Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Adrian Down
October 25, 2005
Motivation
We saw previously that the physical path of a system can be found by minimizing the action integral,
Z t2
S =
L(q, q,
t)dt = 0
t1
pi qi L(q, q(q,
p), t) dt = 0
t1
Transformations in general
Pi = Pi (q, p, t)
1
K
Pi =
Qi
t1
Scale transformations
Canonical transformation
dt = F |tt21
Pi Q i K dt =
pi qi H(q, p, t)
dt
t1
Note that
F = F (q, p, Q, P, t) F = 0
Definition (Generating function). A function F of the form above is called
a generating function
2
3
3.1
Examples
Identity Transformation
Let F = qi Pi Qi Pi
dF
= qi Pi + qi Pi Q i Pi Qi Pi
dt
= (qi Qi ) Pi Pi Q i + qi Pi
pi qi H = Pi Q i K +
p i = Pi
K=H
3.2
Coordinate swap
= pi qi Pi Q i
dt
We choose a generator of the form F (q, Q), which is called a type 1 generator.
There are four types of generators F which satisfy this condition (see below).
3
F
F
Qi
qi +
pi qi Pi Q i =
qi
Qi
Comparing terms on either side of the equation gives the desired conditions
on F .
pi =
3.3
F
qi
Pi =
F
Qi
The generator could include time dependence, which we did not consider
above..
F (q, Q, t)
The conditions found above then become
pi =
F (q, Q, t)
qi
Pi =
F (q, Q, t)
Qi
3.4
3.4.1
mq kq
H = pq L =
m
2
2
2
p
1
H(q, p) =
+ kq 2
2m 2
1
=
p2 + m2 2 q 2
2m
3.4.2
q=
f (P )
sin (Q)
m
f (P )2 2 2 2
m sin (Q)
m2 2
= f (P )2
We use a type 1 generator, so that
K=H=
f (P )2
2m
3.4.3
Find f (P )
p=
F
q
P =
F
Q
2P
q(Q, P ) =
sin(Q)
p(Q, P ) = 2P m cos(Q)
m
3.4.4
Transformed Hamiltonian
Thus,
Q =
This equation can be easily integrated,
Q = t + Q0
Also,
K
=0
Q
P = 0
P = constant
Because there is no dissipation,
Etot = K = P
E
P =
3.4.5
2E
Original system The phase space diagram for the original system is an
ellipse. The area is given by
A = ab =
2E
The system traces the ellipse once per oscillation, so this is the area enclosed
by the ellipse during a single oscillation.
That the areas enclosed by the two phase space diagrams is the same is
a demonstration of Louisvilles theorem.
7
4.1
Recipe
F
Q
p=
F
q
dF
= pi qi H
dt
Function
Derivatives
F1 (q, Q, t)
1
pi = F
qi
F1
Pi = Q
i
F2 (q, Q, t)
2
pi = F
qi
F2
Pi = Q
i
F3 (q, Q, t)
3
pi = F
qi
F3
Pi = Q
i
F4 (q, Q, t)
4
pi = F
qi
F4
Pi = Q
i
Example
F1 = qi Qi
Qi = pi
Pi = qi
F2 = qi Pi
Qi = qi
Pi = p i
F3 = qi Qi
Qi = qi
Pi = pi
F4 = pi Pi
Qi = pi
Pi = qi