NON-ISENTROPIC FLOW

MENU

1. Non-Isentropic flow : Real flow

2. Shockwave & Expansion waves
Normal shockwave
Oblique shockwave
Prandtl Meyer expansion
3. Duct Flow with Friction without Heat Transfer
(Fanno flow)
4. Duct Flow with Heat Transfer and Negligible
Friction Force (Reyleigh Flow)

Non-Isentropic flow : Real flow

What is Non-Isentropic Flow ?
1. Irreversible ( there is viscous effect) only
2. Non Adiabatic ( There is heat transfer) only
3. Combination of Both

Non-Isentropic flow : Real flow

What is Non-Isentropic Flow ?
1. Irreversible ( there is viscous effect) only 01 02 and
01 = 02
2. Non Adiabatic ( There is heat transfer) only 01 02
and 01 = 02
3. Combination of Both 01 02 and 01 02

02
02
2 1 = ln
ln
01
01

Isentropic flow
Flow through Convergent Divergent Duct
Flow conditions

(1)
=1 ,
0
0

=1,

=1

Is there an flow through the duct?

How is about the following flow through the duct?

(2)

(3)

(4)

=1 ,

= 0.9725,

= 0.7 5

= 0.95 ,

= 0.85,
0

= 0.95 ,

= 0.1278,
0

= 0.528
= 0.528
5

Isentropic flow
Flow through Convergent Divergent Duct
Mach number and Mass flow rate

Non-Isentropic flow
Flow through Convergent Divergent Duct

Normal shock wave

If the pressure at exit , pe is less than

p3 and greater than pd so the
normal shock wave will appear inside
the divergent duct
The shock wave occurs in supersonic
speed
The Mach number change from
supersonic to subsonic
The flow properties change abruptly

pc

Non-Isentropic flow
Normal Shock
Normal shockwave : shock waves that
occur in a plane / cross section
normal to the direction of flow
A supersonic flow across a normal
shock wave becomes subsonic
Total enthalpy remains constant
across the shock (conservation
energy principle)
01 = 02

Continuity equation

= 1 1 = 2 2

Entropy

Momentum equation

2 1 > 0

1 2 =

(2

1 2
2 2
= 1 +
= 2 +
2
2

01 = 02

1 )
8

Non-Isentropic flow
Prandtl Relation
Flow relation between before shock wave and after shock wave

2
1

1
=
1

where

1
M M
2
2

1
)
M

0.5

( )2 = 1 2

2 2 =

2 + ( 1)1 2
2 1 2 ( 1)

Non-Isentropic flow
Prandtl Relation
Flow relation between before shock wave and after shock wave
2

2 =

2 + ( 1)1 2
2 1 2 ( 1)

What is happen if M1

10

Non-Isentropic flow
Prandtl Relation
Flow relation between before shock wave and after shock wave

11

Non-Isentropic flow
Static Properties Relation
Properties relation between before shock wave and after shock wave
Density
( + 1)1 2
2 1
=
=
1 2 2 + ( 1) 1 2
Pressure
2

2 2 1 ( 1)
=
1
( + 1)

What is happen if M1

Temperature

2 1 2 1 [2 + 1 1 2 ]
2
=
1
( + 1)2 1 2
12

Non-Isentropic flow

13

Non-Isentropic flow
Entropy
2 1
01
= ln

02

21 ( 1)
02
=
01
( + 1)

1/(1)

( + 1)1

/(1)

2 + ( 1) 1 2

2 1 2 1
2 + ( 1) 1 2
2 1
1

( 1)
( + 1) + 1
( 1)
( + 1)1 2

14

Non-Isentropic flow
Entropy

1
15

Non-Isentropic flow
Air Speed Measurement in Supersonic flight

16

Non-Isentropic flow

1. A blunt nose missile is flying at Mach 2 at standard sea level.

Calculate the temperature and pressure at the nose of the missile

17

Non-Isentropic flow
Air Speed Measurement in Supersonic flight

Pressure ratio

p02 1 M

2
p1 4M 1 2 1
2

2
1

2M 12 ( 1)
1
18

Non-Isentropic flow

2. Air with initial stagnation conditions of 700 kPa and 530 K

passes through a frictionless CD nozzle Th troat area is 5 cm2 and
the exit area is 12.5 cm2. The back pressure is 350 kPa, and a
normal shock wave occurs within the diverging section.
determine
(a) The Mach number at the exit
(b) The change in stagnation pressure
(c) Mach number before and after the shock
(d) the nozzle area at the point of shock
(e) The back pressure if the flow were isentropic throughout

