MSE327

Transport Phenomena
9:05-9:55 MWF
Olin Hall, Room 200

Math overview

Approximations with Taylor series

f(x)

(1)

f(x)=f(0)

(2)

f(x)=f(0)+f(0)x

(3)

f(x)=f(0)+f(0)x+f(0)x2/2!

x
f(x)=f(0)+f(0)x+f(0)x2/2!

Example

X=0.1

Regular
Expansions

Matrix algebra
n x m matrix has n columns and m rows
Addition
Scalar multiplication

Transpose

Matrix determinant

minor
Cofactor aij is positive if the sum i+j is even and negative otherwise

cofactor

Matrix algebra
Inverse matrix

ONLY SQUARE MATRIX HAS INVERSE

When square matrix has inverse?

Matrix multiplication

i=3, k=4, j=1,..4

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/, wikipedia.org

Space
Coordinates of the point: x1, x2, x3
Cartesian coordinate system
x2

(a1,a2,a3)

Longitude
(Greenwich)

x
(b1,b2,b3)

Geographical coordinate system

Latitude
(Equator)
x1

x3

Height
(Sea level)

Norm:

Position: x=(x1,x2,x3)
Coordinate transformations:

<=>

x=(x1,x2,x3)

x1=(x1,x2,x3) ,
http://english.sxu.edu/sites/wordpress/libraryblog/?attachment_id=749

Vector Algebra
Linear operations:
addition

scaling
a

subtractions

sa

O
sa=(sa1, sa2, sa3)

a+b

a
b

a-b
b

a+b=(a1+b1, a2+b2, a3+b3)

a b=(a1 b1, a2 b2, a3 b3)

Bilinear products:
dot product (scalar)
a b=a1b1+ a2b2+ a3b3
a b=|a||b| cos
a

cross product (vector)

a x b=
(a2b3a3b2, a3b1a1b3, a1b2a2b1,)
a x b |a x b|=|a|x|b|sin
a || b, a x b = 0
b

a b,
a b=0

parallelogram

tensor product

Basis vectors
Set of normalized and mutually orthogonal vectors that represents each vector in a given
space:
|e1|= |e2|= |e3|=1
2

x2

e3

e1e2= e2e3= e3e1=0 (mutually orthogonal)

e2

e1

(normalized)

Any vector is a combination of the basis

vectors :
x=x1e1+ x2e2+ x3e3

x1

Vector coordinates:

x1=e1x , x2=e2x , x3=e3x

x3
3

Completeness of basis: x=e1(e1x )+ e2(e2x )+ e2(e2x )

I=e1e1+ e2e2+ e3e3=
UNIT MATRIX

Simple coordinate transformations

Simple translation:

Simple rotation:

Simple reflection
(in -yz plane):

reflection

x=x c
y=y
z=z

translation

x=x cos+y sin

y= x sin+y cos
z=z
x= x
y=y
z=z

rotation

x1

x2

General Coordinate transformations

a2
a3

e3

new system

a1

e2

x=x-c=x1a1+ x2a2+ x3a3

x= x1e1+ x2e2+ x3e3

c= c1e1+ c2e2+ c3e3

x
x

O e1

x1= a1 (xc)

old system

a1= a11e1+ a12e2+ a13e3

aij are the coordinates of new basis
vector

x1= a1 (xc)=a11 (x1c1)+ a12 (x2c2)+ a13 (x3c3)

x2= a2 (xc) = a21 (x1c1)+ a22 (x2c2)+ a23 (x3c3)
x3= a3 (xc) = a31 (x1c1)+ a32 (x2c2)+ a33 (x3c3)
Index form:

transformation matrix

Matrix form:

translation vector

Index notations
x=(x1, x2, x3)=xi, where i=1, 2 , 3
Algebraic operations: sa=(sa1, sa2, sa3)= sai
a+b=(a1+b1, a2+b2, a3+b3)= ai+bi
Scalar product:

a b=(a1 b1, a2 b2, a3 b3)= ai bi

ab=a1b1+a2b2+a3b3=

The Kronecker delta:

Function of two variables i and j:
Exp:

The Levi - Civita symbol:

Even: permutation: 1
Odd : -1
a x b=(a2b3a3b2, a3b1a1b3, a1b2a2b1)
Exp:

Scalars, Vectors, Tensors

Geometric quantities may be classified according to their behavior under pure
rotations.
Scalar quantities: A single quantity S is called scalar if it is an invariant under rotation
S=S
Exp: Distance, norm, vectors dot product, mass, charge, density etc.
Vector quantities: Any triplet of quantities which transforms under rotation
according to:

<=>
Tensor quantities: transforms under rotation according to

Tensor product

Continuum Physics
Continuous media is opposite to discrete media like atomic
lattice. In continuous media the mass is spread over the volume.
Approximation!
The phenomenon can be described using a continuous media
approximation if its length scale is larger then the size of the
particles, R, constituting the media and distances between them, L.
Exp: Radius R of Hydrogen molecule ~10 10 m
Average distance L between gas molecules ~10 7m

0.01 mm

Air cube with the side size 0.01 mm contains ~ 27 billions

molecules!
In CP, the fields are the functions of space and time. For
example, density, temperature, concentration, pressure, etc.The
field evolution is described by a PDE.

Scalar fields. Gradient.

Mass, Charge, material constants:

u = f(x,y,z)

Level surface is a surface where the function f(x,y,z) has a c

constant value: f (x,y,z) = const

T2

Gradient of the scalar field at particular point M, is a

vector defined as:
T1
Gradient points in the direction of increase of the scalar field u and magnitude of the
gradient vector is equal to this rate of increase.
Presence of the gradients causes flows. Flux rate @ which a quantity is transferred
through unit area within unit time. Heat flux, the flux of the molecules, flux of
charges.

Darcys law
(Liquid flow through
porous media)
K thermal conductivity, - electrical conductivity, D diffusion coeff., k permeability,
liquid viscosity
Fouriers law
(Heat flow)

First Ficks law

(Mass flow)

Ohms law
(Electric flow)

sink

source

Nabla operator
Triplet of spatial derivatives:

Action on scalar field S(x):

(gradient of the scalar field)
Dot product with vector field V(x):
(Divergence of the vector field)

Cross- product with vector field V(x):

(curl or rot of the vector field)

Laplace operator:

Useful relations
Scalar field, S

Vector field, V

grad

div

rot

grad

grad div V

div

div grad S =S

div rot V = 0

rot

rot grad u=0

rot rot V = grad div V V

Curvilinear coordinate systems

Coordinate lines are curved.

HW: What is grad, div, rot, , Area, Volume and length in curvilinear coordinates?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_in_cylindrical_and_spherical_coordinates

Euler and Lagrange coordinates

Euler framework: t, x1, x2, x3
(Control volume is fixed in space)
Lagrange framework: t, x01, x02, x03

X=(x01, x02, x03)

x=(x1, x2, x3)

Material derivative:

Accumulation.
Change in the density of species i due to
flux is:

J(x)

dx
In 3-D:
The amount of species i, that accumulates in a volume V in a Cartesian system during
the time interval t can be found as:
Divergence of the vector
Conserved
field is a measure of the
quantities:
magnitude of a vector field's
Energy, particles
source or sink. This is the rate
at which the flux causes the
Non-conserved
density of the quantity
Production rate: generation
quantities:
comprising
rate + vanishing rate
Entropy
the flux to decrease