FMA3602/101/0/2015

Tutorial letter 101/0/2015

Hydraulic Machines III (Theory)

FMA3602
Year Module
Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering
IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.

FMA3602/101/0/2015

CONTENTS
1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ............................................................... 3

2.1

Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 3

2.2

Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Lecturer and contact details .......................................................................................................... 3

3.1

Lecturer:........................................................................................................................................ 3

3.2

Department ................................................................................................................................... 3

3.3

University ...................................................................................................................................... 4

MODULE RELATED RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 4

4.1

Prescribed books .......................................................................................................................... 4

4.2

Recommended books ................................................................................................................... 5

4.3

Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) ................................................................................................. 5

Student support services for the module ....................................................................................... 5

Module specific study plan ............................................................................................................ 5

Module practical work and work integrated learning ...................................................................... 5

Assessment .................................................................................................................................. 5

8.1

Assessment plan........................................................................................................................... 5

8.2

General assignment numbers ....................................................................................................... 6

8.2.1

Unique assignment numbers......................................................................................................... 6

8.2.2

Due dates of assignments ............................................................................................................. 6

8.3

Submission of assignments........................................................................................................... 6

8.4

ASSIGNMENT 1 (COMPULSORY) ............................................................................................... 7

Examinations .............................................................................................................................. 14

10

Other assessment method ......................................................................................................... 14

11

Frequently asked questions ........................................................................................................ 14

12

Sources Consulted ...................................................................................................................... 15

13

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 15

FMA3602/101/0/2015

INTRODUCTION

Dear Student
Welcome to the module FMA3602, offered by the Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering in the School of Engineering at Unisa.
This tutorial letter provides you with an overview and specific information about this module. Use it
as a guideline to approaching your studies. This tutorial letter also provides you with general
administrative information as well as specific information about the subject. The drawing example
and checklist (rubric, annexure A in the workbook) provide a pattern which should enable you to
complete Assignment 02 satisfactorily. They have been included to help you to achieve the
standard of drawing and level of skill required of you in both the assignment and the examination.
Read this tutorial letter carefully and keep it safe for future reference.
Some of this tutorial matter may not be available when you register. Tutorial matter that is not
available when you register will be posted to you as soon as possible, but is also available on
myUnisa.
We hope that you will enjoy this course.

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE

2.1

Purpose
The skills, values and knowledge reflected in this module are required by people in the field
of Hydraulic Turbines and Pumps Engineering

2.2

Outcomes
Do Various Calculations concerning Pelton, Francis, Kaplan Turbines, centrifugal pumps,
fans and fan systems and positive displacement pumps

LECTURER AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1

Lecturer:
Your Lecturer is Mr.TJ Mutheiwana
Tel: 0114712095
Email:muthetj@unisa.ac.za

3.2

Department
You may contact the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering by post, e-mail,
telephone, or online though myUnisa.

Please refer to the booklet my Studies @ Unisa.

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FMA3602/101/0/2015

Departmental address:
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Unisa (Florida campus)
Private Bag X6
Florida
1710
Phone: 011471 2963
Use the general E-mail address: Nkambule@unisa.ac.za
Find our department on the internet at the following address: http:/www.unisa.ac.za
Always state your STUDENT NUMBER and the module code (FMA3602) in all correspondence
and enquiries.
Whenever you contact the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, ensure that soon
after your greeting you state the module code of the module you are registered for. This will help
the person you are speaking to to assist you more efficiently.

3.3

University

E-MAIL: study-info@unisa.ac.za
Contact addresses of the various administrative departments and details of their specialist
functions are included in the booklet entitled my Studies @ Unisa, which you received with your
study package. This booklet explains that certain departments and the lecturers are responsible
for academic questions only. Because Unisa has so many students and offers distance education,
many other departments are necessary to deal with administrative questions, assignments,
examinations, funding, library books and careers. As a student, you need to be able to scan
documents for information. Study the contents page of my Studies @ Unisa and mark important
information to which you may need to refer regularly, such as the telephone number of your
closest regional office.

