Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Aggregate in building and construction, material used for mixing with cement,
bitumen, lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to form concrete or mortar. The aggregate
gives volume, stability, resistance to wear or erosion, and other desired physical
properties to the finished product. Commonly used aggregates include sand, crushed
or broken stone, gravel (pebbles), broken blast-furnace slag, boiler ashes (clinkers),
burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate usually consists of sand, crushed
stone, or crushed slag screenings; coarse aggregate consists of gravel (pebbles),
fragments of broken stone, slag, and other coarse substances. Fine aggregate is
used in making thin concrete slabs or other structural members and where a smooth
surface is desired; coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
("aggregate." Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Ultimate Reference
Suite. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.
Physical properties of aggregates are of interest and utility in many fields of
work, including geology, petrophysics, geophysics, materials science, geochemistry,
and geotechnical engineering. The scale of investigation ranges from the molecular
and crystalline up to terrestrial studies of the Earth and other planetary bodies.
Geologists are interested in the radioactive age dating of rocks to reconstruct the
origin of mineral deposits; seismologists formulate prospective earthquake
predictions using premonitory physical or chemical changes; crystallographers study
the synthesis of minerals with special optical or physical properties; exploration
1

geophysicists investigate the variation of physical properties of subsurface rocks to

make possible detection of natural resources such as oil and gas, geothermal energy,
and ores of metals; geotechnical engineers examine the nature and behaviour of the
materials on, in, or of which such structures as buildings, dams, tunnels, bridges, and
underground storage vaults are to be constructed; solid-state physicists study the
magnetic, electrical, and mechanical properties of materials for electronic devices,
computer components, or high-performance ceramics; and petroleum reservoir
engineers analyze the response measured on well logs or in the processes of deep
drilling at elevated temperature and pressure. ("properties of aggregate."
Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite.
Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.)
Since rocks are aggregates of mineral grains or crystals, their properties are
determined in large part by the properties of their various constituent minerals. In a
rock these general properties are determined by averaging the relative properties and
sometimes orientations of the various grains or crystals. As a result, some properties
that are anisotropic (i.e., differ with direction) on a submicroscopic or crystalline scale
are fairly isotropic for a large bulk volume of the rock. Many properties are also
dependent on grain or crystal size, shape, and packing arrangement, the amount and
distribution of void space, the presence of natural cements in sedimentary rocks, the
temperature and pressure, and the type and amount of contained fluids (e.g., water,
petroleum, gases). Because many rocks exhibit a considerable range in these
factors, the assignment of representative values for a particular property is often done
using a statistical variation. ("rocks." Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia
Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.)
2

Machine used in materials science to determine the properties of a material.

Machines have been devised to measure tensile strength, strength in compression,
shear, and bending, ductility, hardness, impact strength, fracture toughness, creep,
and fatigue. Standardization of machines and tests is the province of the International
Organization for Standardization, American National Standards Institute, British
Standards Institution, and many governmental bodies. Many industries have specialpurpose testing machines for the materials they use. ("materials testing."
Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite.
Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 2014.)
Determining the physical properties of aggregates is important to know if the
aggregate is strong and sustainable enough for the end-use it is to be put to. It is
essential that the aggregates used in construction purposes are strong and durable.
The largest single component of bricks, blocks, concrete and coated materials is
aggregagate. It would be disastrous to construct houses or bridges or roads with
building materials made with weak aggregate.
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO), and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) publish many
construction standards. The United States government agencies, state agencies,
local governmental agencies, and individual companies may develop their own
standards. Agencies may adopt published standards, or parts of published standards,
and rename them as a test method. Therefore, it is important to know which testing
standards are being used.

Caibiran is rich in aggregate and other materials for construction. The main
source of aggregate in Caibiran are at the Kalambis river and Mainit river and but
there are still a lot of areas that could be sources of aggregate.
This study is conducted to determine the physical properties of aggregates
from different sources in Caibiran. The srength of concrete also depends on the
strength of aggregate. Deterimining the physical properties of aggregates is important
before it is used on construction purposes.

Objective of the study

This study aimed to determine the physical properties of aggregates in
Caibiran, Biliran.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following objectives:
1. To determine the physical properties of coarse aggregates in terms of:
1.1 specific gravity;
1.2 absorption;
1.3 unit weight;
1.4 soundness;
1.5 abrasion loss;
1.6 moisture content;
1.7 wash loss on No. 200;
1.8 clay lumps;
2. To determine the mechanical properties of coarse aggregates in terms of:
2.1 Sieve analysis;
3. Compare the mechanical and physical properties of coarse aggregates to
acceptable standards.
4

Framework of the study

This study takes hold of the following theoretical and conceptual framework as
its main and solid foundation in the due course of its proceedings.
Conceptul Framework. This study aimed to determine the physical properties
of coarse and fine aggregate. The test result will be evaluated so that the researchers
will be able to determine the strength and durability of the coarse and fine aggregate
from Caibiran, Biliran.
The diagram shown in figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study.

SOURCE OF AGGREGATE:
CAIBIRAN, BILIRAN

COARSE AGGREGATE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

SIEVE ANALYSIS

ABSORPTION

UNIT WEIGHT

SOUNDNESS

ASTM
STANDARDS

ABRASION LOSS

MOISTURE CONTENT

WASH LOSS ON NO. 200

CLAY LUMPS

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework of the study

Importance of the study

This study will be of prime importance to:
1. Civil Engineering Students. This study helps the Civil Engineering Students
as their guide in the experiments/testing of aggregates.
2. Contractor. This study helps the contractor to determine what kind of
aggregates can be used for construction.
3. Engineers. This study helps the engineers to determine the strength and
durability of the aggregate from different sources in caibiran.
4. Future Researchers. The proposed study will benefit and help the future
researchers and serve as their guide to further development.
Scope and Delimitation
The researchers set parameters to the topic in order to avoid the unnecessary
details that would not support to the title of the research. This study is focused on
determining the mechanical and physical properties of coarse aggregate and
comparing the physical properties to the acceptable ASTM standards. Due to budget
and time limitations, the researchers refer only to the sources of aggregate in
Caibiran, Biliran.

