PROBLEM 1

Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Usable Host Bits per
Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet

172.30.1.33
255.255.255.0

Step 1: Translate Host IP Address and Subnet Mask into binary notation
First, list down these values of numbers
128

64

32

16

In order to remember these values start with the number 1, go from right to left, and
double that number seven times. For example, start with 1 on the right side. For your
next number, double the 1 (1 x 2 = 2). So, 2 is your next number (remembering to go
from right to left). For your third number, double the 2 (2 x 2 = 4); to continue the
sequence, double the 4 (4 x 2 = 8). Repeat this process until youve doubled your original
number, seven times. The key to this is that every single one of the values we put in that
row are going to have either number 1 or number 0 assigned to it. To convert the IP
address we will take that string of numbers and start from left to right this time. Each
value in an IP address is an octet. Subtract each octet with the numbers in the list until
there is no remainder left from the octet.
Take the Host IP address 172.30.1.33 and start with the 1st octet (172)
172 128 = 44
44 32 = 12
12 8 = 4
44=0
Assign the number 1 to the values used to subtract the octet and 0 for the ones not
used.
128
1

64
0

32
1

16
0

8
1

4
1

2
0

1
0

So now we know that a decimal number 172 is 10101100 converted to binary form. To
double check, we take the values assigned with 1 and add them together:
128+32+8+4=172
2nd octet (30)
30 16 = 14
14 8 = 6
64=2
22=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
0
0
0
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 30 is 00011110. (16+8+2=32)

2
1

1
0

2
0

1
1

2
0

1
1

3rd Octet (1)

11=0
128
64
32
16
8
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 1 is 00000001. (1)

4
0

4th octet (33)

33 32 = 1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 33 is 00100001. (32+1=33)
So the IP address of 172.30.1.33 has its binary form equivalent of:
10101100.00011110.00000001.00100001

Subnet Mask

Repeat the same procedure used for the IP address to convert the Subnet Mask into
binary notation.
1st Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
2nd Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

3rd Octet (255)

255 128 = 127 64 = 63 32 = 31 16 = 15 8 = 7 4 = 3 2 = 1 1 = 0

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
4th Octet (0)
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 0 is 00000000 (Since there is no number to subtract from
0 so, automatically the answer is 00000000).
So the Subnet Mask 255.255.225.0 has its binary form equivalent of:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Subnet Address

Perform a bit-wise AND (Logical AND Gate) operation on the Host IP address and Subnet
Mask (1 AND 1 results in 1; 0 AND anything results in a 0).
IP Address

10101100 00011110 00000001 00100001

Subnet Mask

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Subnet Address

10101100 00011110 00000001 00000000

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
128
1
0
0
0

64
0
0
0
0

32
1
0
0
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172

2nd Octet
16 + 8 + 4 +2 = 30
3rd Octet
1

16
0
1
0
0

8
1
1
0
0

4
1
1
0
0

2
0
1
0
0

1
0
0
1
0

4th Octet
0
Therefore, the Subnet Address is 172.30.1.0.

Determine which bits contain network information and host information

Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet
Address

Subnet Divide (S.D)

10101100

00011110

00000001

00100001

11111111
10101100

11111111
00011110

11111111
00000001

00000000
00000000
Subnet

Counting

Host Counting Range

range

Draw the Major Divide (M.D) as a wavy line where the 1s in the major network mask (The
16 left-most bits) end and the Subnet Divide (S.D) as a straight line where the 1s in the
given Subnet Mask end. From here, we can get the number of subnet bits from the subnet
mask by simply counting the number of bits (0 and 1) in the last 16 bits in the Subnet
Mask.
Subnet Bits and Hosts Bits per Subnet
Using this formula, 2x where X = the number of 1s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask,
we can get the total number of subnets. For The number of usable Hosts per subnet, use
2y - 2 where y = the number of 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
Number of 1s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask
1
1

2
1

3
1

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
1

8
1

6
0

7
0

8
0

Number of 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask

1
0

2
0

3
0

4
0

5
0

Using the data from the number of 0s and 1s in last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
2x = 28 = 256 Subnets (Total)
2y 2 = 28 -2 = 256 2 = 254 Hosts (Total)

Determining the Range of Host Addresses available on the Subnet and

the Broadcast Address.
Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet
Address

Subnet Divide (S.D)

10101100

00011110

00000001

00100001

11111111
10101100

11111111
00011110

11111111
00000001

00000000
00000000
Subnet

Counting

Host Counting Range

First Host

10101100
172
10101100
172
10101100

Last Host
Broadcast
Address

00011110
30
00011110
30
00011110

range
00000001
1
11111110
254
11111111

00000001
1
00000001
1
00000001

172
30
1
255
*Note that the First, Last and Broadcast Address bits in the fourth octet are
used from the Subnet Addresss fourth octet.
For the first host, make all the bits in the host counting range 0 except for the last bit
on the right which will be made 1. This will give you the first host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.1).
To find the last host IP Address, make all the bits in the host counting range 1 except for
the last bit which will be made 0. This will give you the last host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.254).
Broadcast address can be deduced by making all the bits in the host counting range into
1. This will give you the result for the Broadcast Address for the subnet (172.30.1.255).

