Theory of Elasticity & Plasticity PDF

Lecture 1
Introduction
The rules of the game
Print version Lecture on Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity of
Dr. D. Dinev, Department of Structural Mechanics, UACEG
1.1
Contents
1
Introduction
1.1 Elasticity and plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Overview of the course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Course organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mathematical preliminaries
2.1 Scalars, vectors and tensors . . . . . . .
2.2 Index notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Kronecker delta and alternating symbol
2.4 Coordinate transformations . . . . . . .
2.5 Cartesian tensors . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Principal values and directions . . . . .
2.7 Vector and tensor algebra . . . . . . . .
2.8 Tensor calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1
1
3
4
6
6
6
9
9
11
12
14
15
1.2
Introduction
1.1
Elasticity and plasticity
Introduction
What is the Theory of elasticity (TE)?
Branch of physics which deals with calculation of the deformation of solid bodies in
equilibrium of applied forces
Theory of elasticity treats explicitly a linear or nonlinear response of structure to
loading
What do we mean by a solid body?
A solid body can sustain shear
Body is and remains continuous during the deformation- neglecting its atomic structure, the body consists of continuous material points (we can infinitely zoom-in
and still see numerous material points)
What does the modern TE deal with?
Lab experiments- strain measurements, photoelasticity, fatigue, material description
Theory- continuum mechanics, micromechanics, constitutive modeling
Computation- finite elements, boundary elements, molecular mechanics
1.3
Introduction

Which problems does the TE study?
All problems considering 2- or 3-dimensional formulation
1.4
Introduction

Shell structures
1.5
Introduction

Plate structures
1.6
Introduction

Disc structures (walls)
1.7
Introduction
Mechanics of Materials (MoM)
Makes plausible but unsubstantial assumptions

Most of the assumptions have a physical nature
Deals mostly with ordinary differential equations
Solve the complicated problems by coefficients from tables (i.e. stress concentration factors)
More precise treatment