Definition of Terms
In order to give a clearer understanding of the key terms used in this and study,
these terms are defined conceptually and operationally.
Aggregate. granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone , used with
a cementing medium to form hydraulic-cement concrete or mortar.

Abrasion. is a measure of degradation of mineral aggregates of standard

gradings resulting from a combination of actions including attrition, impact, and
grinding in a rotating steel drum containing a specified number of steel spheres, the
number depending upon the grading of the test sample.
Absorption. The process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill
permeable pores in a porous solid body; also, the increase in mass of a porous solid
body resulting from the penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores.
Clay lumps. refers to lumps of clay to fine sand-sized particles that are present
during and after the aggregate processing. The lumps would have to be mechanically
broken up to be efectively dispersed.
Coarse Aggregate. aggregate predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4)
sieve; or (2) that portion of an aggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.
Moisture content. is the quantity of water contained in aggregate.
Sieve analysis. coarsely ground minerals is classified according to size by
running them through special sieves or screens.
Soundness. test determines an aggregates resistance to disintegration by
weathering and, in particular, freeze-thaw cycles. Aggregates that are durable
(resistant to weathering) are less likely to degrade in the field and cause premature
HMA pavement distress and potentially, failure.
Specific gravity. The ratio of mass of a volume of a material at a stated
temperature to the mass of the same volume of distilled water at a stated
temperature.
Unit weight. of aggregate, mass per unit volume. (Deprecated termuse
preferred term bulk density).
8

Review of Literature
As a basic raw material aggregates can be put to many uses, although certain
tasks may require a specific type of aggregate.The largest proportion of the primary
aggregate was used to manufacture concrete (36%), with a further 10% used to
manufacture the cement that is also used in the concrete. Used in roads was the
second largest category (26%), while 20% of aggregates were used in other
construction uses & fills and another 2% were used for railway ballast. However
materials that are suitable for use as aggregates can also be used to manufacture
other products thus industrial and other uses amounted to 6% with the remainder split
between the manufacture of mortar (4%), glass (1%) and use in agriculture (1%).
(http://www.sustainableaggregates.com/overview/uses.htm, retrieved Oct. 24, 2014).

Aggregates are one of the fundamental materials used in the Construction

Industry. Aggregates can be obtained from a variety of sources; from natural sands
and gravels of both land and sea origin to crushed rock and artificially produced
materials. They can be used in many ways; as major components of concrete, mortar
or bituminous bound materials, as sub-base or capping, or for more specialised uses
such as track ballast or filter media. With this wide variety of sources and end uses,
evaluation of the characteristics by aggregate testing is very important, providing
information for: New source assessment, Prediction of in-service behavior,
Comparison between materials, Specification compliance, Quality control.
(http://www.sandberg.co.uk/laboratories/construction-materials/aggregatetesting.html, retrieved Oct. 24, 2014).
Sampling of aggregates is equally as important as the testing, and the sampler
shall use every precaution to obtain samples that will show the nature and condition
9

of the materials which they represent. Samples for preliminary investigation tests are
obtained by the party responsible for development of the potential source. Samples
of materials for control of the production at the source or control of the work at the
site of use are obtained by the manufacturer, contractor, or other parties responsible
for accomplishing the work. Samples for tests to be used in acceptance or rejection
decisions by the purchaser are obtained by the purchaser or his authorized
representative. (ASTM D75-03)
Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and
Impact in the Los Angeles Machine has been widely used as an indicator of the
relative quality or competence of various sources of aggregate having similar mineral
compositions. The results do not automatically permit valid comparisons to be made
between sources distinctly different in origin, composition, or structure. Assign
specification limits with extreme care in consideration of available aggregate types
and their performance history in specific end uses. This test is a measure of
degradation of mineral aggregates of standard gradings resulting from a combination
of actions including abrasion or attrition, impact, and grinding in a rotating steel drum
containing a specified number of steel spheres, the number depending upon the
grading of the test sample. As the drum rotates, a shelf plate picks up the sample and
the steel spheres, carrying them around until they are dropped to the opposite side
of the drum, creating an impactcrushing effect. The contents then roll within the drum
with an abrading and grinding action until the shelf plate picks up the sample and the
steel spheres, and the cycle is repeated. After the prescribed number of revolutions,
the contents are removed from the drum and the aggregate portion is sieved to
measure the degradation as percent loss. (ASTM C 131 03)
10

Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregates is of primary significance in

determining the acceptability of aggregate with respect to the requirements of
Specification C 33. The estimate of the precision of this test method is provisional
and is based on samples of one fine aggregate which was tested by ten different
operators at nine different laboratories. For that sample, the average percent of clay
lumps and friable particles in the aggregate was 1.2 %, and the standard deviation
was 0.6 %. Based on this standard deviation, the acceptable range of two test results
on samples from the same aggregate sent to different laboratories is 1.7 %. (ASTM
C 142 97)
Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying is sufficiently
accurate for usual purposes, such as adjusting batch quantities of ingredients for
concrete. It will generally measure the moisture in the test sample more reliably than
the sample can be made to represent the aggregate supply. In cases where the
aggregate itself is altered by heat, or where more refined measurement is required,
the test should be conducted using a ventilated, controlled temperature oven. Large
particles of coarse aggregate, especially those larger than 50 mm (2 in.), will require
greater time for the moisture to travel from the interior of the particle to the surface.
The user of this test method should determine by trial if rapid drying methods provide
sufficient accuracy for the intended use when drying large size particles. (ASTM C
566 97)
Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete is used in making a
preliminary determination of the acceptability of fine aggregates with respect to the
requirements of Specification C 33 that relate to organic impurities. The principal
value of this test method is to furnish a warning that injurious amounts of organic
11

impurities may be present. When a sample subjected to this test produces a color
darker than the standard color it is advisable to perform the test for the effect of
organic impurities on the strength of mortar in accordance with Test Method C 87.
When a sample subjected to this procedure produces a color darker than the standard
color, or Organic Plate No. 3 (Gardner Color Standard No. 11), the fine aggregate
under test shall be considered to possibly contain injurious organic impurities. It is
advisable to perform further tests before approving the fine aggregate for use in
concrete. (ASTM C 40 04)
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates is used primarily to determine
the grading of materials proposed for use as aggregates or being used as aggregates.
The results are used to determine compliance of the particle size distribution with
applicable specification requirements and to provide necessary data for control of the
production of various aggregate products and mixtures containing aggregates. The
data may also be useful in developing relationships concerning porosity and packing.
Accurate determination of material finer than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve cannot be
achieved by use of this method alone. Test Method C 117 for material finer than 75m sieve by washing should be employed. (ASTM C 136 01)
Material finer than the 75-m (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger
particles much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than through the use of
dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than 75 m in
fine or coarse aggregate are desired, this test method is used on the sample prior to
dry sieving in accordance with Test Method C 136. The results of this test method are
included in the calculation in Test Method C 136, and the total amount of material
finer than 75 m by washing, plus that obtained by dry sieving the same sample, is
12

reported with the results of Test Method C 136. Usually, the additional amount of
material finer than 75 m obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it
is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked. It could also be
an indication of degradation of the aggregate. Plain water is adequate to separate the
material finer than 75 m from the coarser material with most aggregates. In some
cases, the finer material is adhering to the larger particles, such as some clay
coatings and coatings on aggregates that have been extracted from bituminous
mixtures. In these cases, the fine material will be separated more readily with a
wetting agent in the water. (ASTM C 117 03)
Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
provides a procedure for making a preliminary estimate of the soundness of
aggregates for use in concrete and other purposes. The values obtained may be
compared with specifications, for example Specification C 33, that are designed to
indicate the suitability of aggregate proposed for use. Since the precision of this test
method is poor (Section 12), it may not be suitable for outright rejection of aggregates
without confirmation from other tests more closely related to the specific service
intended. Values for the permitted-loss percentage by this test method are usually
different for fine and coarse aggregates, and attention is called to the fact that test
results by use of the two salts differ considerably and care must be exercised in fixing
proper limits in any specifications that include requirements for these tests. The test
is usually more severe when magnesium sulfate is used; accordingly, limits for
percent loss allowed when magnesium sulfate is used are normally higher than limits
when sodium sulfate is used. (ASTM C 88 99a)

13

Relative density (specific gravity) is the characteristic generally used for

calculation of the volume occupied by the aggregate in various mixtures containing
aggregate, including portland cement concrete, bituminous concrete, and other
mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on an absolute volume basis. Relative
density (specific gravity) is also used in the computation of voids in aggregate in Test
Method C 29/ C 29M. Relative density (specific gravity) (SSD) is used if the aggregate
is wet, that is, if its absorption has been satisfied. Conversely, the relative density
(specific gravity) (OD) is used for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed
to be dry. Apparent density and apparent relative density (apparent specific gravity)
pertain to the solid material making up the constituent particles not including the pore
space within the particles which is accessible to water. Absorption values are used to
calculate the change in the mass of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore
spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, when it is
deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy
most of the absorption potential. The laboratory standard for absorption is that
obtained after submerging dry aggregate for a prescribed period of time. Aggregates
mined from below the water table commonly have a moisture content greater than
the absorption determined by this test method, if used without opportunity to dry prior
to use. Conversely, some aggregates which have not been continuously maintained
in a moist condition until used are likely to contain an amount of absorbed moisture
less than the 24-h soaked condition. For an aggregate that has been in contact with
water and that has free moisture on the particle surfaces, the percentage of free
moisture is determined by deducting the absorption from the total moisture content
determined by Test Method C 566. The general procedures described in this test
14

method are suitable for determining the absorption of aggregates that have had
conditioning other than the 24-h soak, such as boiling water or vacuum saturation.
The values obtained for absorption by other test methods will be different than the
values obtained by the prescribed soaking, as will the relative density (specific
gravity) (SSD). The pores in lightweight aggregates are not necessarily filled with
water after immersion for 24 h. In fact, the absorption potential for many such
aggregates is not satisfied after several days immersion in water. Therefore, this test
method is not intended for use with lightweight aggregate. (ASTM C 127 01)
Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate is often used to determine
bulk density values that are necessary for use for many methods of selecting
proportions for concrete mixtures. The bulk density also may be used for determining
mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agreements. However, the
relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates in a hauling unit or
stockpile and that achieved in this test method is unknown. Further, aggregates in
hauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the latter
affecting bulking), while this test method determines the bulk density on a dry basis.
A procedure is included for computing the percentage of voids between the aggregate
particles based on the bulk density determined by this test method.
The preceding literatures are considerably connected to present study. They
form the basis of researchers concept and serve as a reference to the researchers
topic.

15

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the research design, research subjects, research locale,
research instruments, the data gathering procedure, data scoring, and the statistical
tools for the analysis of data gathered.