MODULE RELATED RESOURCES

4.1

Prescribed books
Applications of Fluid Mechanics Part 2 by C.F Meyer

ISBN 0-9584013-3-0

FMA3602/101/0/2015
4.2

Recommended books
Turbomachinery Design and Theory by Rama S.R. Gorla, Aijaz A.Khan
The book can be downloaded on the internet for free and It is also uploaded on my
unisa under additional resources. (Chapter 2 and 3)

4.3

Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

All course material is available on myUnisa at https://my.unisa.ac.za under the module
code. Discussion forums may be are set up by your lecturer on https://my.unisa.ac.za for
discussions with your peers.

Additional electronic resources are available from the library site (via www.unisa.ac.za).
DO NOT E-MAIL ASSIGNMENTS TO YOUR LECTURERS. DO NOT FAX ASSIGNMENTS. DO
NOT SUBMIT PARTIALY COMPLETED ASSIGNMENTS. SUBMIT ONLY COMPLETE,
ORIGINAL ASSIGNMENTS AND KEEP COPIES

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE

All course material is available on myUnisa at https://my.unisa.ac.za under the module
code. Discussion forums may be are set up by your lecturer on https://my.unisa.ac.za for
discussions with your peers.

Additional electronic resources are available from the library site (via www.unisa.ac.za).
DO NOT E-MAIL ASSIGNMENTS TO YOUR LECTURERS. DO NOT FAX ASSIGNMENTS. DO
NOT SUBMIT PARTIALY COMPLETED ASSIGNMENTS. SUBMIT ONLY COMPLETE,
ORIGINAL ASSIGNMENTS AND KEEP COPIES
Important information appears in your my Studies @ Unisa brochure.

MODULE SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK INTEGRATED LEARNING

The practical Module for this module is FMAPRB3

ASSESSMENT

8.1

Assessment plan
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FMA3602/101/0/2015

Two assignments which contributes 20% of the final mark and a final examination which
contributes 80% of the final mark
8.2

General assignment numbers

Assignments are numbered consecutively per module, starting from 01

8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers
Assignment 1

: 577097

Assignment 2

: 577107

8.2.2 Due dates of assignments

Assignment 01 (compulsory)

29 May 2015

Assignment 02 ( compulsory)

28 August 2015

Please note that the due dates for the assignment are those in your tutorial letter and not those on
myunisa. If you miss these deadlines your assignment will not be marked.
8.3

Submission of assignments

To gain examination admission, it is compulsory to submit to obtain a minimum of

40% for both assignments

No late assignment submissions will be accepted.

Keep a clear copy of all the assignments for your own reference. This is important,
as assignments do get lost.

Submissions of all assignments must be in accordance with the booklet my Studies

@ Unisa.

It is your responsibility to check whether Unisa has received your assignment by

contacting the Assignment Department two weeks after you have submitted and
asking whether the university has received and recorded your assignment. Do not
contact your lecturer!

If you have not received stationery such as assignment covers, bar code stickers
and envelopes, do not contact your lecturer. Contact the assignment department.
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FMA3602/101/0/2015
You may submit an assignment even if you have not received any stationery. Use an
ordinary A4 envelope and fold your A3 drawing. Non-receipt of stationery will not be
considered a reason to obtain an extension for the submission of your assignment.

8.4

ASSIGNMENT 1 (COMPULSORY)
UNIQUE NUMBER:577097

1.

The pressure head from the reservoir level up to the centre line of a Pelton wheel
installation is 220m.The efficiency of the power transfer of the pipe plus the nozzles is
90%.There are two nozzles and the wheel diameter is 1.5m.The relative exit velocity is 90%
of the relative inlet velocity and the deflection angle is 165 o.The wheel develops a hydraulic
power of 3950kW at 375rpm.Determine
1.1

the efficiency of the wheel,

1.2

the diameter of each jet.

