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SILVER
CERTIFICATION COURSE
DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEM
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC
EXCHANGE
Version 2 June 2014
INDEX
2.1
Objective .................................................................................. 2
2.2
Introduction ............................................................................. 2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
Summary ................................................................................ 21
2.11
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STRUCTURE
2.1
OBJECTIVE
2.2
INTRODUCTION
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING
2.7
DIGITAL SIGNALLING
2.8
2.9
2.10
SUMMARY
2.11
2.1 OBJECTIVE
After reading this unit, you should be able to:
2.2 INTRODUCTION
The prime purpose of an exchange is to provide a temporary path for simultaneous
bi-directional transmission of speech between
These are also called the switching functions of an exchange and are implemented
through the equipment called the switching network.
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An exchange, which can setup just the first three types of connections., is
called a Subscriber or Local Exchange.
If an exchange can setup only the fourth type of connections, it is called a
Transit or Tandem Exchange.
All these functions can be provided more efficiently using computer controlled
electronic exchange, than by the conventional electromechanical exchanges
Fig1.
Switching Functions
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Page4 of 22
Page5 of 22
(2)
(1)
Switching
network
Terminal equipment
Common
channel
Common
channel
signaling
terminal (5)
Channel
associated
signaling
terminal (5)
(4)
(4)
(4)
Distributor
Scanner
Marker
Sig links
3) CC
Central
control
Memories
S
P
(6)Man
Machine
dialogue
peripheral
s
Fig2.
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The functions of a Subscriber Line Interface, for each two wire line, are often
known by the acronym : BORSCHT
B
Battery feed
Overload protection
Ringing
Hybrid
All these functions cannot be performed directly by the electronic circuits and,
therefore, suitable interfaces are required.
Fig3.
c)
Transmission Interface
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In Time Division Switching, a number of calls share the same path on time
division sharing basis. The path is not separate for each connection, rather, is shared
sequentially for a fraction of a time by different calls. This process is repeated
periodically at a suitable high rate. The repetition rate is 8 Khz, i.e. once every 125
microseconds for transmitting speech on telephone network, without any appreciable
distortion. These samples are time multiplexed with staggered samples of other speech
channels, to enable sharing of one path by many calls. The Time Division Switching was
initially accomplished by Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Switching. However, it
still could not overcome the performance limitations of signal distortion noise, cross-talk
etc. With the advent of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the PAM signals were converted
into a digital format overcoming the limitations of analog and PAM signals. PCM signals
are suitable for both transmission and switching. The PCM switching is popularly called
Digital Switching.
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Page9 of 22
Fig4.
It may be noticed that the writing in the speech memory is sequential and
independent of the control memory, while reading is controlled by the control memory,
i.e., there is a sequential writing but controlled readin
2.5.3 Input associated control
Here, the samples of I/C PCM are written in a controlled way, i.e., in the order
specified by control memory, and read sequentially.
Each location of control memory is rigidly associated with the corresponding TS
of I/C PCM and contains the address of TS of O/G PCM to be connected to.
The previous example with the same connection objective of connecting TS4 of
I/C PCM to TS6 of O/G PCM may be considered for its restoration. The location 4 of the
control memory is associated with incoming PCM TS4. Hence, it should contain the
EETP / BSNL Silver Certification Course /Ver.02/June 2014
For Restricted Circulation
Page10 of 22
address of the location where the contents of TS4 of I/C PCM are to be written in speech
memory. A CC writes the number of the destination TS, viz., 6 in this case, in location 4
of the control memory. The contents of TS4 are therefore, written in location of speech
memory, as shown in fig5.
The contents of speech memory are read in the O/G PCM in a sequential way, i.e.,
location 1 is read during TS1, location 2 is read during TS2, and so on. In this case, the
contents of location 6 will appear in the output PCM at TS6. Thus the input PCM TS4 is
switched to output PCM TS6. In this switch, there is sequential reading but controlled
writing.