Research Design
The design of the present study followed the descriptive method. The main
purpose in conducting this study was to detrmine the physical properties of
aggregates and compare the test results to the ASTM Standards.

Research Subject
There are two (3) sources of aggregates in Caibiran, Biliran, where the sample
aggregates came from. These sources of aggregates are in, Kalambis river, and
Mainit river.

Research Locale
The venue of this study were the Kalambis river located at Cabibihan Caibian,
Biliran and Mainit river located at Mainit Caibiran, Biliran.

Research Instrument
This study aimed to determine the mechanical and physical properties of
aggregates using the ASTM Standards Material Testing Procedure.
The test procedure used in determining the physical properties of aggregates
are the: C131-03 Standard test method for resistance to degredation of small size
coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles Machine; C142-97
16

Standard Test method for clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates; C566-97
Standard test method for total evaporable moisture content of aggregate by drying;
C136-01 Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates;
C117-03 Standard test method for materials finer than 75m (No. 200) sieve in
mineral aggregates by washing; C88-99a Standard test method for soundness of
aggregates by use of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate; C127-01 Standard test
method for density, relative density (Specific gravity) and absorption of coarse
aggregate; C29/C 29M-97 Standard test method for bulk density (Unit weight) and
voids in aggregate.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the testing of aggregate, the researcher conduct the sampling of
aggregates. Sampling is equally as important as the testing and the sampler use
every precaution to obtain samples that will show the nature and condition of the
materials.
The material is inspected to determine discernible variations.
The table below show the needed mass of sample aggregate in every size of
samples:
Table 1 Size of samples
Aggregate Size

Field sample mass , min, kg.

Fine Aggregate

2.36mm

10

4.75mm

10
Coarse Aggregate

17

9.5mm

10

Aggregate Size

Field sample mass , min, kg.

12.5mm

15

19.0mm

25

25.0mm

50

37.5mm

75

50mm

100

63mm

125

75mm

150

90mm

175

The sample are transported in containers so constructed as to procedure loss

or contamination of any part of the sample, or damage to the contents from
mishandling during transportation. Containers for aggregate samples have suitable
individual identification attached and enclosed so that field reporting, laboratory
logging, and test reporting may be facilitated.
The test method for resistance to degradation of small size coarse aggregate
by abrasion and impact in the los angeles machine is a measure of degradation of
mineral aggregates of standard gradings resulting from a combination of actions
including abrasion or attrition, impact and grinding in a rotating steel drum containing
a specified number of steel spheres, the number depending upon the grading of the
test sample. As the drum rotates, a shelf plate picks up the sample and the steel
spheres, carrying them around until they are dropped to the opposite side of the drum,
creating an impact crushing effect. The contents then rolled within the drum with
18

abrading and grading action until the shelf plate picks up the sample and the steel
spheres, and the cycle is repeated. After the prescribed number of revolutions, the
contents are removed from th drum and the aggregate proportion is sieved to
measure the degradation as percent loss.
The charge depending upon the grading of the test sample shall be as follows:
Table 2 Abrasion charge
Grading

Number of Spheres

Mass of charge,g.

12

500025

11

458425

333020

250015

The table below show the needed mass of indicated sizes:

Table 3 Grading of test sample
Sieve size (square openings)
Passing

Mass of indicated sizes, g.

Retained on
A

37.5mm(1in.)

25mm(1in.)

125025

...

...

...

25mm(1in.)

19mm(3/4 in.)

125025

...

...

...

19mm(3/4 in.)

12.5mm(1/2in.)

125010

250010

...

...

12.5mm(1/2in.)

9.5mm(3/8in.)

125010

250010

...

...

9.5mm(3/8in.)

6.3mm(1/4in.)

...

...

250010

...

6.3mm(1/4in.)

4.74mm(no.4)

...

...

250010

...

4.74mm(no.4)

2.36mm(no.8)

...

...

...

500010

500010

500010

500010

500010

Total

19

The test method for clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates covers the
approximate determination of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates.
Aggregates for this test method consist of material remaining after completion of
testing in accordance with test method C117. The aggregate are dried to substantially
constant mass at a temperature of 1105oC(2309oF). The test sample of fine
aggregate consist of particles coarser than 1.18mm(no.16) sieve and have a mass
not less than 25g. The test sample of coarse aggregate are separated into diferent
sizes, using the following sieves: 4.75mm(no.4), 9.5mm(3/8in.), 19.0mm(3/4in.) and
37.5mm(1in.). The test sample have a mass not less than indicated in the following
table:
Table 4 Mass of test sample
Size of particles making up test

Mass of test sample, min, g.

sample
4.75 to 9.5 mm (No.4 to in.)

1000

9.5 to 19.0mm (3/8 to in.)

2000

19.0 to 37.5mm (3/4 to 1in.)

3000

Over 37.5mm (1in.)

5000

The mass of the test sample is determined to the accuracy specified in balance
and spread it in a thin layer on the bottom of the container, it is covered with distilled
water, and soak for a period of 244h. The particles is roll and squeeze individually
between the thumb and fore finger to attempt to break the particle into smaller sizes.
Any particles that can be broken with the finger into fines removable are classified
by wet sieving as clay lumps of friable particles. After all discernable clay lumps and

20

friable particles have been broken, the detritus from the remainder of the sample is
separated by wet sieving over the sieve prescribed in the following table:
Table 5 Prescribed sieve
Size of particles making up sample

Size of sieve for removing residue of

clay lumps and friable particles

Fine aggregate (retained on

850m (No.200)

1.18mm(no.16) sieve)
4.75 to 9.5 mm (no.4 to 3/8in.)