DUE DATE: 29 MAY 2015

2.

The supply pipe to a Pelton wheel is 10km long and 1m in diameter. If the turbine wheel
has an efficiency of 83%, calculate the power delivered by the turbine if the reservoir is 650
m above the jet and the jet has a diameter of 160m.Take f as 0.004 and ignore losses in the
nozzle. Determine also the diameter of the turbine wheel if it has a rotational speed of
360rpm.Assume that maximum power is developed by the wheel and the bucket exit angle
is 15o.

3.

A pipeline 1800m long supplies water to a Pelton wheel from a reservoir which is 400m
higher than the turbine. The turbine has two nozzles and develops a mechanical Power of
5000kW at 500rpm.The pipeline losses are 10% of the gross head and the pipe friction
coefficient f= 0.005.The nozzles have Cv values of 0.98, the bucket speed is 0.46 of the jet
velocity and the overall efficiency of the turbine is 86%.Calculate the diameter of the pipe,
the cross sectional area of the jets and the pitch circle diameter of the buckets.

4.

A test on a Pelton turbine provided the following data: jet diameter 71mm, total pressure in
front of the nozzle 1.18Mpa, power output 198kW, flow rate 0.188m 3/s. Calculate

5.

4.1

the available power,

4.2

the power loss in the nozzle and

4.3

the overall efficiency of the turbine .

A Pelton wheel installation uses a water jet of 75mm diameter to drive a wheel with the
buckets on a diameter of 0.9m. The deflection angle of the buckets is 160 o.The relative
velocity of the water is reduced by 12% while moving across the buckets. The rotational
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FMA3602/101/0/2015

speed is 320rpm, the total pressure behind the nozzle is 0.7Mpa and the velocity coefficient
of the nozzle is 0.98. Determine

6.

5.1

the hydraulic power developed by the wheel,

5.2

the hydraulic efficiency of the wheel and

5.3

the overall efficiency of the turbine if the mechanical efficiency of the wheel is 96%.

The available pressure head for a Francis turbine is 22 m. The rotor blades are radial at the
inlet and curved backwards at the exit. The outside diameter is 1.5 times the inside
diameter and the velocity of flow is constant at 4.6m/s. The guide vane makes an angle of
18o with the tangent to the rotor. There is no tapered draft tube.
Determine:

7.

8.

6.1

the peripheral speed of the rotor as well as the exit angle of the rotor for maximum
power.

6.2

what percentage of the available power is lost as kinetic energy at the exit.

An inward flow reaction turbine has a rotor of which the inside diameter is half of the outer
diameter. The velocity of flow is constant and equal to 0.162(2gh) 1/2 where H is the
available pressure head. The flow rate is 0.3m 3/s due to an available head of 12m and the
speed is 300rpm.The inlet angle of the rotor blades is 90 o to the tangent to the rotor. The
rotor blades constitute 10% of the circumference of the rotor and the hydraulic efficiency is
0.8.Determine for maximum power output,
7.1

the guide vane angle,

7.2

the exit angle of the rotor blades,

7.3

the vertical height (breadth) of the rotor blades at the inlet and outlet.

A Francis turbine must rotate at 150rpm and deliver 160kW when available pressure head
is 12.5m. The velocity of flow must be constant everywhere in the rotor at 0.251(2gH) 1/2.
The peripheral speed at the inlet is 0.81(2gH)1/2and the water must not have any wheel
velocity component at the exit from the rotor. Assume the hydraulic efficiency is 87% and
the overall efficiency 79%.Determine
8.1

the diameter of the rotor,

8.2

the angle of the guide vanes,

8.3

the angle of the inlet of the rotor blades,

8.4

the breadth of the rotor blades at the inlet if the blades constitutes 8% of the
circumference.
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FMA3602/101/0/2015
9.

10.

11.