Converting the First Host, Last Host and Broadcast Address to decimal
form.

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
First Host 10101100.00011110.00000001.00000001
128
1
0
0
0

64
0
0
0
0

For the 1st Octet

32
1
0
0
0

16
0
1
0
0

8
1
1
0
0

4
1
1
0
0

2
0
1
0
0

1
0
0
1
1

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
2nd Octet
16 + 8 + 4 +2 = 30
3rd Octet
1
4th Octet
1
Therefore, the First Host Address is 172.30.1.1.
Last Host 10101100.00011110.00000001.11111110
128
1
0
0
1

64
0
0
0
1

32
1
0
0
1

16
0
1
0
1

8
1
1
0
1

4
1
1
0
1

2
0
1
0
1

1
0
0
1
0

2
0
1

1
0
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172

2nd Octet
16 + 8 + 4 +2 = 30
3rd Octet
1
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 254
Therefore, the Last Host Address is 172.30.1.254.

Broadcast Address 10101100.00011110.00000001.11111111

128
1
0

64
0
0

32
1
0

16
0
1

8
1
1

4
1
1

0
1

0
1

0
1

0
1

0
1

0
1

0
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
2nd Octet
16 + 8 + 4 +2 = 30
3rd Octet
1
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255
Therefore, the Broadcast Address is 172.30.1.255.

Now that we have all the data, fill in the table given.
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet

172.30.1.33
255.255.255.0
8
256
8
254
172.30.1.0.
172.30.1.1
172.30.1.254
172.30.1.255

PROBLEM 2
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Usable Host Bits per

172.30.1.33
255.255.255.252

1
1

Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet
Step 1: Translate Host IP Address and Subnet Mask into binary notation
First, list down these values of numbers
128

64

32

16

In order to remember these values start with the number 1, go from right to left, and
double that number seven times. For example, start with 1 on the right side. For your
next number, double the 1 (1 x 2 = 2). So, 2 is your next number (remembering to go
from right to left). For your third number, double the 2 (2 x 2 = 4); to continue the
sequence, double the 4 (4 x 2 = 8). Repeat this process until youve doubled your original
number, seven times. The key to this is that every single one of the values we put in that
row are going to have either number 1 or number 0 assigned to it. To convert the IP
address we will take that string of numbers and start from left to right this time. Each
value in an IP address is an octet. Subtract each octet with the numbers in the list until
there is no remainder left from the octet.
Take the Host IP address 172.30.1.33 and start with the 1st octet (172)
172 128 = 44
44 32 = 12
12 8 = 4
44=0
Assign the number 1 to the values used to subtract the octet and 0 for the ones not
used.
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
So now we know that a decimal number 172 is 10101100 converted to binary form. To
double check, we take the values assigned with 1 and add them together:
128+32+8+4=172
2nd octet (30)
30 16 = 14

14 8 = 6
64=2
22=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
0
0
0
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 30 is 00011110. (16+8+2=32)

2
1

1
0

2
0

1
1

2
0

1
1

3rd Octet (1)

11=0
128
64
32
16
8
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 1 is 00000001. (1)

4
0

4th octet (33)

33 32 = 1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 33 is 00100001. (32+1=33)
So the IP address of 172.30.1.33 has its binary form equivalent of:
10101100.00011110.00000001.00100001

Subnet Mask

Repeat the same procedure used for the IP address to convert the Subnet Mask into
binary notation.
1st Octet (255)

255 128 = 127

127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
2nd Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

3rd Octet (255)

255 128 = 127 64 = 63 32 = 31 16 = 15 8 = 7 4 = 3 2 = 1 1 = 0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
4th Octet (252)

252 128 = 124 64 = 60 32 = 28 16 = 12 8 = 4 4 = 0

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
Binary notation for the number 252 is 11111100 (128+64+32+16+8+4=252)
So the Subnet Mask 255.255.255.252 has its binary form equivalent of:
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

Subnet Address

Perform a bit-wise AND (Logical AND Gate) operation on the Host IP address and Subnet
Mask (1 AND 1 results in 1; 0 AND anything results in a 0).
IP Address

10101100 00011110 00000001 00100001

Subnet Mask

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100

Subnet Address

10101100 00011110 00000001 00100000

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
128
1
0
0
0

64
0
0
0
0

32
1
0
0
1

16
0
1
0
0

8
1
1
0
0

4
1
1
0
0

2
0
1
0
0

1
0
0
1
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
2nd Octet
16 + 8 + 4 +2 = 30
3rd Octet
1
4th Octet
32
Therefore, the Subnet Address is 172.30.1.32.

