) is combined with any recycled hydrogen.
Purpose of hydrotreating
1. Remove heteroatoms and saturated carbon- carbon bonds.
a) Sulphur, nitrogen ,oxygen and metals removed.
b) Olefinic and aromatic bonds saturated.
2. Minimal cracking
3. Minimal conversation-10% to 20% typical.
4. Products suitable for further processing or final blending.
a) Reforming, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking.
Hydroprocessing objectives:Feedstocks
desired products
process objectives.
Napthas
Removal of S,N,Olefins.
Hydrocracking
Diesel
Jet
Ethylene feedstock
Naptha
LSFO
Removal of S
FCC feed
Diesel
Kerosene/jet
Naptha
Hydrocracking
Residuum
LPG
Hydrocracking
Ethylene feedstock
Removal
of
hydrocracking
Removal
of
S,N
and
aromatics hydrocracking.
LSFO
Removal of S
FCC feedstock
Coker feedstock
Diesel
aromatics
Hydrogenation
Coke
Cracking
Average carbon no. (atoms per molecule)
Hydroprocessing trends.
1. Hydrogen is ubiquitous in refinery and expected to increase
a) Produces higher yields and upgrade the quality of fuels.
2. The typical refinery runs at a hydrogen deficit.
a) As hydroprocessing become more prevalent , this deficit will increase.
b) As hydroprocessing progresses in severity, the hydrogen demands increase
dramatically.
3. Driven by several factors.
a) Heavier and higher sulphur crudes.
b) Reduction in demand for heavy crude oil.
c) Increased use of hydrodesulfurization for low sulpur fuels.
d) More complete production of FCCU catalysts.
e) Demand for high quality coke.
f) Increased production of diesel
Hydroprocessing catalysis:(a)Hydrotreating
1. Desired function
a) Cobalt molybdenum-sulfur removal and olefin saturation.
b) Nickel molybdenum- nitrogen removal and aromatic saturation.
2. Reactor configuration.
a) Downflow fixed bed-temperature to control final sulphur content.
b) First bed may guard bed for nickely and vanadium.
-cheaper catalysts
-more removal of heteroatoms in subsequents
Beds
3. Selective catalysts for sulphur removal without olefin saturation
a) Maintaining high octane rating
(b)Hydrocracking
1. Crystalline silica alumina base with a rare earth metal deposited in the lattice.
a) Platinum ,palladium, tungsten and nickel.
2. Feed stock must first be hydrotreated.
3. Catalysis deactivate and coke does form even with hydrogen present.
a) Hydrocracker require periodic regeneration of the fixed bed catalysis system.
b) Channeling caused by coke accumulation a major concern.
c) Can create hot sports that can lead to temperature runaways.
4. Reactor configuration
a) Ebullient beds-pelletized catalyst bed expanded by upflow of fluids.
b) Expanded circulating bed- allows continuous withdrawal of catalyst for
regeneration
Types of hydrotreating.
Natptha hydrotreating
1. Naptha hydrotreated primarily for sulpur removal.
a) Mostly mercaptans (R-SH) and sulphides (R-S-R)
b) Some disulphides (R-S-S-R), and thiophenes (ring structures).
2. Cobalt molybdenum on alumina most common catalyst.
3. Chemical hydrogen consumption typically 50 to 250 scf/bbl
a) For desulphurisation containing up to 1 wt% sulphur- 70 to 100 scf/bbl
b) Significant nitrogen and sulphur removal- 250 scf/bbl
Distillate Hydrotreating:-
SENTRY
MaxTrap[As]
SENTRY
MaxTrap[As]
Type/Application
Description
s
A trilobe catalyst on a high
surface
area
alumina
extrudate specially formulated
to trap Arsenic (As) present in
a wide range of petroleum
NiMo - Distillate
feedstocks.
Protects high
Hydrotreating
activity
catalysts
for
Arsenic trap
significantly longer periods
from
arsenic
poisoning.
Demonstrates
exceptional
stability in this severe
environment.
NiMo - Distillate A trilobe catalyst on a high
Hydrotreating
- surface
area
alumina
Arsenic trap
extrudate specially formulated
to trap Arsenic (As) present in
a wide range of petroleum
feedstocks.
Protects high
activity
catalysts
for
significantly longer periods
from
arsenic
poisoning.
Demonstrates
stability in
environment.
exceptional
this severe
SENTRY
MaxTrap [Si]
CRITERION DC-200 is a high
CoMo - Distillate activity, high stability Cobalt
Hydrotreating
Molybdenum/Alumina
catalyst.
Centinnel DC-2110
is a high activity
catalyst
for
the
production of ULSD.
Features enhanced
CoMo - ULSD aromatic saturation
and nitrogen removal
production
activities compared
to
conventional
catalysts,
contributing
to
improved stability.
High activity, low
CoMo - Distillate density catalyst for
production of Low
Hydrotreating
Sulfur Diesel (<50500+ppm)
Highest
activity
catalyst ideal for
producing ULSD at
CoMo - ULSD moderate-to-high
operating
production
pressures, especially
when it is critical to
limit
hydrogen
addition to the feed.
