INTRODUCTORY

SYRIAC METHOD AND MANUAL

BY

EGBERT DICK/WILSON,

Ph.D.

PKOFESSOK OF OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGES AND HISTORY IN THE WESTERN

THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, ALLEGHENY, PA.

NEW YOKK

CHARLES SCRTBNER'S SONS

1891

COPTRIGHT,

1891,

BT

ROBERT DICK WILSON.

Pressor

J. j.

ABtor Place,

Little & Co.

New York

TO

MT BELOVED PARENTS
THIS WORK
IS

RESPECTFULLY AND GRATEFULLY

DEDICATED

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2010 with funding from

Princeton Theological Seminary Library

http://www.archive.org/details/introductorysyriOOwils

PREFACE.
plan of this Method and Manual is in general the same
as that of the corresponding "Introductory Hebrew Method and
Manual " of Professor W. E. Harper, Ph.D. The following notes

The

may be in place by way of explanation.

The first four chapters of Genesis (which are copied with Tariations from Nestle's " Syriac Grammar") are chosen because they
afford

the best

fessor Harper's

means of comparison with the Hebrew

"Manual."

of Pro-

The selections from the 10th to the 32d page, inclusive, lead
up gradually from more easy to more difficult j^ortions of the
Peshito version.
of the history of

The

last selection is the

Eabban

author and never before published.

rian alphabet,

it

will

is

Being printed in the

JSTesto-

be useful as an introduction to the East

Syriac system of writing.

the reader

introductory portion

Soma, possessed in manuscript by the

For assistance in reading

this selection

referred especially to the note under Section

I.,

"Elements."
The "Notes and Observations" need no remark, except that
the latter contain all of the miiin principles of Syriac grammar,

Article 6, and to Article

G. 6.

of the

while the former give all explanations necessary for a full understanding of the orthography, etymology, and syntax of the text.
The " Grammar Lessons " carry the student over all the articles
of the "Elements of Syriac Grammar," with reviews of the same.

The ""Word Lessons" contain

verses of

only such words as are not in the

''
Exercises " are largely based.

Genesis, upon which the

upon a certain subject, the

throw light upon it e. g., in
Lesson XT. the grammar lesson is on Lomadh Olaph verbs; the
word lesson consists largely of Lomadh Olaph verbs. The vocabulary thus learned can be enlarged from the " Word Lists " on pp.

When

the

grammar

lesson has been

word lesson gives such words

as

134-147.
The '' Exercises " are based upon the text of Genesis
and upon the grammar and word lessons. They will be found, it
is hoped, an excellent means of fixing in the memory the princiThe *' Exples of grammar and the words of most common use.
ercises" can be supplemeuted by the transliteration of Genesis I.,
and by the literal translation of Genesis I. -IV., found at the end
of the volume.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
1- 36

Cheestomathy

1-

Genesis I.-IV

Psalm

10

II

11- 15

Jonah
Malachi

16-31

Matthew XXVI.-XXVIII

22- 33

Selection

from Rabban Soma

33-

Manual Part
Lesson

3(5

37- 55

Glossary

56-123

Genesis

I.

56- 58
58- 62

Lesson II

Genesis

I.

Lesson III

Genesis

3,

02- 66

Lesson IV

Genesis

I.

&-8

66-70

Genesis

I.

9-13

70-75

Lesson VI

Genesis

I.

14-16

75-79

Lesson VII

Genesis

I.

17-23

79-83

Lesson VIII

Genesis

I.

24^31

Lesson IX

Genesis

II.

1-8

83-87
87-91

Genesis

II.

9-15

91-95

Lesson XI

Genesis

II.

16-20

95- 99

LessonXII

Genesis H. 21-25

99-102

Lesson XIII

Genesis

Lesson

Lesson

III.

1-5

102-106
107-110

Lesson

XIV

Genesis III. 6-14

Lesson

XV

Genesis

Lesson

XVI

Genesis IV. 1-13

115-118

Lesson

XVII

Genesis IV. 14-28

118-120

Psalm

1'21-123

Lesson XVIII

Manual Part

II

Notes on Jonah

III.

II

15-24

110-114

124-133

124-128

Notes on Malachi

128-130

Notes on Matthew

131-133

TABLE OF COXTENTS.

Vlll

PAGE

WoEi) Lists- -Syriac

134-140

List of Verbs

134-137

List of

WoED

Nouns

Lists

137-140

English

141-147

141-144

List of Verbs
List of

Nouns

Teansliteratton of Genesis

..

Translation of Genesis L-IV

144-147

148-150
151-160

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CHRESTOMATHY.

32

Clxai>ter XIXVIII.

Ur^7

r^

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i-u,^ oil.

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U]

'r*^ PI ^1

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Vr:| >: jl) .qJ]

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SELECTION FROM THE HISTORY OF

RABBAN SOMA.

r<l:L.Vf^

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CHEBSTOMATHT.

,34

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i^ ^*^

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CHEESTOMATHT.

36

Vso^^ol
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GLOSSARY.

i-c)

to perish.

Uf

father, 87.

p,^)

'-t\'
li.^}

perdition.

hired.
hire.

1.

38

GLOSSAET.

40

GLOSSARY.

ofc^JS^

GLOSSARY.
i^? II to

remember.

41

]^oa\ existence.

)jj> male.

^s\

^.ik^? to disturb.

^01 that, 37.

i.:^?

is it

not? 132.

(^ci) she,

.f.toi

thej4'

35

"f^

U^j blood.

lla^oi

jZaiaoj likeness.

V .01

j.^^? price.

,--^01 these, 37.

Ub.^^? like.

Zcioi so, likewise.

sleeping.

^fjJiS^

<^?

to sleep.

iLJLiici

V^xoi

f^i II to wonder.

to believe.

there, therefore.

PLsoi thus, so.

v^si

tear.

temple.

to go, walk.

IJoi

to profit.

v_09 to rise.

tio? this, 37.

2y^Lc? Tigris.

^'^

they, 35.

^v

grade, ordination.

.aJffi

those, 37.

]')???

briers.

^loi those

s'--

to

>f.hi

come

to.

to exercise, teach.

w.A,i>

\zji palace.

/".,

37.

fsai to return, overturn.

]^ha\ here.
1-4.01

now.

.o

behold.

|ai

V-^3i' Abel.
(.Joiia^oi

governor.

|?n this, 37.

c^

3i

\*o

13

woe,
it is

fi.o to

alas.

right, necessary.

appoint a time.

that, 37.

c_coi

sm

o and, that, when, or.

he

it is.

he, 35.
to be, 127.

^r^} Zebedee.
_::] to buy.

42
]jLsi time.

GLOSSAEY.

GLOSSAET.

43

" mighty.

to suffer.

5^ linen.

^jkM suffering.

^oLm to know.

,n4t to impute, reckon.

Ilu sweet.

{.n^aw thought, meditation.

iL vinegar.

)^auk^ darkness.

mixed.

wjii4\

|.Sn\<u

wa^^

JuM sister.

dream.

>c2wM to seal.

to change.

>=iSt for, instead of.

^aSi^

}>a^ report, fame.

five.

w^

]^lnj wrath.

anguish.

|^,J.i.

lr4 good.

Enoch.

<^al.M

jjDo^ happiness.

we.

...1^

very.

i^oio^ nation, race.

]AJJ-. supplication.

^*iQ-^ error.

ualM to strangle.

Sq.^

cord.

l-Al-a
{.1^

fia.u

>,.n^.^

to be innocent.

holy, sacred.

VlfiiM

mountain.
to prepare.

]Z3.u4 goodness, grace.

|Vi j price.

to reproach, revile.

jvy^Mx.

w4ua.

jZa.*.^ youth.

envy.
to urge, incite.

iLl^ shade.

^VjiAni* studiously, carefully.

>a!isl^

Uil

]ai\^ shadow, demon.

field.

^^i- to
j-Sj-i*

>c^

1.

to injure, rob.

dry up, be desolate.

usi^ to pollute, profane.

waste.

\sXi profane.

to curse.

2.

sword, share.

IZasX^ impurity.

\^'f^ enchanter.

\L^ to err, seduce.

]Z^

>a^

end.

to taste, eat.

GLOSSARY.

44

>^f4 to strike.

liji

leaf.

i^

to hide.

1^

child.

{Jsou

sea.

{.lao.*

to swear.

).i.4.la.*

right hand.

V^ld-t day.
]^ ^

'^' dry land.

'\^

to lead.

jiV^.v/^ propagator, successor.

''^..icu

im

"^n

li^ii.*

to be dry.

|.a-.

4nt

4in dry land.

1^1 hand,

87. 2.

]f^ to confess, give thanks.

know.

to

to add.

).^ to spring up.

Jobal,

>

'^,.

nSt Jacob,
forest, thorn.

to burn.

precious.

!i.^>Ma.^

i-cu to

honor.

li-Q-.]

honor.

v-^i-.

to

be great.

]L^t-*

knowledge.

lZoj- heir.

wrsflv-.

to give, 64. 7.

\ZoZf^ inheritance.

Judah.

w4u.A-.

]5 0(ji-

)-t90!n-

Jew.

'^^^SQ-.

Jubal.

to extend.

"^a.A^ Jesus.

2u Gen.

1. 1,

^Xa^v^o^ education.

y.u to sit.

V^o^ day.

'f^L^

)jifiQ^ daily.

L^]-f^L^ more.

Jo^ Jonah.

).L:^ orphan.

jjSQ.^

Joses.

more.

jA- to profit.

y^as^ Joseph.
is2^ Jopha.
l-cja..

greenness.

*i* only.

fi^

to bear.

Jjajj sorrow.

\^]^ stone.

r^A

but.

89c.

GLOSSAET.
.C>

to subdue.

45

IZoiojj preaching.

]u>^.a2 sulphur.

li-s

fS when, while.

l^fS sad.

Of.s it is sufficient.

Iffijj sick,

|j(ji.3

to preach.

infirm,

]Zo.^f^ sadness.

priest.

las window.

^j-a to

{.203 thorns.

]^f^ vineyard.

'^-'"'

star.

surround, lead around.

belly.

Jjsj.s

^tffOA throne.

^^^Jaj to

].^J^Za.s tunics.

wSAs

to beseech.

wArOs Cush.

wCio

to write,

\ls^ nature.

\^Ls book,

La> indeed.

p2!is linen.

V^

w.A,ao to strive.

Us

all,

108.

stumble.

to withhold, restrain.

\LJ^

crown.

aa^Vi\a Chlamys.

J^to

ilos how.

|1

i-Las to

be sad.

]}]

123

sq.

not.

to labor, be weary.

).i.xals congregation.

I^ali,

]fls cithara.

..A.n\ to clothe.

^Ais to assemble.

wA-Q-a^ clothing.

JAln assembly,

iL^

collection.

heart.

dish.

legions.

jjas to cover.

t^^.l^l^I:;i>

pus cup.

^a.li

Levi.

t'lno silver.

^^uiik

to curse.

i^sa to

deny.

Ijj to

be sad.

Vcoj-s Cherub,

"VLjsalik before,
Zx!:;^ to,

with.

]:4^-=^ curses.

46

GLOSSAEY.

GLOSSAKY.
^l^^i.iia merciful.

ft^Vvn sailor.

-|S!v^

|/ii\i,^ mercj^

to counsel.

)ja^^ king.
>
I

clement.

'-v^

garment.

i.^a.^j.LD

I^v^:^ word.

>alii^ Mary,

Vlio

i^-lj..^ bitterly.

to speak.

U'^ViVo word.

\z:r^

jia^iiO teacher.

\2Xx^l:^ admonition.

from, more than.

_ifi

who?

aXifi

j.ii^

what?

alio

what

who

39,

)*#> So oil.

is?

132.

numbered.

to come, bring.

to

become poor.

poor.

)JLs.iiii

{^Lo
I

Messiah.

^.'v^ Messianic.

.. >.

is?

to take part, be

gall.

]^.M^jL^ stature, age.

ever, at all.

_ifl

^f^'^

..^

X*-^ Lord.

'^OiiS

(Y)

]Z3.,n\^ kingdom.

|j.io

--

Vvn counsel.

>coi'.i>aie

47

able, possible.

I^Alas skin,

ji".*-^ tent, house.

|.i^\A.Sn traitor,
j^^v^v^*.'^ perfect,

drink.

J.aaiiia^ quick, bold.

)_i2w^:iD

t-J?,:!^ helper.

"^JL^o^

Methusael.

spring, fountain.

p>*:^i)

.J

iimSVi tithes.
settmg.

f.ifi.iiO

IZj^iiO cave.
{.iiYi^nVi

supplicator.

midst.

]ic^witf
j.Oi-iVi

whole.

burial.

now.

\cil to

prophecy.

{trtl propiiet.
>-.A,i^:iJ

to kindle.

,-_j to smite, beat.

]?i^ way.

cuIj to shine,

p-.e^

li-^' long.

iBtoxicating.

48

GLOSSARY.

GLOSSARY.

GLOSSARY.

50

be sad, anxious.

to

>jiik

^ to watch.
]^

wipe

to

jjili

grief, anxiety.

),nnS heel.
out.

root.

Ijjaii

i^ Edar (Irad).

^flk sheep.

{.IaL eye.

|Z).i;ci^

*sS

>a.<^^ cunning, subtle.

before.

\j; upon, over, against, at, unto.

on account

for,
j'^!!.^

of.

go

^v\s

naked.

to flee.

wj5j.i

to

be strong.

1,^^.^ future.

in.

>c^:;k ever, age,

^liL^jJik

because.

^^Ok to

evening.

world.

)i.^J^ rich.

above.

Im*!^!:::!.:^

worldly, secular.

]kl^ cause, accusation.

\h\.s fruit,

>a^ with,

^iis^ to meet.

iJsaik

people.

,.:^i

to baptize,

ZL^VJj-.^ corporally.

l^aioik farmer.

|-iJi.3 corporal.

U*VS

laborious.

X^fS plough.

'^VS

to toil.

i^is mouth.

llisfili

toil.

oas

jJioi*

to dwell.

iJ^^as tribute, remuneration.

Li:^

to answer.

to persuade.

|.Jp.Daa

commandment.

\xL flock,

iJ.A?as separation, judgment.

liii* cloud.

s.jk^

i-aail herb.

Pjc-ms comparison.

3.0:^

Esau.

Jt'io:^
Ifps:^

twenty.

dust.

to cease, remain.

\f.tt^

potter.

I'^.^ unleavened bread.

>j;aj<,.li.A>

Pilate.

GLOSSARY.

GLOSS ABY.

52

to be light.

''^s>-o

^]-B Cain.

V^

]jaLO sepulchre.

ILJ^

ViLc

uttl^xi to praise,

|,..o

to receive.

to possess.

little.

cell.

celebrate.

pjsofl^x) clerical.

>a-pC east.

\Xd to acquire, possess.

iUpS

holy.

go before, anticipate.

>c,-o to

m n

cenobite.

UJ-d reed, cane.

possession, gift.

^fjo before.

l-i^Vfi

i^b^fX

Ijoj-JOj) Centurion.

first.

Z^^iCfX

]^ja..jja-D soldier.

first.

<.^fX to sanctify.
wait, remain.

v^ajs to

to cry.

ilk.0

jj^n to buffet.

possessor.

]^

to break.

''ss.-oaj

before.

Ij-D

to call.

^9 ox

holiness.

|)i..o

>c* to

rise.

'-^f.js

rf?ax

cucumber.
to be near.

VLsia.0 offering.

]iZf.ji city.

]^i^^s. (Jyrenian.

1" "
l.jjj

|u4'a.o truth.

]ua.Di..o

\is.^

killer.

|.AAA.n elder.

V40

to kill.

>s4Lo to cut

skull.

off.

).la^ ashes.
)ja4u-o

piece.

chamber, room.

I^j to be great, to multiply.

i^j great.

Rabbi.

).SnA^ resurrection,

<Asi

1' " Caiaphas.

.as? myriads.

I'^&uuo cithara.

'^s-kTD?

11"

y.e voice.

)^i to be angry.

crouched, laid.

GLOSSARY.

U^t^9 desired, desirable.

i^*x9 firmament.

be tumultuous.

..A-^i

to

-.*-^?

to perceive.

|iw.^

desire.

|^-Z trembling.

to go, instruct.

J59

53

to ask.

''^J.A*

^ai> to run.

]2J^|.A. request.

K""

course.

j-aA-

\^oh

strife,

(^nk^ neighbor.

wrath.

\y^''>

woj

tumult.

wj^aA. to praise.

to refresh.

Uo wind,

l-JuCA. rod.

spirit.

Xamo'^ afar.

X^hzi many, 86.

I.3-C90?
>c-^

magnates,

to love,

1.

86. 1.

have mercy.

-A-I.J to

be

creep, to

creeping

JL.A-.J

head.

'N

n4. seven.

<k

seventh.

^^ikiHA seventy.
^s^cll, to leave.

week, sabbath.

PS.

l-*'i.^ sedition.

far.

J..A.-?

j:\.iiA

a.M) to brood.

to

^ ^<

\ t

pkiSA* seven.

^sCm? mercy.

w.a.ii

week.

If..^

move

tilings.

oneself.

to cast,

throw away.

hfM> to send.
3U4/ to

watch.

be worthy.

jiA- to

|.ic^

to cast.

(~=s-^ heat.

jLifij

high.

pLnsaA. remission.

Aramathea.

w~^

(mA.2sc

evening.

|-.?oa;Ar

Jj to

meditate.

^.^a..*, power, ruling.

lii^i

|.i^

\JiiA

to feed, think.

shepherd.

wTJ to spit.

to wash.
sign, inducement.

Vi^a A.

{..

1-a.oaA.

end.

blow.

lt..S>4< lie.

GLOSSARY.

54

^aZi^

to espouse, marry.

''

*^-

years.

\i^Zz.M, compauiou.

)il^ point.

V&A^A. vexed.

\L^

f^jL to compel.

\La hour.

^^^

y*z^ to

cursed.

to narrate.

make

level.

]uj&.^ alabaster box.

beautiful, good.

'^a-..^ Sheol.

to pour.
fS^ to be good.

Seth.
to find,

be able, possible,

UcL^ to irrigate.

v.^.t'^^ asleep.
\Im,

to rest,

VaA.

be calm.

teAk!!;:;^^

to send, to take

^..^Ji^A,

to rule.

off.

j.^j.^k'

away.

away, begin,

history.

]A^i.A. family.

lawful, ruler.

loj-4>

branch, vine.

Vf^r^ true.

)j.^l:ikj^ ruler.
^ol^jk'

to take

\fM> to cast

)^^^.*. rest, sleep.

w^-kli^jkr

]-f3^ morning.

2^1,^^

peace.

truly.

^^A>.to
>a.^

finish,

Ap.

name.

w^uicA. to
}-.ii.A,

draw.

heaven.

ILlLs.^ fatling.
l-l-,ifi.A<

to betray.

V^f^

L^

rest.

six.

]Ljk to drink.

smO^L^

silent.

I^AmS.^ sixth.

heavenly.

.^

'^V;^ to hear.
s.\SiA<

oimon.

.v^jk. to minister.

|j1z fig tree.

rt^^ broken.

^Z to break.
^1^

to depart,

years.

UZ crown.
VHao.^^ order.

GLOSSARY.

55

tVi^Z

)1?Z grass.

I,

{icooiZ abyss.

l^A

]oZ to repent.

^Ji;^Z thirty.

wSZ

^cZ

there.

<mZ.oZ again.

paJZ

furnace.

^i<n\*"oZ /ubal Cain.

|w^JZ sigh.

ju.oZ thanksgiving.

|j.o2 second.

oZ

01

disciple.

three.

to turn.

formless.

}.1^Z dragon.

PLii.=oZ trust, confidence.

^Z to prepare.

li-^sZ generation.

rf9Z

pJikoZ worm.

]\-i^Z

I'ioZ cattle.

|w.i)Z right.

^^a^Z

\Zo^hA

boundary.

two.

growth, increase.

uprightness.

Z3.mZ under.

U^JJZ cock.

^^a*Z under.

V^hJ. door.

h.>Z

under.

UijZ

trusting.

fiw-ljLaZ trustingly.
|iiS.ibZ

prayer.

(_^^Z snow.

^^ Z

fi

to teach.

i.iai.9Z

twelve.

wA-kA.iZ Tarshish.

Z>Z two.
]jjai.Z9Z twelve.
^%ta.4>Z

nine.

^ZZ

see .oirf.

MANUAL.
PART

I.

LESSON ONE.

jy

A 4,

Six

(1)

.^

b^ri-sMth (two syllables).

r")

letters:

after

(6); t-(^);

(sh)

h. (th,

Three voioel sounds:

(2)

1.

I.

Notes.

1.

1.

Gen.

In beginning.

occuring twice, both times silent

(y)>

as in thin).

a half-vowel, like

(*)

There

vowel of "Webster's Dictionary.

or the obscure

e in heloio
is

no sign

for this half-

vowel which corresponds to vocal Sh*wa in Hebrew, see

like

(?)

in machine

(t),

a.

the same as the

last, since

written either above or below the letter to which

Note.
2.

letters:

(b);

(r);

j.

('),

Two

(2)

voivel sotmds:

(*),

see

(2);

2 (1)

(o)

vowel does
]ai^)

G.

^a-lo-ho

(2)

Three voicel sounds:

p

5.

UviA.

yoth,

(');

not

full

occuring twice, see 2

(2).

(three syllables), God.

Four

4.

but every

syllable,

(1)

letters:]

b.

like o in note.

Note that the half-vowel does not make a

3.

belongs. 6.4.

called Olaph, not pronounced but

quiescing in the preceding vowel.

.(3)

it

the Nestorian form.

h.^.^h is

h^ro (one syllable), {he created).

Ij^
Three

(1)

may be

1.

{I);

ai.

(a) like

(/t);

(');

mat;

see 2 (1).
(o)

translated, but sign of direct object 89

sh'ma-yo (two syllables)

the heavens.

c.

MANUAL. PAKT L

Four letters:^

(1)

Three

(2)

L^o

6.

La (m);

(sh);

voivel sounds:

see

()

w^yoth (one syllable),

-.

(y);

].

(2);

57

(').

(a)

see 3 (2);

"

(o)

see 2 (2).

and followed by the sign of the direct

object, see 4.

One new

letter o

7.

'fl;--'o'

].li?]

Four
is

(lo),

like

in icater.

iv

(two syllables), the earth.

two Olapbs, see 2

letters:

(1)

(r),

see

used at the beginning of a word, or after a

j.

(1).

letter

(The form

which does not

connect with following letters; the same difference of form as to the

Olaph:

4. 4);

not pronounceable, called E,

('),

Observations,

2.

The

1.

letters in this verse are (1)

(7)ifi, (8)v., (9)

J,

The vowel

2.

i-,

below the

The vowel sounds

3.

4. hi,

Targum

n*;, is

The

to the

(2) C), (3)

Hebrew

^,

line.

(2)

",

(3) ', all of

which may be written

6. 4.
a, (3) o, (4) i.

89

c.

34.

article.

Every

8.

Notice that

denoted by the ending

all of

i*

3.

34.

for

Gender, number and state of nouns.

4.

said.

Hebrew Tsodhe.

1.

(2)

15. 2.

Grammar Lesson.

(1)

Vii.^ he formed.

which corresponds

the consonants have their direct equivalents in

which here stands

14, 911,

f,

76.

syllable begins with a consonant.

Hebrew, except

/je

(4) o, (5) ^, (6)

found in a dozen passages of the Old Testament

definite state is

7.

jJsc)

oi,

and o are never written separately, being always prefixed to

the following word.

6.

",

are (1) ^ (2)

in the Peshitto version.

5.

|,

(11)Z.

(lO)-i.,

signs are (1)

either above or

3.

Word

76.

Lesson.

r^ ^ made,
o and.

MAKUAL. PAET I.

58

wS

in.

l^^^^h beginning.

5.

I.

And

beginning.

2.

earth and the heavens.

God

said.

7.

he ivrote.

>.&..

He

6.

sign of the definite object.

Exercises.

And he formed
4. God is in the

the heavens.

heavens.

5,

He made

3.

the

In the beginning

wrote the beginning.

"Write out the Syriac of Lesson

One

in

Hebrew

characters and

note the diflferences of the languages.

Hebrew

lesson from

8.

Translate the

9.

Retranslate literally into Hebrew.

first

may be

exercises, English

into Syriac.

{Note.

In

these

two

last

Hebrew. They may better

substituted for

be written on the board.)

LESSON TWO.
1.

8. ll.*!

tv'ar-'o^

Gen.

I.

2.

Notes.

(two syllables), and the earth. The vowel

back on the unvowelled o and Olaph quiesces

in the vowel,

is

thrown

25.

(2),

34. 2.
9. Zooi

feminine; the masculine

10. oicZ

ttth,

(1)

Z with

(2)

The vowel
vowel

is

No

the sign of the

is t;

&
o,

10.
is

6. 5.

see 6.

further attention need be paid to the points above and below the o.

w^bhuh (one

syllable),

but bh=v in

and a

icaste,

(1)

not b

(2)

CI is

always a consonant in Syriac and never a vowel

{s>)

12. \1La^o tvViesh-shu-kho'

is

is th,

like oo in fool, 6. 3. (3).

rs is

with the dot below as in

m pronounced

letter, 5. 2

II. oiaso

(1)

is ]ooi.

the dot above

o

is

desolation.