Determine which bits contain network information and host information

Major Divide (M.D)

Subnet Divide (S.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet
Address

10101100

00011110

00000001

00100001

11111111
10101100

11111111
00011110

11111111
00000001

11111100
00100000

Subnet Counting Range

Host

Counting
Range
Draw the Major Divide (M.D) as a wavy line where the 1s in the major network mask (The
16 left-most bits) end and the Subnet Divide (S.D) as a straight line where the 1s in the
given Subnet Mask end. From here, we can get the number of subnet bits from the subnet
mask by simply counting the number of bits (0 and 1) in the last 16 bits in the Subnet
Mask.
Subnet Bits and Hosts Bits per Subnet
Using this formula, 2x where X = the number of 1s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask,
we can get the total number of subnets. For The number of usable Hosts per subnet, use
2y - 2 where y = the number of 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
Number of 1s and 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask
1
1

2
1

3
1

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
1

8
1

9
1

10
1

11
1

12
1

13
1

14
1

1
0

2
0

Using the data from the number of 0s and 1s in last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
2x = 214 = 16,384 Subnets (Total)
2y 2 = 22 -2 = 4 2 = 2 Hosts (Total)

Determining the Range of Host Addresses available on the Subnet and

the Broadcast Address.
Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet

Subnet Divide (S.D)

10101100

00011110

00000001

00100001

11111111
10101100

11111111
00011110

11111111
00000001

11111100
00100000

Address
Subnet Counting Range

Host

Counting
Range
First Host

10101100
172
10101100
172
10101100

Last Host
Broadcast
Address

00011110
30
00011110
30
00011110

00000001
1
00000001
1
00000001

00100001
33
00100010
34
00100011

172
30
1
35
*Note that the First, Last and Broadcast Address bits in the fourth octet are
used from the Subnet Addresss fourth octet.
For the first host, make all the bits in the host counting range 0 except for the last bit
on the right which will be made 1. This will give you the first host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.1).
To find the last host IP Address, make all the bits in the host counting range 1 except for
the last bit which will be made 0. This will give you the last host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.254).
Broadcast address can be deduced by making all the bits in the host counting range into
1. This will give you the result for the Broadcast Address for the subnet (172.30.1.255).

Converting the First Host, Last Host and Broadcast Address to decimal
form.

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
First Host 10101100.00011110.00000001.00100001
128
1
0
0
0

64
0
0
0
0

32
1
0
0
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172

2nd Octet

16
0
1
0
0

8
1
1
0
0

4
1
1
0
0

2
0
1
0
0

1
0
0
1
1

16 + 8 + 4 +2 = 30
3rd Octet
1
4th Octet
32 + 1 = 33
Therefore, the First Host Address is 172.30.1.33.
Last Host 10101100.00011110.00000001.00100010
128
1
0
0
0

64
0
0
0
0

32
1
0
0
1

16
0
1
0
0

8
1
1
0
0

4
1
1
0
0

2
0
1
0
1

1
0
0
1
0

2
0
1
0
1

1
0
0
1
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
2nd Octet
16 + 8 + 4 +2 = 30
3rd Octet
1
4th Octet
32 + 2 = 34
Therefore, the Last Host Address is 172.30.1.34.
Broadcast Address 10101100.00011110.00000001.00100011
128
1
0
0
0

64
0
0
0
0

32
1
0
0
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
2nd Octet

16
0
1
0
0

8
1
1
0
0

4
1
1
0
0

16 + 8 + 4 +2 = 30
3rd Octet
1
4th Octet
32 + 2 + 1 = 35
Therefore, the Broadcast Address is 172.30.1.35.

