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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Class Lecture Package -2
WTP
Transmission
Distribution network
COMPONENTS OF DS
Pumping station
Structural
Electrical
Pumping
Piping
Distribution storage
Tanks
Pipe
Valve
Distribution piping
Pipes
Valves
HYDRAULICS, PRESSURIZED
FLOW
It is the flow (full) that
is passed through the
pipes
It needs the concepts
of fluid mechanics and
hydraulics to analyze
the flow
Full flow
Partial flow
DESIGN OF PIPELINES
The construction of pipes involve large costs
Needs modeling/predicting the behaviour
Cost
Time
Safety
Ease of modification
Aid to communication
Head
HYDRAULICS,PUMP
Discharge
HYDRAULICS, DS
It uses the concept of pressurized flow
Air bubbles can arise in the water
Pipe breaks, leaks can cause variations in the
hydraulic calculations
It considers steady state flows
Hardy cross method is typically used hydraulic
analysis of pipe network
V = velocity
C = roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic radius
S = friction headloss
TYPICAL VALUES OF C
Pipe material
Value of C
PVC
135-150
Steel (mortar lining)
120-145
Steel (unlined)
110-130
Ductile iron (mortar lining)
100-140
Ductile iron (unlined)
80-120
Asbestos cement
120-130
Concrete
130-140
TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
1
APPLICATION OF MODELS
Model selection
Network representation
Calibration
Verification
Problem definition
Model application
Display/analysis
HYDRAULICS, STORAGE
Storage is provided to ensure
Reliability of supply
Maintain pressure
Improve operational flexibility and efficiency
HYDRAULICS, STORAGE
Tank levels
Settling overflow level
Identifying service area
Identifying pressure zone
Tank volume
Fire and emergency storage
demand
CORROSION
Corrosion is a big concern for water distribution
systems
Typical three types of corrosion observed in
distribution system
Internal corrosion
Microbial influenced corrosion
Leaching
TYPICAL CORROSION IN DS
Metallic
MIC
Major
Unknown Minor
Polymeric none
Unknown Major
Cement
based
Unknown Major
Metal
major
Leaching
METALLIC CORROSION
Both Internal and external corrosion are very
common in metallic pipes
Three conditions required
Metallic surface
An oxidant
Medium to transport the oxidant to the metal
MIC
It is caused by microbiological activity
Some researchers feel biofilms protect metallic surface
from natural corrosion
Presence and structure of biofilms
Hydraulic condition
Nutrient availability
Residual disinfectant
Roughness of pipe
LEACHING
Leaching is typically defined as the release of
material to water without involving conventional
corrosion processes
Typical examples are metal bearing corrosion
scales, monomers or calcium from cement
matrix
FACTORS AFFECTING
CORROSION
Flow velocity
Temperature
pH
Alkalinity
Dissolved oxygen
Total dissolved solids
Hardness
Bacteria
INDICATORS OF CORROSION
pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration indicate the
potential of corrosion
Pipe inspection, analysis of pipe scales help to
understand the potential for corrosion
Many indexes used
CORROSION CONTROL
Controlling corrosion is a big challenge in water
distribution
The presence of different material in the same
DS can bring additional issues to reduce the
corrosion
Corrosion control mechanisms can cause harm to
some materials
CORROSION CONTROL
Typical corrosion control techniques
Corrosion inhibitors
Orthophosphate
CONTROLLING MIC
Controlling MIC is basically controlling the
formation of biofilms
Changes in water quality helps in controlling
microbial growth in biofilm
Chlorine is not effective in destruction of biofilms
Shock chlorination work at some materials
PIPE MATERIALS
Pipe materials can play an important part in the
quality and quantity of water in DS
Pipes provides
External and internal integrity of DS
Interact with water quality
CAST IRON
Historically, it is the most widely used material
Lined
unlined
DUCTILE IRON
Due to various limitations and problems associated with
gray cast iron, ductile irons are being used since 1960s
Ductile iron is more elastic than cast irons
It is made by adding small amount of magnesium and
controlling the manufacturing condition
It is also very common as a material for distribution
system
STEEL
Steel pipes are typically used for large diameter
pipes
Transmission pipes
CONCRETE
Concrete is inert, safe, long-lived and
dependable
Different types of pipes used
Steel cylinder
Prestressed
Noncylinder
Pretensioned
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride is the most commonly used
material for construction of new distribution
systems
It is resistant to corrosion
High strength to weight ratio
Low historical information regarding its service