CENTERA DC2618
CENTERA DN3630
CoMo
production
operating
pressures,
especially when it is critical to
limit hydrogen addition to the
feed.
ASCENT DC2531
ASCENT
2532
DC-
ASCENT
2534
DC-
ASCENT
3531
DN-
NiMo-ULSD
production
CENTINELTechnology,
high activity catalyst for
production of Ultra Low
Sulfur Diesel (<10ppm) at
moderate-high
hydrogen
partial pressure.
HYDROCRACKING CATALYSTS:-
A hydrocracker is one of the most profitable units in a refinery, partly due to the volume swell,
and partly because it converts heavy feedstocks to lighter and more valuable products such as
naphtha, jet-fuel, kerosene and diesel. The unconverted oil may be used as feedstock for FCC
units, lube oil plants and ethylene plants. Any improvement in the hydrocracking unit operation
significantly improves overall refinery economics.
The proper selection of hydrocracking catalysts offers a great potential for enhancing the
performance of the hydrocracking unit with respect to yield structure, product properties,
throughput and cycle length.
-Maximum middle distillate hydrocracking catalysts:For hydrocracking catalysts, there is often a trade-off between catalyst activity and product
selectivity. There can furthermore be a trade-off between the various product properties such as
the smoke point of the jet fraction, the cetane number and cold flow properties of the diesel
fraction and the viscosity index of the unconverted oil. At the same time, the refiner is often
interested in limiting hydrogen consumption . The
tools that catalyst developers have at hand to address these various requirements are
balancing the hydrogenation function with the acidic function and modifying the two functions.
As a result of extensive R&D efforts, Topse has developed and commercialised two series of
hydrocracking catalysts which in combination with the appropriate Topse pretreater catalysts
from the BRIM series have shown to provide a step-out performance compared to existing
hydrocracking catalysts in the industry.
The red hydrocracking catalyst series provides exceptional middle distillate yields combined
with excellent product properties including high cetane number for diesel, high smoke point for
kerosene and high viscosity index for unconverted oil:
The blue hydrocracking catalyst series provides an even better middle distillate yield with
superior cold flow product properties compared to the red series
The red series:TK-925 is a maximum distillate catalyst. Its main objective is to maximise high-quality diesel
yield while producing unconverted oil with excellent qualities for lube oil plants or for FCC
units.
TK-931 is a middle distillate catalyst designed to produce very high yields of premiumquality
diesel, jet-fuel and lube oil base stocks. Specifically, this catalyst gives a high smoke point for
jet, an excellent cetane number for diesel fraction and a high viscosity index (VI) for lube base
oils.
TK-941 and TK-951 are the recommended catalysts when both high activity and high yield are
important. TK-951 is more active than TK-941, and both provide excellent middle distillate
yields with efficient hydrogen utilisation.
TK-947 is optimised for units at high space velocity and/or low unit pressure. TK-947 has shown
excellent performance in both catalyst activity and stability and in product
yields and properties.
The blue series
TK-926 has a high selectivity for diesel production. The acid function of TK-926 has been
modified to enhance the isomerisation reactions and improve the cold flow properties of the
products.
TK-933 and TK-943 are medium-activity catalysts to be used in services, where very high
middle distillate yields, very good cold flow properties and optimised hydrogen consumption are
a must. The diesel cloud point is typically 10-20C (18-36F) lower than that obtained with
other catalysts A special acid function modification is used to improve the isomerisation activity
and the middle distillate selectivity. TK-943 is more active than TK-933.
CATALYSIS OF HYDROTREATING:
Hydrotreating catalysts are primarily used to remove sulfur, nitrogen and other contaminants
from refinery feedstocks.
In addition, they improve product properties by adding hydrogen and in some cases improve the
performance of downstream catalysts and processes. Albemarle offers a wide range of
hydrotreating catalysts to treat the lightest to the heaviest feedstocks while meeting cycle length
and product property objectives
KF 757KF 757 STARS is a high activity desulfurization catalyst in the STARS catalyst
family. It has close to 100% Type II active sites which gives it exceptional activity in high
severity applications such as ultra low sulfur diesel. It also has a very open pore structure for
application in heavier feed applications such as FCC-PT.
KF 767KF 767 STARS is a high activity desulfurization catalyst in the STARS catalyst
family and having nearly 100% Type II active sites. KF 767 has been specifically designed for
producing ultra low sulfur at moderate pressure and without excessive hydrogen consumption. It
achieves significantly higher activity than previous catalyst generations when HDS activity is
controlled by nitrogen inhibition.
KF 770KF 770 STARS is a high activity desulfurization catalyst in the STARS catalyst
family. It has close to 100% Type II active sites which gives it exceptional activity in high
severity applications such as ultra low sulfur diesel. KF 770 has been optimized to balance
hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation based desulfurization in low to medium pressure ULSD units.