Fig5.
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time-slots, there is always a free path available to interconnect them. In other words, there
is no blocking in a time switch.
2.5.6 Two Dimensional Switching
Though the electronic cross points are not so expensive, the
cost of accessing and selecting them from external pins in a Space Switch, becomes
prohibitive as the switch size increases. Similarly, the memory location requirements
rapidly go up as a Time Switch is expanded, making it uneconomical. Hence, it becomes
necessary to employ a number of stages, using small switches as building blocks to build
a large network. This would result in necessity of changing both the time-slot and
highway in such a network. Hence, the network, usually, employs both types of switches
viz., space switch and time switch, and. therefore, is known as two dimensional network.
These networks can have various combinations of the two types of switches and are
denoted as TS, STS, TSST,etc.
Though to ensure full availability, it may be desirable to use only T stages.
However, the networks having the architecture of TT, TTT, TTTT, etc., are
uneconomical, considering the acceptability of tolerable limits of blocking, in a practical
network. Similarly, a two-stage two-dimensional network, TS or ST, is basically suitable
for very low capacity networks only. The most commonly used architecture has three
stages, viz., STS or TST. However, in certain cases, their derivatives, viz., TSST, TSSST,
etc., may also be used.
An STS network has relatively simpler control requirements and hence, is still
being favoured for low capacity networks, viz., PBX exchanges. As the blocking depends
mainly on the outer stages, which are space stages, it becomes unsuitable for high
capacity systems.
A TST network has lesser blocking constraints as the outer stages are time stages
which are essentially non-blocking and the space stage is relatively smaller. It is,
therefore, most cost-effective for networks handling high traffic, However, for still higher
traffic handling capacity networks, e.g., tandom exchanges, it may be desirable to use
TSST or TSSST architecture.
The choice of a particular architecture is dependent on other factors also, viz.,
implementation complexity, modularity, testability, expandability, etc. As a large number
of factors favour TST structure, it is most widely used.
2.5.7 Switching Network Configuration of some Modern Switches
1
2
3
4
5
6
E10B
EWSD
AXE10
CDOT(MBM)
5ESS
OCB 283
T-S-T
T-S-S-S-T
T-S-T
T-S-T
T-S-T
T
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cannot be deferred), such as, reception of dialed digits, and sending of digits in case of
transit exchange. The block schematic of a switching processor, consisting of central
control programme store is shown in fig.
To Switching Network
Translation
Store
Data Store
Sto
re
Fig6.
Switching Processor
Central Control (CC) is a high speed data processing unit, which controls the
operation of the switching network. In Programme store, sets of instructions, called
programmes, are stored. The programmes are interpreted and executed by the central
control.
Data Store provides for the temporary storage of transient data, required in
processing telephone calls, such as digits dialed by the subscriber, busy / idle states of
lines and trunks etc. Data Stores is temporary memory,
Translation Store contains information regarding lines e.g. category of calling and
called line routing code, charging information, etc. whereas Translation and Programme
Stores are of semi-permanent type. The information in the Semi-permanent memories
does not change during the processing of the call, but the information in Data Store
changes continuously with origination and termination of each call.
2.5.9 Switching Peripheral Equipment
The time intervals, in which the processor operates, is in the order of
microseconds, while the components in the telephone switching section operate in
milliseconds (if the switching network is of the analog type). The equipment, known as
the switching peripheral, is the interface between these two equipments working at
different speeds. The interface equipment acts as speed buffer, as well as, enables
conversion of digital logic signals from the processor to the appropriate electrical signals
to operate relays and cross-points, etc. Scanners, Signal distributors and Marker fall under
this category of devices.
a) Scanner
Its purpose is to detect and inform CC of all significant events / signals on
subscriber lines and trunks connected to the exchange. These signals may either be
continuous or discrete. The equipments at which the events / signals must be detected are
equally diverse.