Makes mathematical assumptions to help solve the equations
Deals mostly with partial differential equations
Allows us to assess the quality of the MoM-assumptions
Uses more advanced mathematical tools- tensors, PDE, numerical solutions
1.8
1.2
Overview of the course
Introduction
Topics in this class
Stress and relation with the internal forces
Deformation and strain
Equilibrium and compatibility
Material behavior
Elasticity problem formulation
Energy principles
2-D formulation
Finite element method
Plate analysis
Shell theory
Plasticity
Note
A lot of mathematics
Few videos and pictures
1.9
Introduction
Textbooks
Elasticity theory, applications, and numerics, Martin H. Sadd, 2nd edition, Elsevier
2009
Energy principles and variational methods in applied mechanics, J. N. Reddy, John
Wiley & Sons 2002
Fundamental finite element analysis and applications, M. Asghar Bhatti, John Wiley
& Sons 2005
Theories and applications of plate analysis, Rudolph Szilard, John Wiley & Sons
2004
Thin plates and shells, E. Ventsel and T. Krauthammer, Marcel Dekker 2001
1.10
Introduction
Other references
Elasticity in engineering mechanics, A. Boresi, K. Chong and J. Lee, John Wiley &
Sons, 2011
Elasticity, J. R. Barber, 2nd edition, Kluwer academic publishers, 2004
Engineering elasticity, R. T. Fenner, Ellis Horwood Ltd, 1986
Advanced strength and applied elasticity, A. Ugural and S. Fenster, Prentice hall,
2003
Introduction to finite element method, C.A. Felippa, lecture notes, University of Colorado at Boulder
Lecture handouts from different universities around the world
1.11
1.3
Course organization
Introduction
Course organization
Lecture notes- posted on a web-site: http://uacg.bg/?p=178&l=2&id=151&f=2&dp=23
Instructor
Dr. D. Dinev- Room 514, E-mail: ddinev_fce@uacg.bg
Teaching assistant
Dr. A. Taushanov- Room 437
Office hours
Instructor: Tues: 13-14; Thurs: 16-17
TA: . . . . . . . . . . . .
Note
For other time by appointment
1.12
Introduction
7
dea 4
rG
3
1
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Points
Course organization
Grading
1.13
Introduction
Course organization
Grading is based on
Homework- 15%
Two mid-term exams- 50%
Final exam- 35%
Participation
Class will be taught with a mixture of lecture and student participation
Class participation and attendance are expected of all students
In-class discussions will be more valuable to you if you read the relevant sections
of the textbook before the class time
1.14
Introduction
Course organization
Homeworks
Homework is due at the beginning of the Thursday lectures
The assigned problems for the HWs will be announced via web-site
Late homework policy
Late homework will not be accepted and graded
Team work
You are encouraged to discuss HW and class material with the instructor, the TAs
and your classmates
However, the submitted individual HW solutions and exams must involve only your
effort
Otherwise youll have terrible performance on the exam since you did not learn to
think for yourself
1.15
2.1
Scalars, vectors and tensors
Scalars, vectors and tensor definitions
Scalar quantities- represent a single magnitude at each point in space
Mass density-
Temperature- T
Vector quantities- represent variables which are expressible in terms of components in a
2-D or 3-D coordinate system
Displacement- u = ue1 + ve2 + we3
where e1 , e2 and e3 are unit basis vectors in the coordinate system
Matrix quantities- represent variables which require more than three components to quantify
Stress matrix
xx
= yx
zx
xz
yz
zz
xy
yy
zy
1.16
2.2
Index notation
Index notation
Index notation is a shorthand scheme where a set of numbers is represented by a single
symbol with subscripts
a1
a11 a12 a13
ai = a2 , ai j = a21 a22 a23
a3
a31 a32 a33
a1 j
ai1
first row
first column
Addition and subtraction
a1 b1
ai bi = a2 b2
a3 b3
a11 b11
ai j bi j = a21 b21
a31 b31
a12 b12
a22 b22
a32 b32
a13 b13
a23 b23
a33 b33
1.17
Index notation
Scalar multiplication
a1
ai = a2 ,
a3
a11
ai j = a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33
Outer multiplication (product)
a1 b1
ai b j = a2 b1
a3 b1
a1 b2
a2 b2
a3 b2
a1 b3
a2 b3
a3 b3
1.18
Index notation
Commutative, associative and distributive laws
ai + bi = bi + ai
ai j bk = bk ai j
ai + (bi + ci ) = (ai + bi ) + ci
ai (b jk c` ) = (ai b jk )c`
ai j (bk + ck ) = ai j bk + ai j ck
1.19
Index notation
Summation convention (Einsteins convention)- if a subscript appears twice in the same
term, then summation over that subscript from one to three is implied
3
aii = aii = a11 + a22 + a33

i=1
ai j b j =
ai j b j = ai1 b1 + ai2 b2 + ai3 b3
j=1
j- dummy index subscript which is repeated into the notation (one side of the
equation)
i- free index subscript which is not repeated into the notation
1.20
Index notation- example
The matrix ai j and vector bi are
1
ai j = 0
2
0
3 ,
2
2
4
1
2
bi = 4
0
Determine the following quantities

aii = a11 + a22 + . . . = . . . (scalar)- no free index
ai j ai j = a11 a11 + a12 a12 + a13 a13 + . . . = 1 1 + 2 2 + . . . = . . . (scalar)- no free
index
ai j b j = ai1 b1 + ai2 b2 + ai3 b3
a11 b1 + a12 b1 + a13 b3

...
= ...
...
=
...
...
(vector)- one free index
1.21
ai j a jk = ai1 a1k + ai2 a2k + ai3 a3k
i = 1 a11 a1k + a12 a2k + a13 a3k

= i = 2 a21 a1k + . . .
i = 3 a31 a1k + . . .
The first expression gives the components of the 1-st row
a11 a1k + a12 a2k + a13 a3k =
k = 1 a11 a11 + a12 a21 + a13 a31 = . . .