12

The total pressure head in the spiral casing of a Francis turbine is 50m.The inner and outer
diameters of the rotor are 300mm and 500mm respectively, the rotor is 75mm wide at the
inlet, the rotor inlet angles are 90o in relation to the guide vanes and the exit angle of the
guide vanes is 25o.Water leaves the rotor blades radially at the same height as that of the
Incoming water. The velocity of flow through the rotor is constant. The rotor blade takes up
8% of the circumference. Take the losses in the guide vanes as 1.2 m and in the rotor
1.8m of water and the pressure at the exit of the rotor as atmospheric. Calculate,
9.1

the rotational speed of the rotor,

9.2

the exit angle of the rotor blades,

9.3

the power transferred to the rotor,

9.4

the pressure at the inlet to the rotor,

9.5

the flow rate.

The shaft of a Francis turbine rotates at 300rpm.It delivers 3.4MW under an effective
pressure head of 47m and the overall efficiency is 81% and hydraulic efficiency 89%.The
inlet to the rotor is 1.55m above the tail race water level and the pressure head there is
26m.The suction pipe inlet is 1.25m above the tail race level and the pressure there is 2.3m.The turbine is operated for maximum power. The water enters the draft tube at 6.1m/s
and leaves it at 3.5m/s. The outer diameter of the rotor is 1.48m and the velocity of flow is
constant at 6.5m/s. Determine
10.1

the available power from the physical environment.

10.2

the flow rate

10.3

the inlet angle of the rotor blades

10.4

the exit diameter of the draft tube

10.6

the head losses in the guide vanes, the rotor (points 1 to 3) and the draft tube.

Water flows as a free vortex towards the rotor of a Kaplan turbine. The rotor has a 7.5m
outer diameter and is 2.25m diameter at the hub. The inlet angle of the rotor at the mean
diameter is 21.8o and the exit angle is 18.4o.The total pressure head on the turbine is 8m
and the hydraulic efficiency is 90%.Calculate
11.1

the maximum hydraulic power developed

11.2

the rotational speed.

The rotor of an axial flow turbine has an average diameter of 2m and rotates at
145rpm.Water enters the rotor at an angle of 30o to the direction of movement of rotor
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FMA3602/101/0/2015

blades. The exit angle is 28o.(both angles taken at mean diameter).The available pressure
head is 30m.Determine

13

14.

12.1

the blade inlet angle(at the mean diameter) and

12.2

the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine for maximum power output.

An axial flow turbine with fixed guide vanes upstream of the rotor has an outer diameter of
1.44m and hub diameter of 0.6m.The rotational speed is 150rpm, the water enters the rotor
at mean diameter at an angle of 40o and the inlet angle of the rotor blades of 30o,both
angles measured from the direction of movement of the rotor blades. The water flows as a
free vortex upstream of the rotor. Determine.

13.1
13.2

the volumetric flow rate

the exit angle of the rotor for the water to leave the rotor axially

13.3

the hydraulic power transferred.

A reaction turbine with inward flow has a 1.3m diameter runner and is operated at an
available pressure head of 59.5m.The specific speed of the turbine is 149(m, kW, rpm)
based on the hydraulic power. The hydraulic efficiency is 90%, the inlet area of the runner
is 1.14m2 and the guide vanes have an exit angle of 20 o. Assume the velocity of flow is
constant throughout the rotor and determine for maximum power conditions.
14.1 the inlet angle of the rotor blades and the exit angle of the rotor blades if the radius
at exit is 0.46m.

15.

16.

14.2

the rotational speed

14.3

the mechanical power output if the mechanical efficiency is 97%.

A turbine is required to provide 2500kW at a pressure head of 7m.An existing turbine

provides 3800kW at a pressure head of 11m and a speed of 250rpm.If the existing design
is scaled up to give the required power ,determine
15.1

the design speed of the new machine

15.2

the scale ratio

A turbine develops 200kW at 275rpm at an available head of 16m.A similar machine must
be designed to provide 900kW at a pressure head of 18.5m.Determine
16.1

the scale ratio,

16.2

rotational speed and

16.3

specific speed of the new machine.

