Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(baker's or brewer's yeast)
Dictyostelium discoideum
(social amoeba/ slime mould)
Caenorhabditis elegans
(nematode round worm),
One of the best characterized multicellular animal at the level of
genomics, genetics, embryology
Its genome is fully sequenced
C. elegans is unique in that it can be grown and genetically
manipulated with the speed and ease of a micro-organism while
offering the features of a real animal
C. elegans has a full set of organ systems, has complex sensory
systems, shows coordinated behavior, and it is possible to trace the
lineage of every one of its approximately 1000 constituent cells
Drosophila melanogaster
(fruit fly)
Small size, short life cycle, ease of culture, and ability to readily
produce mutations relevant to human health and disease
The embryonic development can be seen through its transparent
egg and closely resembles that of higher vertebrates
Other shared features with humans include blood, kidney, and
optical systems
In addition, its genome is half the size of the mouse and human
genomes, which is valuable in identification of key vertebrate genes.
Arabidopsis thaliana
(thale cress)
Xenopus laevis
(African clawed toad)
Produce large number of large eggs
Embryos large, robust, development occurs outside the
body
Accessibility of embryos allows pharmacological studies,
grafting, treatment with proteins, etc.
Possible to produce transgenics
Great insight into development
Gallus gallus
(Chick)
Mus musculus
(mouse)
Yeast
Slime
mould
Advantages
Limitations
Excellent genetics
Unicellular
Powerful second site screening
No distinct tissues
Powerful molecular techniques
Genes can be easily cloned
Genome sequence complete
Possess all basic eukaryotic cell organelles
Cell cycle control similar to animals
Excellent genetics
Limited cellular diversity
Powerful second site screening
Powerful molecular techniques
Genes can be easily cloned
Genome sequenced
Simple cellular behaviors similar to animals
Motility
Chemotaxis
Worm
Advantages
Limitations
Excellent genetics
Limited external morphology
Hermaphrodites/self-fertilization Less similar to human
Fast generation times
Detailed analysis of gene
expression patterns difficult
Second site screens
Embryological manipulations
difficult
Powerful molecular techniques
Genes can be easily cloned
RNAi effective
Genome sequence complete
Few cells: 959 cells
Morphology fully characterized
All cell lineages known
Laser ablation of single identified cells
Advantages
Excellent genetics
Genome sequenced
Fly
Limitations
Embryological manipulations difficult
Targeted gene disruption still difficult,
although possible
RNAi effective
Fast generation time
Second site suppressor/enhancer screens
Powerful molecular techniques
Genes can be easily cloned
Transgenic animals easily generated
Targeted misexpression of genes in space and time
Mosaic analysis: determine where gene acts
Laser ablation of single cells possible
Zebra
fish
Advantages
Limitations
Simplest vertebrate
Not yet trivial to clone genes
Good genetics
Transgenics not trivial
Transparent embryos
No targeted gene disruption
Embryo manipulations possible
Organ systems similar to other
vertebrates (e.g., eyes, heart, blood,
gastrointestinal tract)
Rapid vertebrate development
Arabidopis
Advantages
Limitations
Embryological manipulations
non trivial
Frog
Advantages
Limitations
A vertebrate
Limited genetics
Robust embryos
Genome tetraploid (X. laevis)
Ectopic gene expression in embryos
Accessibility of embryo
Genome unsequenced
Excellent experimental embryology
(X. laevis)
Transgenesis difficult
In vitro cultures
Injection of RNA into identifiable blastomeres
Chick
Advantages
Limitations
Advantages
Mammals
Mouse
Limitations