k = 2 a11 a12 + a12 a22 + a13 a32 = . . .
k = 3 a11 a13 + a12 a23 + a13 a33 = . . .
Finally
1
ai j a jk = 6
6
10
19
10
6
18
7
(matrix)- two free indexes
ai j bi b j = a11 b1 b1 + a12 b1 b2 + a13 b1 b3 + . . . = . . . (scalar)- no free index

1.22
bi bi = b1 b1 + b2 b2 + . . . = . . . (scalar)- no free index

b1 b1
b1 b j
bi b j = b2 b j = . . .
...
b3 b j
b1 b2
b1 b3
= ...
(matrix)- two free indexes

1.23
Unsymmetric matrix decomposition
1
1
ai j = (ai j + a ji ) + (ai j a ji )
|2 {z } |2 {z }
symmetric
antisymmetric
Symmetric part
1
(ai j + a ji ) = . . .
2
Antisymmetric part
1
(ai j a ji ) = . . .
2
1.24
2.3
Kronecker delta and alternating symbol
Kronecker delta is defined as

1
1 if i = j
= 0
i j =
0 if i =
6 j
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Properties of i j
i j = ji
ii = 3
11 a1 + 12 a2 + 13 a3 = a1
i j a j = . . .
= ai
...
i j a jk = aik
i j ai j = aii
i j i j = 3
1.25
Alternating (permutation) symbol is defined as
+1 if i jk is an even permutation of 1,2,3

1 if i jk is an odd permutation of 1,2,3
i jk =
0 otherwise
Therefore
123 = 231 = 312 = 1
321 = 132 = 213 = 1
112 = 131 = 222 = . . . = 0
Matrix determinant

a11

det(ai j ) = |ai j | = a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23
a33

= i jk a1i a2 j a3k = i jk ai1 a j2 ak3

1.26
2.4
Coordinate transformations
9
Consider two Cartesian coordinate systems with different orientation and basis vectors
1.27
The basis vectors for the old (unprimed) and the new (primed) coordinate systems are
0
e1
e1
ei = e2 , e0i = e02
e3
e03
Let Ni j denotes the cosine of the angle between xi0 -axis and x j -axis
Ni j = e0i e j = cos(xi0 , x j )
The primed base vectors can be expressed in terms of those in the unprimed by relations
e01 = N11 e1 + N12 e2 + N13 e3
e02 = N21 e1 + N22 e2 + N23 e3
e03 = N31 e1 + N32 e2 + N33 e3
1.28
In matrix form
e0i = Ni j e j
ei = N ji e0j
An arbitrary vector can be written as
v = v1 e1 + v2 e2 + v3 e3 = vi ei
= v01 e01 + v02 e02 + v03 e03 = v0i e0i
1.29
Or
v = vi N ji e0j
Because v = v0j e0j thus
v0j = N ji vi
Similarly
vi = Ni j v0j
These relations constitute the transformation law for the Cartesian components of a vector
under a change of orthogonal Cartesian coordinate system
1.30
10
2.5
Cartesian tensors
Cartesian tensors
General index notation scheme
a0 = a,
zero order (scalar)
a0i = Nip a p ,
first order (vector)
a0i j = Nip N jq a pq , second order (matrix)

a0i jk = Nip N jq Nkr a pqr , third order
...
A tensor is a generalization of the above mentioned quantities
Example
The notation v0i = Ni j v j is a relationship between two vectors which are transformed to
each other by a tensor (coordinate transformation). The multiplication of a vector by a
tensor results another vector (linear mapping).
1.31
Cartesian tensors
All second order tensors can be presented in matrix form
N11 N12 N13

Ni j = N21 N22 N23
N31 N32 N33
Since Ni j can be presented as a matrix, all matrix operation for 3 3-matrix are valid
The difference between a matrix and a tensor
We can multiply the three components of a vector vi by any 3 3-matrix
The resulting three numbers (v01 , v02 v03 ) may or may not represent the vector components
If they are the vector components, then the matrix represents the components of a
tensor Ni j
If not, then the matrix is just an ordinary old matrix
1.32
Cartesian tensors
The second order tensor can be created by a dyadic (tensor or outer) product of the two
vectors v0 and v
0
v1 v1 v01 v2 v01 v3
N = v0 v = v02 v1 v02 v2 v02 v3
v03 v1 v03 v2 v03 v3
1.33
Transformation example
The components of a first and a second order tensor
given by