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FMA3602/101/0/2015

17.

Tests were performed on a turbine model of diameter 0.3m, under a head of 11m and at a
speed of 900rpm.The following results were obtained.
Guide vane Opening (%)
Output Power (kw)

40
9.4

60
14.9

80
19.5

100
22

The full scale turbine must deliver 8250kW at 85% guide vane opening at a head of 31m.
Assume the turbines have the same efficiency for corresponding guide vane openings and
determine
17.1
17.2

The speed and diameter of the full scale turbine,

The full scale power output at 70% guide vane openings.

ASSIGNMENT 2

DUE DATE: 28 AUGUAST 2015

UNIQUE NUMBER:577107

1.

Determine the discharge of a centrifugal pump with a manometric efficiency of 76% which is
working against a static head of 28m.The impeller is 350mm in diameter and the width of it
is 24mm at the exit. The exit angle of the impeller blades is 25o.The operating speed is
1440rpm.Take the friction head in the pipes plus the velocity head in the discharge pipe as
8m of water.

2.

A centrifugal pump has an impeller of outer diameter 230mm and inner diameter of
150mm.The width of the impeller at the exit is 10mm.The exit angle of the impeller is
45o.The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant. If the rotational speed is 960rpm
the flow rate is 0.04m3/s, and the velocity in the discharge pipe is 3.26m/s. Calculate
2.1

the inlet angle of the impeller

2.2

the exit angle of the water when leaving the impeller

2.3
the total pressure head increase across the pump if it is assumed that the diffuser
efficiency is 62%.Ignore losses in the impeller.
3.

A centrifugal pump rotates at 1200rpm and discharges 80l/s at a manometric head of

22m.The inlet velocity is radial and the velocity of flow is constant at 3.4m/s. The velocity in
the discharge pipe is 2.55m/s. The diffuser has an efficiency of 70%.The exit diameter of
the impeller is double that of the inlet diameter and the width of the impeller at the exit is
10% of the outer diameter of the impeller. Determine the
3.1

diameter and the width of the impeller at the inlet and exit, as well as the

3.2
inlet and exit angles of the impeller and the diffuser inlet angle. Ignore losses in the
impeller.

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FMA3602/101/0/2015

4.

5.

The suction and discharge pipes of a centrifugal pump installation both have diameters of
125mm.The suction head is 1.5m and the delivery head 40m.The pressure head losses in
the suction pipe can be taken as 2m and on the delivery side as 8m.Assume the velocity
head in the discharge pipe is 2m.The manometric efficiency of the pump can be taken as
78% and the overall efficiency of the pump as 69%.The impeller diameter at exit is 310mm
and the width is 16mm and the exit angle is 35o.The pump rotates at 1850rpm.Determine
4.1

the flow rate of water and

4.2

the power required to drive the pump.

A centrifugal pump has the following relation between head and discharge:

Discharge
(m3/min)

4.5

9.0

13.5

18.0

22.5

Head (m)

22.5

22.2

21.6

19.5

14.1

A pump system is connected to a 300 mm suction and delivery pipe the total length
of which is 87 m and the discharge to atmosphere is 15 m above sump level. f is assumed
as 0.024.

Hl

Assume the total losses (major and minors) can be find by

8 fLQ 2
2 gD 5

Find the discharge and head at the following cases.

5.1

One pump of this type connected to the system

5.2

Two pumps in series.

5.3

Two pumps in parallel.

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FMA3602/101/0/2015
6.

Determine the total head of the pump and discharge in the pipeline at pump speeds of
1000rpm and 500rpm.
Pump characteristics at 1450rpm.
Discharge(l/s)
Total head(m)

0
45

10
44

20
42.5

30
39.5

40
35

50
29

60
20

70
6

The system curve is computed giving the following data:

Discharge(l/s)
System head(m)

7.

8.

9.