2.36mm(No.8)

9.5 to 19.0mm(3/8 to in.)

4.75mm(No.4)

19.0 to 37.5mm(3/4 to 1in.)

4.75mm(No.4)

Over 37.5 mm (1 in.)

4.75mm(No.4)

The wet sieving is perfomed by passing water over the sample through the
sieve while manually agitating the sieve, until all undersize material had been
removed. The retained particles are removed carefully from the sieve, and it is dried
to substantially constant mass at a temperature of 1105oC(230oF), cooled, and the
mass is determined to the nearest 0.1% of the mass of the test sample.
This test method covers the determination of the percentage of evaporable
moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying both surface moisture and moisture in
the pores of the aggregate. The mass of the sample was determined to the nearest
0.1%. The sample was dried thoroughly in the sample container by means of the
selected source of heat, exercising care to avoid loss of any particles. Very rapid
heating may cause some particles to explode, resulting in loss of particles. When
excessive heat may alter the character of the aggregate, a controlled temperature
oven is used. Stir the sample during drying to accelerate the operation and avoid
21

localized overheating. Anhydrous denatured alcohol is sufficiently added to cover the

moist sample. Stir and allow suspended material to settle. Decant as much of the
alcohol as possible without lossing any of the sample. Ignite the remaining alcohol
and allow it to burn off during drying over the hot plate. The sample is thoroughly dry
when further heating causes, or would cause, less than 0.1% additional loss in mass.
The test sample have a mass not less than indicated in the following table:
Table 6 Sample Size for Aggregate
Nominal maximum size of
Mass of normal weight
aggregate, mm(in)

aggregate sample, min.

Kg.

4.75 (0.187) (No.4)

0.5

9.5 (3/8/

1.5

12.5 (1/2)

19.0 (3/4)

25.0 (1)

37.5 (1 1/2)

50 (2)

63 (2 )

10

75 (3)

13

90 (3 )

16

100 (4)

25

150 (6)

50

22

The mass of the dried sample is detemined to the nearest 0.1% after it has
cooled sufficiently not to damage the balance. The apparatus used in this test method
are the balance, source of heat, sample container and stirrer.
The test method for organic impurities in fine aggregates for concrete covers
procedures for an approximately determination of the presence of injurious organic
impurities in fine agreagates that are to be used in hydraulc cement mortar or
concrete. The test sample shall have a mass of about approximately 450g. (1lb.) and
be taken from the larger sample. A glass bottle is filled to the approximately 130-ml
(4 1/2) fluid oz) level with the sample of the fine aggregate and liquid, indicated after
shaking, is approximately 200 ml (7fluid oz). Stopper the bottle, shake vigorously, and
then allow to stand for 24 h.
The test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates covers the
determination of the particle size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving.
A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separated through a series of sieves of
progressively smaller openings for determination of particle size distribution. The size
of the test sample of coarse aggregate shall conform with the following:

23

Table 7 Sieve size

Nominal Maximum Size,
Square Openings, mm (in.)
9.5 (38)
12.5 (12)
19.0 (34)
25.0 (1)
37.5 (112)
50 (2)
63 (212)
75 (3)
90 (312)
100 (4)
125 (5)

Test Sample Size,

min, kg (lb)
1 (2)
2 (4)
5 (11)
10 (22)
15 (33)
20 (44)
35 (77)
60 (130)
100 (220)
150 (330)
300 (660)

The sample is dried to constant mass at a temperature of 1105oC (2309oF).

The size of the test sample of fine aggregate, after drying, shall be 300 g minimum.
Sieves are selected with suitable openings to furnish the information required by the
specifications covering the material to be tested. Additional sieves are used as
desired or necessary to provide other information, such as fineness modulus, or to
regulate the amount of material on a sieve. The sieves are nest in order of decreasing
size of opening from top to bottom and place the sample on the top sieve. The sieves
are agitate by hand or by mechanical apparatus for a sufficient period, established by
trial or checked by measurement on the actual test sample, to meet the criterion for
adequacy or sieving described in 8.4. The quantity of material on a given sieve is
limited so that all particles have opportunity to reach sieve openings a number of
times during the sieving operation. For sieves with openings smaller than 4.75-mm
(No. 4), the quantity retained on any sieve at the completion of the sieving operation
shall not exceed 7 kg/m2 of sieving surface area. For sieves with openings 4.75 mm
(No. 4) and larger, the quantity retained in kg shall not exceed the product of 2.53
(sieve opening, mm 3 (effective sieving area, m2)). This quantity is shown in Table 1

24

for five sieve-frame dimensions in common use. In no case shall the quantity retained
be so great as to cause permanent deformation of the sieve cloth.
Table 8 Maximum Allowable Quantity of Material Retained on a Sieve, kg
Nominal Dimensions of SieveA
Sieve
203.2-mm
254-mm
304.8-mm
350 by
372 by 580
Opening
diaB
diaB
diaB
350 mm
mm
Size, mm
Sieving Area, m2
0.0285
0.0457
0.0670
0.1225
0.2158
125
c
c
c
c
67.4
100
c
c
c
30.6
53.9
90
c
c
15.1
27.6
48.5
75
c
8.6
12.6
23.0
40.5
63
c
7.2
10.6
19.3
34.0
50
3.6
5.7
8.4
15.3
27.0
37.5
2.7
4.3
6.3
11.5
20.2
25.0
1.8
2.9
4.2
7.7
13.5
19.0
1.4
2.2
3.2
5.8
10.2
12.5
0.89
1.4
2.1
3.8
6.7
9.5
0.67
1.1
1.6
2.9
5.1
4.75
0.33
0.54
0.80
1.5
2.6
Overload of material on an individual sieve is prevented by inserting an
additional sieve with opening size interme- diate between the sieve that may be
overloaded and the sieve immediately above that sieve in the original set of sieves.
Sieving is continued for a sufficient period and in such manner that, after completion,
not more than 1 % by mass of the material retained on any individual sieve will pass
that sieve during 1 min of continuous hand sieving performed as follows: Hold the
individual sieve, provided with a snug-fitting pan and cover, in a slightly inclined
position in one hand. Strike the side of the sieve sharply and with an upward motion
against the heel of the other hand at the rate of about 150 times per minute, turn the
sieve about one sixth of a revolution at intervals of about 25 strokes. In determining
sufficiency of sieving for sizes larger than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, limit the material
on the sieve to a single layer of particles. If the size of the mounted testing sieves
makes the described sieving motion impractical, use 203-mm (8 in.) diameter sieves
25

