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th
slide]..
5th slide.
..Radiation is energy
that comes from a source and travels through
some material or through space. Light, heat and sound are types of radiation.[or] In
physics, radiation is a process in which energetic
particles or energetic waves travel through a vacuum, or through matter-containing
media that are not required for
their propagation ..[definition of radiation]
..Two energies of radiation are commonly
differentiated[types]
by the way they interact with normal chemical matter:
ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The word radiation is often colloquially used in
reference to ionizing radiation
(i.e., radiation having sufficient energy to ionize an atom), but the term radiation
may correctly also refer to nonionizing
radiation (e.g., radio waves, heat or visible light) as well. The particles or waves
radiate (i.e., travel
outward in all directions) from a source.
Both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation can be harmful to
organisms and can result in changes to the natural
environment. In general, however, ionizing radiation is far more harmful to living
organisms per unit of energy
deposited than non-ionizing radiation, since the ions that are produced by ionizing
radiation, even at low radiation
powers, have the potential to cause DNA damage. By contrast, most non-ionizing
radiation is harmful to organisms
only in proportion to the thermal energy deposited, and is conventionally considered
harmless at low powers which do
not produce a significant temperature rise The kinetic energy of particles of nonionizing radiation is too small to produce charged ions when passing through
matter Even "non-ionizing" radiation is capable of causing thermal-ionization if it
deposits enough heat to raise temperatures
to ionization energies[effects of ionizing and non ionizing
radiation]
. ..Non-ionizing radiation is usually considered to have a safe lower
limit,
especially as thermal radiation is unavoidable and ubiquitous. By contrast, ionizing
radiation is conventionally
considered to have no completely safe lower limit, although at some energy levels,
new exposures do not add
appreciably to background radiation[extent of
effects]
3rd slide
Do children have a higher risk of developing cancer due to cell phone use than
adults?
In theory, children have the potential to be at greater risk than adults for developing
brain cancer from cell phones. Their nervous systems are still developing and
therefore more vulnerable to factors that may cause cancer. Their heads are smaller
than those of adults and therefore have a greater proportional exposure to the field
of radiofrequency radiation that is emitted by cell phones. And children have the
potential of accumulating more years of cell phone exposure than adults do.
So far, the data from clinical studies in children do not support this theory. The first
published analysis came from a large case-control study called CEFALO, which was
conducted in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland. The study included
children who were diagnosed with brain tumors between 2004 and 2008, when their
ages ranged from 7 to 19. Researchers did not find an association between cell
phone use and brain tumor risk in this group of children. However, they noted that
their results did not rule out the possibility of a slight increase in brain cancer risk
among children who use cell phones, and that data gathered through prospective
studies and objective measurements, rather than participant surveys and
recollections, will be key in clarifying whether there is an increased risk (18)
Cancer
In 2006 a large Danish study about the connection between mobile phone use and
cancer incidence was published. It followed over 420,000 Danish citizens for 20
years and showed no increased risk of cancer.[19] The German Federal Office for
Radiation Protection (Bundesamt fr Strahlenschutz) considers this report
inconclusive.[20]
The following studies of long time exposure have been published:
The 13 nation INTERPHONE project the largest study of its kind ever undertaken
has now been published and did not find a solid link between mobile phones and
brain tumours.[21]
The International Journal of Epidemiology published[22] a combined data analysis
from a multi national population-based case-control study of glioma and
meningioma, the most common types of brain tumour.
The authors reported the following conclusion:
Overall, no increase in risk of glioma or meningioma was observed with use of
mobile phones. [9th slide]
th
[9 slide]
10. Where can I find more information about radiofrequency energy from
my cell
phone?
The FCC provides information about the specific absorption rate (SAR) of
cell phones produced and marketed within the last 1 to 2 years. The SAR
corresponds with the relative amount of radiofrequency energy absorbed
by the head of a cell phone user (23). Consumers can access this
information using the phones FCC ID number, which is usually located o
Findings from specific research studies are summarized below :
..[7th slide]
Over time, the number of cell phone calls per day, the length of each call, and the
amount of time people use cell phones have increased. Cell phone technology has
also undergone
substantial changes..[4th slide].
The effect of mobile phone radiation on
human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the
enormous increase in
mobile phone usage throughout the world (as of November 2011, there were more
than 6 billion subscriptions worldwide[1]). Mobile phones use
electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range. Other digital wireless systems,
such as data communication networks, produce similar
radiation
[introduction]
In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified mobile
phone radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B possibly carcinogenic. That means that there "could be some risk" of
carcinogenicity
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
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