20
16.4

40
20.08

60
26.12

80
34.23

A centrifugal fan rotates at a speed of 1460rpm and must deliver 1.3m 3/s of density
1.22kg/m3 at a total pressure of 370Pa. Assume the manometric efficiency of the fan is
55% and that the whirl velocity at the exit of the impeller is double that of peripheral
velocity. Ignore mechanical losses and calculate
7.1

the peripheral velocity of the impeller

7.2

the diameter of the impeller

7.3

the power required to drive the fan.

An internal gear pump must deliver 16 litres per minute hydraulic fluid to a system at a
pressure 20 Mpa.The mechanical efficiency of the pump is 90% and the volumetric
efficiency is 85%. The pump must be driven at 1450rpm.Determine
8.1

the input power to the pump and

8.2

the displacement volume of the pump.

A swash plate piston pump has a maximum displacement volume of 30ml/rev. The pump is
driven at 1440rpm.The mechanical efficiency is 95% and the volumetric efficiency is
90%.Determine
9.1

at what percentage of maximum displacement of the pump must the pump be set to
obtain a 0.5l/s discharge at a pressure of 27Mpa.

9.2

the input power to the pump.

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FMA3602/101/0/2015

EXAMINATIONS

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.
DIRECT ALL QUERIES RELATED TO EXAMINATIONS TO THE CONTACT CENTRE; ASK FOR THE
EXAMINATION DEPARTMENT.
DO NOT CONTACT YOUR LECTURER WITH ANY EXAMINATION QUERIES.
ENSURE THAT YOU HAVE A VALID EXAMINATION TIMETABLE OR HAVE RECEIVED OFFICIAL
CONFIRMATION OF EXAMINATION ADMISSION AND THE DATE OF THE EXAMINATION.

EXAMINATION INFORMATION FOR DRW111X

Type of examination

Closed-book

Examination language

English

Calculators allowed - memories of programmable

calculators must be cleared in the presence of the
invigilator prior to the start of the examination

Note: You must carefully study all of the material in the study guide as well as the references in
the prescribed book. You can expect examination questions similar to those encountered in the
study guide, your assignments and the other questions in the workbook.

10

OTHER ASSESSMENT METHOD

No other assessment method.

11

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study information.
TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LOOKING FOR ?

YOU CAN FIND IT HERE!

TAKE NOTE THAT

Study material

Refer to section 5 of this

tutorial letter for a list of all
required study material.

It is your responsibility to ensure

that you have received all Unisa
study material listed in this
tutorial letter.

Prescribed books
listed in section 4

Section 4

It is your responsibility to obtain

the prescribed book(s) from the
supplier of your choice, in time
to do your assignment(s).

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FMA3602/101/0/2015
3

Recommended
books listed
section 4

Section 4
in
See section 8 of this tutorial
letter for all the assignment
requirements
for
this
registration period.

Assignments:
How many?
When due?

It is your responsibility to ensure

that
you
submit
your
assignments by the dates in
section 8.
Contact
the
Ass.
Depart.
immediately if you have not
received all of your study
material, as listed in section 6,
for study and to complete the
assignments.

Submissions?
Has Unisa received
my assignments?
Where can I find
my
assignment
marks?
Study
material
required?
Marking?
Marks obtained?
5

Examinations:
Where can I find
my year mark?

See section 9 of this tutorial

letter for all the examination
requirements
for
this
registration.

When do I write the

examination?
What
are
examination
results?

12

my

All enquiries should be

directed to the Contact
Centre, or consult myUnisa.

If you have not been contacted

by the end of April and
September for semesters 1 and 2
respectively,
it
is
your
responsibility to ensure that you
obtain your examination dates
from
the
Examination
Department.

SOURCES CONSULTED
None

13

CONCLUSIONS

Most of the information required for FMA3602 has been covered in this tutorial letter
And for any other information regarding the contents of your module, you are more than welcome
to contact your lecturer.

UNISA 2014

15