1. Terminal equipment for subscriber lines and inter-exchange trunks and.
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Page13 of 22
Marker
Marker performs physical setup and release of paths through the switching
network, under the control of CC. A path is physically operated only when it has been
reserved in the central control memory. Similarly, paths are physically released before
being cleared in memory, to keep the memory information updated vis-a-vis switching
network, depending upon whether is switching is Time division or Space division, marker
either writes information in the control memory of time and space stages. (Time Division
Switching), or physical operates the cross - points (Space Division Switching)
c)
Distributor
It is a buffer between high - speed - low - power CC and relatively slow-speedhigh-power signaling terminal circuits. A signal distributor operates or releases
electrically latching relays in trunks and service circuits, under the direction of central
control.
d)
Bus System
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Call request
When the subscriber is idle, the line impedance is high. The line impedance falls,
as soon as, the subscriber lifts the hand-set, resulting in increase of line current. This is
detected as a new call signal and the exchange after connecting an appropriate equipment
to receive the address information sends back dial-tone signal to the subscriber.
b)
Address signal
After the receipt of the dial tone signal, the subscriber proceeds to send the
address digits. The digits may be transmitted either by decade dialing or by multi
frequency pushbutton dialling.
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1. DecadicDialling
The address digits may be transmitted as a sequence of interruption of the DC
loop by a rotary dial or a decadic push-button key pad. The number of interruption
(breaks) indicates the digit, exept0, for which there are 10 interruptions. The rate of such
interruptions is 10 per second and the make/break ration is 1:2. There has to be a interdigital pause of a few hundred milliseconds to enable the exchange to distinguish between
consecutive digits. This method is, therefore, relatively slow and signals cannot be
transmitted during the speech phase.
2. Multi-frequency Push-button Dialing
This method overcomes the constraints of the decadic dialing. It uses two sets of
four voice frequencies pressing a button (key), generates a signal comprising of two
frequencies one from each group. Hence, it is also called Dual-Tone Multi-frequency
(DTMF) dialling. The signal is transmitted as long as the key is kept pressed. This
provides 16 different combinations. As there are only 10 digits, at present the highest
frequency, viz., 1633 Hz is not used and only 7 frequencies are used, as shown in Fig.1.
By this method, the dialing time is reduced and almost 10 digits can be
transmitted per second. As frequencies used lie in the speech band, information may be
transmitted during the speech phase also, and hence, DTMF telephones can be used as
access terminals to a variety of systems, such as computers with voice output. The tones
have been so selected as to minimize harmonic interference and probability of simulation
by human voice.
HIGH
FREQ. GP
Fig7.
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1. Ring-back tone to the calling subscriber and ringing current to the called
subscriber, if the called line is free.
2. Busy-tone to the calling subscriber, if the called line is busy or otherwise
inaccessible.
3. Recorded announcement to the calling subscriber, if the provision
indicate reasons for call failure, other than called line busy.
exists,
to
Ring back, tone and ringing current are always transmitted from the called
subscriber local exchange and busy tone and recorded announcements, if any, by the
equipment as close to the calling subscriber as possible to avoid unnecessary busying of
equipment and trunks.
d) Answer Back Signal
As soon as the called subscriber lifts the handset, after ringing, a battery reversal
signal is transmitted on the line of the calling subscriber. This may be used to operate
special equipment attached to the calling subscriber, e.g., short-circuiting the transmitter
of a CCB, till a proper coin is inserted in the coin-slot.
e) Release signal
When the calling subscriber releases i.e., goes on hook, the line impedance goes
high. The exchange recognizing this signal, releases all equipment involved in the call.
This signal is normally of more than 500 milliseconds duration
f) Permanent Line (PG) Signal
Permanent line or permanent glow (PG) signal is sent to the calling subscriber if
he fails to release the call even after the called subscriber has gone on-hook and the call is
released after a time delay. The PG signal may also be sent, in case the subscriber takes
too long to dial. It is normally busy tone.