1
1
bi = 4 , ai j = 0
3
2
in a particular coordinate frame are

0
2
2
3
2
4
Determine the components of each tensor in a new coordinates found through a rotation of
60 about the x3 -axis
1.34
11
The rotation matrix is
cos 300
0
Ni j = cos(xi , x j ) = cos 210

cos 90
cos 30
cos 300
cos 90
1
cos 90
2
cos 90 = 3
2
cos 0
0
3
2
1
2
0
1
1.35
The transformation of the vector bi is
b0i = Ni j b j =
1
2
23
3
2
1
2
The second order tensor transformation is
3
1
0
1
2
2
1
0
a0i j = Nip N j p a pq = 3
0
2
2
3
0
0 1

1
0

4 = ...
0
2
1
0
2
2
1
3
2
2 3
2
4
0
3
2
1
2
T
0
0 = ...
1
1.36
2.6
Principal values and directions
Principal values and directions for symmetric tensor

12
The tensor transformation shows that there is a coordinate system in which the components
of the tensor take on maximum or minimum values
If we choose a particular coordinate system that has been rotated so that the x30 -axis lies
along the vector, then vector will have components
0
v= 0
|v|
1.37
It is of interest to inquire whether there are certain vectors n that have only their lengths
and not their orientation changed when operated upon by a given tensor A
That is, to seek vectors that are transformed into multiples of themselves
If such vectors exist they must satisfy the equation
A n = n,
Ai j n j = ni
Such vectors n are called eigenvectors of A

The parameter is called eigenvalue and characterizes the change in length of the eigenvector n
The above equation can be written as
(A I) n = 0,
(Ai j i j )n j = 0
1.38
Because this is a homogeneous set of equations for n, a nontrivial solution will not exist
unless the determinant of the matrix (. . .) vanishes
det(A I) = 0,
det(Ai j i j ) = 0
Expanding the determinant produces a characteristic equation in terms of

3 + IA 2 IIA + IIIA = 0
1.39
The IA , IIA and IIIA are called the fundamental invariants of the tensor
IA = tr(A) = Aii = A11 + A22 + A33
1
1
IIA =
tr(A)2 tr(A2 ) = (Aii A j j Ai j Ai j )
2
2

A11 A12 A22 A23 A11 A13

+
=
+
A21 A22 A32 A33 A31 A33
IIIA = det(A) = det(Ai j )

The roots of the characteristic equation determine the values for and each of these may
be back-substituted into (A I) n = 0 to solve for the associated principle directions n.
1.40
13
Example
Determine the invariants and principal values and directions of the following tensor:
3 1 1
A= 1 0 2
1 2 0
The invariants are
IA = . . . ,
IIA = . . .
IIIA = . . .
The characteristic equation is

3 + 3 2 + 6 8 = 0
The roots are 1 = 2, 2 = 1 and 3 = 4
1.41
Example
For 1 = 2 we have (A 1 I) n1 = 0