For the point above

(3)

The Z

h^woth (one syllable), {she) tvas.

{tv); M.

vote,

10.

(three syllables)

{h=n) like ch in loch;

a. {sh) is

of a nominal form which doubles the

s=a(3);

1(')=K.

1. (2).

2d

and

letter, 25. 4.

{the)

darkness.

here doubled because

it

radical, 72. 2. (6); o=tt;

i-


MANUAL.PART L
Although

(2)

this

noun has the ending

59
(see observation 6), it is

indefinite, 93. 2.

13.

.l|

(1)

Notice

(2)

''^^..i.

al-ap-pay, upon

fiual=''^ while

after a consonant=25

half-vowel=^7t or

/",

the faces of.

initial or medial=!ik, 4. 1.

but after a vowel=^jj; s after a vowel or

1 0.

ay forms a diphthong and denotes the construct plural,

(3)

8. 2. (1).

^.--'^

76. 3.
(4)

The two dots over ^are the sign

14. \^o<siZ.

(1)

The
is

i^hu-mo'

(2)

Both

(3)

o quiesces in

1.

(two syllables), the abyss (ninn).

begins with two consonants, but between them

first syllable

a half vowel,

of the plural, 13.

16. 2.

syllables are open, 17. 1.

,

6. 5,

15. oi^oho w^ru-heh

25. 2.

(two syllables), and his

spirit

(and the spirit

of him).
(1)

(2)

Five consonants, one vowel

The form

The vowel

is

The

suffix

oi

is

ci

)<tlX7

is

(6)

(7)

The

6. 4.

used for emphasizing the

first

of

two

(la'-lo-ho\

who

{is)

God,

is

?,

in apposition with the suffix in

97. B.

the relative pronoun, 38.

Olai^h after

25.

1. (2).

The

final

is

For the form

16. ta^jpic

(1)

definite nouns,

97. B.

throws back

its

vowel and quiesces,

s=ph,

3=p

32. 2,

the sign of the emphatic state of the masc. singular,

76. 1.
(9)

may

ffu.o?,

(S)

34, 36.

the second being generally preceded by

(5)

6.

the noun w^oi, and the

always written above the consonant, the others

be written below,
(4)

two vowel signs

consists of the conjunction o,

pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc.

(3)

letter 5. 2,

of the noun, see 69. 2.

m^roli-h^pho' (two syllables), brooding.

or pp.


MANUAL. PABT I

60

^ prefixed

(2)

the sign of the feminine singular in the absolute state, 76. 2.

is

(3)

(4)

w. is

17.

denotes the participle, 74.

doubled, this being in the intensive stem, called Pa' el, 41.2.
ma-yd', the waters.

)-Ii

(1)

The two dots are

(2)

Rebbuy and denote

called

the plural, 13,

1.

denotes the emi^hatic or definite state, which takes the place of

the article in Hebrew, 86. 16, 87. 22.

IS.

ive'-mar,

t^lo

(1)

There

(2)

jJaojo

Waw

no

is

and he

conversive in Syriac.

composed

is

said.

of

Waw

and ^f, the Olaph throwing back

its

vowel and quiescing, see 8 above.

the 3rd masc. sing, of the Perfect of the simi^le, or P'al, stem.

(3)

i^asf is

(4)

Initial Olajih

19. ]o(n.J

always takes a helping vowel,

neh-u-e,

let

(1)

The

(2)

The root

(3)

In the 3rd person, the Imperfect

(Nun) indicates the Imperfect_3rd person,

is ]eoi

nnh-ro

20. j^ciaJ
(1)

(2)

As

is

form,

to

noun

Comp. Zoai

60. 3.

There
This

(3)

Waw

noun

is

is

is

Rem.

employed as a Jussive

in the

4.

114.

1.

emphatic state and should be

the emphatic state

fact,

is

often used

when

the

and

(9).

93. 2.

a u class segholate,

is

67.

c.

tva-hhvo\ and there was.

no

Waw

conversive.

the 3rd masc. sing. Perfect P'al.

receives the helping-vowel a,

syllable,

H.

4,

The new

Comp. (19

and forms with

(2))

it

a half-open

32. 2, 33. 3,
2.

9.

is

45. 1,

(9) she was.

light.

is indefinite,

The noun

(2)

this

but as to

21. fooio
(1)

1.

a vowel letter, as in 10 above.

definite

(3)

Rem.

55. 1,

there be.

Observations.

letters in this verse are: (!)

10.

The new forms

11.

The new vowels and diphthongs

12.

The conjunction

^,

(2)

.f.

of letters occurring are: (1)

Waw

may be

(a), (3)

s, (4)

?,

(2) '\

(ii).

(L.),

are: (1) o, (2)

',

(3)

(4)

(5) 3.

)".

written (1) without a vowel sign,

MANUAL PABT
having merely the half-vowel
with a helping a as in

(2)

with Olaph,

beginning

between

draws

gj

and the next

it

when

or (3)

]o(jio,

it

I.

it is

vowel

the

or

letter,

followed by a word

to

Olaph

the

itself

quiescing, 34.
13. Syllables ending, in a vowel sound are called ope7i; ending in a

consonant, they are called closed; ending in a vowel followed by a

consonant with a half-vowel, they are called half-open,

14.
01

(h)
(')

Observe the difference between

o (w)

and

:^

and o
s

{I);

(m)

and

(Jch)

15. Observe that

and

s (ph) and s

(;j)

and Z

16.

(bh);

ci

(th)

,.

(d)

(h)

and

j.

and
(r)

4. 3.

rs (bh).

qiiiesces in

The Syriac verbal

17.

The

o in

in

and

abyss,

i.

e.

inflection distinguishes

Hebrew, says

Syriac, like the

the

first

of

and not the second.

two words

IS.

The

19.

The preformative

6. 5.

Rem.

"When a Kushoy

be doubled,

22.

tense.

change

in the genitive relation suffers

sign of the feminine gender

J

is

is

the letter Z.

marks the 3rd person

preformatives or sufformatives,
21.

number and

faces-of abyss, not faces of-

76, 96 A.

20. Roots have three letters (comp.

any

(t)

and

24.

16.

is to

(b)

c>

-fius]),

43.

A,

76. 2.

of the Imperfect, 45.

all

other letters being

40.

over a letter preceded by a vowel, that letter

10. 2. (2).

The doubling

of letters other than aspirates is not denoted

by

sign, 10. 2. (4).

23.

The

24.

The

25.

Nouns have two numbers and two genders and three

definite or

plural

is

emphatic state

is

denoted by the

affix) 76,

3.

14.

states 76.

Grammar Lesson.

34, 76.
4.

Word

Lesson.

.2^9 he

fS wJien.

^AaJ he went

I.

distinguished from the singular by Rebbuy, 13.

5, 16, 24, 33, 38, 39, 40.

Review

Rem.

out,

brooded.

]ym he saw.


MANUAL PARTI.

62

Lfi

who?

? that.

'^i^ he knew.

Exercises.

In beginning who made the earth?

1.

the earth,

when God

created the heavens.

faces of the heaven.

the faces of the

upon the waters.

6.

Darkness brooded upon

3.

Desolation was upon the

Darkness went out upon the waters and upon

4.

5.

eax-th.

2.

The

He saw

him who

spirit of

and knew

is

God

God

that

(was) brooding

created the heaven

and the waters.

"Write in Parallel columns and compare the

7.

Hebrew

Perfect form

DPS and the Syriac form wsfio as to aspiration, vowels, the half vowel

and the formatic elements.

Translate literally into English (or Hebrew) the Syriac of the

8.

lesson and retranslate.

LESSON THEEE.
1.

22. ]}~mo

wa-lfzo\ and

Compare 18 and

(1)
(2)

new

Zain, a

is

23. ]7oial^

I.

4.

21.
letter.

l^nuh-ro\ the light.

34.

It is often

denote the^i^direct object of the verb, 123. It

true prept)sitional sense
(2) liffi^.

24.

denote the indirect object,

<to

(2)

9=dh

dh^shap-pir, that

(it

124.

was) good.

after a

is

word ending

in a vowel, 10. 1. (3).

a masc. adjective in the absolute state.

(3)

(4)

For the form

of the noun, see 72. 2. (4).

The

an objective clause,

(5)

employed to

also used in its

here a relative conjunction.

(1)

is

See 20.

t-.aA.?

is

(he) saiv,

an inseparable preposition,

lu is

(1)

Gen.

Notes.

clause

without a
25. s^fSz

is

125. 2, and a nominal sentence

coi^ula, 117. 1.

wa-ph^rash (two

syllables),

and

{he) separated.

MANUALPABT L

63

(1)

The

first" is

(2)

The

first syllable is

pronounced with a half vowel (vocal sh^wa),

(3)

is

26. iukS

a helping vowel,

bheth.

open, 17.

word ending

rs

Wi after a

(2)

written fully, 6.

31. 1. 3.

in a

vowel sound

10. 1. (3).

5. (4).

after a vowel, 10. 1. (1).

b, th

J^

27.

1.

between.

(1)

(3)

33. 2.

ula

beticeen

to.

Compare the Hebrew construction in vs. 6.

28. liol-l (see 12.).

loa-k^ro (two syllables)

29. Ij-oo
l^js

(1)

(compare 21)

is

and he

called.

in the simple verb stem 3rd person sing,

masc,

41. 1,43.

The Imperfect would be

(2)

jj-oJ

Compare loaU

he shall call.

he

shall be 19.

Notice that

(1)

"^^^

l^nuh-ro (two syllables), to the light.

30. )ioial!^

may

1;^

denote the indirect object as well as the direct

(comp. 23), 124.

regularly prefixed without a vowel, 34.

(2)

I:i

is

(3)

01

ends the syllable and in

Hebrew would have

the silent Sh''wa

or syllable divider.
31.
(1)

is

Before

.*.

iiaLfl.*)

(2)

H-mo-mo (three

V^saiia.*)

Olaph

is

syllables), day.

frequently placed before words for the sake of euphony.

this

Olaph takes

in

which the

day as opposed to night

J.iccL-

.^

quiesces, 20, B,em. 2.

at the

end of the verse

is

the day of 24 hours.

32.

and

|-sa4..la.o

to the

iva-l^hesh-shu-liho (four syllables,

one for each vowel),

darkness.

Since three consonants can not come together at the beginning of a

syllable^ o takes a helping

(1)
(2)

33.

]-rB (see 29)

84.

V^^

"/je

Pethoho,

l%yo (from

lai-l^ya), night.

The emphatic ending has here

is

33. 2.

called".

a contraction from

ai,

lost its force, 93. 1.

29. 3

(1).

MANUAL. PAET I.

64
35. ].MLai
(1)

(2)

ram-shd'

Emphatic

evening.

state, tlie absolute

Though emphatic

in form.it is indefinite.

]|-s.

37.

rl\^oLdayone,%^2^.

( 1

j^Orf

(2)

f-^=nr!X the

(3)

fM

is

indefinite in

(See 34).

Em.

1,

in the absolute
is

93.

2,

state

]f^

Observations.

after

^. (fh)

after the

vowel

(th)

after the

vowel

oioZ

(t)

wis)

j^caiZ 2
jffuL-?

)='", '^
i-i^.*,?

(kh) after

5.

after

i.

of the preceding word.

L.

a half vowel sound.

(jia-co :s (bh) after

I^camo a

of the preceding word.

after

1:1

h, (th)

Zoai

L^

D"i^.

agreeing with |^a- which though

follows nothing:

i (b)

3.

of

23. 1. (1).

Occurrence of aspirates in Gen.

(b)

93.11.

absolute in meaning.
2.

h^M,f^ c

1. 2,

meaning being a translation

x being rejected,

emphatic in form

26.

is w^^ac).

tsaph-ro' morninp.

36.

is

and construct of which

the vowel o.

ipp) for np.

(t)

a diphthong.

after

(d) after

a consonant,

oi.

s (ph) after a half vowel,

?

{dh) after

of the preceding word.

s (pp) the nominal form having the secondradical doubled.

^A-j^o s (ph) after the

L^

(bh) after

vowel

of the preceding

Ij^. s {ph) after the

vowel

word

^. {ih)

^^^,

"With a point below these signs represent Ih (=v), gh,

?,

gg, dd, kk, pp, tt

b, g, d, k,

in the

p, t;

^^

dh, kh,

with a point above and when preceded by a consonant

and when preceded by a vowel

27. Six letters are called aspirates namely, ^

vowel nor half vowel), they represent

after

(i.

-3 find Z.

ph and
e,

th

neither

with a point above

same word, they represent

bh,


MANUAL PART L
28. There

no sign of doubling except

is

29.

There

30.

The emphatic ending and

is

no sign

Notes 34 and 35 and

Sh^wa

for

state

have often

Absolute:

(2)

Emphatic:

(3)

Construct:

Forms

iw^-k.?,

new

letters

oioZ, oior:,

loi^,

jJLL^,

(z),

us

(Jc),

(ts).

\Li],

6, 23, 20, 41, 42, 43, 37.

Learn the Imperfect

(3)

Review

of

^^La

jjoioJ,

^r^of

^r^'

fS^r^
to tvrite (

Word

45).

Lesson.

then.

to

^oic to put.

buy.

)>c^M. to he finished.

VLii.

to fall.

>j^t^^to

ws^

sit.

wu*< to he at peace.

,^sj

5.

said: let there

shall call the

morning

to

to

be nigh.

tvorship.

Exercises.

be evening and

light.

to he troubled.

3.

let there

God saw

be morning.

light (the light, the good).

beginning (was) darkness, then

God made

tween the light and

(to)

Translate literally from Gen. 1.

6.

Write the following forms

shalt write. (2)

God

4.

In the

the light and he divided be-

the darkness.

5.

Thou

2.

the heavens and the earth

and the waters and the good

(1)

]IaLa-j,

5, 9, 10, 11, 34, 40.

4.

God

|.^ooii,

Grammar Le^on.

(1)

''^

\1%^,

.laj.

(2)

r-^]

fMS^.

for special study: f:^]c, jotlJ, ^t-ic,

3.

1.

See

lost their force.

Notice the three states in:

(1)

33.

for the aspirates.

in Syriac.

93. 2.

31. This lesson has three

32.

65

We

4 into Syriac and then retranslate.

in Syriac, giving

shall write.

(3)

Eukhokh and Kushoy.

He

shall write.

(4)

Ye

MAJfUAL PAST I.

66
shall write.
(8)

(5)

Let him

Thou

(12)

worship.

I shall write.

fall.

(9)

Let

it

be

We

(6)

sat.

be troubled.

shalt
15.

She

(10)

(13)

1.

^1o

38.

and

Syllables:

(2)

Vowels

be nigh.

Gen.

open,

closed, 17.

(b)

We

shall

Ebhoo,

(b)

P^thoho,

1, 2.

6.
is

quiescent, 25.

(4)

Pe Olaph verbs have a helping vowel with

the Olaph, 33.

1,

This vowel when preceded by an inseparable particle

is

thrown back, the Olaph quiescing,

39.

(14)

68.

I.

(3)

1.

shall buy.

Notes.

has here no consonantal force, but

55.

They

(he) said.

(a)

(a)

(7)

(11) It shall be finished.

at peace.

LESSON FOUE.

(1)

shall buy.

He put.
Ye shall

ikir God

(2)

Vowels:

(3)

The vowel

(N. 3).

(1)

Pthoho,

(1)

Three

(2, 3)

25. 1. (2), 34. 2.

syllables, all open.

Z^kopho,

6.

has been retained by the guttural, as a helping vowel,

28. 2. (2).

40.

)oav3 neh-we, let there be.

the sign of the 3rd masc. of the Imperfect.

(1)

J is

(2)

Verbs whose
in

41.

last radical

|^*-a

(^"'p'^)

(2)

Vowels:

(1)

^ end

in the Imperf.

expanse.

Syllables: both open.

o or

GO. 3.

(1)

42.

was originally

Hbhoso

(1)

(2)

Zkopho.

M^jiflr) in the midst of.

has

Rukhokh because

the preceding

because preceded by a vowel,

word ends

in a vowel;

2^

10. 1. (I). (3).

(2)

(3)

i^^ is in the construct state singular number, fern, gender, 76. 2.

43.

is

the inseparable preposition

pllac ma-i/o, the

(1)

The marks

(2)

Some

"

in,

34.

1.

waters.

are Rebbuy, 13, the sign of the plural.

plurals end in

)",

86. 16.


MAlfUAL.PAET L
44. s.^fS

\o(!l2 let it

67

be dividing.

the same as in N. 3S.

Used with a

participle, it denotes

(1)

lcai.J is

(2)

wA.j-2-po-res7t is a participle of the simple species.

continuous future action, 127.

See

original form of the participle

was pdnsh] the

naturally long and hence unchangeable, the

and changeable,
45. L,j^

(1)

(2)

The root
form was

beth,

is

from d

is

naturally short

7. 3.

between.

to

^^o n

is

lUs,

has been dropped (as in P3 in Hebrew).

The

23. 2. (3).

ted- ^bhddh,

,.iio

is

d"ib.

naturally long by contraction from ay, 7. 3, 29. 3.

e is

46.

Compare

50.

The

(3)

5.

and he made.

be distinguished form ^,

(1)

li

(2)

o takes a helping vowel 34.

4. 3. (6).
1,'

and forms with

it

a half open

syllable, 17. 4,
(3)

^ has a half-vowel

(4)

,iai is

shown by the aspirated s,

as is

9. 3,

0.

(2).

the 3rd pers. sing. masc. of the P^'al or simple form of

This

the verb.

is

the

first

form of the verb and the simplest,

43.1.
47.

By

|.ii.*-Dil

arJiio, the

firmament.

comparison with 30,

placed before

^L-o?.

it

will

This 01af)h

is

be seen that an Olaph has been

called

Olaph

prosthetic, 20, 1.

48. ^^-fSo and he separated.

This

is

in the simple or P**al stem, in the first form, see 46.

49. L^Ml^idal"thah\ which (were) beneath

(1)

L^l, under,

(2)

I:^

(3)

to is
is

is

the relative pronoun.

jective clause defining

51.

VLl^j

under).

a preposition.

an inseparable preposition,

50.

(lit. to

from, see
dal^

elf

l-ia,

34.

It here introduces the relative or ad 38, 136.

6. 3. (2).

which were above.


MAKUAL..-PAKT L

gg

Three elements: the relative

(1)

cf.

49. 3, the preposition ^, see

VL = VL upon, see 13.

change from VL to VL see

49. 2, and

For

(2)

52.

the

jo 010

(1)

]coi is

(2)

The

"

and

the

was.

it

form of the verb.

first

comes from original

hokhanno,

53.

JJ.S31

54.

.^^^? dath^ren, which

(1)

but see also

atva, 60. 1,

is tico

e.

i.

_,?Z

is

34 with a helping vowel,

is

the relative

38.

one of the few remnants of a dual which remain in Syriac,

76.5.

Hebrew ^

(3) Notice that

times changed to

34.

helping vowel

The vowel

is

we-mar, ]si^

many

as

is

38.

Olaph
o,

syllables as

r*H-

'^'''i^?.

it

has

full

vowels,

The

Hebrew becomes

in Syriac is

Such nouns

form but feminine

as \Lh]

in gender.

with fem'nine verbs and see

39.

The name
7

it

are: ^^j.^;

jlcjo

o.

original a of the verbal

pretonic Kamets,

is

vola-

everywhere denoted by L, except in

P

in

e. g.

e. g.

= 1ZV.

The feminine

iLujJiO.

some-

or inseparable preposition,

the absolute state of nouns and participles,

but

is

Olaph beginning a word

or of an

not found in Syriac.

or nominal form, which in

tilized, e. g. ,_aii

lonOj ^''^?,

e. g. t^is-o,

a-lo-ho, l.iA.D9

37. Pretonic a

given to every second consonant preceding

of prosthetic

word has

and

Observations.

thrown back upon a previous

30.

in Syriac

i.

one which has a vowel,

35.

becomes Z

often

2.

is

(2), (3).

second.

pronojin introducing an adjective clause,

(2)

29. 5.

so.

pointed according to

?,

29. 2.

and ^^oh

e.

g, L^J^rb^ Zooi,

are, in the singular,

Compare

fh^ and

>

)oai.

masculine

the agreement of the nouns

86. 10.

of the simple species or stem is P*al.

^^i^j^

Examples of

MANUAL. PART I.

The 3rd

40.

69

pers. sing. masc. of the P^'al

is

the

well as

first as

simplest form of the verb, from which all other forms of different

gender number person tense or stem are made by vowel changes and

by

and

significant preformatives

intensive stems,

by the doubling,

sufiformatives

second radical.

also, of the

41. Naturally long vowels are unchangeable

^^'fS

in

).::.^_C9,

Zooi, u in ovus^,

,p

e. g. o

Grammar

1417.

Lesson^.

25. 30. 31. 35. 45.

1.

7.

Learn the following table which gives the regular

substantives, adjectives

and

masc.

r^'r^

l-*^r^

<;:^~^r^

\a^-^

l^A,'^

v^.^|.s

ni
Jiimph.

i"'

,'p
M'r^

"

V^-fS

4.

What vowel

\^^*M,fS

the endings for gender and

is

unchangeable?

dropped before forms with

h.M.-f.a
.p p

Eem.

Eeview

number

are.

What vowel

is

everywhere

affixes?

30. 1,

2.

manner, usLjic brooding,

81.

5. 6. 16. 24. 33.

4.
evil.

j^.^.-^

Pronounce por-sho not por^sho; por-skin not por'sMn,

6. Inflect, in like

.tiZ ttoo.

Word

Lesson.

(inseparable prefix) which, that.

^^ from,

csi

5.

1.

fern.

>-^r^

Show what

sent.

masc.

L/Ons.

3.

7.

Plur.
fern.

Ads.

"

inflection of

participles.

Sing.

31. 3.

}-q^^v/^

v-sljio

e. g.

2.

5.

3.

2.

from original

in ukO.

42. Naturally short vowels are changeable,

-p

and, in the case of the

ity

he.

\:ia^ sea.

.^V *

he

(.^lI^c^Z disciple.

Exercises.

Let there be the firmament between the waters and the waters.

Between the heavens and the earth which God made.

3.

The


MANUAL. PART I.

7(1

waters which are under from the heavens and the earth which

from the

4.

seas.

In the morning which

he called the light day.

and

good

disciples the

and the earth

(fern.)

from the

[are] separating

which

(?)

is

he made

two God sent the light

good that

5. It (is)

evil.

the light (was) separating between the day and

9.

it

was
7.

so.

God

The

6.
[is]

good

8. In the beginning

good.

[is]

above

is

me

night.

Translate literally verses 6 and 7 and, without further aid than

your own translation, translate back into Syriac.

10.

Do

the same for verses

5.

LESSON FIVE.
1.

55.

nethkann^shun,

.a.AJj^.3

The preformative

(1)
(2)

The

.a

(3)

The

Gen.

I.

913.

Notes.
let

them be

collected.

3rd person of the Impf.

J is the sign of the

the sign of the masculin plural.

is

prefixed after a preformative

is

the sign of the reflexive or

passive stem.
(4)

The root

(5)

This form would be written the same in the Ethp^'el and in the

is >.jlXs to collect.

passive
56.

and to read

1?zy

lath-ro, to

The vowel

(1)

put

It is better here to

Ethpa'al.

of the

it

neth-Jcan-n^shun,

in the latter, or the intensive

not neth-ka-ri^shun.

a place.

Olaph

is

thrown back to the inseparable pre-

position, 34. 2.

Though emphatic

(2)

57.
(1)

teth-Jfze, let

ll-M^^

or in the 2ud. masc.

The
]".

first

form of

The 3rd

all

noun

is

indefinite in meaning, 93.2.

appear.

The preformative Z shows

sc(.

(2)

in state, the

that the form

is

in either the 3rd fem.

The context decides

the Imperfects of verbs

for the former.

Lomadh He

ends in

fem. sg. differs from the masc. merely in changing J

to Z, 45. 5.
(3)

The

first

and jonJ.

form of the verb

is

]v-j see 22,

and compare

Ijjs,

Ion

MANUAL PART
(4)

The second Z shows

that this

I.

71

a passive stem, 41.4.

Is

Since the

Ethpa'al and Ettaphal have everywhere three syllables, this must

be the passive of the simple stem,

]iLA^ci*

58.

i/ab-bish-to, the

the Ethp^'el.

e.

i.

dry land.

The a being preceded by a vowel the dot above

( 1

shows that

(2)

it is

not having a vowel before

no half-vowel
(3)

>.

is

59.

called

emphatic

of the

and

tcapkhenslio,

to the

state, 76.

gatherwg.

a segholate noun masc. sing, emphat.

67.

)-4.Ls is

(2)

iik is

the inseparable preposition regularly prefixed, 34.