Now that we have all the data, fill in the table given.
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet

172.30.1.33
255.255.255.0
14
16,384
2
2
172.30.1.32.
172.30.1.33
172.30.1.34
172.30.1.35

PROBLEM 3
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Usable Host Bits per

192.192.10.234
255.255.255.0

Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet
Step 1: Translate Host IP Address and Subnet Mask into binary notation
First, list down these values of numbers
128

64

32

16

In order to remember these values start with the number 1, go from right to left, and
double that number seven times. For example, start with 1 on the right side. For your
next number, double the 1 (1 x 2 = 2). So, 2 is your next number (remembering to go
from right to left). For your third number, double the 2 (2 x 2 = 4); to continue the
sequence, double the 4 (4 x 2 = 8). Repeat this process until youve doubled your original
number, seven times. The key to this is that every single one of the values we put in that
row are going to have either number 1 or number 0 assigned to it. To convert the IP
address we will take that string of numbers and start from left to right this time. Each
value in an IP address is an octet. Subtract each octet with the numbers in the list until
there is no remainder left from the octet.
Take the Host IP address 172.30.1.33 and start with the 1st octet (172)
192 128 = 64
64 64 = 0
Assign the number 1 to the values used to subtract the octet and 0 for the ones not
used.
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
So now we know that a decimal number 192 is 11000000 converted to binary form. To
double check, we take the values assigned with 1 and add them together: 128 + 64 =
192

2nd octet (192)

192 128 = 64

64 64 = 0
128
64
32
16
8
4
1
1
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 192 is 11000000. (128+64=32)

2
0

1
0

2
1

1
0

3rd Octet (10)

10 8 = 2
22=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
Binary notation for the number 10 is 00001010. (8+2=10)
4th octet (234)
234 128 = 106
106 64 = 42
42 32 = 10
10 8 = 2
22=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
Binary notation for the number 234 is 11101010. (128+64+32+8+2=234)

1
0

So the IP address of 192.192.10.234 has its binary form equivalent of:

11000000.11000000.00001010.11101010

Subnet Mask

Repeat the same procedure used for the IP address to convert the Subnet Mask into
binary notation.
1st Octet (255)

255 128 = 127

127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
2nd Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

3rd Octet (255)

255 128 = 127 64 = 63 32 = 31 16 = 15 8 = 7 4 = 3 2 = 1 1 = 0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
4th Octet (0)

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 0 is 00000000 (Since there is no number to subtract from
0 so, automatically the answer is 00000000).
So the Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 has its binary form equivalent of:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Subnet Address

Perform a bit-wise AND (Logical AND Gate) operation on the Host IP address and Subnet
Mask (1 AND 1 results in 1; 0 AND anything results in a 0).
IP Address

11000000 11000000 00001010 11101010

Subnet Mask

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Subnet Address

11000000 11000000 00001010 00000000

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
128
1
1
0
0

64
1
1
0
0

32
0
0
0
0

16
0
0
0
0

8
0
0
1
0

4
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
0
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192
2nd Octet
128 + 64 = 192

3rd Octet
8 + 2 = 10
4th Octet
0
Therefore, the Subnet Address is 192.192.10.0.

Determine which bits contain network information and host information

Major Divide (M.D)

Subnet Divide (S.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet
Address

11000000

11000000

00001010

11101010

11111111
11000000

11111111
11000000

11111111
00001010

00000000
00000000
Subnet

Counting

Host Counting Range

Range

Draw the Major Divide (M.D) as a wavy line where the 1s in the major network mask (The
16 left-most bits) end and the Subnet Divide (S.D) as a straight line where the 1s in the
given Subnet Mask end. From here, we can get the number of subnet bits from the subnet
mask by simply counting the number of bits (0 and 1) in the last 16 bits in the Subnet
Mask.
Subnet Bits and Hosts Bits per Subnet
Using this formula, 2x where X = the number of 1s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask,
we can get the total number of subnets. For The number of usable Hosts per subnet, use
2y - 2 where y = the number of 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
Number of 1s and 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask
1
1

2
1

3
1

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
1

8
1

1
0

2
0

3
0

4
0

5
0

6
0

7
0

8
0

Using the data from the number of 0s and 1s in last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
2x = 28 = 256 Subnets (Total)
2y 2 = 28 -2 = 256 2 = 254 Hosts (Total)

Determining the Range of Host Addresses available on the Subnet and

the Broadcast Address.
Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet
Address

Subnet Divide (S.D)

11000000

11000000

00001010

11101010

11111111
11000000

11111111
11000000

11111111
00001010

00000000
00000000

Subnet
Counting

Host Counting Range

Range
First Host

11000000
192
11000000
192
11000000

Last Host
Broadcast
Address

11000000
192
11000000
192
11000000

00001010
10
00001010
10
00001010

00000001
1
11111110
254
11111111

192
192
10
255
*Note that the First, Last and Broadcast Address bits in the fourth octet are
used from the Subnet Addresss fourth octet.
For the first host, make all the bits in the host counting range 0 except for the last bit
on the right which will be made 1. This will give you the first host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.1).
To find the last host IP Address, make all the bits in the host counting range 1 except for
the last bit which will be made 0. This will give you the last host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.254).
Broadcast address can be deduced by making all the bits in the host counting range into
1. This will give you the result for the Broadcast Address for the subnet (172.30.1.255).

