OBJECTIVE:

1. To conduct jar test.

2. To show the effectiveness of chemical treatment in a water treatment facility.
3. To evaluate coagulation efficiency.
4. To determine the most effective dosage of the recommended coagulants and
flocculants.
5. To selects the best chemical or best dosage to feed on the basis of clarifies of
effluent and minimum cost of chemicals.
6. To gain a hands on understanding of the treatment process for
removing suspended solids from water.
2.0 THEORY:
Raw water or wastewater must be treated to remove turbidity, color and
bacteria. Colloidal particles are in the size range between dissolved substance and
suspended particles. The particles are too small to be removed by sedimentation or
by normalfiltration processes. Colloidal particles exhibit the Tyndall effect; that is,
when light passes through liquid containing colloidal particles, the light is
reflected by the particles. The degree to which colloidal suspension reflects light at
90 angle to the entrance beam is measured by turbidity. The unit of measure is a
Turbidity Unit (TU) or Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). It is determined by
reference to a chemical mixture that produces are producible refraction of light.
Turbidities in excess of 5 TU are easily detectable in a glass of water and are usually
objectionable for aesthetic reasons. For a given particle size, the higher the
turbidity, the higher the concentration of colloidal particles.
Color is a useful term that is used to describe a solution state. But it is
difficult to distinguish dissolved color and colloidal color. Some color is caused by
colloidal iron or manganese complexes. Although, the most common cause of color
is from complex organic compounds that originate from the decomposition of
organic matter. Most color seems to be between 3.5 and 10m, which is colloidal.
Color is measured by the ability of the solution to absorb light. Color particles can
be removed by the methods discussed for dissolved or colloidal, depending
upon the state of the color.
Finely dispersed solid (colloids) suspended in wast e w a t e r a r e s t a b i l i z e d b y
negative electric charges on their surfaces, causing them to repel each
other. Since
this prevents these charged particles from colliding to form larger masses, called fl
ocs, theydo not settle. To assists in the removal of colloidal particles form
suspension, chemical coagulations and fl occulation are required. These
processes, usually done in

sequence,a r e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l p r o c e d u r e s . C
h e m i c a l s a r e m i xe d w i t h wastewater to promote the aggregation of
the suspended solids into particles large enough to settle or be removed.
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the forces that keep
them apart. Cationic coagulants provide positive electric charges to reduce
the negative charge of the colloids. As a result, the particles collide to form
larger particles (floc). Rapid mixing is required to disperse the coagulant
throughout the liquid. The coagulants overdose can cause a complete charge
reversal and destabilize the colloid complex.
A coagulant is the substance (chemical) that is added to the water
to accomplish coagulation. There are three key properties of a coagulant;
1. Trivalent caution: As indicated in the last section, the colloids
most commonly found in natural waters are negatively charged; hence a caution
is required to neutralize the charge. A trivalent caution is the most efficient caution.
2. Nontoxic: This requirement is obvious for the production of safe water.
3. Insoluble in the neutral pH range. The coagulant that is added must
precipitate o u t o f s o l u t i o n s o t h a t h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e i o n a r e
n o t l e f t i n t h e w a t e r. S u c h precipitation greatly assists the colloid removal
process.
The two most commonly used coagulants are aluminum (Al 3+) a n d
f e r r i c i r o n (Fe3+). Both meet above three requirements. Aluminum can be
purchased as either dry or liquid alum [Al2(SO4)314H2O]. Commercial alum
has an average molecular weight of 594. When alum added to a water
containing alkalinity, the following reaction occurs;