(3)

the conjunction.

It has a helping

before an unvowelled consonant.

^ takes

open syllable and the

60.
(1)

Mliso?

J is

It has
(2)

come

For il^,
61.

d^mayo, of the

The two

(2)

The

line

is

(4)

The
62.

(1)

ivaters.

ni.

A.

dots are the sign of the plural Rebbuy, 13.

under the

first
i^o

ii

is

linea occultans

is

and shows

not to be pronounced, 19.

that,

3.

the sign of the emphat. masc. plural., 76. 3.

.AnsZ

with

is 1.^11,

thap-pek,

67. 2. (7).
let

cause

Rukhokh because

the

to

go

out.

word preceding ends

in a vowel,

a with Kushoy, because doubled to compensate for an

milated Nun,

10. 2. (2).

The Z shows

the 3rd fem. Impf.

the

above

causative or Aph'el stem, 45. 2, 47. Rem.

(3)

half-

ya-me, seas.

singular

1. (3);

(2)

of the

vowel a

4, 31. 3, 33. 2.

pronoun corresponding to Hebrew

to denote the genitive relation, 98.

although written the

(3)

It forms with this

see 17.

|.iaia.

(1)

vowel because occurring

a half-vowel., 17.

tcaters, lit. that

really a demonstrative

is

unasperated-

is

(1)

is

Kushoy,

the dot shows merely that there

it,

and that Z

after the j^

the sign of the fem.;

AlnNs

it,

to be doubled, 10. 2. (2).

The Yudh

at the

end

is

it is

0.

assi-

the sign of the

4.

sometimes, though less seldom than not,

found with the 3rd fem. Impf.

47.

Rem.

5, 45. 5.


MANUAIi.-PART I.

72

The root

(4)

uiaJ, the

is

Nun

being assimilated always at the end of

a syllable when not accompanied by a vowel,

18, 53.

63. ]]{ztha-dho, grass.

The

(1)

Olaph

last

24.

is otiant,

having been thrown back on the

oUhadh-o,

(2)

?,

so that

is

quiescent,

we have

vowel

its

tha-dho instead

25. 1. (2).

Rukhokh because

has

the other

word ends

the preceding

in a vowel,

10.1.(3).

(3)

Hebrew

^.

It

vowel being equivalent to

xm

stands for

64.

^f^^

(1) This

the

?,

es-bo, herb.

a segholate of the

is

has been transposed with

class, 67. 1.

It is in the emphatic state of the masc. although indefinite 93. 2.

(2)

65.

dh^mez-d^ra,

"^i'V^?
is

(2)

''5>??}o

It has

38. 136.

cording to
22. 4.

itself.

Rukhokh

is

clause,

after a preceding vowel, 10. 1. (3).

the Ethp^'^el or reflexive of the simple stem,

is

sign of the participle, 50. 2.

was seeding for

pronoun and introduces the adjective

the relative

(1)

tvJiich

metatliesis

is

the

and y have been transposed,

ac-

from

In the last syllable the vowel

iis

the sign of the reflexive,

is

instead of

because of

the guttural, 26. 1.(1), 52. 3.

66.

(1)

(TUCLl;*

01

(3)

'-xa.l^5^

(1)

to its kind.

34.

1.

the pronominal suffix 3rd masc. sing. (=^ii), 36.

(2)

67.

according

the inseparable preposition regularly prefixed with a half-

is

vowel,
is

l^gen-seh,

is

treated as an a class segholate.

)jl1:L..|o

wi-lo-no, and

"Waw draws back

It

comes from the Greek

the tree.

the vowel of the

and the Olaph quiesces,

25.

Bern. 1.
(2)

is

the

68. Xilsj
(1)

is

i-iga

of the emphatic state, 76. Bern.

dh^pht'te,

aspirated

of the fruit,

after

the

lit.

1.

that of the fruits.

preceding vowel.

It

introduces

an


MANUAL. PART L

^3

appositional relative clause which has become equivalent to our

genitive, 97.
(2)

The two

I'iU.

A.

2.

dots are Eebbuy, one of

diacritical point of the Kish, 13. 2.

them standing

is

also for the

the sign of the masc.

plur. emph., 76. 3.

f^?

69.

For

^(1)
(2)

was making.

lit.

1.

the active part, of P'al.

(iili is

a\K^^^ d^ne8-hHheh, whose

70.
(1)

which was yielding,

dh^' o-bhedh,

see 65.

Masc.

sing., see 44.

stock.

introduces the relative or adjective clause. It has

preceded by a consonant. Along with

ai"

Kushoy because

his it forms the genitive

oftohich or ichosc, 36, 38, 104. 2.

(2)

^^

is

iLr^

(cf.

71.

in the fem. as shoAvn

ai_c in

This

is

Heb.

72.

the inseparable preposition

76. 2.

^as)o

a and

wap-p^kath, and (she) caused

In 2ui2)j

since

is

^.

it is

doubling

the masc. sing. 3rd pers.

to

go

forth.

Rem.

1,

34. 2.

the sign of the 3rd fem. sing, of the perfect;

liwiiZ?

(1) This

is

43. Bern.

dhathHo-tho, tohic\

is

is

is

the s

doubled

1,

the

is three

when preceded by a vowel

41. 3, 53. 2.
i.

e. the third.

aspirated after the preceding vowel; a

vowel; the syllable

is

half-open,

:5

Z where they both correspond

of the

Hebrew

is

is

a helping

33. 2, 17, 4.

u^z is equivalent to the Hebrew rbr,

to

Kushoy over

an adjective clause limiting )^3_ dag.

In dha, dh

Kamets

the

occasioned by a preceding Nun, which has been assimil-

ated regularly at the end of a syllable

73.

preceded by a vowel, shows that the a

is

and followed by none,

(3)

is

3.

the sign of the Aph' el or causative stem

(2)

The emphatic

AVau, as usual, draws back the vowel of the Olaph the latter
quiescing, 25.

(2)

it.

pron. suffix. 34, 36.

(1)

by

rsu-a Is. 6:13).

"i

being regularly equivalent

to J;^ in Arabic.

The pretonic

always volatilized in Syriac.

MANUAL. -PAET

74

Observations.

2.

There are in Syriac:

43.
(1)

(2)

An

simple verb stem,

g.

e.

iutensive verb stem,

(4)

A
A

(5)

An

(6)

And

(3)

I.

causative verb stem,

...

simple passive stem,

]]-*,

>_a.^s.

g.

wa*.i^.

e.

e.

g. l-a^].

e.

g. I'j^Z.Z, '^^jpiO.
i.

mtensive passive stem,

.ca-I^^.

g,

a causative passive stem, (not yet occurring).

The

-11.

e.

characteristic of the intensive stems is the doubling of the

second radical.
45.

The

46.

All passives have

In

radical.

in

all

causative stem

is

characterized by

as their sign a

Perfects and Imperatives this

all

Participles

and

Infinitives'

by Mim

before

its first radical.

occurring before the

is

first

preceded by Olaph

in the Imperfect

by the

appropriate personal preformative.

47.

Ethpa
48.

long

The names
al,
"

of the stems

Aph'el, Ethp^'el,

are P^'al, Pa' el,

Ettaph'al.

when

Hebrew

naturally long corresponds to the

naturally

0.

49.

The name of"

fl*bhoo; of
50.

o"

is

Z^kopho; of

'',

Pthoho; of^Ebhoo; of^

'^oo.

same

Tlie preformatives of the Imperfect are the

except that in

flie

3rd person masculine there

and that in tbe 3rd fem, plur. there

3.

is

Nun

is

Nun

as in

Hebrew,

instead of

Yudh

instead of Tau.

Grammar Lesson.

(1)

Review thd sufformatives

(2)

Form with

(3)

8, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 36, 44.

(I)

Review

of the P'al Perfect, 43.

the aid of these the Perfects of all the other stems, 44.

11,

20, 23, 34, 35,

4.

.rm:

to take.

>=.ll

ti)

heal.

Word

3743.

Lesson.
"^

Vi^

wsx]

to hear.

to

crucify.


MANUAL.PART I.
^

m ^ V
Ao^

75

to clothe.

\^bjs]

to tempt,

? '^^^^^

because.

uxi? to be far.

|uA,a_D truth.
to."-

^]

God

Let the heavens be opened and

said:

on the earth.

2.

commanded.

making

The earth brought

whose sprout

fruits

herbs.

5.

is

let the

in itself.

He

4.

the truth.

God

Draw

10.

remain far from

Him

crucified.

He

LESSON
neh-tvun,

Nun

let

be

will

SIX.
1.

-0031.3

Ye

them

will

draw near

(1)

indicates the Imperfect 3rd person, 45.

is |ocji lie tvas, cf.

j-^oO

nah'Mre,

The two

Zoai she was.

See

9.

lights.

dots over the Rish are Rebbuy, the sign of the plural;

one dot coincides with the diacritical point of the Kish,

is

The root

(1)

>

is

13. 2.

the sign of the masc. plur. emphatic, 76. 3.

(2)
(3)

76.

to you,

be.

(2)

The root

to hear

1416.

I.

Tlie ending .o denotes the masculine plural, 45. 6.

75.

He

Notes.

The

(3)

7.

have been commanded

(1)

first

to say.

from you.

far

Gen.

said.

commanded them

God and He

nigh to

and

8.

clothed them and

is

clothed the earth

Hear ye what I have been commanded

9.

God

which

tree of fruits

have been healed because ye have heard what I

to say the truth.

herb appeal*

forth grass according as

Let the earth bring forth the

3.

was taken and-tem^pted and

74.

them.

Exercises.

5.

Ye

what, that.

>^io to he near.

^^fi^ to open.

6.

to say.

(with)

ft] according as.

f^]^ ^

command.

fLs to

1.

is

'^*"^

the same as that of lioiaJ

light,

dha-sh^ma-yo, of the heavens^

in apposition with

the pronoun.

See

l.:s.--oJ|

97.

A.

\j,'isaA, is

lit.

see 20.
that of the heavens.

in the genitive relation to


MANUAL. PAKT I.

76

The

(2)

open and

syllable is half

first

vowel a helping vowel,

its

17. 4, 33. 2.

77.
ii

(1)

Pmepk-rashf

^.A^fS^iabk

to separate.

the inseparable preposition regularly prefixed with a half-

is

vowel,

It is always used before the Infinitive construct

34. 1.

120. 1. (3).

wA-fSio is the Infinitive of the P*'al, 49.

(2)

78.

I^'^',

cf. ).:iaiA.)

in the other not.

),aW li-l^yo,

79.

see 31.

js*

(2)

This noun

l^oZU

80.

(2)

(3)

The

(4).

^^^^. See

41.

which draws back the vowel of the Olaph,

the latter quiescing, 25.

the sign of the

is

Olaph prosthetic;

lothHvotho, for signs.

1^ is the preposition,

]z

is

is .^fS.

night.

generally written

is

The root

47.

rh]

comes by contraction from ay, 29. 4.

(1)

(1)

In one case there

]^ 41 and

Cf.

1.

and Rem.

1. (2)

fern. plur.

emphatic.

1.

The AVau

is

sometimes

inserted in nouns between the root and the ending, 86. 3.

singular

is )zf.

liipjio

81.

wa-l^zabh-ne,

When more

(1)

and for

times.

than one of the inseparable particles occur together

every second one takes a helping vowel,

The noun

(2)

82.

(2) ]z

as in 81.
fern. plur.

smgular
S3.

tl

(1)

1.

emphatic see 80.

a\o wHa-sh^na-yo,
is

does not.

)Ii^

is

The two dots

Cf. 81

Lomadh

are

Rebbuy. The

prefixed

is

takes a helping vowel and

and S2.

aplur. emphatic. See 86. 16.

_^)jl11io man-h^rhi, giving

and

2.

and for years.

without a vowel

Wau
84.

see 75. 2.

is ).^a^.

(1) Since Shin

(2)

34. 4.

wa-l^yau-mo-tho, and for days.

)l^i.oa~^o

^o

(1)

masc. plur. emph.

is

The singular

but

87.30.

light.

a sign of participle except in P^'al.

-^l^YiQ (65),

is] Ll^,

w.*.Ji (44. 2.)

and

(69).

Cf. |qi*|V) (16)


MANUAL.PART I.

P^thoho with the preformative of the Participle denotes the causa-

(2)

ApHel

tive or
(3)

77

is

stem, 41. 3.

the sign of the masc. plur. absolute, 76. 3.

e?ai1\i\ l^man-ho-ru,

85.

prefixed to

is

to

give light.

The

all Infinitives.

Infinitive construct is always

(1)

ii

(2)

All Infinitives, except the P^'al end in o with

preceded by

49, 120.

li.,

"

before the last

radical, 49. 2.
(3)

P^thoho with the preformative denotes the causative stem. Cf. 84. 2

and see

41. 3.

86. ^'''^ th^ren,

ttvo.

(1)

Por the etymology,

(2)

Por the syntax,

87.

see 76. 5.

see 110.

A.

rau-r^hhe, great.

J.}?o9

(1)

This

(2)

Note the position of the adjective

is

an irregular plural from

in gender,

number and

88.

jViVi !?

dhimomo, of

(1)

(3)

Olaph prosthetic quiesces in the

(1)

aspirated according to, 10.

Uasaao

The

first

Kushoy
(2)

is

noun and
is

true of

agreement

its

j.^?

great and

the second kind of the genitive constructions, 97.

the preceding
89.

state, 87, 27.

the dag.

(2)

is

after its

emph.

1.

This

is

in the

The same

state.

jia^l small, 93. 3. (1), 99.

wT:?,

?,

34. 2, 20,

w^Jchatc-k^bhe,

Kaph

has

and

Rukhokh

A.

1. (3).

which has been thrown back on

Rem.

2.

the stars.

after a half- vowel; the second has

after a diphthong, 10.

the sign of the masc. plur. emph.

the two dots are Rebbuy,

13, 76. 3.

2.

Observations.

51.

All Infinitives have the preformative

52.

"We have had, so

lationship.

far,

!se^

three ways of denoting the genitive re-

MAKTJAL.PART I.

78

2^^.^

p:ie

(1)

vs. 6.

jjacooiZ -isl vs. 2.

1V)i? ii^Ll^ vs. 11.

(2)

^.Vi^) ).i^^M VS. 14.

]kX?

(3)

ai^ob vs. 2.

The Preformative

53.

of all Participles except the P'al, is

only mark to distinguish the Infinitive from the

Participle

is

the ending o and the vowel

ia.

The

form of the

before the last radical.

54.

Participles have the inflection of nouns.

55.

The preformatives

of Infinitives

first

and Participles have the same

vowels as the Imperfect of their respective stems.

56.

74

The preformative

the

Pa el stem

16; the Aph'el has

all

of the P^'al stem is",

g.

e.

y>-^^

has a half- vowel with the preformative,

"
e.

g. i^nsj

72,

^iaUio

the reflexive or passive stems are

all

84.

77, ^ocoiJ

e.

g. \kj-fU)

The preformatives

followed by

of

e.g. 1]-^^ 57,

.iaIp&J 55, ^^?p 65.

57.

Attributive adjectives follow their nouns and agree with them

in gender,

number and

definiteness.
3.

1.

fect;

Grammar.

Peview the sufformatives and preformatives

of the P*'al Imper-

and form with the aid of these the Imperfects of

all

the derived

stems, 45, 47.

2.

12, 77.

3.

Eeview

76.

18. 1318.
4.

Word

45.
List.

tsj]

to crucify.

wcLs

^(ji

to go.

\^li^ a book.

s.jj.2 to assemble.

wsj-azl to
to

ymA.M')]

near.

stvarm.

^^/^ ^

sun.

? V.Juijo

because.

_:^ from.
* r

^saoZZj
9

draw

to write.

to

add.

t^\ii) those which.

iJls to

command.

fS when.


MANUAL.PART I.

Exercises.

5.

1.

The sun

made
shall

for the rule (that) of the day.

great stars for signs and for times.

3.

2.

God

The sun aud the

stars

be shining in the expanse of heaven to give light upon the earth

and they

To

4.

be seen

will

79

be the signs of the seasons of the days

shall

he shall divide;

divide;

divided; divided.

be crucified.

6.

5.

they shall divide;

and'^'of

the years.

dividing;

they

Crucify them; let them be crucified; thou shalt

Thou

go in darkness because thou hast drawn

shalt

near and hast taken from the

fruits of (?) the tree.

7.

The waters

(pi.)

were assembled into one place and swarmed because God had so com-

manded.

8.

Two

books (two the books)

shall

be added to those which

have been written and thou shalt write them when they shall be written.

LESSON SEVEN.
1.

90.

w.cau.0

(1)

The

(2)

wcoil

is

is

{he)

plural with verbs.

first

There

^emmn, them.

^aJJ^

In

17-2^,

gave.

form, see 64.

form for a Pe

first

1.

linea occultans, 11.

the P'al Perfect

The usual
91.

and

iv^yahh,

ander m

line

Gen.

Notes.

its

Yudh

is

7.

verb would be

no pronominal

^^s^

58.

suffix for the

stead, the personal independent

3rd

pronoun

is

used, 36. 2.
92.

.-^^
93.

w jil^ h Sn

l.ii.c]?

This

(2)

The cardinal

94.
(1)

is

a relative clause

is

the P*'al Infin. from

136.

after the relative

may

take the place of the ordinal

110 B.
.a..A-.iJ

Nun

is

narh^shun,

^o IS

let

(them) svarm.

the preformative of the 3rd person Imperf. everywhere

except in the 3rd

(2)

This

dharb^'o, which is four.

(1)

l^mesh-lat, to rule over.

Cf. 77.

fern. sing.

the ending of the masc. plural Imperf.


MANDAL.-PAUT I.

80
(3)

P^thoho with the preformative

95.

\^u.'i

(1)
(2)

Rebbuy shows

an a class segholate in the emphatic singular,

is

that the

\h^tt hay-y^tho,

96.

doubled; since

j^ is

97.

is

if

1.

that the preceding

Yudh

is

oy were a simple diphthong Tau would have

Rem.

the sign of the

emphatic, 76. 2.

fern. sing,

po-ra-hHho, bird.

fem. abs.

is

po-r^ho;

\.M-f3

in the emphatic the short

vowel

retained in order to avoid the coming together of three con-

sonants at the beginning of a syllable, 16.

(2)

67.

a collective, see 90.

is

living.

10. 2. (3)

lwi^

The

(1)

noun

The Rukhokh under the Tau shows

Kushoy,
(2)

the sign of the Aph'el stem, 41.3.

rah-sho, a sivarm.

This

(1)

is

The

participle

is

here used as a noun, 118.

yM*f.sZ theph-rah,

98.
(1)

The preformative Z

(2)

The sufformative

^ai

Cf.

2, 33. 2.

.*.

let (her) fly.

is

the sign of the 3rd fem. sing. Imperf.

sometimes found with the 3rd sing. Imperf.

is

62.

(3)

Yudh

(4)

The^ shows

it is

(5)

P^thoho

the usual vowel

is otiose,

is

24. 3.
in the simple or P'al stem. Obs. 56.

o^

the

3rd radical in

Lomadh

Guttural verbs, 52.

99.
(1)

oA-ui)?

has

dhar-hesh, which (they) caused to swarm.

Rukhokh according

of Olaph, 34. 2.

to 10.

The Olaph

1. (3).

It

draws back the vowel

quiesces in the preceding vowel,

25. 1. (2).
(2)

The Olaph designates the Aph'el stem; the

Wau

shows the 3rd

plural, 41. 3, 43. 6.

(3)

The AVau
100.

.offUfli^

(1)

For vml

(2)

.coi
is

is otiose,

is

^,

24. 2.

gen-s^hun, their kind.

see 66. 3.

the pronominal suffix of the 3rd plur. masc.

never used with verbs, see 91 and 36, 77.

ivith

nouns.

It


MANUAL.PAKT L
101.

dh^ghep-po, of wing.

l-a^

The Kushoy

(1)

Nun,

Pe

in the

by way of compensation for an assimilated

is

10. 2. (2), IS.

67. 2. (6).

1,

(2)

Tlie root >-ai is cognate to

(3)

1^ (l-^^)
102.

The

5)53.

sing. masc.

Cf. |-axa^, |m-i

Hebrew n,

36.

>ff.o

The

"

as distinguished

from the

6. 6. (2).

The fem.
103.

ghen-soh, her kind.

diacritical point denotes the fern.

masc",

(1)

emph.

i^ ^^^

equivalent to the

is

01

(2)

(3)

is

<J-a2J-^

(1)

81

suffix refers

bar-rekh,

over the

back to l^^j^.

Cf. aiica^66, .ooiiLl^ 100.

(he) blessed.

radical designates the intensive or Pa'el stem.

first

Cf. VL.Jl^, 41. 2.

This

(2)

the Perfect, since

is

the Imv.

It is in the first

no sufi'ormative
.001^

104.
!ik

(2)

^001 is

105.

pronominal

Q_i>::co

a^a:o

(3)

Tliese are both in the

syllable after

^iaiaAij

Tlie line

Wau

(2)

The singular
The

clause

Qs^

has

43. 4.

See 100.

root, 60. 4.

is

is

and

fill.

a helping vowel, 33. 2.

half-open, 17.

2nd masc.

1.

plur. Imv. P'al.

first ia is

linea occultans.

See 61.

is ).iiL.

is relative.

136.

thes-ge, let (it) multiply.

The preformative Z denotes the 3rd

vowel
j

sing., since it

dha-bh^ya-me, which are in the seas.

under the

(3)

(2)

3rd masc.

tca-s^ghau ica-m^lau, and multiply

The

(1)

e.

3rd plural masc.

Lomadh Olaph

(2)

108.

i.

o-fSp^rau, be fruitful. This the Imv. 2nd. masc. plur. of the

The vowel with the "Wau

(1)

form

number or person,

Cf. vs. 12.

suffix

(1)

107.

has no preformative and cannot be in

I'hun, to them.

simple stem from a

106.

for gender,

a preposition.

is

(1)

it

sing. fem. Imperfect;

the

used with the preformative designates the simple stem.

shows the root to be Lomadh-Olaph.

Cf. \oaiS 40.

ij ZZ 57.

MANUAL. PAST L

82

109.

93;

the fifth, see

).aVi.m?

w^^jiaZ

bring forth, see 98; i^k^V

let

creeping thing, see 96.

\Z2.*M

110.

The

( 1

is

is

called Marhetono,

be pronounced without a vowel,

The noun

(2)

beast.

above the "Wau

line

to

hay-wHho\

is

a fem. segholate of the a class,

2.

and shows that "Wau

12. 2.
67. 3.

Observations.

always preceded by

58.

The

Infinitive construct

is

59.

The

cardinals preceded

by

lu.

the relative are often used for the

ordinals.

The inseparable

60.

^%C^

prepositions take pronominal suffixes

e.

g.

(Mi

104.

61.

Nouns take pronominal

suffixes

e.

g.

ouaJ-^,

66, <J^l^^

102,

ooual^ 100.
62.

The 3rd

pers. masc. of the personal

pronoun

is

not suffixed to

the verb, see vs. 17, 22.

63.

Final

Wau

unpronounced
64.

Nun

is

e. g.

and Yudh do not take the liuea occultans, when

^^.j-s^ 98, o-^-*?)? 99.

the preformative of the 3rd pers. Imperf. everywhere

except in the 3rd fem. sing, where we have Tau.

65.

.o is the

and Imv.

plur. Perf.

66.

66a.

ending of the masc. plur. Imperfect; o of the masc.

Collectives sometimes take Rebbuy, see 96 and 90.

At

the end of a syllable,

consonant, which

is

then doubled.

3.

Nun

is

assimilated to the succeeding

See 101, 109.

Grammar Lesson.

(1)

Personal pronouns and pronominal suffixes 35, 36. 2.

(2)

32, 48, 49, 50.

(3)

wSaiJ

(4)

Review, 1925.

to give,

64. 7.

manual.paet i.

Word

4.

83

Lesson.
3ij]

.4l^Ai to rule.

r,^^ to forsake.

-,

jJaii to

waX
^/

to shine.

^^>J:ioL^}

make,

fS

ichen.

^so '^^

to teach,

J-j

yia:^ to baptize,

God

stars to shine

upon the earth and

2.

He made

over the night and

God

Ic/pUJt^

4.

Every

(sing.) to fly

between the light and

God and He

to

said that

upon the

was taught

living soul

and blessed them and said

blessed; forsake

to separate

(to)

the great lights to rule over the day and

when he saw them he

taught the birds

of heaven.
all

gave the smaller light for the ruling of the night and the

the darkness.

3.

better then.

Exercises.

5.

1.

to obey.

face of the firmament

to obey

God' who created

God and

them: Obey

was) good.

(it

ye shall be

will destroys the great seamonsters

every living soul which creepeth (Participle absolute

every bird of wing which shall multiply in the earth.

fern, sing.)
5.

Ye

and
and

shall

be

baptized with water and with the Spirit, which brooded over the face
of the waters

when God created

which was in them.

6.

To obey

the heavens and the earth and all

is

better than to rule.