Converting the First Host, Last Host and Broadcast Address to decimal
form.

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
First Host 11000000.11000000.00001010.00000001
128
1
1
0
0

64
1
1
0
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192

2nd Octet
128 + 64 = 192
3rd Octet

32
0
0
0
0

16
0
0
0
0

8
0
0
1
0

4
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
0
1

8 + 2 = 10
4th Octet
1
Therefore, the First Host Address is 192.192.10.1.
Last Host 11000000.11000000.00001010.11111110
128
1
1
0
1

64
1
1
0
1

32
0
0
0
1

16
0
0
0
1

8
0
0
1
1

4
0
0
0
1

2
0
0
1
1

1
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
1
1

1
0
0
0
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192
2nd Octet
128 + 64 = 192
3rd Octet
8 + 2 = 10
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 254
Therefore, the Last Host Address is 192.192.10.254.
Broadcast Address 11000000.11000000.00001010.11111111
128
1
1
0
1

64
1
1
0
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192
2nd Octet
128 + 64 = 192
3rd Octet

32
0
0
0
1

16
0
0
0
1

8
0
0
1
1

4
0
0
0
1

8 + 2 = 10
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 225
Therefore, the Broadcast Address is 192.192.10.255.

Now that we have all the data, fill in the table given.
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet

192.192.10.234
255.255.255.0
8
256
8
254
192.192.10.0.
192.192.10.1
192.192.10.254
192.192.10.255

PROBLEM 4
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Usable Host Bits per
Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address

172.17.99.71
255.255.0.0

IP Address of First Host on this

Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet
Step 1: Translate Host IP Address and Subnet Mask into binary notation
First, list down these values of numbers
128

64

32

16

In order to remember these values start with the number 1, go from right to left, and
double that number seven times. For example, start with 1 on the right side. For your
next number, double the 1 (1 x 2 = 2). So, 2 is your next number (remembering to go
from right to left). For your third number, double the 2 (2 x 2 = 4); to continue the
sequence, double the 4 (4 x 2 = 8). Repeat this process until youve doubled your original
number, seven times. The key to this is that every single one of the values we put in that
row are going to have either number 1 or number 0 assigned to it. To convert the IP
address we will take that string of numbers and start from left to right this time. Each
value in an IP address is an octet. Subtract each octet with the numbers in the list until
there is no remainder left from the octet.
Take the Host IP address 172.30.1.33 and start with the 1st octet (172)
172 128 = 44
44 32 = 12
12 8 = 4
44=0
Assign the number 1 to the values used to subtract the octet and 0 for the ones not
used.
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
So now we know that a decimal number 172 is 10101100 converted to binary form. To
double check, we take the values assigned with 1 and add them together:
128+32+8+4=172
2nd octet (17)
17 16 = 1
11=0
128

64

32

16

0
0
0
1
0
0
Binary notation for the number 17 is 00010001. (16+1=17)

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
Binary notation for the number 99 is 01100011. (64+32+2+1=99)

1
1

3rd Octet (99)

99 64 = 35
35 32 = 3
32=1
11=0

4th octet (71)

71 64 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
0
1
0
0
0
1
Binary notation for the number 71 is 00100001. (64+4+2+1=71)

2
1

1
1

So the IP address of 172.30.1.33 has its binary form equivalent of:

10101100.00010001.01100011.01000111

Subnet Mask

Repeat the same procedure used for the IP address to convert the Subnet Mask into
binary notation.
1st Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63

63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
2nd Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

3rd Octet (0)

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 0 is 00000000 (Since there is no number to subtract from
0 so, automatically the answer is 00000000).
4th Octet (0)
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 0 is 00000000 (Since there is no number to subtract from
0 so, automatically the answer is 00000000).

So the Subnet Mask 255.255.255.252 has its binary form equivalent of:
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Subnet Address

Perform a bit-wise AND (Logical AND Gate) operation on the Host IP address and Subnet
Mask (1 AND 1 results in 1; 0 AND anything results in a 0).
IP Address

10101100 00010001 01100011 01000111

Subnet Mask

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

Subnet Address

10101100 00010001 00000000 00000000

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
128
1
0
0
0

64
0
0
0
0

32
1
0
0
0

16
0
1
0
0

8
1
0
0
0

4
1
0
0
0

2
0
0
0
0

1
0
1
0
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
2nd Octet
16 + 1 = 17

3rd Octet
0
4th Octet
0
Therefore, the Subnet Address is 172.17.0.0.

