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g
g
MechanicalProperties
Modes of Loading
ModesofLoading
TTensile
il
St
Stress:
Th
The
stress
t
induced in a body , when
subjected to two equal and
opposite
pp
pulls.
p
Ratio of tensile stress to the
corresponding strain is young
modulus .
Shear Stress: The stress
induced in a body , when
subjected to two equal and
opposite forces which are
acting tangentially.
volumetric strain: The ratio of
change in volume to the
original volume is volumetric
strain.
Ration of direct stress to the
volumetric strain is bulk
modulus
StressStrain
Stress
StrainTest
Test
specimen
machine
hi
Tensile Test
TensileTest
Stress-Strain Diagram
ultimate
tensile
strength
UTS
necking
Strain
Hardening
yield
strength
Fracture
5
Elasticregion
slope=Youngs(elastic)modulus
yieldstrength
Plasticregion
ultimatetensilestrength
strainhardening
fracture
Plastic
l
Region
Elastic
Region
=E
E=
) (L/Lo)
Strain (
ElasticDeformation
1.Initial
2.Smallload
3.Unload
bonds
stretch
returnto
return
to
initial
Linear
elastic
Elasticmeansreversible!
PlasticDeformation(Metals)
1. Initial
2. Small load
3. Unload
bonds
stretch
& planes
shear
planes
l
still
sheared
elastic
l ti + plastic
l ti
plastic
F
Plastic means permanent.
permanent
linear
elastic
linear
elastic
plastic
MechanicalProperties
Strength: Abilityofmaterialtoresistwithoutrupture.
Rigidity/stiffness: Abilityofmaterialtoresistdeformationundertheactionofexternalload
Elasticity:Abilityofmaterialtoregainitsoriginalshape
y Itistheabilityofthematerialtoretainthedeformationproducedunderloadona
y
p
Plasticity:
permanentbasis.
Resilience:Itistheabilityofamaterialtostoreelasticenergy,whichisalsocalledmodulusof
resilience.
Toughness: Itistheabilityofamaterialtowithstandsuddenloadingortoabsorbenergy
untilitbreaksanditismeasuredintermsofmodulusoftoughness.
Ductility:Itistheabilityofamaterialtoundergolargeplasticdeformationwithoutcracking.
Ductility:
It is the ability of a material to undergo large plastic deformation without cracking.
Thisisthepropertythatallowsthematerialtobedrawnoutintoathinwire.
Malleability:Itistheabilityofamaterialtoundergolargeplasticdeformationwithout
crackingwhenitissubjectedtocompressiveforce.
g
j
p
Brittleness:Itistheabilityofthematerialtobreakbeforedeformation(eg.iron,glass).
Hardness:Itistheabilityofamaterialtoresistscratching,abrasionorindentation.
YieldPoint
Typical stress
stress-strain
strain behavior
for a metal showing elastic
and plastic deformations, the
proportional limit P and the
yield
strength
y,
as
determined using the 0.002
strain offset method (where
there is noticeable plastic
deformation). P is the gradual
elastic to plastic transition.
Ductility,%EL
Ductilityisameasureoftheplastic
deformationthathasbeensustainedat
fracture:
Engineering
tensile
stress,
Amaterialthat
A
material that
suffersvery
littleplastic
deformationis
brittle
brittle.
% EL =
l f lo
lo
x100
smaller %EL
(brittle if %EL<5%)
larger %EL
(ductile if
%EL>5%)
Lo
Ao
Anotherductilitymeasure:
A th d tilit
% AR =
Af
Ao A f
Ao
Lf
x100
Ductilitymaybeexpressedaseitherpercentelongation(%plasticstrainatfracture)
or percent reduction in area
orpercentreductioninarea.
%AR>%ELispossibleifinternalvoidsforminneck.
Toughness
Lowertoughness:
ceramics
Toughness
is
the
ability to absorb energy
up to fracture (energy
per unit volume of
material).
Highertoughness:
Higher
toughness:
metals
Approximated by the
area under the stressstrain curve.
15
Toughness
g
Engineering
tensile
stress,
t
Resilience,Ur
Abilityofamaterialtostoreenergy
Energystoredbestinelasticregion
Energy stored best in elastic region
Flexural Strength
(c)2003Brooks/Cole,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Inc.ThomsonLearning isatrademarkusedhereinunderlicense.
(a) The
e bend
be d test often
o te used for
o measuring
easu
g tthe
e st
strength
e gt
of brittle materials, and (b) the deflection obtained by
bending
Flexural Strength
Thanks