LESSON EIGHT.

111.
(1)

01

1.1^?

collective

{..mV

For the

*ffio

of

1.

Notes.

it

(to wit) the creeping things.

}..>'.

in apposition with

(2)
(3)

(1)

all

L 2431.

a pronominal sufiix agreeing in gender and number with the

is

112.

suLso and

Gen.

is

^aiaiaJ..-ls.
is

nouns,

at

construction, see 108.

according

1. (4)

and

94. 6. (1).

to its kinds.

the form of the pronominal suffix 3rd sing. masc. with plural
77.


MANUAL. PABT I.

84

(2)

Rebbuy shows

masc. suffix would be

113.

,.aiJ

J is

1)

let

Sfl\.

3)

^^t

is

2)

-iiaifi? is

117.

.gL^

1)

2 is

2)

.o*^

man. The Olaph has the linea occultans and

shows the root,

an a

The

a feminine construct from oicj emphatic

NaT

let

them

sign under

^sJ
is

The

li.

is

^Zolaoj, 75. 8.

rule.

Mehagyono, see

12. 1.

fishes of.

the sign of the masc. plur. constr., 76. 3.

Cf. Jls) 13.

two dots are Rebbuy.

119.

-.A-L^?

which creepeth. Cf.

120.

>c?P

lo-dom, man.

2)

is

its

w^^

44.

^^ 69.

vowel and quiesces,

25. 1. (2).

used in Syriac before the direct object,

123.

-i>"k, his image.

121.

Absolute of noun=>oil^; construct, >q^^ as in the phrase

]0lX which follows

m
122.

is

the pron. suffix Ais" or

^jsi^-fSi

jjs=|^

*ou. is

>c^^

emphatic ).V^^..
"o/"

Aim".

Cf. ovoil^ 66.

h^roy, created he him,

(see 2), he created.

having been heightened to

2)

67 79.

the sign of the 3rd plur. P'al, 45. 2.

Lomadh

1)

19. 1. (1).

class segholate in the sing, masculine,

Olaph throws back

2)

is

in our image.

1)

1)

4.

designates the masc. plur.

118.

2)

Rem.

as in 115. 2.

1)

1)

It

47.

.^iic? our likeness.

116.

3)

class V.^iiJ, 46.

the pron. suffix 1st plural, 36.

is

of the

the inseparable preposition, 34.

( is

1)

is

nosho,

not pronounced.

2)

(See 66).

the preformative of the 1st pers. plur. Imperf,,

{.J)

115.

^ji^iI-m.

singular with the 3rd

us make.

2) This Imperf.

114.

The noun

the plural noun.

This
in the

is

open

Lomadh Olaph

verb, the

syllable, 29. 5. (1).

the pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc. with Lomadh Olaph verbs 61.

MANUAL.PAET I.
123. oia.A^aso and subdue
(1)

the 3rd

is

ji

E.

51.

it.

fern, suffix after

plur. P'al of ^^-aa is ajk>s.^,

throws back the vowel from

124. o^Ji^A- rule ye,

vowel

I have

125. u(ju.
(1)
(2)

s^CCT-.

is

b.

becomes

127.
(1)

The

01.^2

is

class,

i. e.

whose

given.

>-S(ji_

before

and

64. 7.

h,,

h.

for the 3rd fern. sg.

in the absolute state.

u)5 in

"When the

suffixes

becomes o

otiose, 46, 48, 24. 2.

is

theJpreformative for the 1st sing, com.,

126. r-^1

which before

to s, while the ending o

rs

an imperative P^'al of the a

is

not o as in ^.A-iLs.

is

a form of the verb ending in a vowel

2.

The Imv. 2nd

(2)

85

which are,

relative

would take a preposition

beginning of the clause

placed at the

it is

and the preposition follows with the

apj^rcpriate pronominal suffix, 136. 6.

(2)

T^^\ is ji*:xi

128.
(1)

is

quiescent in the* as

10. 1. (1).

\h, is

(3)

The form
ll'-A.?

|u4, is

is

desh-to,

which

^*">

e,

74.

is six.

31.

sibilant, 33. 2,

and com-

20. Bern. 1.

Observations.

Most nouns take the same form before the pronominal

as before the emphatic ending

either

">

one of the few words which have Kushoy after an unvowelled

2.

68.

'^

maktul, the a having been obscured to

used as a helping vowel before a

pare

67.

65, 128.

is ^jj-s/V-t^iYs,

shown by the Eukhokh under the

is

consonant in the same syllable,

(2) " is

subject

the fem. emphat. ending, 76.

(2)

(1)

Here the

Inclinable.

\t:::^zl]i^ food.

Olaph
Kaph,

129.

'.!;

The Imperf.
a,

i,

F^'al

(which becomes

),

e.

g. 01.^^.1^.,

may have
e)

or u,

e.

as the

Vi\

vowel of

^^

its

g. ^^i-aJ, ^..^JiLiJ,

suffixes

.ctJuaJL^,,

2nd radical

,-aU,

''^a^-aJ,

MANUAL.PAST I.

35
69.

The Imperat.

first

form of the P^'al

the same as the

is

first

form

of the Imperf. with the preformative omitted.

70.

When new

elements are added to a word, shifting of vowels

frequently takes place,

e. g.

>a^t hut

aA.aiaa but cia^^as.

jjviial^,,

71. Before the suflFormatives of the Imperfect which constitute a

vowel of the 2nd radical becomes a half-vowel,

syllable the full

72. Before the suflformatives

the 2nd radical

e.

is

and

h.

h,

of the Perfect the

dropped and the half-vowel under the

first

e.

g.

vowel of

becomes

g. h^T\^.

73.

word,
74.

Olaph may quiesce

g.

The

end of a syllabe in the middle of a

Cf. |^M?, r^]=, vs. 26.

Iz^as):^.

g.

at the

ending was

original fem

h.

struct of the noun and in the 3rd fem.

fem. absolute sing, the

Tau

is

3.

(1)

Peculiarities of o

and

(2)

Pe Yudh and Pe

Waw

(3)

Review

9 12,

^^-

retained in the con-

is

sing, of the Perf.,

dropped and a becomes

verbs, 58.

31, 32.

to be dry.

to bear.

Word

Lesson.
<.l^ to sit.

^mall to suck.

bum.

f^hOit

'^j-. to

know.

\i

to

make,

not.

f^l to be heavy.

jis so7i.

^S5u

Ir-^^ child.

to give.

to inherit.

'-V^/-^
I

king.

o, e. g.

Graiumab.

fL* to

but in the

^, 27.

4.

vA")*

which

]^2^l woman.

g^

tmtil.

do.

^^^

MAKCAL PAET L
Exercises.

5.

The

wind.

make man

said: I will

them

likeness and I shall cause

man

the earth be given to

were made.
to us
tree

God
9.

shall

and suckled the son

Thou
is

be his

4.

(to him).

whom

I have done.

Men were

The sun

8.

let the sea

the king

3.

my
Let

not born, they

a son has been given

The woman

6.

to

sat

under the

she had borne and because he howled

and thou

upon the

sit

shalt learn

earth.

and know that

heavier than (heavy from) the earth.

is

and say: Let the earth and the

will sit in the heavens

am

image according

the sun she caused the child to

very good.

be burned,

my

know what

to inherit.

shalt inherit the earth

God

that I

to

dry the earth with His

shall

in

child has been born to us,

and the ruling

when he saw
7.

5.

God

be burnt when

trees will

God

2.

be dried, and

let all the lights of

stars

heaven know

who made them.

LESSON NINE.
1.

Gen.

18.

II.

Notes.

130. n%n\.A.o and tcere finished.

(

The vowel

of the

half-open, 33.

first
1,

(2)

The

(3)

The with the 2nd

131.

is

The

first

syllable

is

Final o does not take the linea occultans,

24.3.

and

>ii;i..A.o

radical shows the verb to be intransitive, 4

(1)

(2)

Tlie

(3)

Being without sufformative,

or Pa' el stem,
of the

masc. sing.,

2nd

1. 1.

(he) finished.

The vowel with the

*

a helping vowel.

17. 4.

last o is otiose.

11. 3,

first

radical shows that this

is

the intensive

41. 2.

radical

is

obscured from
this

",

29. 2.

must be the

1st

form

i. e.

the 3rd

43. 4.

132. \1L,Lm the sixth.

(1) Tliis is

an ordinal number.

Cf. liL*.? 129.

See

S 8. 11.

(2) Ordinal numbeis, like other adjectives, follow their nouns and agree

in gender,

number and

definiteness, 110.

B.

'

MANUAL. PAET I.
133. ^oiOfii:^ his works.

noun

(1)

Rebbuy show

(2)

^OTo^is the 3rd sing. masc. pron. suffix, see 112, '36.

134.

^\<

tlie

da-'^bhndh, which he made.

has Kushoy after the diphthong,

(1)

(2)

The

135.

is

(2) Since

the reflexive from

it

has no sufformative,

masc,

sing,

13G.

that

half-open, 10.

is

H^

has a half-vowel and

1. (2),

17. 4.

^^T /Vj-. and he rested himself.

This

10. 1. (3).

Rukhokh shows

fact that wii has

that the first syllable

(1)

to be plural, 13.

to rest, 41. 4, 59. 3.

must be the

it

first

form,

i. e.

the 3rd

43. 4.

.^.oi^

This

seventh.

the

the ordinal from

is

'^^.siA

seven,

88. II.

137.

kad-d^sheh, sanctified

ov-^i-js

The dot over the

(1)

The form

is

is

it.

Kushoy and shows

that the a

is

doubled.

intensive, the second radical being doubled, 41.

2,

10. 2. (2).
ffT

(2)

is

138.

the pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc.

V^

because and

written defectively,

139.

Zf^o Z

120.

1.

(4)

for this use of the

li" designate the feminine plural emphatic.

(2)

The

first

root

is (.Ik.* to bear,

The

See

generations.

Eebbuy and

(1)

is

and compare the Hebrew.

(1)

141.

Cf. (jilil.^66, cn^ifi^^ 121.

are the only words in which

all

5. 5.

^vv^V ly making.

Infinitive

140.

Vs

is

l^ii^M? a^f^

prefixed, the form of the

noun being V^ueZ. The

74. 3.

of the earth.

inseparable particles retain their helping vowel,

when

the

succeeding consonant has a vowel thrown back from a following

Olaph; so
(2)

When
tives,

wa-dhar-'o, not tv^dhar-o, 34. 3. Bern. 2.

noun

is

in connection with

each of the latter

is

two or more succeeding geni-

preceded by

142. o^LsZl they were created.

?,

97.

A.

Bern. 2.

MANUAL.PABT L
Z|

(1)

is

89

The absence

the sign of a reflexive or passive stem.

vowel

after

a show

or

it

of a

to belong to the simple passive or

Ethp'el, 41. 4.
(2)

Waw

(3)

Yudh shows

designates the 3rd plural, 43.

that the root

is

Lomadh Yudh

(called

Lomadh

Olaph,

see 60).

For the diphthong

(4)

iu, see 8. 1. (3).

143. t-^? t" which

(he)

made. The preposition

the relative clause, 136. 6. Rem.

144. CO 31 (they) had been
Zeai.

is

as denoting existence from the

with

vs. 6

145. ]^J\ had gone

The

(1)

Olai

first

(2)

Yudh

(3)

The form

meant

same verb used

and

looi vs. 7

L^

69. It

is

is

]coi

fem

as an enclitic copula.

cooi vs. 25.

prosthetic, 20.

1.

Bern. 2.

1.

the 3rd masc. sing. P'al, the verb being both

is

caused

(he)

from

to distinguish the verb

quiesces in' according to 25, 3, 58.

The form

(1)

are

out.

is

Yudh and Lomadh

146.

often omitted from

in the 3rd plur. Perfect

The two dots under the word

Compare: jon

is

1.

to

come

Aph'el from

the

first

Pe

Olaph, 58, 60.

doitm.

iJ*J, the

Nun

form of the Aplx'el

being assimilated. Cf.

i.

e.

iun-s]

3rd masc. sing. Perfect,

53. 2.
is

(2)

derived from an original

29. 2.
"

147.

Kushoy

LaX

was

Nun

The root

is

^^^.iiJ

being assimilated and the

see IS.

149.

contracted from

J]

&

L^]

65.

Tau has

after the diphthong, 10. 2. (3).

148. p>i ^Vi mist.

the

is

not,

Icoi

(1)

^ilTa

(2)

l=(ii

74. 2.

1,

>

is

nSw

to

well.

doubled.

The form

is

'\Q4-alo,

Cf. ]i.iikasUc

128 and

(5).

used

to

go up.

the active part. P'al

first

form; see 46.

It is in the ab-

solute state because a predicate, 93. 3. (2) a.

is

enclitic

uupronounced

and hence the

64. 5, 127. 1.

oi

has the linea occultans and

is

Cf. ecai 144, Zooi, locio vs. 19.

MANUAL, -PAHTL

90

Tlie Perf. of jotn after the part, denotes continuous or repeated

(3)

action or state, 127. 3.

150.

|oi?i

the same as that in 149. 2, 3.

(1)

Tlie construction

is

(2)

The

first

Part,

fixed with

The

(3)

(3).

{.iOmA^ teas tvaterivg.

first

the

is

form of the Aph'el, as

is

shown by

i* pre-

41. 3, 50. 2.

form

is j-o-*,.

Cf. ]coi,

|^.

151. ssia). in his nostrils.

(1)
(2)

,= is

the preposition with the vowel of Olaph drawn back.

Olaph quiesces according

to 25. 1. (2).

the ending of the 3rd masc. sing, suffix with plural nouns. 77.

(3)

W.01O IS

(4)

The two

Rebbuy

dots over o are

a consonant; the one over s

,

the one over

5 is

Kushoy denoting

Kushoy

after

the doubling to

compensate for the assimilated Nun, 10, 12.

152. lil

life, lit. lives.

153.

>a.<,.j3

154.

>sjs

from

^Lis

from

{the) front,

put. This

(lie)

is

the

i.

first

e.

from

the east.

E Wau

form of a verb

contracted

>cajs, 59.
2.

75.

Most verbs have

two verbs have o

76. Tlie vowel occurs

77. Ordinal

Observations.

in the first
.

form some intransitive verbs have

;

everywhere in the Pa' el stem after the first radical.

numbers are formed from the

by putting a half-vowel

C"

is

radicals of the cardinals

after the first radical, ^' after the second,

and

after the third, 88.

78.

The inseparable

particles take a helping

vowelled consonant and form with

79. AVhether a form

is

it

vowel before an un-

a half-open syllable.

P^'al or Pa' el

depends often upon the usus

qucndi, e.g. <n.l^.^ maybe either katleh, or katt^leh, i.

e.

lo-

simple or intensive.

The sense and not the writing(which is the same in both)determines the stem.
80.

Xouns may be formed by prefixing

81.

The Imperative has only a 2ud person.

ic

or

to the root,

e.

g.

MANUAL PABT I.
3.

The Perfect

(1)

Quantity of vowels,

(3)

Review,

wAiiA<

"^>^

^"

to

2S.

Lists.

ws? to follow.

forsake.

adcZ

Him He

to counsel.

>itnA. to glorify,

fCkS to

to seize.

thee.

has forsaken you because you forsook him.

killed him.

him and
from

and

us to kill

all his

him because thou

works when

sanctified them.

8.

He had

with the Imper-

(5

He made me

to

didst

6.

completed them and

9.

wonder

1 followed him and seized

command me.

7.

He

God

rested

blessed them

"When the heavens and the ea-th were

a tree did not exist in the earth.

down and

4.

them because they had followed

She conceived me and bare me.

killed

God weighed

2.

He saw that he had not followed

1 counsel thee to seize them

3.

when he commanded

5.

command.

Exercises.

because they have not glorified thee.

(Aphel)

wonder.

,-4l to conceive.

works which he had done and when

fect),

to

to iveigh.

5.

his

WoED

to kill.

*^'

.^Sv

God

'^

A. B.

43, 44.
4.

1.

Grammar.

of the verb with suffixes, 51.

(2)

rM]

91

The Lord caused rain

created,
to

come

the herb of the field sprang up, and a mist was going up to

water

all

which

Adam had

the trees of the field and everj' green herb (greenness of herb)
for food, (which to

LESSON TEN.
1.

155. ^^o|o and he caused

to

go

Adam

Gen. IL 916.

Notes.
out.

(1)

The Olaph designates the Aph'el stem,

(2)

The

first

radical

is

intensive stems, 58.

o.

were).

This becomes

41. 3.

Yudh

The ^ comes from

iy.

in the simple

and

'

MANUAL. PAKT I.

92

The

(3)

tliird radical

was

156.

This

(2)

The Olaph

(3)

The noun

a relative clause,

is

dicate

136.

Being a pre-

of the passive participial form "V^luo.

is

in the absolute state, 93. 3. (2).

it is

This

to see.

is

becoming heightened

V^).^^

158.

verbs, 60.

prosthetic, 20. 1.

is

157. ]^*Libi
''i^^^-aio

Lomadh Olaph

was pleasant.

^~;i-^?|? tvhich

(1)

Olaph but most verbs of this kind

originally

have gone over into regular

the Infin. const. P^'al of

in the

opened

Pe Olaph verbs form

to eat.

}\jt;

J-aL?j.a? oii^L^iias in the

midst of the garden.

For the genitive construction compare j^u^? ot^oj

For

(2)

iOi^ifi

160.

con-

is

Cf. 128.

seq[uently aspirated.

(1)

of

their Infinitives regularly

except that the Olaph quiesces and the following consonant

159.

the

syllable.

and oiLi^^, see 42 and

aiZa-_ajLia-ik to icater

See

97 B.

15.

it.

the pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc.

(1)

Ik is the preposition;

(2)

io is the sign of the Part,

(3)

^3-.

(4)

Yudh

ci

15.

and

Infin. of the Aph'el, 49, 50.

designates the Infin. construct; the absolute would end in

o.*.

Cf. etAj.iJ 85.

belongs to the root, which

161. )m,.?^^

^ may
162.
lated

to wit, the

in such cases

by become.

163. *

4,?

This

park.

be rendered by

The verb

looi becometh.

This

is

looi

(2)

The noun following may be

state, 110,

(1)

(2)

j-i*?

in apposition with

oi

the

followed by

See

ii*

may be

trans-

60. 5.

\^'>) four heads.

The cardinal generally precedes.

On

is

(Olaph), 60.

"fo tvif\ see 123. 2. (7).

the P'al Part.

(1)

164. ,^9

Lomadh Yudh

is

A.

oviiflA*

in either the emphatic or absolute

1.

the

name of

it tvliich is

one.

yal, see 87. 29.

is

a relative phrase limiting the pronominal suffix and not the

noun, see

136. 4.


IdANUALPABT I.
This clause takes the place of the ordinal,

(3)

165.

9,-5

?=that which,

(2)

The phrase

(3)

The

is

Rem.
135. 2.

because of the

instead of

see 52. 3.

?,

the demonstrative pronoun -gjfSliiasc. sing. 35.

from

it

It has the

ooi, 6. 6. (1).

oi^:i^aZ;.

166.

1^ is the sign of the direct object, 123.

(1)

The

(2)

167.

participle governs a noun.

^Z?

where, introduces a relative clause, 104. 4, 136.

16S. oucoijo
the
ally

iv^dha-h^bhoh

shows that the noun

rj

two short vowels,

i.

is
e.

and

the gold of

The Rukkokh under

it.

not a segholate, but one which had origin-

The segholate would be

dahabh, 68.

dah-boh, like auH-^gen-so.

ovsiTij

169. (1)
follows

its

wrfoi

that,

noun when

IS

a demonstrative pronoun limiting land.

attributive

170.

-ii4

171.

for o

and shows that hoy not

Compare Gen.

and number, but not in

j.a-fcJZ the

second, is

is

It agrees with its sub-

definiteness, 93. 3. (2).

an ordinal form for

in vs. 14, the cardinal

III. 12 for ^q.

good, is the predicative adjective.

ject in gender

and below

b.

It

and agrees with it in gender and number.

The point above the He stands

to be read, 6. 6. (2)

9Z.

preceded by

>

is

Above
used in

in vs. 11
its

stead,

B.

110.

(2)

110. B.

surrounding.

a predicative substantive clause,

point over to distinguish

(1)

is

see 104. 2. (2)

Participle has

OCT is

(4)

which

oai It is that,

(1)

(2)

93

172.

>c5l3

173.

CT

the

nn^

man, "^ with the direct object,

123.

shabh-keh, left him.

The Bukkokh under the s shows

is,

therefore, not Pa' el, but F'^'al.

CT

is

174.

that
Cf.

it is

not doubled.

137 and

The form

see, 41. 2.

the pron. suffix. 3rd sing. masc.

ytoin

ttSaJ? that he might

till it.

introduces the clause of purpose, 137. 4.

(1)

(2)

^(jia-

is

51.

D.

the form of the 3rd sing. pron. suffix with the Imperf.,
2.

cX

MANUALPABT L

94

In w^ki^aS (from

(3)

w^aS

Nun

46)

the absence of sufformatives shows

the sign of the 3rd pars.;

is
it

to be masc. sing.

the preformative shows the simple stem, 45. Rem.

The

(4)

Imperfect would also be

1st plur.

we have

preceding, except that

Cf. Lsls] 72,

assimilated.

Lomadh Olaph

Lomadh AVau
83.

meant,

86.

Rem.

5.

Nun

being

53. 2.

Observations.

the inseparable prepositions

r:

and

^ and

before a consonant with a half- vowel.

The vowel under

the

2nd radical

of the F^'al Imperfect is

new

dropped

syllable.

A short vowel may be dropped, volatilized or shifted.

3
A naturally long vowel unchangeable,
is

3.

(1)

37.

the same in every respect as the

before suffixes and before sufformatives forming a

85.

4.

Yudh.

take

?,

is

with

Rem.

verbs are mostly those which were originally

The conjunction Wau,

the relative
84.

or

is

j-^J for j-JJJ the radical

and see

2,

82.

This

it.

the

47.

The context alone

v_J!^sJ.

can determine whether the 1st or 3rd person

175. ^(na-.i^Jo a7id keep

2,

Euphony

7JSf

Grammar.

of vowels, 29.

(2)

The Imperfect &c.

(3)

Review

of the regular verb with suffixes, 5

4.

Word

C. D. E. F.

Lesson.

^^s

^"^

if.

to

'^.JiQ^ to hear.

i-iiii to

^^^Lm.]

**^^^

^^

36 and 4547.

to o\ey.

to bless.

ws to folloto.
>m^f) to sandiff/.

>a^^

till.

serve.

^^ steal.
to deliver ^^'^~

)n'^|\:Ia enemy.

'W,-av i^-f^ /

aiANUAL. PART L

Exercises.

5.

God

1.

will bless

cause

it

to see

and whose

may

it

(masc).

and keep

Thou

6.

2. 1 will

and trees which are pleasant

fruits) are

good

for eating.

Let him bring and leave him

4.

I shall cause

5.

it.

it

and I

said,

in

They

if

he shall not obey me.

him and I

shall bless

will steal

him and

(pi.)

The

Eden

and wilt cause us to see God.

wilt bless us

me and obey me and

wilt hear
.

him

3.

9.

will sanctify him.

will kill

him and

8.

Thou

Let him hear me, God

I will hear thee

10.

Thou

when thou

will deliver

(fem.)

callest.

him

to his

enemies.

LESSON ELEVEN.
1.

176. ov^ t^lo and said

For the form,

to

Gen. IL 1620.

Notes.

For the

him.

tJiou

mayest

eat.

used to intensify the idea of the

(1) '^I.Lo is the absolute Infinitive

verb, 119.
is

Olaph

is

is

ceded by

(1)

in the

{J

The negative

179.

The E,ukkokh under the Kaph shows

that Olaph

y,

sing, like

''s.q_Jo2

except that the

tliou shall

not eat.

of the Imperative

114.

1. (2),

115.

This
is

is

the negative of the preced-

expressed by the Imperfect pre-

3.

^4^iao because that.

'Esoso

(2) This

2nd masc.

quiescent, 55. 2.

17S. '^aijz
ing.

1.

quiescent, 10. 1.

The verb

(2)

indirect object, see 124.

see 34. 2.

177. '^iajZ ^atii

is

is

written defectively, 6. 5.

common way

of introducing the causal adverbial clause,

137. 5. (2).

180. ^a-ajZ? in ivhich thou

eatest.

'

to surround all the

I shall kill you; thou wilt bless him; she will forsake you.

(fem.) wilt kill

1 1

ye will follow him and serve him.

(which their

fruits

till it

land of Cush./
7.

if

(fem.) to bring forth herbs

river shall water

that he

you

95

The preposition with

its

pro-

MANUAL.PAST I.

96

nominal

Rem.

suffix is omitted, as frequently in

136. 6.

1.

181. ZiioZ

IZolso the death shalt thou die.

a segholate noun of the a class; here used instead of the

jZoijo is

(1)

temporal clauses,

Infinitive absolute, 119. 2. Bern. 1.