to verify the sufficiency of sieving. In the case of coarse and fine aggregate mixtures,
the portion of the sample finer than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve may be distributed
among two or more sets of sieves to prevent overloading of individual sieves.
Alternatively, the portion finer than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve may be reduced in size
using a mechanical splitter according to Practice C 702. If this procedure is followed,
compute the mass of each size increment of the original sample as follows:

A = 1
2

where:
A = mass of size increment on total sample basis,
W1 = mass of fraction finer than 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve in total sample,
W2 = mass of reduced portion of material finer than 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve actually
sieved, and
B = mass of size increment in reduced portion sieved.
Unless a mechanical sieve shaker is used, hand sieve particles larger than 75
mm (3 in.) by determining the smallest sieve opening through which each particle will
pass. Start the test on the smallest sieve to be used. Rotate the particles, if necessary,
in order to determine whether they will pass through a particular opening; however,
do not force particles to pass through an opening. The mass of each size increment
is determied on a scale or balance conforming to the requirements specified in 5.1 to
the nearest 0.1 % of the total original dry sample mass. The total mass of the material
after sieving should check closely with original mass of sample placed on the sieves.
If the amounts differ by more than 0.3 %, based on the original dry sample mass, the
results should not be used for acceptance purposes. If the sample has previously
been tested by Test Method C 117, add the mass finer than the 75-m (No. 200)
26

sieve determined by that method to the mass passing the 75-m (No. 200) sieve by
dry sieving of the same sample in this method.
This test method for Materials Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral
Aggregates by Washing covers the determination of the amount of material finer
than a 75-m (No. 200) sieve in aggregate by washing. Clay particles and other
aggregate particles that are dispersed by the wash water, as well as water-soluble
materials, will be removed from the aggregate during the test. A sample of the
aggregate is washed in a prescribed manner, using either plain water or water
containing a wetting agent, as specified. The decanted wash water, containing
suspended and dissolved material, is passed through a 75-m (No. 200) sieve. The
loss in mass resulting from the wash treatment is calculated as mass percent of the
original sample and is reported as the percentage of material finer than a 75-m
(No. 200) sieve by washing. The sample of aggregate to be tested is thoroughly mix
and reduce the quantity to an amount suitable for testing using the applicable
methods described in Practice C 702. If the same test sample is to be tested
according to Test Method C 136, the minimum mass shall be as described in the
applicable sections of that method. Otherwise, the mass of the test sample, after
drying, shall conform with the following:
Table 9 Minimum mass required for test sample after drying
Nominal Maximum Size
Minimum Mass, g
4.75 mm (No. 4) or smaller

300

9.5 mm (38 in.)

1000

19.0 mm (34 in.)

2500

37.5 mm (112 in.) or larger

5000
27

The test sample is dried to constant mass at a temperature of 110 5C

(230 9F). Determine the mass to the nearest 0.1 % of the mass of the test
sample. If the applicable specification requires that the amount passing the 75-m
(No. 200) sieve shall be determined on a portion of the sample passing a sieve
smaller than the nominal maximum size of the aggregate, separate the sample on
the designated sieve and determine the mass of the material
passing the designated sieve to 0.1 % of the mass of this portion of the test sample.
Use this mass as the original dry mass of the test sample. Calculate the amount of
material passing a 75-m (No. 200) sieve by washing as follows:

] 100

=[

Where:
A = percentage of material finer than a 75-m (No. 200)
sieve by washing,
B = original dry mass of sample, g, and
C = dry mass of sample after washing, g.
After drying and determining the mass, the test sample is placed in the
container and sufficient water is added to cover it. No detergent, dispersing agent,
or other substance shall be added to the water. Agitate the sample with sufficient
vigor to result in complete separation of all particles finer than the 75-m (No. 200)
sieve from the coarser particles, and to bring the fine material into suspension. The
wash water containing the suspended and dissolved solids is poured immediately
over the nested sieves, arranged with the coarser sieve on top. Second charge of
water is added to the sample in the container, agitate, and decant as before. This
28

operation is repeated until the wash water is clear. All material retained on the
nested sieves is returned by flushing to the washed sample. The washed aggregate
is dried to constant mass at a temperature of 110 5C (230 9F) and the mass is
determined to the nearest 0.1 % of the original mass of the sample.
This test method for soundness of aggregates by use of sodium sulfate or
magnesium sulfate covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness
when subjected to weathering action in concrete or other applications. This is
accomplished by repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or magnesium
sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or completely dehydrate the salt
precipitated in permeable pore spaces. The internal expansive force, derived from
the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on
freezing. This test method furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of
aggregates when adequate information is not available from service records of the
material exposed to actual weathering conditions. Fine aggregate for the test shall be
passed through a 9.5-mm (38-in.) sieve. The sample shall be of such size that it will
yield not less than 100 g of each of the following sizes, which shall be available in
amounts of 5 % or more, expressed in terms of the following sieves:
Table 10 Sieve size range
Passing Sieve

Retained on Sieve

600 m (No. 30)

300 m (No. 50)

1.18 mm (No. 16)

600 m (No. 30)

2.36 mm (No. 8)

1.18 mm (No. 16)

4.75 mm (No. 4)

2.36 mm (No. 8)

9.5 mm (38 in.)