Determine which bits contain network information and host information

Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet

Subnet Divide (S.D)

10101100

00010001

01100011

01000111

11111111
10101100

11111111
00010001

00000000
00000000

00000000
00000000

Address
Subnet
Host Counting Range
Counting Range
Draw the Major Divide (M.D) as a wavy line where the 1s in the major network mask (The
16 left-most bits) end and the Subnet Divide (S.D) as a straight line where the 1s in the
given Subnet Mask end. From here, we can get the number of subnet bits from the subnet
mask by simply counting the number of bits (0 and 1) in the last 16 bits in the Subnet
Mask.
Subnet Bits and Hosts Bits per Subnet
Using this formula, 2x where X = the number of 1s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask,
we can get the total number of subnets. For The number of usable Hosts per subnet, use
2y - 2 where y = the number of 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
Number of 1s and 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask
1
0

2
0

3
0

4
0

5
0

6
0

7
0

8
0

9
0

10
0

11
0

12
0

13
0

14
0

15
0

16
0

Using the data from the number of 0s and 1s in last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
2x = 20 = 1 Subnet (Total)
2y 2 = 216 -2 = 65,536 2 = 65,534 Hosts (Total)

Determining the Range of Host Addresses available on the Subnet and

the Broadcast Address.
Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet
Address

Subnet Divide (S.D)

10101100

00010001

01100011

01000111

11111111
10101100

11111111
00010001

00000000
00000000

00000000
00000000
Subnet

Host Counting Range

Counting
Range
First Host
Last Host

10101100
172
10101100

00010001
17
00010001

00000000
0
11111111

00000001
33
11111110

172
10101100

Broadcast
Address

17
00010001

0
11111111

34
11111111

172
17
0
35
*Note that the First, Last and Broadcast Address bits in the fourth octet are
used from the Subnet Addresss fourth octet.
For the first host, make all the bits in the host counting range 0 except for the last bit
on the right which will be made 1. This will give you the first host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.1).
To find the last host IP Address, make all the bits in the host counting range 1 except for
the last bit which will be made 0. This will give you the last host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.254).
Broadcast address can be deduced by making all the bits in the host counting range into
1. This will give you the result for the Broadcast Address for the subnet (172.30.1.255).

Converting the First Host, Last Host and Broadcast Address to decimal
form.

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
First Host 10101100.00010001.00000000.00000001
128
1
0
0
0

64
0
0
0
0

32
1
0
0
0

16
0
1
0
0

8
1
0
0
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172

2nd Octet
16 + 1 = 17
3rd Octet
0
4th Octet
1
Therefore, the First Host Address is 172.17.0.1.

4
1
0
0
0

2
0
0
0
0

1
0
1
0
1

Last Host 10101100.00010001.11111111.11111110

128
1
0
1
1

64
0
0
1
1

32
1
0
1
1

16
0
1
1
1

8
1
0
1
1

4
1
0
1
1

2
0
0
1
1

1
0
1
1
0

2
0
0
1
1

1
0
1
1
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
2nd Octet
16 + 1 = 17
3rd Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 254
Therefore, the Last Host Address is 172.17.255.254.
Broadcast Address 10101100.00010001.11111111.11111111
128
1
0
1
1

64
0
0
1
1

32
1
0
1
1

16
0
1
1
1

8
1
0
1
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172
2nd Octet
16 + 1 = 17
3rd Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255
Therefore, the Broadcast Address is 172.17.255.255.

4
1
0
1
1

Now that we have all the data, fill in the table given.
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet

172.17.99.71
255.255.0.0
0
1
16
65,534
172.17.0.0.
172.17.0.1
172.17.255.254
172.17.255.255

PROBLEM 5
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Usable Host Bits per
Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet

192.168.3.219
255.255.255.0

Step 1: Translate Host IP Address and Subnet Mask into binary notation

First, list down these values of numbers

128

64

32

16

In order to remember these values start with the number 1, go from right to left, and
double that number seven times. For example, start with 1 on the right side. For your
next number, double the 1 (1 x 2 = 2). So, 2 is your next number (remembering to go
from right to left). For your third number, double the 2 (2 x 2 = 4); to continue the
sequence, double the 4 (4 x 2 = 8). Repeat this process until youve doubled your original
number, seven times. The key to this is that every single one of the values we put in that
row are going to have either number 1 or number 0 assigned to it. To convert the IP
address we will take that string of numbers and start from left to right this time. Each
value in an IP address is an octet. Subtract each octet with the numbers in the list until
there is no remainder left from the octet.
Take the Host IP address 172.30.1.33 and start with the 1st octet (172)
192 128 = 64
64 64 = 0
Assign the number 1 to the values used to subtract the octet and 0 for the ones not
used.
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
So now we know that a decimal number 192 is 11000000 converted to binary form. To
double check, we take the values assigned with 1 and add them together: 128 + 64 =
192

2nd octet (168)