Za^2

(2)

the 2nd person masc. sing. Imperf. P^'al for Zoa^.Z,

is

wu

going over into o and the helping vowel of the preformative being

The root

volatilized.
1

82. josO? that should be &c.^

i-fcSA-

iik

89.

p m \ .s

NrfOic

B. Rem.

184. fi^ I

The Olaph

(2)

The

and

the preformative for the

]lVf^

cf.

and

'^vr>^

of the prepositions

by the pronominal

suffix,

"2.'^;^

first

signifies

person sing. Imperf.

an Imperf. of the

class,

Hebrew.

in

help.

(1)

The point over the

(2)

The

(3)

The ending

doubled,

compound

make.

ivill

is

under the second radical

46.

185.

is

unique, followed

q-u-.

3. 3.

(1)

1, 2.

This

alone.

with the noun

29. 7. (1), 59. 2.

a substantive subject clause, to which

is

the predicate, 135.

is

|3

183.

and

E Wau,

is

shows that the form

is

intensive Dolath being

41. 2.

i points to a participial

is

often

form of the Pa* el stem,

appended to participles

to

50. 2.

make nomina

agentis, 75. 1.

186.

fixes, 89.

This

him.

like

aiZ-xs]

B. Rem.

is

the form which fJ] takes before suf-

3. 1.

187. ^L.^]o and he brought.

(1)

The

(2)

The Olaph

(3)

For the ending *'

188.

first

ll-i*J?

form

is Izj,

64. 4, a

Pe Olaph and Lomadh Olaph

of ^L^] denotes the Aph'el stem,

verb.

41.3.

see 155.

that he might see.

(1)

The ending

(2)

The

(like

Olaph Imperfects,

in

Hebrew)

is

the

common ending

60. 3.

clause denotes purpose, 137. 4.

Cf. 174.

for

Lomadh


MANUAL. PABT I.
189.

Ij-^o

(1) This
(JLifi,

97

|io ivhat he ivas calling.

is

an indirect question introduced by the interrogative pronoun

132. 6. Rem.

The sentence

is

an object substantive clause,

135. 3. (2).
(2)

On
190.

(1)

IJ.I

see

031

001

162 and
hau

60. 5.

hu, that

is.

with a dot above the

001

with a dot below the

01

hau the demonstrative pronoun,

a\

is

is

the personal pronoun hu, 6.

oat

6. (1),

35, 37.
(2)

The demonstrative

otn

resumes and

stantive clause, beginning with

with
(3)

ooi is

191.

Va

is

Vs,

is

in apposition with the sub-

w^hich precedes

equivalent to a noun absolute, 95.

it.

3,

The

135.

clause

1.

the copula, 101.

This

names.

|auia.A.

is

an irregular plural from pa^. name,

86. 14, 87. 29.

192. wj^s^wA-l y there ivas not foimd.

and

h.

have been transposed,

(1)

w.A<

(2)

It is Ethpe'el as is
after the

L.

By

(a)

by the absence

of a vowel before or

(which hec after transposition takes the place of the

first radical), (b)

(3)

shown

21. 1.

by the non-doubling of the second

radical.

there being but two syllables; the intensive and causative

passive having three.

(4)

According to form,
the 3rd masc. Perf.

this
:

87. Imperfects

may have

The same form

particular case

is

to

is

1st pers. sing. Imperf.

or

a,

Observations.
i,

or

ii,

under the 2nd radical of the Pe'al.

often used in different senses, the sense in a

be determined by the context,

e.

g. -^msLa.)

89. Clauses are substantive, adjective, or adverbial,

90. Notice the difference in

16 18,

the sense requires the latter.

2.

88.

might be the

mood denoted by

.claJ^^J.

135.

the Imperfect in vs.

114.

MANUAL. PART I.

98

Grammar.

3.

(1)

Lomadli Olapli verbs,

(2)

Lomadh Olaph

(3)

Review,

60.

verbs with suffixes,

27.

Word

4.

\\m

61.

Lesson.

ibo

fo see.

be full.

to
V

J4.IS to (lecUne.

^xm

to

snow.

s^f^ to rejoice.

^,

to

pray.

^^k^ to be at rest.

\.fSo\

way.

^foJ to tempt.

>*zj to

purify.

J:^

L.t-fS It displeased.

UAMJ

to

^1

like

(before suffixes Za=)

89.

B.

:,

{.sJ

1).

icill.

soul.

(^

to cast.

|i..A/a_D

]si.

fo ivill, wish.

UoH

]-f.D

to call.

5.

1.

Adam was commanded

rejoiced

when he saw

that

corresponding to him.

tempted

God

God who wished

that

Adam

f7'uth.

joy.

Exercises.

names

to call

God had

Ye

3.

magnify.

to all the beasts.

created the

woman

(for a)

God

to give

you

rest

(V

stem).

4. It

that he

cast us from paradise.

way and

rest in

displeased

hid himself in a tree which was in Paradise, because

may show

6.

Rejoice,

to us his will

my

soul,

evil.

5.

Let

and that he may not

and magnify the Lord God

[because he hath heard thee when thou didst pray

thy

He

have declined from the way and have

he had eaten of the tree of the knowledge of good and of

us pray to

2.

helper

to him.

7.

Purify

decline not from the truth, rejoice and cause thy soul to

God and he

will

fill

thy soul shall Le purified.

thee (with) joy and show thee his truth and

8.

AVhen God

shall see that

it is

not good


MANUAL -PAET I.
that I shall be alone he will

make

for

me

God formed them and brought them

9.

what he was

and he

^ifii1o

He

that

might see

Gen. H. 2125.

Aph'el Perf. 1st form.

cn^t.

Cf.

155,

x-i.e|

187.

194.
(1)

Adam

to

Notes.

1.

^M

a helper corresponding to me.

calling them.

LESSON TWELVE.

193.

99

and he

<fi^?o

slept.

"Wau has a helping vowel and with

forms a half-open syllable,

it

17. 4, 33. 2.
(2)

^?

instead of

195.

^o]o and

196.

(TUi^iik.**

<^5 because

intransitive, 41. 1. (2).

Aph'el

he dosed.

in place of

it.

1st form.

Cf. 193, 155, 187.

many

w^l^L* like

other prepositions

takes the plural construct form before the pron. suffixes, 77. 4.

197. wiijj tvhich he had taken.

(1)

The

(2)

The Perfect

clause is adjective, 136.

198. |2o}]

to

is

used in the sense of our Pluperfect, 112.

(1)

The preposition l^ draws back the vowel the Olaph

(2)

The

(3)

line

1. (3).

a icoman.

with the

Nun

is

linea occultans,

quiescing, 34. 2.

11.

The wordisthe indirect object, the verb governing two objects, 125. 3.
199. oi-.^|o

icay-t^yoh,

and he brought

her.

(1)

oi" is

the pron. suffix 3rd fem. (Cf. ovaU-^ 102), 61.

(2)

-w-)

is

the same form as ^hJ\

remaining before the

volatilized

i.

200. lis] iJoi

e.

aytt

suffix

becomes

the

preceding vowel having been

ay-t^yoh, 7. 3. (2) 6.

this time.

a demonstrative pronoun, 37.

(1)

jJoi is

(2)

The pronoun may precede

201. ,4^^^ My hones.

same

190, the oi'iginal consonantal y,

or follow

The form

its

1.

noun, 102.

1.

of the const, plur. masc.

is

the

as that of the const, plur. masc. with the suffix 1st sing., 77. 1.


MANUAL PART I.

100

202. s^jjas
(1)

An

(2)

The

wy

besr^,

flesh.

appended Yudh designates my,

Yudh

final

Rem.
203.

36.

like this is

pronounced

like

e,

31. 3,

1.

50.

204. >xnnA3
(1)

The Nun

(2)

The

1,

taken,

is

the passive Part. P^'al fem. sing,

76. 2.

(he) shall forsake.

prefixed denotes the 3rd person of the Imperfect.

shows

she)

{loas

j.iiAia3

absolute,

words

in

it is

205. ^7ia.r:U

an Imperfect in u of the simple stem,

46. 3. Note.

la'bhti, his father.

pronominal

(1)

^51 is the

(2)

ar:] is

(3)

The Olaph throws back

the form of

suffix

\.c.]

3rd sing. masc. after a vowel,

before suffixes, 87.

36.

1.

vowel to the Lomadli and quiesces in

its

the Pthoho, 32. 3, 25. 2.

Lomadh

(4)

is

used in Syriac before the direct as well as before the

indirect object, 123. 2.

(3).

206. wsaJo and he shall cleave.

This

(1)

the 3rd. pers. sing. masc. Imperf. igfm waaJ, the

is

having been assimilated.

It is to

Nun

be pronounced nehkaph, from

venkaph, 18, 53.

Notice that there

(2)

207. .cov-VZ
52.

On

the

is

no "VVaw conversive

two of them, ^'iz

208. fSHS

f.*t

one

(1)

For the order

The predicate noun

see, 99. 1.

Rem.

1.

adjective or participle

absolute state, 93. 4.

_.k*S.]-j.'.k

^iZ

5.

flesh.

(2)

209.

the construct of the Dual

is

the Dual in Syriac, see 76.

in Syriac.

is

commonly put

in the

(2).

naked.

(1)

The

(2)

Notice the coincidence of the diacritical point of the r with one

is

the sign of the masc. plur. absolute, 76. 3, 93. X-

point of Rebbuy,

210.

-Zovs

(2).

13. 2.

bohtiT), ashamed.

(1) This is the Act. part, of the simple

stem in the abs. plur., 50.

1,

76. 3.

MANUAL.-PART I.
2)

The singular

101

Zsus, but the short vowel

is

hardened when an

affix is

appended.

See

e is lost

and the Tau

30. 1,

and compare

31. 3. Bern. 1.

Observations.

2.

91. There

is

no

may be

92. Syllables
93.

Aw

94.

A Dual

Waw

conversive or consecutive in Syriac.

open, closed, or half-open, 17.

does not contract into o in Syriac.

occurs in a few instances.

may be dropped

95. Changeable vowels

96.

The predicate

and number, but not

97.
in

The

in inflection, 7. 3.

adjective agrees with

in state,

e.

g. ).rljaJ,

rules for the assimilation of

Nun

its
.

c.

g.

antecedent in gender

-'^^
i'^

are the same in Syriac as

Hebrew.
98.

Lomadh may be

used in Syriac before the direct as well as

before the indirect object.

99. Attributives usually follow the nouns,

but occasionally they

precede.

100. Attributives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and state.
101. In stative verbs, the vowel in usually
102.

Some

3.

(1)

e.

prepositions take the plural form before suffixes.

Pe Olaph Verbs,

Grajimar.

55.

(2) Peculiarities of Gutturals, 26.

(3)

Eeview, 24, 25, 78, 77.

4.

to seize.

V.

Word

Lesson.
<^bJ\

to bring.

^ll^ to go out.

usX

to learn.

]Z] to come.

\.s]

to

f.^]

to close.

mourn.

UL.

to teach.

MANUALPART L

102
j.a)

to bind.

9aC^ to remember.

\^

upon, for (before suffixes

>,. before

See

cii^i*.

77. 4.).

suffixes).

Exercises.

5,

Adam

1.

slept because a sleep

was taken and the

his ribs

flesh

which had been taken from

God brought

Adam.

to

be called

shall

2.

woman and

the two of us be one flesh.

(Plural form before

had been

was closed

upon him and one

cast

Go

3.

ye out and say to the

I will teach her to go out and to

member God and he

6.

They

shall

9. I shall

come

remembered thy

be blessed who mourn.

shall learn all that

learn.

has

of

rib

Adam was formed into a woman whom

And when Adam saw her he said: this
because that she is flesh of my flesh shall

I will bind her and teach her not to mourn for her.

me and

and the

in place of it;

thou wilt teach

7.

me

flesh

because I

teach and ye shall learn

all

woman

5.

Re-

and thy mother.

was

am

that

that

Bring her to

in before thee.

father

His

4.

eaten.

8.

not ashamed to

is

written in this

good book.

LESSON THIRTEEN.
1.

211.

and hence the

The

(2)

212.
(1)

participle
,_i

oi

is

a participial adjective predicate, 127. 10,

has the linea occultans, 11.

the simple passive in the absolute singular, 50.

Men

1.

from.

The point beneath shows

mon,

(2)

NOIES.

]oOT '^cl^^ icas cunning.

|ooi is enclitic after

(1)

Gen. IH. 15.

that it

is

to be read

men not man

or

6. 6. (1).

after the adjective denotes the comparative,

tM.

1.

213. cTL^ every.

(1)

The point above shows

the masculine

oi*.

that the suffix

See 102 and

is

the feminine

6. 6. (2) h.

oi

and not

MANUAL -PART I.
For the

(2)

214.

construction, see 108.

r^?

which

(2)

The Perfect here denotes our

215. lavX
216.

common ending

^1

t--r*' f'harrtr is of the

is

the

217. i^[
112.

Pluperfect, 112.

36.

1. (3).

^li-i-*. trull/,

(1)

hath

A.

3.

72. 2. (4).

The Perfect

said.

(lie)

for adverbs, 89.

formative kattil,

is

the Present Perfect,

1. (2).

^z\Z

218.

that ye shall not eat.

IJ?

introduces the objective substantive sentence, which

quotation,

135.

114.

220.

221.

may be

either "ye shall not" or "eat not".

The

the serpent.

to

indirect object

introduced by

is

124.

^?

135. 3.

here a

1.

219. |.-alk^

Lomadh,

is

3. (3).

y with the Imperfect

4.

in apposition with Uj.^, 94. 1

is

(2)

(1)

Rem.

97. B.

introduces the relative or adjective clause which limits jZo-.-..,

(2)

1. (4),

had made.

(he)

(1

(1)

jq3

from.

introduces the

quotation

like

Latin,

ut in

(4).

|.iii-?ps,>

tohich are in the Paradise.

introduces the relative or adjective clause,

136 and

is

the

subject of the nominal sentence, 130.

(2)

The copula

222.
223.

'\cLs].:i

mood, see
224.

is

supplied and "in the Paradise"

all

^o(n.I:;^s

of them,

we may

114.

^Zii^Z

eat.

is

is

the predicate,

a clause in apposition with -V^s,

For the use

30.

94. 1.

of the Imperfect as our Potential

2.
)J>

lest

ye

die.

Tliis is

an adverbial clause of

result,

137. 4.

225.

JielD

is

an

Inf.

Absolute from iu^

to die.

It is here

adverbially to strengthen the cognate verb following, 119.

used

1. (1) a.

Compare the Hebrew.

226.

V^UsD because

reason, 137. 5.

(2).

that,

introduces an adverbial clause of cause or

MANUAL- PART I.

04

227.

2nd

The

(2)

hiows

the Perfect used as a Present like the Greek

is

Perfect, 112. 2. (1).

228.
(1)

(he)

''b,^

|V"i

^^a-fc? that in the day that.

introduces an objective substantive clause, 135. 3.

^ introduces an adverbial clause of time,

whole clause

is

The

137. 2.

equivalent to "when" and introduces the protasis,

138. 3.(3).

229. ^^tSi]? in which

[ye] shall he eating of.

The Participle here denotes a

(1)

is

made

The

(2)

230.

future

is

by

Reflexive, 41. 4

The

Participle

is

Kushoy over

.an

*1

The noun

S your eyes.

Since the participle has no dual,

232. .oLo(ji ye shall

the

2nd

This

be.

is

it is

is

not yet

is

shows the

Z shows

the In-

plur., 76. 4.

in the future tense since it introduces

which depends on a protasis which

23

the second

shows the fem.

1. (4).

shall be opened.

prefixed, 50. 2; the first

ir

the

tensive, 41. 4; the

(2)

in which", 116. 1. (2).

a relative adjective agreeing with j-^o-., 104.

mSCs^Ls mith-pat-fhoii,

Participle formed

(1)

The time

state or continuous action.

by the clause "in the day

an apodosis,

fulfilled.

in the dual construct,

put in the plural,

76.5.

(2).

99. 2.

the Act. P^'al Part, plural and

which have coalesced.

pers. plur. personal pronoun,

See

35. 2. Note.

233. wlL|_ knoioers

The

of.

form but only

iooi

of time

when

it

unpronounced securing the linea occultans,

The predicate

is

is

which has no absolute

determined.

not involved in the

Observations.

follows the predicate

precedes or the sentence

104.

is

in the connection, 116.

2.

103.

Part. Act. P^'al in the construct plural

The order

before an object, 118. 2.

verbal the

He

is

is enclitic

vs. 1

and the

He

is

but when the subject

pronounced, see Gen. 1.2.

in the absolute state, unless

state or unless it is

meant

it

be a noun

to be specially

MANUAL.- PART I.
104

compared,

e.

^,

usually expressed by putting the adjective

>cu.p^

g.

]Lz.lt

the noun to be

is

is

made

preceded

is

Vs.

g. jZa-i-..

e.

the adjective, and

is

The idea with which the comparison

compared.

by

is

agreement as to gender and number with the noun to be

in

first,

The comparative

a.

^q-

105. Observe that a point above denotes a or o as distinguished

from

e, e.

106.

pronoun

^=i7ien, but

g.

may be

(like

^t

^=ma7i

or mon, otl^=AitWo/i, ai^s^kuUeh.

either a demonstrative

pronoun

like nt, or a relative

or n; used relatively) or a conjunction.

107. Observe that there are in this lesson three ways of expressing
the genitive relation.
(3> iji-?i.3?

108.

oill^^s

(1)

The form V^uo

Icsi vs. 1,

(2)

second j.L| in

}-^,9 ]Za^,^ vs.

1.

(2)

]'^<"

^b"|^ vs. 2.

vs. 3.

in this lesson denotes, (1) a simple past,

a pluperfect,
vs. 1, (4)

g^

vs. 1, (3) a

present perfect,

a present (Greek 2nd perfect)

^^

e.

e.

g.

g.

the

vs. 5.

109. "We have in this lesson specimens of the three kinds of de-

pendent sentences,
with
e.

i3?

g. in

vs. 1, ^i*? vs. 2, the first

'^^^sj^-?

0.

e.

g. in

}3?

the object clauses beginning

vs. 3, jlcilr:? vs. 5, (2) adjective

the relative clauses beginning with

'^'^^

^cZaicZ P?
1 1

(1) substantive

3>

<,

is

N' l?vs.

and

vs. 3,

There

'

,^?

in the causal clause

VjOiO

and that of the Imperative

Shalt not hiir or

''kill

not'\

111. All the modes

vs. 2,

we have ^o^^^U
^o^a^z
lest ye

1 1 2.

J]

*(]

is

may be
J]

both

o-j

and

ye shall not

die, vs. 3.

Words denoting members

taking

its

In

place.

vs. 5.

all

i.

i^yj,

e.\ c4u:i P

ye

eat, vs. 1, '\c.sjj

shall

of the

is

''thou

xb and bx.

expressed by the Imperfect.

not die

In this

we may

eat,

vs. 4.

body which occur

and a few other words have a separate form

solute state.

the clause of result

no way in Syriac to distinguish between the negative

of the Imperfect

lesson

vs. 1, \jijy^c'9 vs. 2,

5, (3) adverbial, e.g. in

in pairs

for the dual in the ab-

other cases the dual has disappeared, the plural

MANUAL.-PART I.

106

3.

(1)

E Wau

verbs, 59.

(2) Peculiarities of

(3)

Review,

Wau,

27.

27, 29, 58, 60.

4.

Grammar.


MANUAL PART I.

LESSON FOUKTEEN.

[icas] good.
r*^-*"? that

234.
?

(2)

Gen. KI. 614.

Notes.

1.

(1)

107

introduces the object clause, 135. 3.

^^"^^ is

the predicate, placed regularly and in the absolute state,

99. 2.

The

(3)

235.

clause is nominal, 130. 1.

The

(1)

reg-gHhau.

o<Ji]w^?

ooi

and hence

is enclitic,

its oi

is

silent

with the preceding original a into au or aw,

The noun has no absolute

(2)

find

it

"'-^^

236.

But

here.

state.

(2)

i'^^^

coalesces

had we would expect

it

to

or for seeing.

to see

0,

the unvowelled consonant, 34.

3.

59. 1, 29. 5. (3).

ivere opened.

237. [^]j2^Z|

The
It

its

101, 23. 4.

comes from mehwar from mahwar; wa going over regularly

into

(1)

and

see also, 93. 2. (1).

The preposition takes a before

(1)

If

final

is

Yudh

is

found in some manuscripts and omitted in others.

the sign of the fem. plural, 43. 5.

(2)

The

(2)

The Kushoy over

Reflexive

is

used here as a Passive,

the

denotes doubling and hence the intensive

L.

stem, 41. 2 and 10. 2.

238. They

made

for

41. 4.

(2).

themselves garments.

For the construction

of a verb with a direct and an indirect object, see 125. 3. (2).

239. >^oi.^ [as he was] loalking.

(1)

The form

(2)

The construction corresponds

is

the intensive participle abs. sing., 50. 2.

to

the

Hal

in Arabic,

e.

g. the

accusative of condition, 137. 7.

240.

U>cQ-.>

01

J'^N

lit.

at the turnings of that which is day, 97.

241. [a]*-*-^zl they hid themselves.

(1)

Some manuscripts omit

o.

B.

MAMJAL.-PART I.

108

The masculine gender

(2)

The Reflexive

(3)

242. lZ\^ for

243. oAiD who

Rem.

39.

sense

hezt/eth

is

and the other feminine,

brought out clearly in

from

Olaph verb, ^a^

has two

Rem.

2.

this form.

is

a contraction of

man and

hu,

The verb

the Pa*el Perfect of the

is

Lomadh

with the pronominal suffix of the 2nd masc. sing., 61.

245. <^Z|-aa5 which I commanded

must be taken along with

it

4.

244. y^Q^ haiv-w^ydkh.

(1)

when

121. 6.

hdz{d)yith, 29. 4. (4), 60. 1.

The form

he.

{is]

preferred in the verb,

is

subjects one masculine

thee.

and translated "from which",

eiXia

Rem.

104. 2.

introduces a relative clause limiting l''^-], 136.

(2)

(3)

Pakkedhtokh

2nd masc.
246. \J.bS\

the intensive Perf. 1st. sing, with the pron.

is

the

suff.

51.3.

sing.

woman

is

resumed by

^oi.

It stands in the nominative

absolute, 95. 3.

247. alic what

39.

Rem.

[is] he.

limited by the relative

siJl

-ll^)

249.
(1)

2nd fem.

The

line

'tl is

(f.)

hast done.

Mehagyono,

The Olaph denotes the

101.

The ending ^Z

is

derived

12. 1.

the pron. suffix of the 1st sing. 36. 1.

causative stem, 42. 3.

The Yudh shows that the verb

250. ^JLti^ cursed

fi

contracted from mono and Aw,

'i-e-yftw.

under

(2)

(4)

is

here used as copula, the demonstrative

sing. pers. pron., 35. 1, 43.

(3)

is

is

making the predicate,

248. ^Zf^") tvhich thou

from

The form

The hu

4, 23. 4.

is

Waw

verb, awt going over into

251.

>^L

thy

lives,

is

Lomadh Olaph (Yudh) verb,

60.

the pass. part, of the simple stem from the

36.

2.

?,

59. 3.

1.

Observations.

113. Nominal clauses are those which have a noun for predicate,
e. g.

the clauses beginning with

,'^a.?

vs.

6; ,^*i\^-^? vs. 7; ]^s)

MANUAL. PART I.
and

VS. 9; <-!^i^? VS. 10,

109

11; oOi* vs. 13; w^l*^ vs. 14.

vs.

Verbal

sentences are those whose predicate and copula are a verbal form,

the sentences beginning with Z\*to vs. 6,

As

114.

in

copula, vss. 6,

Hebrew, the personal pronoun

1 1

and

denoted by the forms of the

116.

The

a noun and governs like a verb,

See

For the former compare a*AJZ|

dition

is

The

participle

nominal

e.

noun

vs. 12.

to denote the Reflexive

placed

suffix

governed like
\

..v/^V

fo^

first as

is

and Passives.

the latter ^LsZ| vs.

like the

7.

Arabic accusative of con-

indefinite but agrees with its antecedent in

is

it is

e.

i.

g. "Vs^lalik for eating^

vs. 8, for

when used

119. "When the relative

lative

to emphasize the persons

120.

117. The same forms are used

118.

frequently used as a

is

compare ^m,

vei-b,

Infinitive is really a verbal

looking at, vs. 6.

g,

3.

The personal pronouns may be used

115.

e.

A-^iiaJ vs. 7 etc.

to be governed

number and gender.

by a preposition the

re-

usual and the preposition follows with a pro-

agreeing in gender and number and person with the

antecedent of the relative.

120.

Nouns are frequently placed

in an

abnormal position at the

beginning of a sentence, their place in the sentence being assumed by

a pronoun,
121.
context.

e.

The

g. \Zh^\ vs. 12.

relative time of the participles is to

Compare '^oU^

vs. 8

3.

(1)

Guttural verbs, 52.

(2)

Pe Nun

verbs, 53.

(3)

Review

18, 26, 51.