4.75 mm (No. 4)
29

Coarse aggregate for the test shall consist of material from which the sizes
finer than the No. 4 sieve have been removed. The sample shall be of such a size
that it will yield the following amounts of the indicated sizes that are available in
amounts of 5 % or more:
Table 11 Mass required for indicated sizes
Size (Square-Opening Sieves)

Mass, g

9.5 mm (38 in.) to 4.75 mm (No. 4)

300 5

19.0 mm (34 in.) to 9.5 mm (38 in.)

1000 10

12.5-mm (12-in.) to 9.5-mm (38-in.)

330 5

material
19.0-mm (34-in.) to 12.5-mm (12-in.)

670 10

material
37.5-mm (112-in.) to 19.0-mm (34 in.)

1500 50

25.0-mm (1-in.) to 19.0-mm (34-in.)

500 30

material
37.5-mm (112-in.) to 25.0-mm (1-in.)

1000 50

material
63-mm (212 in.) to 37.5-mm (112 in.)

5000 300

50-mm (2 in.) to 37.5-mm (112-in.)

2000 200

material
63-mm (212-in.) to 50-mm (2-in.)

3000 300

material

30

Larger sizes by 25-mm (1-in.) spread in

7000 1000

sieve size, each fraction

The sample of fine aggregate is washed thoroughly on a 300-m (No. 50)
sieve, dry to constant weight at 230 6 9F (110 6 5C), and separate into the different
sizes by sieving, as follows: Make a rough separation of the graded sample by means
of a nest of the standard sieves. From the fractions obtained in this manner, select
samples of sufficient size to yield 100 g after sieving to refusal. (In general, a 110-g
sample will be sufficient.) Do not use fine aggregate sticking in the meshes of the
sieves in preparing thesamples. Weigh samples consisting of 100 6 0.1 g out of each
of the separated fractions after final sieving and place in separate containers for the
test. The sample of coarse aggregate is washed thoroughly and dried to constant
weight at 230 6 9F (110 6 5C) and separate it into the different sizes shown in 6.3
by sieving to refusal.Weigh out quantities of the different sizes within the tolerances
of 6.3 and, where the test portion consists of two sizes, combine them to the
designated total weight. Record the weights of the test samples and their fractional
components. In the case of sizes larger than 19.0 mm (34in.), record the number of
particles in the test samples. The samples in the prepared solution is immersed of
sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate for not less than 16 h nor more than 18 h in
such a manner that the solution covers them to a depth of at least 12 in. The
containers are covered to reduce evaporation and prevent the accidental addition of
extraneous substances. Maintain the samples immersed in the solution at a
temperature of 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) for the immersion period. After the immersion
period, the aggregate sample is removed from the solution, permit it to drain for 15
5 min, and place in the drying oven. The temperature of the oven shall have been
31

brought previously to 230 6 9F (1106 5C). The samples is dried at the specified
temperature until constant weight has been achieved. The time required is
established to attain constant weight as follows: with the oven containing the
maximum sample load expected, check the weight losses of test samples by
removing and weighing them, without cooling, at intervals of 2 to 4 h; make enough
checks to establish required drying time for the least favorable oven location (see 4.5)
and sample condition (Note 7). Constant weight will be considered to have been
achieved when weight loss is less than 0.1 % of sample weight in 4 h of drying. After
constant weight has been achieved, the samples is allowed to cool to room
temperature, when they shall again be immersed in the prepared solution. The
process of alternate immersion and drying is repeated until the required number of
cycles is obtained. After the completion of the final cycle and after the sample has
cooled, the sample is washed free from the sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate as
determined by the reaction of the wash water with barium chloride (BaCl2). Wash by
circulating water at 110 10F (43 6C) through the samples in their containers.
This may be done by placing them in a tank into which the hot water can be introduced
near the bottom and allowed to overflow. In the washing operation, the samples shall
not be subjected to impact or abrasion that may tend to break up particles.
This test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption
of coarse Aggregate covers the determination of the average density of a quantity of
coarse aggregate particles (not including the volume of voids between the particles),
the relative density (specific gravity), and the absorption of the coarse aggregate. The
OD density and OD relative density are determined after drying the aggregate. The
SSD density, SSD relative density, and absorption are determined after soakingthe
32

aggregate in water for a prescribed duration. A sample of aggregate is immersed in

water for 24 4 h to essentially fill the pores. It is then removed from the water, the
water dried from the surface of the particles, and the mass determined. Subsequently,
the volume of the sample is determined by the displacement of water method. Finally,
the sample is oven-dried and the mass determined. Using the mass values thus
obtained and formulas in this test method, it is possible to calculate density, relative
density (specific gravity), and absorption. The minimum mass of test sample to be
used is given as follows. Testing the coarse aggregate in several size fractions is
permited. If the sample contains more than 15 % retained on the 37.5-mm (112-in.)
sieve, test the material larger than 37.5 mm in one or more size fractions separately
from the smaller size fractions. When an aggregate is tested in separate size
fractions, the minimum mass of test sample for each fraction shall be the difference
between the masses prescribed for the maximum and minimum sizes of the fraction.
Table 12 Minimum mass of test sample required
Nominal Maximum Size, mm (in.)
Minimum Mass of Test Sample,
kg (lb)
12.5 (12) or less