168 128 = 40
40 32 = 8
88=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
Binary notation for the number 168 is 10101000. (128+32+8=168)
3rd Octet (3)
32=1
11=0

1
0

128
64
32
16
8
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 3 is 00000011. (2+1=3)

2
1

1
1

4th octet (219)

219 128 = 91
91 64 = 27
27 16 = 11
11 8 = 3
32=1
1 1 = 0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
Binary notation for the number 219 is 11011011. (128+64+16+8+2+1=219)
So the IP address of 192.168.3.219 has its binary form equivalent of:
11000000.10101000.00000011.11011011

Subnet Mask

Repeat the same procedure used for the IP address to convert the Subnet Mask into
binary notation.
1st Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0

128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
2nd Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

3rd Octet (255)

255 128 = 127 64 = 63 32 = 31 16 = 15 8 = 7 4 = 3 2 = 1 1 = 0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
4th Octet (0)
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 0 is 00000000 (Since there is no number to subtract from
0 so, automatically the answer is 00000000).
So the Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 has its binary form equivalent of:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Subnet Address

Perform a bit-wise AND (Logical AND Gate) operation on the Host IP address and Subnet
Mask (1 AND 1 results in 1; 0 AND anything results in a 0).
IP Address

11000000 10101000 00000011 11011011

Subnet Mask

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Subnet Address

11000000 10101000 00000011 00000000

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
128
1
1
0
0

64
1
0
0
0

32
0
1
0
0

16
0
0
0
0

8
0
1
0
0

4
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
1
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192
2nd Octet
128 + 32 + 8 = 168

3rd Octet
2+1=3
4th Octet
0
Therefore, the Subnet Address is 192.168.3.0.

Determine which bits contain network information and host information

Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet
Address

Subnet Divide (S.D)

11000000

10101000

00000011

11011011

11111111
11000000

11111111
10101000

11111111
00000011

00000000
00000000
Subnet

Counting

Host Counting Range

Range

Draw the Major Divide (M.D) as a wavy line where the 1s in the major network mask (The
16 left-most bits) end and the Subnet Divide (S.D) as a straight line where the 1s in the

given Subnet Mask end. From here, we can get the number of subnet bits from the subnet
mask by simply counting the number of bits (0 and 1) in the last 16 bits in the Subnet
Mask.
Subnet Bits and Hosts Bits per Subnet
Using this formula, 2x where X = the number of 1s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask,
we can get the total number of subnets. For The number of usable Hosts per subnet, use
2y - 2 where y = the number of 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
Number of 1s and 0s in the last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask
1
1

2
1

3
1

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
1

8
1

1
0

2
0

3
0

4
0

5
0

6
0

7
0

8
0

Using the data from the number of 0s and 1s in last 16 bits of the Subnet Mask.
2x = 28 = 256 Subnets (Total)
2y 2 = 28 -2 = 256 2 = 254 Hosts (Total)

Determining the Range of Host Addresses available on the Subnet and

the Broadcast Address.
Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask
Subnet
Address

Subnet Divide (S.D)

11000000

10101000

00000011

11011011

11111111
11000000

11111111
10101000

11111111
00000011

00000000
00000000
Subnet

Counting
Range
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
Address

Host Counting Range

11000000
192
11000000
192
11000000

10101000
168
10101000
168
10101000

00000011
3
00000011
3
00000011

00000001
1
11111110
254
11111111

192
168
3
255
*Note that the First, Last and Broadcast Address bits in the fourth octet are
used from the Subnet Addresss fourth octet.

For the first host, make all the bits in the host counting range 0 except for the last bit
on the right which will be made 1. This will give you the first host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.1).
To find the last host IP Address, make all the bits in the host counting range 1 except for
the last bit which will be made 0. This will give you the last host IP Address on the
subnet (172.30.1.254).
Broadcast address can be deduced by making all the bits in the host counting range into
1. This will give you the result for the Broadcast Address for the subnet (172.30.1.255).

Converting the First Host, Last Host and Broadcast Address to decimal
form.

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
First Host 11000000.10101000.00000011.00000001
128
1
1
0
0

64
1
0
0
0

32
0
1
0
0

16
0
0
0
0

8
0
1
0
0

4
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
1
1

4
0
0
0

2
0
0
1

1
0
0
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192

2nd Octet
128 + 32 + 8 = 168
3rd Octet
2+1=3
4th Octet
1
Therefore, the First Host Address is 192.168.3.1.
Last Host 11000000.10101000.00000011.11111110
128
1
1
0

64
1
0
0

32
0
1
0

16
0
0
0

8
0
1
0

2
0
0
1
1

1
0
0
1
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192
2nd Octet
128 + 32 + 8 = 168
3rd Octet
2+1=3
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 254
Therefore, the Last Host Address is 192.168.3.254.
Broadcast Address 11000000.10101000.00000011.11111111
128
1
1
0
1

64
1
0
0
1

32
0
1
0
1

16
0
0
0
1

8
0
1
0
1

4
0
0
0
1

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192
2nd Octet
128 + 32 + 8 = 168
3rd Octet
2+1=3
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 225
Therefore, the Broadcast Address is 192.192.10.255.