4.

hfjkt

to

'^h\ to

with

-^

be gathered from the

vs. 14.

Gbammab.

"Word

Lists.

surround.

^ilu to want.

sow.

au^

to shine.

MANUAL. PART I.

1 10

iai2 to be light.

praise.

to

jaa.J to slay.

to he able.

to break.

fOZ

ai^Z

admire.

to

to keep.

i-^JJ

the

Where

3.

the

saw that the trae was good

man saw

uaaJ

to

VaJ

to fall.

^aJ

to scatter.

jicj

mother.

to look at.

thou

(art)

the desire of

(f.),

woman gave some

(^Ja:)

my

eyes?

it)

was pleasant

for

garden.

him an apron.

Adam,

7.

6.

At

My

was taken (which

this.

9.

my

(,~^) the dust.

in the

And

I saw

God

wife are naked.

8.

the Tanninin.

11

my

LESSON FIFTEEN.
1.

This

is

{the)

in

my image

Adam,

and according to

Behold from the serpent hast thou

(Pa

el),

it

(m.),

go out

(f.),

will shine, I shall

mother with me.

Gen.

III.

1524.

Notes.

enmity.

an abstract noun in

jLo,

75. 4, derived from the

word V' el(l%holho, enemy, compound

96. 1. a.

and

in the

10. I admire him because he was able to slay

I cannot take

252. |^rin^|\sa

Adam

5.

figtree

I said to the Lord: AVho told

will fall, he caused to break, praise ye

not want, sow ye

it

midst of a figtree which was in the

Surrounding, he shall take, keep thou

(m.).

of

them and they

the turnings of the day I heard a voice saying,

whex'e art thou?

thee that I and

(1)

it

mother heard the Lord walking

likeness walking in the garden.

heard

mother of

The husband

to the eyes of both of

and praised God, who had made them

garden and she hid herself

it

4.

and knew that he was naked and he sewed the leaves of a

made

my

2. Tlie

of the fruit to his father and to his mother

and they saw (masc.) that the tree from which

ate

out.

that the fruits of all the trees (were) good for eating.

was taken from

ate

go

Exercises.

6.

Adam

1.

to take.

>-ifflJ

of "^i^s lord

compound

and ViiS?

fly,

MANUAL. -PART I.
(2)

JH

Most nouns with this ending are found only in the emphatic state, and

when the idea is indefinite,

are consequently often used

253.

will

iOAjs)

( 1 )

The Olaph

(2)

The

(3)

This

-.^

is

the sign of the

first

comes from

yi, 59.

the only 'E

Yudh

E Waw
254.

is

2, 29. 4.

verb which

from nedh-wush,

^'^^

pers. sing, of the Imperfect,

Rem.

Rem.

verbs, 59. 6.

v.Aro,.j

255. ..^n

difi'ers

45.5.

(4).

any respect from

in

2.

becoming

ivu

u, 29. 7. (1), 59. 2.

tem-heoo.

(1)

Notice the peculiar diphthong, pronounced like

(2)

^no

after the

vowel

e,

(3)

The

Yudh

belongs to the root of the verb; the

by

93, 2. (1).

I put.

et/

in they followed

00 as in hoohy, 8. 1. (1).
is

the pron.

first

3rd. masc. sing.

sufF.

This

is

the regular form

61.

36,

Taw

is

the

preformative for the 2nd pers. Imperf., 45.

256.

nr'-n

>

an

is

the idea of the verb,

Inf. abs. of the

Aph'el stem,

49. 2. It strengthens

119.

257. ^,.lk]Z shalt thou hear.

( 1

The

(2)

The

at the

end

is

the suflformative of the 2nd

fern. sing,

of the

Imperf., 45.

root

^^5

is

the

Yudh

beeing changed to Olaph after the

preformatives of the Imperf. P^'al,

(3)

The

text has

by mistake

258. )ijLs sons,

is

e for I

an irregular plural from

259. _.*asZZ shalt thou turn

2nd fem.
260.

sing.

w4uii.jLAj

This

thyself.

neshtallat.

son, 86. 16, 87. 10.

is

the Ethp^'el Imperf.

Note the transposition of the

Vi> introduces the causal adverbial clause, which

262. V.^-^
of

is

J-Jw.*^,

nominal

clause

of

is

nere

137. 5.

in the fem. abs. sing, of the pass, participle.

the

130. 1, 99, 2.

Z when

1.

the protasis; the apodosis beginning with

predicate

j^jo

60 from pLs.

before a sibilant, 21.

261.

58. 2.

under the preformative.

which ^j

is

the

It is the

subject,

M A^rUAL.-P ART

112

ouiXsU

263.
(1)

The form

tJl0^i

changed

is

31.

After a vowel, the 3rd

(3)

The union vowel

marked with a

(2)

The vowel

The

it

as in
oiJJsc?

266.

"Wau of Pe

like forms is

See

sing. masc. or fem.

Hebrew,

comes

Wau

Yudh

51.

D.

2.

remains in the Aph'el,

verbs

as in the P^'al, 58.

nor contracting

58. 3.
it i.

e.

When

from which.

the preposition

stands at the head of the sentence and the

after in

the sentence followed by a pronominal

Rem.

<.!n

hi,

she is

voM?

This

is

ject

and

>.*M

which

put here for emphasis,

hi is to

be read and not hoy,

number,

^*M the predicate, the

A Yudh

i-.]

is

There being no pron.

verbs, the independent personal

Olaph

6. 6. (2) h.

which

is

the sub-

1 36. 1.(1).

its

antecedent in gender and

is

inserted before the plural

99. 2.

269. ^aJ| them.

01

The point under

copula being unexpressed,

ending in a number of feminine nouns,

270.

101.

really a complete relative sentence, of

an adjective and agrees with

IS

[is] livitig.

268. l^iJ-iZas, sing. p^Zos.

(1)

6. 6. (2).

and

bring out.

which from

shows that

267.

(2)

often

agreeing in gender and number with the antecedent of the relative,

104. 2.

(1)

36 and

is

with the preformative denotes the Causative stem,

original

preposition

01

it,

simply, which

of the Imperf. 3rd sing. masc.

governs a relative, the

the

is oi

5.

into

suffix

pron. suffix

fern.

diacritical point over

not passing over into

265.

1. (3),

the sign of the fem. 3rd sing., prefixed in the Imperfect, 45. 2.

is

42.
(3)

''^oijz; with suf-

a half-vowel, 7.

(volatilized) to

* before the pron. 3rd

264. ]LoZ shall

(1)

is

1.

(2)

regularly

it.

when without the suffix

of the verb

fixes the o
7. 3. (1),

shalt eat [of]

1,

his havd.

prosthetic, 10.

pronoun

86. 13.
suffix for the
is

3rd plural with

used instead,

36. 2.


MANUAL. PARTI.
(2)

Hebho?o

(3)

For the
271.

tl3

a helping vowel, 20, R,m. 2, 33.

is

1.

irregularities of fl, see S7. 2.

nessahh

wiiiaJ

for

Nun

the

nensabh,

being

assimilated,

18. 1, 53. 2.

272.

he shall

\.M,l

Tliis is the

live.

Imperfect P^'al from ]Lm.

See

64. 6.

273.

tvapp^keh.

oi.a.s|o

the pron. suffix 3rd masc. sing., 36, 51.

is

(1)

<n

(2)

The "Wau being unvowelled has drawn back

the latter quiesciug, 34. 2, 25.

(3)

The

form of was] was

full

been assimilated, the

preposition,

21 o.

is

Rem.

turning

with

its

in the fem. abs.

antecedent, 09. 2.

the

v.s

shows that

this

is

the Ethpe'el,

1.
2.

122.

itself.

an adjective clause, the predicate being

44, Rem.

ally

53. 2.

1.

The Eukhokh under

(2)

suffix,

a construct plur. before a clause beginning with a

96. 4.

sing, agreeing

Olaph

The Nun has

the usual Aph'el.

has become a half vowel before the

|.isaii.ijo? tvhich tons

This

(1)

is

JL43y.i>o

the vowel of the

1. (2).

has been thrown back to the "Wau,

the

274.

^ajf

A.

The composition

of

Observations.

two nouns

to express one idea is occasion-

found in Syriac.

123. Tlie differ entiations for gender,

are denoted

number and person

in the verb

by pre- and sufFormatives.

124. Notice the importance of learning the contractions of TV"aw

and Yudh with the vowels,

125. There

somewhat
126.

is

e. i/.

in

>~^w and
|

^.a-o^J.

a diphthong eu found in Syriac which

is

pronounced

like Italian eu in eufi nia.

The Infinitive

verb which

it

is

used absolutely to intensify the idea of a cognate

precedes.

127. Instead of an adjective agreeing in definiteness with

cedent,

we

frequently find a relative clause,

e.

g. w^l?.

its

ante-

MANUAL. PART I.

14

128. There are a great

many

3.

(1)

'E Olaph verbs and

(2)

Eeview

irregular plurals in Syriac which

Compare

must be learned one by one.

}-.la, ii^^il-Zas,

86, 87.

Grammar Lesson.

Lomadh Olaph

Guttural verbs, 56, 57.

55, 52, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33.

4.

Word

List.

5;

MANUAL.-PART L

LESSON SIXTEEN.

Nun

276. The point under the

the

and under the Lomadh

in 2wl.^r:

shows that these are the 3rd

in Zjic)

Koph

the point above the

Gen. IV. 113.

Notes.

1.

Zfb^ and

11

in

sing.

fern.

in >,a1j denotes the first pei'X)n singular,

6. 6. (3).

277. pl:!]^,

58. 2.

278. ^91 Out}] his brother.

A
(1) The Lomadh is the sign of the direct object, 123.
\lt\

(2)

and

brother,

father insert o

]jz}

before suffixes except the 1st

sing., 87. 1.

279. \^i The point over the

E shows that this is a participle;

under would denote a Perfect (Comp.

construction Avith or governing,

The

dots over

280. jiuo

}.ii

282.

284. -v^aZ^, 52.

it is

3,

43.

.1

e/"

287. J^iZ

(1)

The Rebbuy

fern. sing.

45. B. 2, 52.

13

is

put with

this

43. B. 5.
3.

introduces the conditional protasis, 138.

of the one short vowel class of nouns, 67.

is

of the a a class;

288. ]?ii

5,

]Z], 64. 4.

(2).

A.

not a 3rd

285. jl*.!, 41. 3, 42.

286.

90.

Aph'el Perf. 1st form from

^^[, 21. 1, 22. 4.

^Uzi, 56. 2, 25. 1.

form to show that

some.

281. -L.f he brought.

283.

in the accusative, 118. 2, 123.

|.li

denote the collective, see

,_ic after

a point

It is either in

vs. 10).

^.^c]

i class,

]ffL^M is

69.

us go.

let

Remember

"^i-.V

of the a

that the preformative

Nun

denotes the 1st pers. plur.

as well as the 3rd person, 45. 10.

(2)

The Imperfect

is

used for the 1st person of the Imperative,

289. fS when introduces an adverbial clause of time, 137.

sentence

is

nominal, 130.

290. -A^h of

my

brother.

1.

14. 1.

2.

The

MAKUAL.-PART I.

1 1

"When a noun

(1)

in the genitive is sejoarated

it

number with the governed noun and the

97. B.

Rem.

The vowel

(2)

291.

\La the voice

Tettel

^ovl,

The

(2)

is

heightened from",

is

preceded by

>,

it

See 277 above.

7. 2. (4).

of the blood of him who

is thy brother,

68.

5,

97. A. B.

should give=to give.

third fem, from

which

tiettel

is

the singular Imperf. of

64. 7.

clause

an adverbial clause of

is

expressed by the Infin., 120.

293.

genitive

2.

is

"

292. %,ZZ9 that

(1)

from the noun on which

depends, the latter takes a pron. suffix agreeing in gender and

''s>|]

zo-ya

(1)

The a

(2)

The Olaph

which

is

often

and see 276 above.

1. (3)

a fugitive.

instead of e

is

because of the guttural,

inserted in the

is

result, 137. 4

1. (1).

form of the Participle of 'EWaw

first

Yudh,

verbs, taking the place of the

26.

Compare the Qenisa

59. 4.

in Arabic.

This Olaph

(3)

294
i.

e.

(1)

my

pronounced

is

\^h

lit.

great

sin is too great to

is

Yudh,

like

my folly

2. (1).

from that which can be remitted

be remitted.

The comparative degree

is

generally expressed

adjective first in agreement with the

by placing the idea with which

preposition
(2)

w<Ji

is

_iio,

is

it

noun

by putting the

to be

compared and

compared

to be

after the

100.

here used as a copula, 101.

It is to

be noted that the

copula also agrees with the subject of the nominal sentence.

(3)

^Zol^kAis

the
(4)

my

ilth is

^f%'^4%fl\?

folly or sin.

The

.*.

is

the 1st pers. pron. suffix, 36;

the abstract fem. ending, 75. 4.

lit.

that which is to remit.

which, 104. 2.

(I).

The

Infin.

has the sense of "may" or "can",

The

is

preceded by

120.

often used for that

Lomadh sometimes

1. (5).

MANUAL.PAKT L

2.

129.

The

117

Observations.

distinction of forms as well as vowels

130. Every point and sign denotes something.

far

by means of

dia-

be noted.

critical points is to

The

student

is

now

enough advanced not to proceed without knowing every verse

thoroughly.
131.

When

a noun or verb

is

irregular,

forms already learned, look in 62

not according to the

e.

i.

64, 86, 87.

132. Idioms should be carefully observed and

to

memory,

e.

i^^

g.

iio,

vs. 3,

^V|^^V

if

possible committed

vs. 2.

2^aiffo|,

remember the euphonic changes such

133. Try to

as permutation

and transposition and assimilation.

134. Classify,

if

possible, every

noun accoramg

to its original form.

It gives accuracy, especially in reading unpointed texts.

135. Memorize all particles.

3.

It saves time to

do

so.

Grammar Lesson.

(1) 'E'l: verbs, 54.

(2)

Read over

(3)

Review,

the declension of nouns, 78

85.

76, 77.
4.

^^

to live.
to suffer.
*^^>^ to

go

in.

Word

L4

Lesson.

wSjoJZf

to

he magnified.

^f> before.
?

iC|-o before that.

V

w9

to covet.

fi

to reject.

v-as to bend.

J.(ji>

JA

^9

to tremble.

^~\'~\m

to cherish.

JSaa!:^!!.

<miSi

youth.

old.

*ja4 good.

gold.

judgment.

.V.

to

i-i4| to

divulge.

to be
to

overshadow,

humble,
sound.

MANUAL.-PAET I.

118
Mt^A- ^lo suddenly.

jlo to he hitter,

^a3o? persecution,

IV.

to he

made

bitter.

(Lo voice.

"' '^^ Messiah.

Exercises.

5.

I suffered persecution because I had divulged the judgment of God.

2.

Go

in

coveted.
4.

and
3.

They

(fern.)

trembled and bent their faces to the earth.

The good youth cherished

old mother.

him.

5.

his old father (his father the old)

Let God be magnified and

Embittered

6.

whose gold (which her gold) you have

live in the land

(shall be) his spirit

let

me humble

when the

and

his

myself before

voice of

sound the judgment because he has rejected the Spirit of

God

shall

God which

brooded over the face of the waters when God had created the heavens

and the earth and overshadowed the mother of the son of God, before
that she conceived and brought forth the Messiah.

bear Abel the brother of Cain

and

after

7.

Eve added

some days Cain who

the soil (was working in the earth) brought as a gift to the

of the fruits of his soil

to

tilled

Lord some

and the Lord looked not with favor on

his gift,

because he had not done well.

LESSON SEVENTEEN.
1.

"295. ^Jy.As)

Notes.

appekton, 51. B. 3.

the 2nd pers. masc. sing, with suffixes

296.

yftJaCf^.

Some

Gen. IV. 1428.

Notice that the union vowel of

is o.

prepositions take the plural form before suffixes,

77.4.
297.

|ooi|

293.

299.

^aii.

has the point above to denote the

^ Va

300. t^aA.c

first

person, 6. 6.

every one who, 107. 7.

The second vowel

,..i*

301. ,-^lil two.

one for seven

i.

e.

is

added, 33. 3.

seven fold.

(3).

M A NUAL. P ART I.
The numbers one and two agree with

(1)

For the

(2)

302.

jj9

their

position and date, se^ 110.

nouns in gender.

1.

The preposition Lomadh sometimes denotes the

^jiiQiiiu.

genitive, 98. 1.

303.

tvho

!-.]?

which are used

hold.

This

one of the few passive participles

is

an active sense,

in

117. 4.

304. ^01 takes up and makes emphatic the

j3.

which precedes,

95. 3, 101.

305. oiLi. his

Heth,

23.

306. ^<i.SViA

_-Zo,

is

sister.

An

Olaph has been rejected from before the

1. (1).

is

the 2nd

same

in the

fern. plur.

of the Imperative in a, 48. 2.

place, 59. 2.

307. J.J^1 another.

The Olaph

(1)

occult, 19. 1. (1)

is

number and

denoted by the linea

state, 93. 3, 99. 1.

308. ^'f^ began he

{or they).

(1)

The dot above the Shin shows

(2)

Either the subject

that the verb

is Seth, or the verb

2,

Pay

is

nouns and agree with them in gender,

(2) Attributives follow their

136.

and hence

11.

occultans,

is

is

Pa'

el, 6. 6.

impersonal, 122.

Observations.

attention to the union vowels of the diflferent forms of

the verb before the various suffixes.

137.

Some

prepositions take the plural, some the singular, form

before suffixes,

e.

g. ''O*

and

>c,-o

take the plural form,

,_i>o

and

>ai*

the singular.
1

38. There

in Syriac.

ceded by
139.

is

a number of ways of expressing the indefinite pronoun

The most common

Va

The

is

and followed by
rules for cardinal

140. Notice the fourth

way

to

have the interrogative pronoun pre-

>.

numbers are the same

as in

Hebrew.

of expressing the genitive relation, vs. 20.

MANUAL.-PAETI

120

141.
e.

g.

Some

f^],

participles

which are

joassive in

word or

142. In looking for the derivation of a

in the

form are active

in sense,

vs. 21.

cognate languages, always see

has been rejected or not,

3.

(1)

Doubly

(2)

Read

(3)

Review

Weak

Verbs,

L^,

g.

e.

first, if

for its equivalent

possible, whether a letter

vs. 22.

Grammar Lesson.

62.

over the classifications of nouns, 66

75.

61.

Word

4.

Lesson.

tempt.

)iaJ

to

iss}

to heal.

j-.o?]

<^j^2

to rest.

)-fc,?Q_D

w:=L>ilz) to desire.

alms.
(m.) holiness,

\Of^joy.

fJ to reject.
7

^om
]\1>

to snow.

\^Sz.i city.

rebuke.

to

}]c^r: virgin.

Q^s

to sigh.

wscjzl
(o(Z|

^^girl.

to desire.

to

agree

5.

X.

The Lord

reqxi^est.

M.

Mt aSp Messiah.

Exercises.

said to the girl I will heal thee

and

will

on thee and cause thee to dwell in the land of Nod.

2.

put a sign

The

tempted the Lord and he caused them to be rejected from the

holiness.

3.

He

when she

5.

shall

The

virgin will

son has been born to the virgin and thou

name Messiah.

not reject his request.

and there

4.

sees thee because thou hast rebuked her and hast

rejected her request.

shalt call his

city of

caused Cain to rest in the city which his son had built

because he desired that he should not be killed.

sigh

girls

7.

6.

Be thou

agreeing with him and do

Give alms to every one who asketh of thee

be joy to thee.


MANUAL.PAST L

LESSON EIGHTEEN.

(1)

This

(2)

This

is

for what?

the adverbial accusative of cause.

is

noun,

lit.

Psalm H.

Notes.

1.

309. \iLLwhy?

121

common form

the

of the neuter of the interrogative pro-

39.

310. fAlio]
311. J/m

Singular |Lico).

the peoples, 86. 3.

a fem. plur. of the Perf. from a

is

Lomadh Olaph Verb,

60. 1.

312.

vowel

e,

\f.*ts]

33. 4.

313. ^^h^^ he who

(1)

The

Note the insertion of the helping

as one.

together, lit.

relative

sitteth.

sometimes stands for "he who", "that which"

etc.,

104. 2. Rem.
(2)

The

participle denotes customary actions or a continuous state,

116. 2.
(3)

For the form,

314.

(1)

(2)

Z.

see 99. 2.

from ak-yimtlh, from aktoimeth,

i^ifl*,.c}

denotes the causative,

41.

59. 3.

3.

denotes the 1st person sing, of the Perfect,

315.

7
-..^^iiiso

316.

\:i^l:,.A^^

is

malh^,

my

may

that he

Hiig, 36, 31.

Rem.

43. 5.

1.

declare.

a conjunction introducing the adverbial clause of purpose,

(1)

(2)

The verb

137. 4.

(3)

is

Ethp^'el, 41. 4, Imperfect, as

determined as 3rd person sing, in distinction

formative, 45. It

is

from the

by the

first plur.

shown by the pre-

sense.

Lomadh

The Shin and Tau have been transposed,

Olaph, 60.

21. 1.

/^'

317. ^i'>dbher<'.
(1)

(2)

introduces the quotation,

For the pronunciation

318.

^U

56.

2,

25.

135.

3. (3).

of the final

Yudh,

1. (2),

see 31.

Rem.

32. 3.

1.

'

MANUAL. PAET L

122

319. c^:!a)
320. l2^.i>
facilitate the

21.

1,

30. 2. (1), 24.2, 12. Bern., % 11. Rem., 48.3.

The second

fear.

is

a helping vowel inserted to

pronunciation of the guttural, 28.

flu

2. (2).

-fc.

321. >auOO|.MS|o.
(1)

^ffL. is

the regular pron. suffix 3rd. sing. masc. after a verbal form

of the plural ending in a consonant, 51.

(2)

The vowel u
and

of the Imperat.

is

A.

shifted before suffixes, 51. E.

32. 1.

322. jV^uIso introduces the adverbial clause of cause,

323.

The

f.a^ burneth.

137.

5.

participle denotes a state, or action viewed

as continuing, 116. 1.

..^^^Zi

324.

those

who

2.

trust,

117.

4, 99. 2, 104. 2. Bern.

Observations.

Nouns and pronouns may, without any change

143.

of accidence,

be treated as the Arabic adverbial accusative or the Latin oblique

cases to denote cause, time etc.

Some

144.

irregular plurals are formed

the regular ending,

e.

Compound words

146.

Remember

with the

"Wau before

are occasionally met with,

the use of the relative

>

g.

e.

\xj^^

in the sense of

a participle vs. 3 and compare the

vs. 2.

"he who"

Greek and Hebrew

article.

147. Notice

Hebrew

inserting

g. l^a-ic], vs. 1.

145.

when followed by

by

how

Syriac translatoi's have changed the

often the

Imperfects, Perfects etc. into different tenses,

Imperfects in vss.

and 2 have been changed

e.

g.

the

into Perfects.

Hebrew
Let the

student hereafter note these changes and seek their cause.

148. Notice the light which a study of this psalm throws on the

Syrian translators' views of the text, grammar and exegesis of the

psalm,

e.

g. i.io-j| vs. 0,

\^

vs.

12

etc.

149. Notice the differences as well as the similarities between the

Syriac and the

Hebrew

in rootj

form and construction,

i. e.

as to roots,

MANUALPART

I.

23

consider (1) sometimes the same root has a different meaning in the

two languages,

e.

g. '\j^i^

^^^i

r^' w^b^3.

Sometimes the same idea has a different

(2)

root,

e.

g. to forsake, to

make, to form.
3.

Grammar Lesson.

1.

Anomalous and Defective Verbs,

2.

Numerals,

3.

Eead,

4.

Review

63, 65, 86, 87.

43, 45, 53, 54.

Word

4.

'^ijl

<..(SL^

to drink.

to find, to

>.^*2.^)

he able.

to give.

\w
it

to ascend.

behooves.

\\^ it is well.

looi fo be.

1.^51 it is right.

^Lm

\fS

to live.

Jio

ever.

Gro thou

against the

to grieve.

to be

his Messiah.

2.

The Lord

the mountain of his holiness to his son the king.

of his holiness?

4.

Lord?

Who

Let the king

and serve him because

it is

shall

3.

will give

Who

lest

shall ascend

them

to serve

him with

and

said:

that his wrath has been kindled against us.

Let us break the bands

7. It

come
fear.

he be angry and we perish from his

6.

The Lord

was weary with the two peoples because they imagined a vain

yoke.

Zion

be able to stand in the place

live for ever; let the peoples

right for

behooves us to kiss the son

way because

with.

and see why the three rulers have taken counsel together

Lord and against

to the mountain of the

5. It

weary

Exercises.

5.

"

(lo

come.

to

>n^S

Lesson.

to go.

w^^j

\z\

64.

88.

of the

Lord and

cast

(thing)

from us his

grieved the four kings that they should not be for ever.

8. It is well to

drink water from the fourth vessel of the eighth potter.