2 (4.4)

19.0 (34)

3 (6.6)

25.0 (1)

4 (8.8)

37.5 (112)

5 (11)

50 (2)

8 (18)

63 (212)

12 (26)

75 (3)

18 (40)

90 (312)

25 (55)
33

100 (4)

40 (88)

125 (5)

75 (165)

The test sample is dried to constant mass at a temperature of 110 5C, cool
in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 h for test samples of 37.5-mm (112-in.) nominal
maximum size, or longer for larger sizes until the aggregate has cooled to a
temperature that is comfortable to handle (approximately 50C). The aggregate in
water is subsequently immerse at room temperature for a period of 24 4 h. Where
the absorption and relative density (specific gravity) values are to be used in
proportioning concrete mixtures in which the aggregates will be in their naturally moist
condition, the requirement in 8.1 for initial drying is optional, and, if the surfaces of
the particles in the sample have been kept continuously wet until tested, the
requirement in 8.1 for 24 6 4 h soaking is also optional. The test sample is removed
from the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all visible films of water are
removed. The larger particles is wiped individually. A moving stream of air is permitted
to assist in the drying operation. The mass of the test sample is determined in the
saturated surface-dry condition. Record this and all subsequent masses to the
nearest 0.5 g or 0.05 % of the sample mass, whichever is greater. After determining
the mass in air, the saturated-surface-dry test sample is immediately place in the
sample container and its apparent mass in water at 23 2.0C is determined.
This test method for density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption
of fine aggregate covers the determination of the average density of a quantity of fine
aggregate particles (not including the volume of voids between the particles), the
relative density (specific gravity), and the absorption of the fine aggregate. A sample
34

of aggregate is immersed in water for 24 4 h to essentially fill the pores. It is then

removed from the water, the water is dried from the surface of the particles, and the
mass determined. Subsequently, the sample (or a portion of it) is placed in a
graduated container and the volume of the sample is determined by the gravimetric
or volumetric method. Finally, the sample is oven-dried and the mass determined
again. Using the mass values thus obtained and formulas in this test method, it is
possible to calculate density, relative density (specific gravity), and absorption. The
test specimen is dried in a suitable pan or vessel to constant mass at a temperature
of 110 5C. Allow it to cool to comfortable handling temperature, cover with water,
either by immersion or by the addition of at least 6 % moisture to the fine aggregate,
and permit to stand for 24 4 h. The pycnometer is partially filled with water. Introduce
into the pycnometer 500 10 g of saturated surface-dry fine aggregate prepared as
described in Section 8, and fill with additional water to approximately 90 % of capacity.
Agitate the pycnometer as described in 9.2.1.1 (manually) or 9.2.1.2 (mechanically).
The pycnometer to is manually roll, invert, and agitate eliminate all air bubbles. The
pycnometer is mechanically agitate by external vibration in a manner that will not
degrade the sample. A level of agitation adjusted to just set individual particles in
motion is sufficient to promote de-airing without degradation. A mechanical agitator
shall be considered acceptable for use if comparison tests for each six-month period
of use show variations less that the acceptable range of two results (d2s) indicated
in Table 1 from the results of manual agitation on the same material. After eliminating
all air bubbles, the temperature of the pycnometer and its contents is adjusted to 23.0
2.0C if necessary by partial immersion in circulating water, and bring the water
level in the pycnometer to its calibrated capacity. The total mass of the pycnometer,
35

specimen, and water is determined. The fine aggregate from the pycnometer is
remoed, dry to constant mass at a temperature of 110 5C, cool in air at room
temperature for 1 12 h, and determine the mass.
Table 13 Standard deviation and acceptable range of test result
Standard
Deviation Acceptable
(1s)A

Range

of

Two Results (d2s)A

Single-Operator Precision:
Density (OD), kg/m3
Density (SSD), kg/m3 B
Apparent density, kg/m3

11
9.5
9.5

13
27
27

Relative density (specific

gravity) (OD)

0.011

0.032

Relative density (specific

gravity) (SSD)
Apparent relative density
(apparent specific gravity)
AbsorptionC, %
Multilaboratory Precision:

0.0095

0.027

0.0095

0.027

0.11

0.31

Density (OD), kg/m3

Density (SSD), kg/m3
Apparent density, kg/m3
Relative density (specific
gravity) (OD)
Relative density (specific
gravity) (SSD)
Apparent relative density
(apparent specific
gravity)
AbsorptionC, %

23
20
20
0.023

64
56
56
0.066

0.020

0.056

0.020

0.056

0.23

0.66

Determine the mass of the pycnometer filled to its calibrated capacity with
water at 23.0 6 2.0C.
This test method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate
covers the determination of bulk density (unit weight) of aggregate in a compacted
36

or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed
aggregates based on the same determination. This test method is applicable to
aggregates not exceeding 5 in. [125 mm] in nominal maximum size. The size of the
sample shall be approximately 125 to 200 % of the quantity required to fill the
measure, and shall be handled in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregate
sample to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at 230 9F [110 5C].
The measure is filled one-third full and the surface is leveled with the fingers. The
layer of aggregate is rodded with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed
over the surface. The measure is filled two-thirds full and leveled again and rod as
above. Finally, the measure is filled to overflowing and rodded again in the manner
previously mentioned. The surface of the aggregate is leveled with the fingers or a
straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the
coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top
of the measure. In rodding the first layer, the rod is not allowed to strike the bottom of
the measure forcibly. In rodding the second and third layers, vigorous effort is used,
but not more force than to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer
of aggregate. The mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the
measure alone, and record the values to the nearest 0.1 lb [0.05 kg] determined.

37