2.6.2 Called Subscriber Line Signals:
a)
Ring Signal
On receipt of a call to the subscriber whose line is free, the terminating exchange
sends the ringing current to the called telephone. This is typically 25 or 50Hz with
suitable interruptions. Ring-back tone is also fed back to the calling subscriber by the
terminating exchange.
b)
Answer Signal
When the called subscriber, lifts the hand-set on receipt of ring, the line
impedance goes low. This is detected by the exchange which cuts off the ringing current
and ring-back tone.
c)
Release Signal
If after the speech phase, the called subscriber goes on hook before the calling
subscriber, the state of line impedance going high from a low value, is detected. The
exchange sends a permanent line signal to the calling subscriber and releases the call after
a time delay, if the calling subscriber fails to clear in the meantime.
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Man - machine dialogue terminals, like Tele- typewriter (TTY) and Visual
Display Units (VDU), are used to enter operator commands and to give out
low-volume date concerning the operation of the switching system. These
terminals may be local i.e. within a few tense of meters of the exchange, or
remotely located. These peripherals have been adopted in the switching
Systems for their ease and flexibility of operation.
Page18 of 22
ii.
iii.
High speed large capacity data storage peripherals (Magnetic Tape Drives,
magnetic Disc Unit) are used for loading software in the processor
memory.
iv.
In cold standby, the secondary unit is powered off, thus preserving the reliability
of the unit. The drawback of this design is that the downtime is greater than in hot
standby, because you have to power up the standby unit and bring it online into a known
state. This makes it more challenging to reconcile synchronization issues, but do to the
length of the time it takes to bring the standby unit on line, you will usually suffer a big
bump on switchover.
Hot Standby
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In hot standby, the secondary unit is powered up and can optionally monitor the
DUC. If you use the secondary unit as the watchdog and/or voter to decide when to
switch over, you can eliminate the need for a third party to this job. This design does not
preserve the reliability of the standby unit as well as the cold standby design. However, it
shortens the downtime, which in turn increases the availability of the system.
N Modular Redundancy
N Modular Redundancy, also known as Parallel Redundancy, refers to the
approach of having multiply units running in parallel. All units are highly synchronized
and receive the same input information at the same time. Their output values are then
compared and a voter decides which output values should be used. This model easily
provides bump less switchovers.
In N Modular Redundancy, there are three main typologies: Dual Modular
Redundancy, Triple Modular Redundancy, and Quadruple Redundancy.
Dual Modular Redundancy
Dual Modular Redundancy (DMR) uses two functional equivalent units, thus
either can control the DUC. The most challenging aspect of DMR is determining when to
switch over to the secondary unit. Because both units are monitoring the application, you
have to decide what to do if they disagree
Triple Modular Redundancy
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Other drawbacks of this approach are the added complexity of deciding when to
switch and of a switch matrix that can reroute the signals correctly and efficiently.
Redundancy Improves Reliability
Reliability is defined as the probability of not failing in a particular environment
for a particular mission time. Reliability is a statistical probability and there are no
absolutes or guarantees. The goal is to increase the odds of success as much as you can
within reason.
2.10 SUMMARY
After going through this unit you will be able to understand the various
blocks of Electronic Exchanges The electronic exchanges work on the principle of Stored
Programme Control. All the call processing functions are performed on the basis of predesigned programme which is stored in the memory of the Central Processor. Though the
initially designed Electronic Exchanges had single centralized processor the control is
being decentralised, providing dedicated micro - processor controlled sub- systems for
improved efficiency and security of the system.
This unit also describes different signaling events which can happen when a
subscriber is a calling subscriber. The signaling events which are possible when a
subscriber is called subscriber is also covered here.
A brief insight into the external plant is also given.
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
The connection frame in a local exchange on which local cable pairs and
exchange equipment are terminated for inter connecting.(DP/MDF)
In cold standby the downtime is greater than in hot standby.(T/F)
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