MANUAIi PARTn.

124

PART

11.

Notes.

Jonah

i^tvS

325.

120.

For the idiom compare the Hebrew and

saying.

and note 139.

1. (3)

327. ]LLf^m^dInto,
328.

'^il, G 4. 1.

18. 2.

city,

\^

against her.

(jv*.lii

see

(2).

Imperative from

326. '\f "Go".

I.

takes a plural form before suffixes,

77. 4, as also >0|~o.

329. ^n\ffi,
330.

>

..

64. 8.

n tJ\, 64. 3.

331. i\^ Part. act.

from Vl,

fern,

54. 3.

Vl^

is

the Infin. of

the same.

Notice the position of the adjective after

3o2. iLiJ.
its

agreement with
333.

The Olaph

(2)

For the use

(3)

wjJl)

See further,

of

w.a.j|

90. 4.

stem.

335. 01.^ line 8

,^. '^1 1.

01.2.

337.

oZ

338.

'^fJ

pron.

340.

noun and

for the indefinite pronoun, see 107. 2.

Rem.

Rem.

2.

'E'E verb,

III.

is

or every one takes a plural verb, 121. 2.

54.

an ethical dative, 124.

10.
..*

nedda

.Q-i 1.

sufF.

is

let

5,

101. B.

1. (1)

stem Imperf. 3rd sing, with pron.

contracted from ay,

11, come.

1.

'^l^, 58. 2.

339.

its

state, 91. 1.

occult, 19. 1.

is

when denoting each

334. ^ai^ai

336.

number and

w.i) each.

(1)

plural,

in gender,

it

Imperat. from )^1,

us

Jcnotv,

Bem.

3.

suf. 1st

29. 3. (1).
64. 4.

1st pers. plur.

Imperfect I stem from

I.

12, shotv thou us.

Ill stem Imperat. sing. masc. with

1st plur., 61. 3.

clL

1.

13, what is?

103. 1. (1), 39.

Rem.

4, 23. 4. (1).

MANUAL.PAST H.
341. ]L] what?

Rem.

39.

342. o^l^i p. 12,

343.

\.12]

1.

its

an inter-

Rebbuy denotes

the collective, 90.

1.

See

333 above.

also

344. ^nsi,
345. o

46.

1.

137. 4.

that,

(1).

346. ^TXna.4. Imperat. 2nd masc. plur. with pron.

51, 36.

1,

32.

^ol^vf

1.

3.

1.

4,

61.1.

(3).

Tlie preposition

on account of me.

form before

fern. plur.

1st sing.,

suflF.

1.

348. >*iJ^.Ji^

347.

the

is

noun by the personal pronoun.

34. 2, 33. 1.

1,

men.

the

103. 2. (2) Bern. This

3,

rogative adjective separated from

125

S9. B.

(6).

ooi following,

the

suffixes,

with the Yudh, but belongs to the

occult because the pronoun

is enclitic,

The

He

19. 2. (4).

\4^io takes
is

written

having become
Since a vowel

cannot begin a syllable, the last consonant of the preceding word draws
to

it

the vowel of the He, 16. 2.

vowel,

same

forms a diphthong with the

it

is

true of ^n.

349.

^oj'oi,

350.

Compare

Compare

u.

coi

word end

in a

p) 22. 15. The

J,^ 22. 12.

>*(ji

37. 2, 102. 1, 90. 1.

^^iJ\

1.

,.a..*-.Z

Rem.

6, 20.

351. jo^'^if, 19.

352.

If the preceding

J3,

64. 3.

1,

2. (1) a, 64. 1,

115.

3.

116.

1. (3) a.

The Syriac does not

distinguish between

"thou shalt not" and "do not".

353. ^^r-il\

emphasize the object, see

suffix to

354.

They took Jonah.

.t<s\a^LM,.

A cognate

JA^l^M?.

123. 2. (5).

accusative.

Jonah

For the use

See

(6). (7). (8).

126. 4. (1).

II.

*f

355. ^n^.^.
356.

357.

^
?

Ill stem, 56.

oiills, 51.

-^i:L:,

358. (L^^l. 13,

359. ^g^;-^,

1. 6,

4.

Rem.

123.

59. 5.

2. (6).

13, 33. 2, 34. 3, 77, 97.

110,

87. 19.

1. (1).

of the pron.


MANUAIi. PABT H.

126

^^,

360.

77, 82.

361. -Ill*,

7.

36. 1.

61. 1,

362. t '^"^

Rem.

Some

verbs in Syriac, as in other languages, take a

preposition before their object, 123. 5.

-on.^

363. ^*^al..Miio
94. 6.

The stem

is

105.

relative introduces the quotation, 135. 3. (3).

The

stem Part, from

367. ^).L ailfsc^

thi earth laid hold with its

hay-yay,

370. .<i^?Zl

]^^

f,'^rLj,

my

For the

372.

9\1

373.

1.

and

e.

an object, see

126. 2. (1).

Rem.

3.

108. 2.

whatsoever, 109. 1. (3).

Jonah
374.

^^}

375.

i.:^}.i^^ saying,

^^'^?,

376. IZoioii.

110.

120.

A.

For the form,

see 71. 1, 75.

378.

ULS(ji2\io shall be overturned.

}.^,

to, i. e.

The

111. 3, 116. 1. (2)

01-.JI3I, lit.

B.

1. (1),

the greatest city, 100. 2.

-!:;k|Lr!9

great

III.

1. (3).

377.

her men, 19.

381. ^c3u.J^?o>

For the helping

their magnates.

b.

1. (1),

77.

Uv.{-

The Singular

2. (1).
is

the sons

2. (2).

of men, 87. 10, 23. 4.

Rem.

}^>, see 87. 27.

E-ebhoo, see 33. 3, 9. Rem.

382. oilajol his throne, 86.

(5).

participle is defined as future

380. aA^!^ they clothed themselves with, 126.

383.

i.

Notice that the pronoun follows

thy holy temple.

whoever, 107. 7, 8,

>c^

wl.

face,

life.

reflexive verb with

and not the adjective, 99.

the noun

my

bands on

64. 8.

369. wX^^

379.

^am.., 58. 3.

1. (3).

368. 2uLof,

by the

thy waves),

here reflexive, 41. 4.

366. ^.aaalo.

371.

of them,

(all

12. 1.

365. aa.-^Zl5.

on me,

reaves

(1).

v^^,

364.

thy

all

(1).

MANUAL. PART II.

90.

384.

]l^,

385.

>c^

386.

l^aillJ

oiioiJiS

387.

w.3j.

Each,

388.

jls4^,

389.

M?

anything, 109.

.^,

'^fl,

God, 123.

call

Rem.

1.

116.

Rem.

2, 20.

Rem.

103.

1,

2, 34. 2.
1.

52. 3, 26.

1. a,

1. (1).

393. J introduces the indirect question,

394.

13?

2. (7).

65, 128. 3. (2).

is,

39.

them

let

390. -oic^Vs, 87.

391.

1. (1).

107. 2.

81.

which

392.

127

132.

6. (1).

introduces the negative adverbial clause of result,

305. o^^j that they turned.

This

137. 4.

an appositional substantive

is

clause, 135. 5.

Jonah IV.
396. ^3-A.!^ L^fS.

397. ^clI very,

adverb,

398.

See

painful for Jonah.

122. 2.

a masculine noun in the absolute state used as an

A.

89.
jLoot

is

It teas

was not? The answer

)]

does not denote this 132.

2.

*'yes" is expected,

question

is

though

)]

itself

often denoted in Syriac

without any interrogative particle or pronoun, 132. 1. sq.

399. )J[ fL token

400.

^-.ooi

401.

SuDi.:^

lated "I

402.

^fl

(teas),

is

403. ^o3i

127.

this

verb

may be

trans-

133. 3 and Rem.

^^,

127. 1, 116. 1. (3).

is

thy spirit,

Im-^ saggiyo' from saggi'o\

406. wii,

1, 3. (1) a.

the Ethical dative or object, 124. 5.

404. f^zh ]'r^-^ long

405.

1. (1).

I fled. "With the preceding verb

fled before-hand",
v.2i>.

130.

I anticipated,

53. 1,

23.

407.

wi^,

408.

zosaicuifc to die, is

e.

patient.

24. 1, 32, 3.

1. (3).

122. 4. (2) Rem.

the subject of the nominal sentence, 120. 1.(1),

130. 1. (1).

409. iliV\?

i.

than

to live.

MANUAL.PABT n.

128

(1)

For the form

(2)

For the

see 64. 6.

il:o,

construction, see 120.

410.

^.

See 398.

411.

(ju::^.

See 402.

412. oL-Zalz under

413. |>-J?

might

that he

414. ilL, 132.

415. ~*.r^ should happen,

417. w-=jf, 26.

4 IS. \U-fjJi

101.

113.

1. (3) 6, 5.

59. 6.

105.

1. (3).

has come into ihy hands, ch Lord,

it

l-^wlso

137. 4.

3. (2) a.

419. oulaiii. for himself,

420.

Bern. 2.

24. 1, 25, 28. 2. (3).

1. (1),

ai.,

(2),

3. (2),

116.

1.

(3).

114. 4.

see,

Rem., 135.

6.

416. Ilii cucumber,

B.

89.

it,

100.

1. (6),

to tahe

aicay

my

soul

from me.
421.

V^ui^

becarise that,

422. -aci U

423.

424.

6. 5,

1,

Emphatic,

P?

101.

on ivhichnot,

1,

86. 14.

1. (2).

104. 2. Rem,

See 425.

428.

429.

\la^hl

430.

^%

j^II, 100.

1.

fm4r^m^

88.

1,

A.

100.

431. ^aaSwifil^ 43.

5.

Rem.

followed by

433.

l-^jaliii.?

434.

-i5,.ai.A.!^.

The

)j

I.

2, 51.

432. ^oLjI ^\.'J\omrittun, 35.

and

if,

direct

138.

object

r.lvi is

wont

to

5.

may be preceded by Lomadh,

2. (3).

436. wC^jJ from w^.

437.

A, B.

expects the answer "yes", 132.

123. 2.
^lo

1. (4).

85.

Malachi

435.

(2).

1.

426. CVS

137. 5.

1. (2).

427. IJK

%{

5;

^, 99. 2. Rem.
wi-o^sf ^,
100.
87.

\1]_

425. of.

'

127.

honor, 116. 2.

MANUAIi.-PARTII
438. i^f

439.

^f,

138. 4.(4).

^^nlv?,

135. 5.

440. .oIjI

^>-?

441. ?'\i,

y^

'iv^io

443. wJl^?, 135.

5.

3. (3).

101. 2.

444.

o<n,

445.

^^'i^,

446.

jiol:^?,

29. 2. (3).

132. 4.

may

447. >Q...^o that he

448. .aa-.p-|.i? because

449.

MaJL^,

450.

rr^?

451. .0.00

130.

^^^^
)j]

453.

454.

oi.!ik

ifi-kic?

have mercy, % 137. 4.

this

was in your hands,

114. 4. (2) Rem. 1.

104. 7.

Rem.

1.

which

(1),

is

of no account.

)^. V I wish nothing among you.

452. TT^Ir vs. 12,

1.

despise, 136. 11.

137. 5.

442. ^ri^lp^, 137.

103.

129

used as a copula,

is

101. 2.

because ye are bringing, 137. 5. (1).

1? ,_^ wju^b^ accursed be whosoever has, 107. 7. (4),

Rem.

4.

Malachi 11.
455.

^f,

456.

\l^

457.

458.

jV?)

V3. 2.
is

"M^,

138. 2.

infinitive

137.

read]??!

459. ^ajf, vs.

will scatter.

123. 2.

(6.)

400. ,-.^V-^ they are ashivg,

40

1.

123.

m^Tm^

64. 7.

5. (2).

5.

(2).

from wEqu.,

121.

7.

many. Tlie direct object

is

often preceded

1. (3).

462.

r^%^,

463.

116. 3. (2)

c.

because, 137. 5. (1).

464. ,2^?, 46.

1,

465. >^^iio5 he who

466. oui^-j, vs. 15,

136.

1. (2) 3.

offers,

104. 2. (2) Rem.

106.

by Lomadh

MANUAL. PART II

130

467.

h t'-9 "that

468. JjJ ivho

which

is evil", is

an objective clause,

135.

3.

judging, 116. 3. (1) a.

is

Malachi III.
]<ji

470.

\.l]

471.

I.3A.JO that he

?^

jjj, 95. 1,

472. auii....?

473.
474.

by the Participle in the future.

behold is followed here

469.

.in>V,

may

itJ^om,

129. 2.

^L)^] tohen,

475. _i? which

101. A. 2.

prepare, 137. 4.

104. 2. Bern.
a.

137. 2.

(1).

from.

tvere

476. p_l Vik against (him) who

477.

lii

)JJ?\4^

478. aisZ),

is tiirnel to

I am,

because that

me, 103. 2. (3) Rt-m.

101. 2.

(1),

130.

1,

137.

5.

vs. 7, 60. 4.

479.

.*Joj.iaJ, vs.

480.

^^)

vs.

10, prove me, 61.

13,

masc. plur. the

is

Wau

being omitted, see

23. 1, 43. 5.

481. ,~J^sic3 and are

and are

built

up

the doers

of sin and {they) tempt God

delivered.

482.

t-E^.

483.

^1.

man

with his neighbor,

i.

e.

one

tvith another.

mine, 106. Retn. 4.

484. ucfl,

116. 2.

485. n,.\q?

t^^ose

(1).

who

serve,

104. 2.

(2).

Rem.

Malachi IV.
486. ,_Dpo when shall burn, 137.

487.

.,*^a

ty\

to

you,

i.

488. ei.s?Z) remember,

489. ill^y

^a^

to

e.

to the

fecrers of

? 11. 5.

you Elias,

2. (1).

my

Rem., 48.

124. 3.

3,

name, 94.
126.

1.

2. (1).

MANUAIi,P ART U.

Matthew
490. 0531

491.

-^

492.

i-*.^?

^^1,

116. 3.

before

its

noun,

494.

XXVI.

99.

1.

Rem.

an irregular plural used

493. '-^l^^l,

29.

-U^

122.

from

131

1,

96. 2.

b.

in a singular sense, 86. 16.

5.

For the form

to tveary.

to trouble,

^|3

see 32, 3,

1. (3).

Rem.

495.

]Z.3i3

01^, 123.

496.

^.fcic^1?

introduces the appositional substantive clause, 135. 5.

497.

^]

498.

oiJi.aop!::k

499.

^l,

as that which

500. <n^,

for

my

burial.

for a memorial of her, 96. I. 4.

129. 2.

is

b.

(3).

124. 5.

501. fM

ft*

one by one.

emphatic,

502.

ooi,

503.

aX,

504.

ooi

505.

,*i?

p[,

A.

101.

gJ 31 this

is

1. (2).

2. (2).

507. llfi,

9 6 II. Rem.
.

Rem.

90. 4.

5.

my blood that ofthelknetv testament,

87. 15.

^j

101. A.

Impossible condition, 138.

506. ]ll^,

508.

2. (7).

1.

although, 137. 6.

509. ^, vs. 35,

138. 2.

(2).

510.

-^

511.

^^al^ac) fS) sleeping, lit. xchile they

512.

-J:^^

513.

jaV^V

514.

515.

^,

516.

loffi

517.

c!n.lik,

518.

<.*ai'Vik,

]?3ii,

o^,

127. 9.

V|,
01^

Rem.

vs. 42, 133. 1.

the

same

tvord,

were sleeping.
1

102. 3. (2) a.

vs. 46, 102. 7.

vs. 47. while,

wS<jlI

137. 2.

had given,

vs. 48,

him whom I

vs. 50, is it

friend? ^ 132. 2, 135.

1.

(2).

127. 1. (2).
shall kiss, the

on account of

same

this thus

is he,

him

seize.

thou hast come

my

MANUAL.PART II.

132

519. en, VS. 50,

93. II. 1. (3).

520. ^ily, vs. 64, him ivho

521. ]:\\An 01^ in

sitteth,

same hour,

the

104. 2. (2) Rem.

102.

3. (2) a.

Matthew XXVII.
522. ^:il

]:^

^lohat

523. 2^1, 101.

524. >cy^,

is that to

us? 103.

Bern.

1.

1.

2. (1).

109.

1. (3).

525.

Ij.tn.i?, limits the preceding

526.

^,

527.

1-3,

vs. 9, some,

ivhile they

vs. 12,

pronominal

suffix,

136. 4.

107. 4.

were eating the pieces of him,

i.

e.

calumn-

iating him.

528. fZ,

110.

1. (2).

529. oiJ:^?, 106.

530.

man,

i.

531.

IJ,

e.

vs. 19,

let

1.

there be nothing belonging to thee

have thou nothing

532. }lm, vs. 24,

533.

sfcifl-ikifi,

534.

al:^,

116.

1.

60. 5.

the plural verb, because the singular

125.

536.

coffi _.-i^, vs.

537.

j.a,

53S.

f.s,

garments".

(3).

Pa' el pass, part.,

535. ^mz.\ n Vo,

.t^\

540. ^,

he made

110.

541. '^'i4^i

alive,

1. (1).

vs. 51.

"faces"; the second

the fem., see

542.

(3).

crucified

him

1. (3) &.

they parted his

Notice the distinction between the Perfect here and the

Participle in the preceding note, 112.

539.

collective, 90.

were going out they found, 116.

"and when they had

vs. 35,

noun is

1. (2).

30, kept smiting, 116. 2.

vs. 31, as they

to that just

do with him.

to

22. 95. 2.

^a-i..^!., vs.

and

is

The

1. (3).

64. 6.

Compare

for -^Iz, 110. 1. (2).

first is in

the masc. plur. agreeing with

in the fern. plur. agreeing

with "rocks".

43. 5.

otifilk?

and

those

who were with him,

104, 2. (2) Rem.

For

MANUAL.PABT U.
543. wJoi?, 60.

127. 2,

1,

127.

(2).

128. 2. Bern.

544. .-ooiu.[,

545. ^stka^?,

vs. 56. 96. 11.

546.

1. (2),

57, 101. A.

ofl, vs.

I33

Rem.

1.

1. (1).

Matthew XXVIII.

547.

]ALs

548.

Is3i

549.

ffifiJik*.?,

550. Vs.

the first

the weeJc, 88. Bern. 5.

^oisi ], Compare 544.

5.

fear before him.

Uj

women,

551. ^ai?]!? tvho was

552. Vs.

day of

6.

Objective genitive, 96.

crucified,

^]2, r^V-,
Pa

136.

1. (2), 2.

vs. 7. ,_J:Ii, 60, 64. 1, 4.

553.

Jcy-e, vs. 7, is

554.

,~i.l), vs. 8,

555.

^f,

556.

y?, vs. 1 4, those tvho are without care,

557.

138.

1^ \i,

558. ^ooti:^,

el Perfect.

fem. plur. part.;

1. (3),

112. 3. (2)

1. (4).

^U,

Imperf. 3rd. fem. plur.

b.

vs. 20, whatsoever,

108.

I. 4.

87. 8.

93. 2.

109. 8.

(2),

104. 2. (2) Rem.

WORD LISTS-SYRIAC.
LIST

I.

Verbs occurring ten times or more in Schaaf's Concordance of tte

New
1.

Testament.

136

138

^/

140

WORD

LISTS-ENGLISH.
LIST

I.

Verbs occurring ten times or more in Schaaf s Concordance of the

New
1.

Testament.

WORD

143

LISTS.

69.

sing

108. hide

70.

be a harlot

109.

sound

148. eat

147.

there

is

not

71.

crucify

110.

lead

149.

be grieved

72.

sow

111. to be dry

150.

die

73.

love

112.

thank

151. smite

74.

corrupt

113.

know

152.

75.

bind

114. give

76.

rejoice

115.

77.

surround

116. learn

155. counsel

78.

owe
show

117. swear

156.

79.

118.

80.

strengthen

119. care

158. dare

81.

spare

82.

look

burn
121. honor

160. j)rophesy

83.

see

122. be great

161. strike

84.

bind

123. inlierit

162. abide

85.

sin

124. extend

163. shine

86. snatch

125. sit

164. rest

87. live

126.

88. sleej)

127. rebuke

166.

guard

167.

kill

bow

Z'

add

120.

abound

153.

come
be humble

154.

be full

speak

157. be able

159. anoint

165. go

down

89.

change

128. correct

90.

be gracious

129.

91.

strangle

130. collect

92.

want

131. conceal

170.

93.

be diligent

132. accuse

171. ascend

94.

reap

133.

95.

free

134. deny

173.

96.

think

135. to be sad

174. plant

97.

be useful

136. preach

175. cleave to

98. be
99.

dark

suffer

100. seal
101. be

proud

102. defraud

prohibit

hunger

168. be sober

169. receive

tempt

172. fall

go out

137.

wrap

176.

beat

138.

offend

177.

kiss

139. write
140.

continue

141. fight

weary

178. give
179. defile
180. satisfy

hope

103. envy

142. be

104. err

143. encourage

182. be great

105. taste

144. clothe

183.

worship

106. bear

145.

accompany

184.

witness

107. obey

146.

curse

181.

143

"WORD LISTS.

185. put
186.

subvert

187. expect
188.

263.

225. separate

264. cast

226. extend

265.

meditate

266.

feed

227.

perceive

ride

324. depart

expound

189. reject

228. open

267. lament

190. ascend

229. wish

268. ask

230. dip

269. take captive

193. hate

231. thirst

270. be glorious

193. be poor

232.

191. lie

down

hunt

271. praise

233. fast

272. lean

195. suffice

234. revile

273.

be tumultuous

196. be vacant

235. pray

274.

hurl

197. destroy

236. be vile

275.

send

276.

194.

work

make

237.

199.

pass over

238. receive

277.

be worthy
wash

200.

aid

239. bury

278.

despise

201.

remember

240.

198.

202. grieve

lacerate

279.

compel

241. remain

280.

sleep

sanctify

242. arise

281. be able

204. cover

243. kill

282. be at rest

205. enter

244. possess

283. send

206. baptize

245. cry

207. labor

246.

break

208. inhabit

247.

call

286.

name

209. answer

287.

hear

288.

minister

211. to be rich

248. be nigh
249. be hard
250. be great

212. persuade

251. desire

290.

252. be angry

291. narrate

214. serve

253. stone

292. please

215. return

254. go

293. drink

203.

watch

210. laee

213.

216.

divide

permit

217. decree

'

284. rule
285. finish

289. change

torment

255. pursue

294. bear

256. disturb

295. loose

confirm

218. do

257. run

296.

219. liberate

258. be inebriated

297. drink

command

communicate

259. exult

298.

221. be tolerable

260. be high

299. be silent

222. fly

261. love

300. arrange

223. remunerate

262.

220.

murmur

144

WORD

145

LISTS.

day

89.

then

128. life

167.

90.

temple

129. strength

168. to-day

91.

faith

130. wise

169. gain

92. here
93.

woe

time
Sadducees
96. righteous

94.
95.

131.

wisdom

170. glory

132.

sound

171. child

133. in exchange for 172. begetter

173. glorious
134. ferment
135.

wine
wrath

174.

month

175. inheritance

97.

righteousness

136.

98.

alms

137. grace

176.

99.

movement

138. profane

177.

more
more

100. olive

139.

wanting

178. sorrow

101. victory

140.

want

179. just

102. adultery

141. zeal

180. justice

103. little

142. perseverance

181. already

104. cross

143. back

182.

when

105. seed

144.

mute

183. priest

106. free

145.

end

184. star

107. beloved

146. suffering

185. priest

108. corruption

147. darkness

186. sickness

109. neighbor

148. supper

187. throne

110. one

149. sister

188. nature

111. joy

150.

112. around

151.

husband
good

189. stone

190.

all

152. report

191.

crown

114. love

153. happiness

192. synagogue

115. serpent

154. family

193.

116. rod

155. error

194. fellow

117. white

156. rock

195.

118. desolation

196. silver

swine

157. goodness
158. youth
159. unclean

sin

160.

113.

new

119. vision
120.
121.

122. sin

impure

crown
cup

197. sick
198. belly
199. vineyard

161. impurity

200. book

123.

sinner

162. error

201. heart

124.

wheat

163. beautiful

202. clothing

125. living

164.

knowledge

203. alone

126. debtor

165.

Jew

204. bread

127. animal

166.

teaching

WORD

146

LISTS.

205. night

244. lord

283. servant

tongue
207. food

Lord
246. ointment

284.

285. servitude

208. advent

247. tabernacle

286. further

206.

209. for

nought

245.

service

quickly

248. traitor

287.

210. patience

249. banquet

288. time

211. last

250. parable

289. feast

212. desert

251. prophet

290. church

213. city

252. prophecy

291.

iniquity

214. anything

253. light

292.

wicked

215.

knowledge

254.

river

293. foreskin

216. gift

255.

strange

294.

wishes

217. spot

256.

fish

295.

custom

218. death

257. fire

219. stroke

258.