19

Non-Isentropic flow
QUIZ 3
Air with initial stagnation conditions of 700 kPa and 330 K passes
through a CD nozzle at the rate of 1 kg/s. At the exit are of the
nozzle the stagnation pressure is 550 kPa and the stream
pressure is 550 kPa. The nozzle is insulated and there is no
irreversibility except for the occurrence of a shock
(a) What is the nozzle throat area ?
(b) What is Mach number before and after the shock ?
(c) What is the nozzle area at the point of shock and at the exit
(d) What is the stream density at the exit
(e) The back pressure if the flow were isentropic throughout

20

Non-Isentropic flow
Rankine-Hugoniot Relations
Combining continuity equation and momentum equation
2 1 = 1 1 2 2 2 2 = 1 1 2 (1

1
)
2

+ 1 1
2
1 2 1
=
1
+1
1

1
2

+ 1 2
2
1 1 1
=
2
+1
1

1
1

21

Non-Isentropic flow
Duct Flow with Heat Transfer (Reyleigh Flow)
Combining continuity, momentum and energy equations

With Heat Addition

p2, r2

p1 , r 1
u1

u2
q
Fire

Is the following isentropic gas law still valid ?

C pT01 q C pT02

Non-Isentropic flow
Static Properties relations
Pressure

p2 1 M

p1 1 M

Temperature
2

T2 1 M M 2

T1 1 M M1

2
1
2
2

2
1
2
2

Density
2

r2 1 M

r1 1 M

2
2
2
1

M1

M2

Total Properties relations

Total Temperature

Total Pressure

p0 2 1 M

p01 1 M

2
1
2
2

1 2 M
1
1 2 M
1

2
2
2
1

T0 2 1 M

T01 1 M

2
1
2
2

M2

M1

1 21 M 22
1 2
1 2 M1

Non-Isentropic flow
Critical Static Properties relations
Pressure

Temperature

Density

T
2 1

M
*
2
1 M
T

p
1

*
p 1 M 2

r
1 1 M
2
*
r M 1

Critical Total Properties relations

Total Temperature

Total Pressure

p0
1

p0* 1 M 2

2 ( 1) M

2
T0 1 M
2

1
M
2
T0* 1 M 2

Non-Isentropic flow
Graph of Total Temperature at Various Mach number
2
T0 1 M

2 1M 2
2
*
T0
1 M 2

Mach

3.0

Supersonic

2.0
1.0

Subsonic

0.0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

T0/T0*

Adding heat will increase flow velocity or Mach number in Subsonic flow
and decrease flow velocity of Mach number in Supersonic flow
Extracting heat (cooling of the flow) will decrease flow velocity or Mach
number in Subsonic flow and increase flow velocity of Mach number in
Supersonic flow

Non-Isentropic flow
Graph of Total Pressure at Various Mach number

2 ( 1) M

p0
1

p0* 1 M 2

Supersonic

Mach

Subsonic

0
0

p0/p0*

Non-Isentropic flow
Graph of Static Pressure at Various Mach number

p
1

p* 1 M 2

Mach

3.0
2.0

Supersonic

1.0

Subsonic
0.0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

p/p*

For subsonic flow (M<1), adding heat will decrease pressure

For supersonic flow (M>1), adding heat will increases pressure

Non-Isentropic flow
Graph of Density at Various Mach number

r
1 1 M
2
*
r M 1

Mach

3.0

Supersonic

2.0
1.0

Subsonic

0.0
0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0
r /r *

8.0

10.0

12.0

Non-Isentropic flow
Graph of Static Temperature at Various Mach number

T
2 1

M
*
2
1 M
T

Mach

3.0

Supersonic

2.0
1.0

Subsonic

0.0
0.0

0.5

1.0
T/T*

1.5

30

Non-Isentropic flow
Rankine-Hugoniot Relations
Combining continuity equation and momentum equation
1 2 + 12 =

1
1
1
(1 2 )( + )
2
2 1

1 2 + 12 =

1
( 2 )(2 + 1 )
2 1

1 2 + 12

1
1
1
= (1 + 2 )( )
2
1 2

1 2 + 12 =

1
( + 2 )(1 2 )
2 1

31