Now that we have all the data, fill in the table given.
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask

192.192.10.234
255.255.255.0

Number of Subnet Bits

Number of Subnets
Number of Host Bits per Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet

8
256
8
254
192.168.3.0
192.168.3.1
192.168.3.254
192.168.3.255

PROBLEM 6
Host IP Address
Subnet Mask
Number of Subnet Bits
Number of Subnets
Number of Usable Host Bits per
Subnet
Number of Usable Hosts per Subnet
Subnet Address for this IP Address
IP Address of First Host on this
Subnet
IP Address of Last Host on this
Subnet
Broadcast Address for this Subnet

192.168.3.219
255.255.255.252

Step 1: Translate Host IP Address and Subnet Mask into binary notation
First, list down these values of numbers
128

64

32

16

In order to remember these values start with the number 1, go from right to left, and
double that number seven times. For example, start with 1 on the right side. For your
next number, double the 1 (1 x 2 = 2). So, 2 is your next number (remembering to go
from right to left). For your third number, double the 2 (2 x 2 = 4); to continue the
sequence, double the 4 (4 x 2 = 8). Repeat this process until youve doubled your original
number, seven times. The key to this is that every single one of the values we put in that
row are going to have either number 1 or number 0 assigned to it. To convert the IP
address we will take that string of numbers and start from left to right this time. Each
value in an IP address is an octet. Subtract each octet with the numbers in the list until
there is no remainder left from the octet.
Take the Host IP address 172.30.1.33 and start with the 1st octet (172)
192 128 = 64
64 64 = 0
Assign the number 1 to the values used to subtract the octet and 0 for the ones not
used.
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
So now we know that a decimal number 192 is 11000000 converted to binary form. To
double check, we take the values assigned with 1 and add them together: 128 + 64 =
192

2nd octet (168)

168 128 = 40
40 32 = 8
88=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
Binary notation for the number 168 is 10101000. (128+32+8=168)

1
0

3rd Octet (3)

32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Binary notation for the number 3 is 00000011. (2+1=3)

2
1

1
1

4th octet (219)

219 128 = 91
91 64 = 27
27 16 = 11
11 8 = 3
32=1
1 1 = 0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
Binary notation for the number 219 is 11011011. (128+64+16+8+2+1=219)
So the IP address of 192.168.3.219 has its binary form equivalent of:
11000000.10101000.00000011.11011011

Subnet Mask

Repeat the same procedure used for the IP address to convert the Subnet Mask into
binary notation.
1st Octet (255)
255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

2nd Octet (255)

255 128 = 127
127 64 = 63
63 32 = 31
31 16 = 15
15 8 = 7
74=3
32=1
11=0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111. (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

3rd Octet (255)

255 128 = 127 64 = 63 32 = 31 16 = 15 8 = 7 4 = 3 2 = 1 1 = 0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Binary notation for the number 255 is 11111111 (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
4th Octet (252)
252 128 = 124 64 = 60 32 = 28 16 = 12 8 = 4 4 = 0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
Binary notation for the number 252 is 11111100 (128+64+32+16+8+4=252)
So the Subnet Mask 255.255.255.252 has its binary form equivalent of:
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

Subnet Address

Perform a bit-wise AND (Logical AND Gate) operation on the Host IP address and Subnet
Mask (1 AND 1 results in 1; 0 AND anything results in a 0).
IP Address
Subnet Mask

11000000 10101000 00000011 11011011

11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100

Subnet Address

11000000 10101000 00000011 11011000

Use the method in converting the Host IP Address and Subnet Mask to convert the
Network Address into decimals (Reversed; adding the numbers instead of subtracting).
128
1
1
0
1

64
1
0
0
1

32
0
1
0
0

16
0
0
0
1

8
0
1
0
1

4
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
1
0

For the 1st Octet

128 + 64 = 192
2nd Octet
128 + 32 + 8 = 168

3rd Octet
2+1=3
4th Octet
128 + 64 + 16 + 8 = 216
Therefore, the Subnet Address is 192.168.3.216.

Determine which bits contain network information and host information

Major Divide (M.D)

Host IP
Address
Subnet Mask

11000000

10101000

11111111
11111111

Subnet Divide (S.D)

00000011

11011011