220.

saviour

vestment

296. eye

297. cause

259. rest

298. youth

221. thought

260. guile

299. ever

222. rain

261. law

300. people

223. water

262. temptation

301. labor

224. excellent

263. soul

302. flock

264. splendid

303. cloud

225.

humble

226. humility

265.

hope

304. root

227. publican

266.

gospel

305. sheep

228. angel

267.

much

229. king

268. witness

230. counsel

269. branch

231.
232.

233.

kingdom
word
number

306.

naked

307. bed
308. future

270.

work

309. old

271.

Satan

310. rich

272. food

234. part

273.

235. hypocrisy

274. sword

treasure

311. fruit
312.

313.

body
work

236. endurance

275. food

314.

mouth

237. poor

276. foolishness

315.

command

238. shoe

277. blind

316. redemption

239. helper

278. reclining

317. phial

240. fountain

279. hair

318. division

241. baptism

280. ship

319. saviour
320. face

242.

defense

281.

243.

midst

282. vain

scribe

WORD

word

LISTS.

147

354. great

387. rest

magnitude
356. myriad

388.

324. thing

357. desire

390. peace

325.

will

358. wrath

391.

326.

with

359. desirable

392. heaven

360. foot

393. sun

321.

332. idol

323. table

327. prayer
328.

image

329. snare

330.

morning

355.

361.

spirit

apostle

389. ruler

name

394. year

hour

362. afar

395.

363. far

396. good

mercy

397. family

331. sepulture

364.

332. sepulchre

365. head

398. true

333. holy

beginning
367. high
368. evening

400. truth

334. holiness
335.

first

366.

mind

399.

401.

remainder
chain

402. foundation

336. gift

369.

337. field

370. thunder

403. conscience

338. truth

blame
372. impious

405. thanks

340. resurrection

373. sceptre

406. confidence

341. stable

374. sabbath

407. disciple

339. force

342.

word

371.

375.

tumult

404. again

408. then

smoke'

343. voice

376. glory

344. little

377.

345. self

378. promise

411. throne

346. reed

379. rule

412. gate

347.

possession

348. city

349.

war

350. call
351.

hour

380.

praise

end

409.

410. cock

413.

mind

381. rock

414. glory

382. market-place

415. service

383. partaker
384.

communion

416. fig-tree

417. vessel

352. elder

385. sheol

418. promise

353.

386. peace

419. oath

secret

TRANSLITERATION OF GENESIS

I.

1.

Bri-shith b^ro' 'aloho' yoth sh^mayo' w^yoth

2.

h^woth tuh w^bhuh w^heshshukho' 'al 'appay

t^humo' w^ruheh da'loho^ m^rahh^pho' 'al 'appay mayo'
we'mar 'aloho' nehwe' nuhro' wahwo' nuhro'.

3.

Wah^zo' 'aloho' Pnuhro' dh^shappir.

4.

Waph^rash

6.

'ar'o'.

Wa'r'o'

Wak^ro'

'aloho'

bh^th nuliro' Pheshshukho'.

Pnuhro' 'imonio' waPheshshukho'

ramsho' wahVo' saphro' yaumo' hadh.

'aloho'

lelyo' wah^vvo'

kro'

6.

We'mar' aloho' nehwe' r^ki'o' bh^mets'ath mayo' w^nehwe'

phoresh b^th mayo' Pmayo'.

7.

Wa'^bhadh

men

waph^rash beth mayo' daPthaht

mayo' dal^'el men 'arki'o' wah*wo'

'aloho' 'arki'o'

'arki'o'

w^bh^th

hokhanno'.
8.

Wak^ro' 'aloho'

la'rki'o'

sh^mayo'

wahVo' ramsho' wah^wo'

saphro' yaumo' dhath^ren.

9.

We'mar
sh^mayo'

'aloho'
la'thro'

nethkann^shun

hadh

mayo'

w^thethh^ze'

dhaPthaht men
wahwo'

yabbishto'

hokhanno'.
10.

11.

Wak^ro' 'aloho' Pyabbishto' 'a/o' waPkhensho' dh^mayo'

k^ro' ya(m)mc' wah^zo' 'aloho' dh^shappir.

We'mar

'aloho' thappek 'ar'o' thadho" 'esbo' dh^mezd^ra'

Pghenseh wi'ylono' dh^phi're' dh^'obhedh pi're'
Pghensoh d^nesb^theh beh "^al 'ar'o' wah^wo' hokhanno'.
zar'o'

12.

Wapp^kath
wi'ylono

'ar'o' thadho" 'esbo' dh"mezd*ra' zar'o' Pghenseh

dh^'obhedh pi're' dh^nesb^theh beh Pghenseh

vrah*zo' 'aloho' dh*shappir.

13.

Wah'wo* ramsho' wah'wo' saphro' yaumo'

dhath^lotho'.

GENESIS

149

I.

14.

We'mar 'aloho' nehwuu nahhire' ba'rki'o' dhash^mayo'

?mephrash beth imomo' Plelyo' w^nehwun lo'th^wotlio'
waPzabhne' waPyaumotho' w^lash^nayo'.

15.

"W^nehwun manh^rin ba'rki'o' dhash^mayo' Pmanhoru

'ar'o' wah^wo' hokhanno'.

16.

Wa'^bhadh

'aloho' th^ren nahhire' raur^bhe' iiahliiro' rabbo'

Pshnltono dhi'ymomo' vv^nahhiro'

w^khauk^bhe'.
17.

'al

W^yahbh 'ennun

z^'uro'

'aloho' bha'rki'o'

Pshultouo' dh^lelyo'

dhash^mayo' l^manhoru

'al 'ar'o'.

18.

WaPmeshlat

bi'ymomo'

wabh^'lelyo'

waPmephrash

beth

nuhro' Pheshshukho' wah^zo' 'aloho' dh^shappir.

19.

20.

Wah^wo' ramsho' wah^wo' saphro' yaumo'

We'mar

'aloho'

w^phoralPtho'

dha'rb^'o'.

narlPshun mayo' rahsho' napsho' hayy^tho'

thephrahy 'al 'ar'o'
'al
'appay
'arki'o'

dhashmayo',
31.

Wabhro'

'aloho'

thannine'

raur^bhe'

w^khul

naphsho'

hayy^tho' dh^rahsho' dha'rheshvv mayo' Pghens^hun w^khul

poral/tho' dhghej)po' Pghensoh wah^zo' 'aloho' dh^shappir.
22.

W^bharrekh 'ennun 'aloho' we'mar Phun, p^rau was^ghau

wam^lau mayo' dhabhya(m)me'. w^phoralPtho' thesge'
bha'r'o'.

23.
24.

Wah^wo' ramsho' wah^wo' saphro' yaumo' dlPhamsho'.

We'mar
b^'iro'

'aloho'

thappeky

w*rahsho'

'ar'o'

w^hayw^tho'.

naphsho' hayy^tho' Pghensoh

dha'r'o' Pghensoh walPwo'

hokhanno'.
25.

Wa'^bhadh 'aloho' hayw^ho' dha'r'o' Pghensoh wabh^'iro'

Pghensoh w^khuUeh rahsho' dha'ro' Pghensauhy wah^zo'
'aloho' dh^shappir.

20.

We'mar

'aloho' ne'bedh 'nosho' bh^salman 'aykh d^muthan

w^neshPtun b^nunay yammo' wabh^phorah^tho' dhash^mayo'
w^bhabh^ iro' wabh^khulloh hayvv^tho' dha'r'o' wabh^khnlloh

rahsho' dh^rohesh
27.

'al 'ar'o'.

Wabh^ro' 'aloho' lo'dhom b^salmeh bas^lem 'aloho' b^royhy

d^khar w^nekbo' bhro' 'ennun.

GENESIS

150

28.

29.

I.

W^bharrekb 'ennun 'aloho' we'mar l^hun 'aloho' ph*rau

was^ghau wam^lau 'aro' w^khubhshuh wash^latw b^nunay
wabh^pborah^tbo'
dbasb^mayo'
yammo'.
w^bbabh^'iro'
wabh^khullob bayw^tho' db^rohsho' al 'ar'o'.

We'mar

'alobo' bo'

yebbetb

Pkbun

kulleh 'esbo' db^'zar

o'

w^kbul 'ilon di'ytb beb

pi'ray 'iloneb d^zar'eb mezd^ra' Pkbun nebwe' me'kbulto'
waPkbullob bayw^fcho' db'dbabbro'.
dbmezdra'

'al

'appay kullob

'ar'o'

30.

WaPkbullob porali^ho' db'asb^mayo' waPkbul d^rohesb 'al

naphsbo' bayy^tbo' w^kbuUeb yurroko'

'a/o' dbi'ytb beb

db'esbo' Pme'kbulto' wab^wo' bokbanno'.

31.

Wah^zo' 'alobo' kbul da'*badb w^bo' tobb sbappir wah*wo'

ramsho' wabwo' sapbro' yaumo' dbesbto'.

GENESIS

I.-IV.

A LITERAL TRANSLATION.*
CHAPTER
1.

In beginning created the

2.

Aud

I.

God + the heavens and + the

earth.

buh and the darkness (was) upon

him who (is) the
God (was) brooding upon the faces of the waters, and said
the God, let be the light, and was the light.
the earth was tuh and

the faces of the abyss, and the spirit of

3.

And saw

4.

And

separated the

5.

And

called the

the

God + the

God between

God

6.

And

and

it

was) good.

the light to the darkness.

day and to the darkness

was the evening and

it

was the

one.

God

the

said

waters and let

(it

to the light the

called he the niglit

morning the day

light that

it

let

be the expanse in the midst of the

be separating between the waters to the

waters.
7.

And made

the God the expanse and separated between the

which to under from the expanse and between the
waters which to above from the expanse, and it was so.

Avaters

8.

And

called the

God

the evening and

9.

And

said the

to the expanse the heavens, and it was

was the morning the day which (is) two.

it

God

let

be assembled the waters which (are)

from the heavens to the place one and

the dry land, and it was so.

let

And

and to the

to under

10.

called the

God

to the dry land the earth

be seen

gathering.of the waters called he the seas, and saw the

that
*

The +

(it

t^ign

into English.

God

was) good.
denotes some particle in Syriac which cannot he translated

Words

in parenthesis occur in

Englioh hut not

in Syriac.

151

GENESIS

152

11.

And

God

said the

the herb which

Let cause

seeding for

I.

go out the earth the grass

to

the seed (according) to

the kind his and the tree that of the fruits which (is) making
is

itself

the fruits (according) to kind his which sprout his

him upon the

12.

And

and

earth,

it

was

(is)

caused to go out the earth the grass, the herb which

seeding for

itself

in

so.
(is)

the seed (according) to kind his and the

which (is) making the fruits which sprout his

him (according) to kind his, and saw tlie God that

tree

(is)
it

in

was

good.
13.

And

it

which
14.

was the evening and

(is)

it

was the morning the day

three.

And said the God let be the light^in the expanse that of the
heavens to separate between the day to the night, and let
them be for the signs and for the times and for the days and
for the years.

15.

And let them be giving light in the expanse that of the

heavens to give light upon the earth, and it was so.

16.

And made

God two

the

the lights the great, the light the

great for the ruling that of the day and the light the less for

the ruling that of the night, and the

17.

And

18.

And

God

gave them the

to give light

upon the

to rule in the

between the light

stars.

in the expanse that of the

heavens

earth.

day and

night and to separate

and saw the God that (it

in the

to the darkness,

was) good.
19.

And

it

which
20.

And

was the evening and

(is)

it

was the morning the day

four.

said the

God

Let swarm the waters the swarm the

soul the living and the bird let her

fly

upon the earth upon

(the) faces of the expanse that of the heavens.

21.

And

created the

God

the sea-monsters the great and every

(one) the soul the living that of the

swarm which swarmed

the waters (according) to kind their and every one the bird
tli^-living (according) to kind her and saw the God that (it

was) good.

GENESIS

22.

And blessed them the God and said to them Bo fruitful

and multiply and fill the waters which are in the seas and
:

the bird let

23.

And

it

which
24.

153

I.

it

multiply in the earth.

was the evening and

it

was the morning the day

(is) five.

And said the God Let cause to go out the earth the soul
the living (according) to kind her, the cattle and swarm and
:

the anima:! that of the earth (according) to kind her and a 11

-

-of-him- thc owarm that of the-eartl r a;Lcurding

and
25.

it

was

And made

the

to kind her

God

26.

cattle

according to kind her and

the

And

kind hk^;

the animal that of the earth (according)

and the

swarm that of the earth according

saw the God that (it was) good.
him

lu

so.

God

said the

Let us make the

according to likeness our and

let

them

all

to kind his

man

in

of

and

image our

rule over the fish of

the sea and over the bird that of the heavens and over the

and over

cattle

over

all

of

her the animal that of the earth and

all of

them

the

swarm which

is

swarming upon the

earth.
27.

And
the

created the God + man in image his in (the) image of

God created he him, male and female created he them.

28.

And blessed them the God and said to themn Be fruitful

and multiply and fill the earth and subdue her, and rule
over the fish of the sea and over the bird that of the heavens
and over the cattle and over all of the animal which is
swarming upon the earth.

29.

And

said the

God

Behold

the herb that of seed which

I
is

have given to you all of him

seeding for itself upon (the)

and every tree which exists in

which seed his (is) seeding for
be the food and to all of her the

faces o^ all of her the earth

him

(the) fruits of tree his

himself.

To you

animal that of the

30.

shall

it

field.

And to all of her the bird that of the heavens and to ail
which swarmeth upon the earth which exists in it the soul
the living and all of him the green that of the herb (shall
be) for the food, and it was so.

GENESIS

154
31.

II.

saw the God all which he had made and behold (it was)
it was the evening and it was the morning the

And

very good and

day which

is six.

CHAPTER
1.

3.

3.

4.

II.

And

were finished the heavens and the earth and

him]

their host.

all

[of

And finished the God in the day the sixth works his which
he had made and he rested himself in the day the seventh
from all of them, works his, which he made.
And

blessed the

God + the day

him he had

that in

them, works

his,

These

the seventh and sanctified

rested himself from

which created the God by making.

him because

(are) the generations those of the

all of

heavens and those

when they were created in the day (in) which

Lord the God the heavens and the earth.

of the earth

made
6.

the

And

all of them, the trees those of the field, as yet not had
been in the earth and all of him the herb that of the field
as yet not had gone out, because that not had caused to

come down the Lord the God the rain npon (the) faces
the earth and Adam existed not to till (in) tlie earth.
6.

And

the mist going up had been from the earth and water-

ing had been

7.

+ all

9.

(the) faces of the earth.

And formed the Lord the God + Adam (of) the dust from
the ground and breathed into nostrils his the breath that of
the lives and was

8.

Adam

to (a) soul (a) living.

And planted the Lord the God the Paradise in Eden from
east and put there + Adam whom he had formed.
And
tree

caused to go out the Lord the

which

(is)

God from

the earth every

pleasant to see and good to eat and the tree

of the lives in the midst of

him

that

is

the park and the tree

that of the knowledge that of the good and that of the

10.

11.

of

evil.

And the river going was from Eden to water him + the park
and from there (it was) separating and becoming four heads.
he (is) that surof him that (is) one (is) Pishun
rounding 4- all of her the land that of Il^wilo which there

The name
(is)

gold.

GENESIS n.

12.

And

the gold of her that

And

name

the

Gishun, that

the land, that

and the stones which

(are) bdellium
13.

(is)

155

him that

of

(is)

that which

(is)

good

there

(are) the beryJ,

of the river the second

(is)

(is)

surrounding + all of her the

laud that of Kush.

14.

And

the

name

Tigris, that

which

river

of

is

him

that of the river which

that which

(is)

four he

(is)

(is)

is

three

(is)

going before Assyria and the

EujDhrates.

15.

And took the Lord the God + Adam and left him in the
park that of Eden that he might till him and keep him.

16.

And commanded the Lord the God + Adam and

From all of them the trees those which (are)
thou mayest

17.

said to

him

in the

park

eat.

And from

the tree that of the knowledge that of the good

and that of the evil not shalt thou eat from him, because that
in the day (in) which thou shalt eat from him the death
thou shalt die.

18.

And

said the

Adam

Lord the God

Not

(is it)

in solitariness his [i.e., alone].

good that should be

I will

make

for

him

the helper like him.

19.

And formed

the Lord the

animal that of the

God from

and

field

all

the earth

all of

her the

of her the bird that of the

heavens and brought them unto Adam that he might see

what (he was) calling + them, and all which called to them
Adam the soul the living, that is his name.
30.

And

Adam the names to all of her the cattle and to

her the bird that of the heavens and to all of her the

called

all of

animal that of the earth

him the helper like him.
21.

and for

Adam

not was found for

And cast the Lord the God the rest upon Adam and he slept
and he took one from ribs his and closed the flesh instead
of her.

22.

And

God the rib which he had

woman and he brought her to

constructed the Lord the

taken from

Adam

into the

Adam.
23.

And said Adam The this the time the bone (is) from bones
of me and the flesh from flesh of me, the this shall be called
the woman because that from the man (is she) taken.
:

GENESIS

156
24.

III.

man + (the)

Because of the this shall leave the

him and + (the) mother of him and shall

of him and shall be the two of them one
25.

flesh.

And they were (the) two of them naked, Adam and

woman of him and not (were they) ashamed.
CHAPTER

1.

father of

cleave to (the) wife

the

III.

And the serpent was cunning from {i. e., more than) every
animal of the 6eld which had made the Lord God and said
the serpent to the woman
Truly hath said God that not
should ye eat from all the trees of the park ?
:

2.

And

said the

woman

to the serpent

(It is true)

the fruits of the trees which (are) in the park,

we may
3.

that from

all

of them,

eat.

And from the fruits of the tree which (is) in the midst of
him that (is) the park hath said God [that] ye shall not eat
from him and ye shall not draw nigh to him lest {i. e., that
not) ye die.

4.
5.

C.

7.

And

said the serpent to the

Ye

shall not surely die.

Because that knows God that in the day that eating (are) ye
from him, (shall be) opened your eyes and ye (shall be) existing like God (/. e., as) knowers of the good and the evil.

And saw the woman that good (was) the tree for eating
and the pleasure he (was) to the eyes and (that) pleasant
(was) the tree to look at, and she took from the fruits of
him and ate and gave also to her husband with her and
he ate.
And
knew

were opened the eyes those of both of them and they

that naked (were) they and they sewed the leaves

those of the fig-trees and

8.

woman

And

made

for

they heard the voice of him

them the aprons.

who

(is)

God

the Lord

he was) walking in the park at the turning of him that

the day, and they concealed themselves

from before the Lord God

Adam and

(as
(is)

his wife

in the midst of the trees

which

(were) in the park.

9.

And

called the

(art)

thou

Lord God to

Adam

Adam

and said

to

him

Where

GENESIS

10.

And

he said

Thy

III

157

voice have I heard in the park

and

saw

that naked (am) I and I hid myself.

11.

And

said to

him the Lord

12.

Who

(is) he (that) hath showed

Behold from the tree (concerning) which I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat
from him thou hast eaten.
:

thee that naked thou (art)

And

said

with

me

Adam

The woman whom thou

she has given to

me from

gavest (to be)

the tree and I have eaten.

13.

And said the Lord

What is this that

14.

The serpent deceived me and I ate.

And said the Lord God to the serpent

15.

And

Grod to the

woman.

thou hast done

And

said the

woman

Because thou hast

done this, cursed (be) thou above all cattle and above every
animal of the field, and upon thy belly shalt thou go and the
dust shalt thou eat all of the days of thy lives.
:

the enmity shall I put between thee to the woman and

between thy seed to her seed lie shall trample thy head aud
;

thou shalt smite him in his heel.

16.

And

to the

woman he

said

will surely

multiply thy pains

and thy conceptions and in pains shalt thou bear sons [children] and unto thy husband shalt thou turn thyself and he
shall have dominion over thee.
17.

And

Adam he

Because thou hast hearkened to {Jit.,

who is thy wife and hast eaten
from the tree (concerning) which I commanded thee and
said to thee, that thou shouldest not eat from him, cursed
(be) thy land because of thee in the pains shalt thou eat (of)
her all of the days of thy lives.
to

said

heard in) the voice of her

18.

Thorns and

thistles shall she bring out for thee

and thou

shalt eat the herb that of the field.

19.

And

in the sweat that of thy nostrils {ov faces) shalt thou

eat the bread until that thou shalt return to the earth which

from her thou hast been taken ; because that the dust thou
(art) and to the dust thou shalt return.
20.

21.

And called Adam the name of her who (was) his wife Eve,
because that she was the mother that of all which (is) living.

And made

the Lord

coats those of the skin

for Adam and for

and clothed them.

God

his wife the

GENESIS

158
22.

IV.

Lord God Behold Adam has become like one

knowing of the good and the evil. Now
lest he stretch out his hand and take also from the tree that
of the lives and eat and live for ever.

And

said the

of us (as) to the

23.

And
till

24.

sent

him the Lord God from the park

Eden

to

And caused him to go out the Lord God and he caused to

go around from the east to the park that of Eden the cherub
and the flame of the sword which (was) turning itself to keep
the way that of the tree that of the

CHAPTER
1.

that of

the earth which he was taken from there.

lives.

IV.

And Adam knew + Eve his wife and she conceived and bare
+ Cain, and she said I have gotten the man for the Lord.
And she added to bear + his brother Abel. And Abel was
:

2.

feeding the flock and Cain was laboring in

3.

4.

(tilling)

the earth.

And

it came to pass after some days that (lit., and) Cain

brought from the fruits those of his earth (or ground) the
gift to the Lord.

And

Abel brought, also he, from the firstlings, those of his

and from their fatlings ; and took pleasure the Lord
in Abel and in his offering.
flock,

5.

And
it

in Cain

and in

displeased Cain

7.

And said the Lord

why has become sad
Behold

if

he did not take pleasure and

the idiomj exceedingly and was sad

were darkened his nostrils or

his face {lit.,

6.

his offering

[ISTote

thou doest

to Cain

thy face
well, I

Why

art

faces).

thou displeased, and

have accepted ; and if not thou

(is) laid, thou wilt turn thy-

doest well, at the door the sin

self
8.

9.

unto him and

And

said

And
And

said the

lie

shall

have dominion over thee.

Cain to Abel his brother Let us go to the plain.

And it came to pass that when they (were) in the field arose
Cain against Abel his brother and killed him.

my

he said
brother ?

Lord
I

to Cain

know

not.

Where

is Abel thy brother ?

His keeper (am) I+that of

GENESIS

10.

And

he said

159

IV.

"What hast thou done ?

(is) thy brother

him who

the blood of

The
(is)

voice that of

crying unto

me

from the earth.

11.

Therefore cursed (be) thou from the earth which has opened
her mouth and has received the blood of him who (is) thy
brother from thy hands.

12.

When

thou shalt labor in the earth she shall not add that

she should give to thee her strength, fleeing and wandering

13.

shalt

thou be

And

said Cain to the

(is)

in the earth.

Lord

Great

is

my sin from

that which

to remit.

14.

Behold thou hast caused me to go out to-day from the faces

of the earth and from before thee I shall be hidden and I
shall be fleeing and wandering in the earth and anyone who
shall find me will slay me.

15.

And

Not so, whosoever (is) the killer

he be avenged. And put the Lord
the sign on Cain that should not kill him every (one) whosoever (should be) findings- him.
him the Lord

said to

of Cain, sevenfold shall

16.

And went
the

17.

Land

out Cain from before the Lord and he dwelt in

And knew
and he

Nod from

that of

1 9.

and

name

called the

name

of her

which

(is)

of his son Enoch.

was born to Enoch Irad, and Irad begat + Mehuel, and

Mehuel begat + Methushel and Methushel begat + Lamech.

And Lamech took

(is) one Adah and
An.d bare

And

to

the

him two wives, the name

name of her which (is)

of her that

the second

next, or following) Zillah.

Adah + Jobal

inhabiters
; 7ie was the father to the
and the possessors of the possession.

of the tents
21.

Eden.

(is)

And

{lit.,

20.

which

+ his wife and she conceived and bare + Enoch

Cain

built the city

the city after the

18.

east of her

the

name

that of his brother (was) Jubal

father to every (one)

who

(is)

he was the

laying hold of the cithara and

the kinura.
22.

And

Zillah also

work that
of

site

bare + Tubal- Cain, an artificer in every

and that of the iron

Tubal-Cain (was) Naamah.

of the brass

him who

(is)

and the

sister

GENESIS

160
83.

LV.
i

Lamech to his wives Adali and Zillah hear ye my

Lamech hearken to my saying because that
man have I killed by my wounds and the youth by my

And

said

voice, wives of

the

blow.
24:.

25.

Because that one in seven {i. e., seven-fold) shall be avenged

Cain and Lamech to seventy and seven.

And knew Adam

again + Eve his wife and she conceived pnd

name Seth, because that has

bare the son and she called his

given to

me God

because) slew
26.

And

the seed the other instead of Abel that (or

him

Cain.

to Seth also to

him

(there)

he called his name Euosh.

the

name

of

him who

b^x.^ ^^r^^-iJU

(is)

was born to him the son and

(people) to call on

Then began
the Lord.

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