LINING
Lining is very important to reduce the pipe water
interaction in various distribution systems
Low cost
Long life
Sustained smoothness
Cement mortar lining common for iron pipes
LINING
Lining thickness plays an important role in
determining effectiveness
It can be slowly attacked at soft water
Coatings provides resistant to corrosion
Leaching of cement mortar can be a concern in
some places
HW-2
Review an article by groups
Article review guideline is posted on ilearn
The guideline is quite comprehensive. All the items may
not be applicable for your particular review. Do what
applies to you
Everyone needs to review the articles themselves. The
writing portion can only be shared by group members
Availability
Local availability
Experienced
installation
Sizes and thickness
Compatibility with
available fittings
SELECTION
Properties of pipe
Strength
Ductility
Corrosion resistance
Fluid friction
resistance
Economics
Cost
Required life
Cost of maintenance
and repairs
US
46 11 20
14
UK
81
10
Germany
55
30
Spain
30
50
15
Netherlands 16
40
40
LEAD
Lead as household plumbing
20% of all service connections in US have lead
Lead as a plumbing material is also widely used in
Canada
LEAD
COPPER
Copper is also very common as household
plumbing
Since 1963, 5.3 million miles of copper tubing
installed in US households
Also common in Canada
COPPER
Copper also has leachability issues in water
The leached copper can often goes through
typical wastewater treatment processes
End up in wastewater sludge
Concern for disposal of sludge
PVC
PVC is very popular as household plumbing
material for new construction
It has less corrosion problem than other
conventional plumbing material
PVC is considered to be inert with the changes
in water quality
WQ ASPECTS
Pipe material can interact with the water to
change the quality
Iron oxidation/reduction encourage the presence of
iron and sulphate reducing bacteria (MIC)
WQ ASPECTS
Coagulants
Disinfectants
Corrosion inhibitors
Oxidants for chemical oxidation
WQ CHALLENGE IN DIFFERENT
MATERIALS
DISINFECTION
Disinfectants serve two purposes
Restrict microbial regrowth
Protect from microbial intrusion from cross connection
CHALLENGING INTERACTIONS
Corrosion
control, microbial
inactivation and
DBPs all interact
with each other
Optimization
needed to
manage these
challenges
Corrosion Control
Microbial
Inactivation
DBPs
WQ MONITORING
Monitoring can be conducted in three different
ways
Laboratory based
Real time monitoring
Online monitoring
WQ MONITORING
Routing monitoring
Regulatory requirements
Sampling methods
Sampling parameters
Synoptic monitoring
Specific requirements
Water Distribution
Systems
Handbook
WQ, STORAGE
Water quality can be affected in the storage
Three different types of problems typically
observed
Chemical
Microbiological
Physical
OTHER PROBLEMS
Microbiological
Bacterial regrowth
Nitrification
Worms and insects
Physical
Sediment buildup
Entry of contaminants
temperature
MONITORING WQ IN STORAGE
Routine monitoring
Typical parameters
Nitrification
Sediment
Biofilm
DISINFECTION OF STORAGE
TANKS
Three different disinfection methods are used for
filling tanks
Water disinfected
Tank disinfected
Mixed
FLUSHING DS
Flushing is done using a hydrant or blowoffs to improve
water quality
Removes sediment, eliminate low chlorine, solve taste, odour
and turbidity problems
EFFECTIVENESS OF WQ MODELS
Fraction of water originating from a particular
source
Age of water in the system
Concentration of nonreactive tracer compound
either added or removed from the system
Concentration and loss rate of secondary
disinfectant
EFFECTIVENESS OF WQ MODELS
The concentration and growth rate of DBPs
Number and mass of attached and free flowing
bacteria
Indirect benefits
Complementing hydraulic models
Help design of tanks and pipes
Minimize risk associated with DBPs
WQ MODELS
Typical water quality models are steady state in nature
Useful for contaminant movement at constant condition
EPANET
CYBERNET
H2ONET
Stoner synerGEE
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
The actual physical system is
modeled as a network of links
connected at nodes
Links are pipes, pumps or
valves
Nodes are junction, source,
consumption and storage points
TYPES OF MODELS
Steady state models
Assumes that hydraulic conditions do not change
Storage does not affect water quality
Simple to setup and solve
Dynamic models
Takes account of hydraulic changes
More accurate than steady state models
CASE STUDY
System modeling
Design of the field study
Results of the field study
Verification study
Presampling procedure
Analysis of results
Modeling of chlorine residual
Water Distribution
Systems
Handbook
Water Distribution
Systems
Handbook
QUESTIONS ??