KF 771KF 771 STARS is a high activity desulfurization catalyst in the STARS catalyst
family. It has 100% Type II active sites which provide exceptional activity in ultra low sulfur
diesel (ULSD) applications. KF 771 has been optimized to provide very high HDS activity and
excellent stability in ULSD units operating at moderate pressure and processing some cracked
feedstocks.
KF 772KF 772 STARS is a high activity desulfurization catalyst in the STARS catalyst
family. It has 100% Type II active sites which provide exceptional activity in ultra low sulfur
diesel (ULSD) applications. KF 772 has been optimized to provide very high HDS activity and
excellent stability in ULSD units operating at moderate to high pressure and processing some
cracked feedstocks.
KF 848KF 848 STARS is a super-high activity NiMo catalyst utilizing STARS technology to
ensure near 100% Type II active sites.It is recommended for denitrogenation and
dearomatization in high severity service, such as hydrocracker pretreatment. It is also ideal for
higher pressure diesel HDS units for the ultra-deep desulfurization of distillates to 50 ppm or
lower, achieving extra density reduction and dearomatization.
hydrocracking applications
Many hydrocrackers in the refineries operate in mild hydrocracking mode. For these units, the
main objectives are to obtain a certain minimum conversion as well as to meet specific product
properties such as sulphur content, density and cetane number.
Typical pressures are in the 60-110 bar (850-1560 psig) range. Typical conversion is 10-20% for
lower pressure units and 30-50% for higher pressure units. Meeting the product objectives under
such conditions can be challenging. Very often
the cycle length is determined not by decline in conversion, but by failure to meet a
product property such as sulphur content in the diesel fraction. Our catalysts exhibit an excellent
nitrogen tolerance, resulting in very stable HDS and HDN activities throughout the cycle. The
optimal catalyst or combination of catalysts depends on feed quality and available hydrogen
. 7 Catalyst references
Slovnaft a.s., Slovakia has purchased 190 tonnes of catalysts for their high pressure
hydrocracker. The catalysts were purchased for their 3,400 MT/day unit, operating at 150 bar
with a conversion at about 95%. This decision was taken based on
experiences with excellent performance of Topses catalysts since 2005. The feed to the unit is
Russian export blend.
Preem Lysekil, Sweden has decided to follow a successful three-year TK-558 BRIM run of
their 53.000 bpsd, 71 bar mild hydrocracker unit with a new load of Topse catalysts. This is due
to needs for higher conversion when they are in VGO mode of
this unit and improved cold flow properties of the diesel produced in the diesel mode.
ENAP Refinerias Bio Bio, Chile has selected catalyst material from Topse for the first time to
their high pressure hydrocracker. This 2,400 MT/day unit operates at 143
bar, aiming at a maximum mid-distillate yield at a net conversion of 70% based on volume. The
processed feed is blends of HVGO and HCGO, and the feed nitrogen varies fromENAP
Refinerias Aconcagua, Chile has purchased 224 tonnes of catalysts for their3, single-stage
hydrocracker. The catalysts were purchased for 000 MT/day unit operating with a conversion at
about 60%. The main objectives are high quality FCC feed and high quality product diesel. The
processed feed is blends of HVGO and VGO.
YPF, Argentina selected Topse hydrocracking catalyst system after a series of detailed pilot
plant studies on actual feed and conditions. The main objectives for this full conversion 140 bar
hydrocracker are increased diesel and kerosene yields with improved properties such as cloud
point and cetane index.
Murphy Meraux, LA, USA has awarded Topse for their hydrocracker train. This full
load of Topse hydrocracker and pretreatment catalysts for the high pressure, 2,450 psi, 32,000
bpsd hydrocracker aims at 41% conversion with the highest possible selectivity into low sulphur
mid distillates. The processed feed is a blend of HVGO,
LVGO and AG with a rather high Si contenttwo-reactor 142 bar 47,000 bpsd hydrocracker,
aiming at a 55% conversion with good properties of the produced diesel. Most of the feed being
processed is Russian VGO.
contained herein is confidential; it may not be used for any
purpose other than for which it has been issued, and may not be used by or disclosed to third
parties without written approval of Haldor Topse A/S. Saras, Sarroch, Italy decided again to
use Topse catalysts for their 60,000 bpsd mild hydrocracker. This unit, aiming at 40-50%
conversion and 10 ppm sulphur in the diesel, requires the most stable catalyst system in order to
be able to operate for more than one year. The feed to this 100 bar unit has an end-point as high
as 630C
MOL Szazhalombatta, Hungary decided again to purchase Topse hydrocracking
and pretreatment catalysts for their 2010 turnaround in their 6,000 MTPSD MHC unit. The
processed feed is blends of HVGO and HCGO, aiming at a conversion of more than 27% to high
quality diesel. The unit operates at a pressure of 75 bar.
Petro Piar, Venezuela has again, due to very difficult operating conditions of the U16 and an
unpredicted short cycle, selected Topse hydrocracking catalysts for this major hydrocracking
55,000 bpsd U16, treating very heavy coker gas oil feed.
Pradeep Naik(e11-0035)
REFERENCES:
1) introduction: Wikipedia free encyclopedia
5)Images:
THE END