0
5 1 1
n11
1 2 2 n21 = 0
0
1 2 2
n31
The homogeneous set of equations have linear dependent equations and the solution represents only the ratio between the solution set
Applying n31 = 1 and solving the first end second equations we get
n1 = . . .
Similarly for 2 = 1 and 3 = 4
1.42
2.7
Vector and tensor algebra
Scalar product (dot product, inner product)
a b = |a||b| cos
Magnitude of a vector
|a| = (a a)1/2
Vector product (cross-product)
e1
a b = det a1
b1
e2
a2
b2
e1 3
a3
b3
Vector-matrix products
Aa = Ai j a j = a j Ai j
aT A = ai Ai j = Ai j ai
1.43
14
Matrix-matrix products
AB = Ai j B jk
ABT = Ai j Bk j
AT B = A ji B jk
tr(AB) = Ai j B ji
tr(ABT ) = tr(AT B) = Ai j Bi j
where ATij = A ji and tr(A) = Aii = A11 + A22 + A33
2.8
1.44
Tensor calculus
Tensor calculus
Common tensors used in field equations
a = a(x, y, z) = a(xi ) = a(x) scalar
ai = ai (x, y, z) = ai (xi ) = ai (x) vector
ai j = ai j (x, y, z) = ai j (xi ) = ai j (x) tensor
Comma notations for partial differentiation
a
xi
ai
ai, j =
xj
ai j,k =
ai j
xk
a,i =
1.45
Tensor calculus- example
Vector differentiation
ai, j =
ai
=
xj
a1
x
a2
x
a3
x
a1
y
a2
y
a3
y
a1
z
a2
z
a3
z
1.46
Tensor calculus
Directional derivative
Consider a scalar function . Find the derivative of the with respect of direction s
dx dy dz
d
=
+
+
ds
x ds y ds z ds
The unit vector in the direction of s is
dx
dy
dz
n = e1 + e2 + e3
ds
ds
ds
The directional derivative can be expressed as a scalar product
d
= n
ds
1.47
15
Tensor calculus
Directional derivative
is called the gradient of the scalar function and is defined by
= e1
+ e2
+ e3
x
y
z
The symbolic operator is called del operator (nabla operator) and is defined as
= e1
+ e2 + e3
x
y
z
The operator 2 is called Laplacian operator and is defined as

2 =
2
2
2
+
+
x2 y2 z2
1.48
Tensor calculus
Common differential operations and similarities with multiplications
Name
Gradient of a scalar
Gradient of a vector
Divergence of a vector
Curl of a vector
Laplacian of a vector
Operation
u = ui, j ei e j
u = ui, j
u = i jk uk, j ei
2 u = u = ui,kk ei
Similarities
u
uv
uv
uv
Order
vector
tensor
dot
cross
Note
The -operator is a vector quantity
1.49
Scalar and vector functions are = x2 y2 and u = 2xe1 + 3yze2 + xye3 . Calculate the
following expressions
Gradient of a scalar
= . . .
Laplacian of a scalar
2 = = . . .
Divergence of a vector
u = ...
Gradient of a vector
u = . . .
1.50
16
Curl of a vector
e1
e2
e3
u = det
= ...
2x
3yz
xy
1.51
Tensor calculus
Divergence (Gauss) theorem
Z
u ndS =
udV
where n is the outward normal vector to the surface S

1.52
The End
Welcome and good luck
Any questions, opinions, discussions?
1.53
17

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Lecture 1

Elasticity and plasticity

Elasticity and plasticity

Elasticity and plasticity

Elasticity and plasticity

Elasticity and plasticity

Makes plausible but unsubstantial assumptions

Elasticity and plasticity

More precise treatment

Overview of the course

Scalars, vectors and tensors

Addition and subtraction

Outer multiplication (product)

aii = aii = a11 + a22 + a33

ai j b j = ai1 b1 + ai2 b2 + ai3 b3

Determine the following quantities

ai j b j = ai1 b1 + ai2 b2 + ai3 b3

a11 b1 + a12 b1 + a13 b3

i = 1 a11 a1k + a12 a2k + a13 a3k

k = 1 a11 a11 + a12 a21 + a13 a31 = . . .

(matrix)- two free indexes

ai j bi b j = a11 b1 b1 + a12 b1 b2 + a13 b1 b3 + . . . = . . . (scalar)- no free index

(matrix)- two free indexes

Kronecker delta and alternating symbol

+1 if i jk is an even permutation of 1,2,3

zero order (scalar)

first order (vector)

a0i j = Nip N jq a pq , second order (matrix)

N11 N12 N13

in a particular coordinate frame are

Ni j = cos(xi , x j ) = cos 210

The second order tensor transformation is

Principal values and directions

Principal values and directions for symmetric tensor

Such vectors n are called eigenvectors of A

Expanding the determinant produces a characteristic equation in terms of

IIIA = det(A) = det(Ai j )

The characteristic equation is

Vector and tensor algebra

The operator 2 is called Laplacian operator and is defined as

where n is the outward normal vector to the surface S

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