Grammar Kit For The Advanced Courses

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VERB TENSES
In English, every verb tense has two aspects: simple and progressive/continuous.
The simple aspect generally refers to an action together with its results.
The progressive ( -ing) aspect stresses the action of the verb, focusing more on the verb
than on the result or circumstance. Progressive verbs give the language more
dynamism.
1. Present Simple
Present Simple generally refers to:
- facts that are always true
(either
so-called
general
truths, or things considered
absolute
truths
by
the
speakers):
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

Mr. Stanson works impeccably.
British people drink a lot of tea.
- habits,
routine events that
happen regularly
We never eat pizza for dinner.

She takes the bus every morning.
Every time he calls, they listen up.
- states
This fabric feels so soft. The house needs

some repair. The medicine does not contain
alcohol.
- preferences
I dont like gangster films. They prefer movies

to books.
I believe in God. Do you think it will rain?
- mental actions, opinions,

attitudes
- making declarations
I hereby declare this meeting open.
- headlines
Ship sinks in midnight collision.

Labour woos unions support.
- instructions,
itineraries
operations
and
First you roll out the pastry, then you spread

the filling on it.
On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon.
- future
arrangements,
or
events
that
will
happen
according to a schedule or
timetable
-
The bus arrives at 10.

The plane takes off in an hour.
The school goes to the seaside next week.
- summaries and
commentaries of events, plots
of movies or books, plays,
etc.
The main character goes through a lot of

hardships.
At the end of the play, both families realize
that their hatred caused the death of the two
lovers
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- historic present in
narratives,
May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an

end.
- suspenseful events
And all of a sudden, there is a loud thump and

all people jerk out of their doze.
So he breaks in the door and enters the
room, takes out a gun and holds it up. Its
then that Sarah faints and Jim holds out just
in time to catch her.
- and funny stories
So then the second man asks the first one

why he has a banana in his ear and the first
one says..
Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Associated with Present Simple

- usually, rarely, often, seldom (can only occur on 2-nd place in sentence, after
subject and before the verb)
We usually eat out on Fridays. They rarely come to join us. She often brings ker kids to
parties. It seldom snows in Texas.
- never( can also come at beginning of sentence, in case of emphatic negation)
They never bring any presents. Never do I go to that place!
- always, regularly, currently, repeatedly (can only occur on 2-nd place or at the
end of sentence)
They always speak so loudly. She goes with him always.
- sometimes, frequently, occasionally (can occur at the beginning, on 2-nd place and
at the end of sentence)
Sometimes, the bell just rings by itself. He sometimes forgets his sons birthday. They
come and visit us sometimes.
- every now and then, every Monday, every day/month/other day, every two
weeks, on weekends, all the time, in summer, at the beginning of the month,
etc (can only occur either at the beginning or at the end of sentence).
Every now and then, the well dries out and we must get water from the city.
She comes and says hello to us every now and then.
Every fortnight Jean takes her car to the mechanic.
He comes to see his aunt every fortnight.
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Active / Passive
Active Voice: Mike usually repairs the car himself.
Passive Voice Form:
is/are + past participle
The car is usually repaired by Mike.
1.1. Present Progressive (Continuous)

- actions which are in full
progress at the moment of
speaking
at
Shes leaning out of the window and staring

me.
- actions that are temporarily

true for the current period of
time
Im staying
apartment.
actions
generally
in
progress but not actually
happening at the moment
Im learning to drive.
- feelings of irritation
behalf of the speaker
Why are you always making that awful

sound?
Youre never learning anything!
- firm
future
intentions
for
on
the
- more emphasis put on the

action, insistence
at
hotel
until
find
an
Were arriving Saturday at 10.

Shes coming in tomorrow evening.
and theyre actually winning the race!
Can you imagine that? Shes really doing it!
Contrast between Present Simple and Present Progressive

There is a category of verbs, called state verbs. They describe a continuing state, that
is not changing in time. Therefore, logically explainable, they can not be used in the
continuous form. Here is a list of most typical state verbs:
believe
belong
consist
contain
doubt
feel
fit
have
hear
know
like
love
matter
mean
need
own
prefer
see
seem
suppose
suspect
taste
understand
want
wish
Some verbs have a certain static meaning, but a different meaning when used in the
progressive form. Compare these examples:
State
Event, movement in the present moment
Jack is noisy.
Jills being noisy.
Dan has a Volkswagen.
Were
having
an
conversation.
Theyre having lunch now.
I think like you.
Davids thinking about getting a new

job.
This fish tastes awful.
Im just tasting the soup.
I feel that you are wrong.
Im feeling terrible.
This bag weighs a ton!
Were weighing the baby.
It depends what you mean.
Bill, Im depending on you to win this

contest.
I can see the doctor.
Im seeing the doctor.
We hear all the noise.
The judge is hearing the witness.
interesting
Sometimes, in the language spoken by natives, especially in song lyrics, literature

or advertising language, you may find exceptions to this rule, meant to emphasize certain
feelings or attitudes. That is no reason to break the general rule (yet). Some examples
may be:
Im feeling good. Are you really believing it? Shes wishing the moon for herself.
Youre belonging to me.
Active / Passive
Active Voice: Ann is teaching this class.
Passive Voice Form:
is/are + being + past participle
This class is being taught by Ann. The car is being driven by a beginner, that is why it is
swerving so much.
Exercises with the Present Tense

1. Fill in with the appropriate verb forms:
Trekking Journal
November 12, 1997
Today (be).. the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am
exhausted and my legs (shake)..; I just hope I am able to complete the
trek. My feet (kill, really) ..me and my toes (bleed).., but I
(want,
still)
.to
continue.
Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be)
so different, and I (try) .to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn)
a little bit of the language to make communication easier; unfortunately, I
(learn, not) foreign languages quickly. Although I (understand, not)
.much
yet,
I
believe
that
I
(improve,
gradually)
...
I (travel, currently) with Liam, a student from Leeds University in
England. He (be) a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always)
ahead of me and (complain) that I am too slow. I (do)
..my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger than I am.
Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.
Right now, Liam (sit) ..with the owner of the inn. They (discuss)
..the differences between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not)
.the real name of the owner, but everybody (call, just) .him
Tam. Tam (speak) .English very well and he (try) .to teach Liam
some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say) ..a new word, Liam (try)
to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also) .to have
difficulty learning foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for
directions.
(Internet, English Page)
2. Put the verbs in the right form:
1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) ..her kids to football practice.

2. Usually, I (work) ..as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)
. French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep).
Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain)
I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always)..
I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) .because everybody (talk)
..so loudly.
7. Justin (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I
hope he can find a good publisher when he is finished.
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) to a movie tonight with some
friends.
9. The business cards (be, normally ) ..printed by a company in New York.
Their prices (be) .inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite
good.
10. This delicious chocolate (be) made by a small chocolatier in Zurich,
Switzerland.
3.
4.
5.
6.
STRUCTURES AND TENSES USED FOR

NARRATION IN THE PAST
Present Simple and Continuous
Past Simple and Continuous
used to and would

Past Perfect Simple and Continuous
2. Past Simple
Past Simple generally refers to:
- finished or completed actions in
the past, at a certain moment
I got up, switched off the radio and sat down

again.
I finished checking the weapons at 13.00 hours.
The mosquitoes appeared after sunset. They
plagued us the whole night. It was terrible I am
so glad that we are back home.
- habits and routines that

happened in a past period;
narration of past events
When I was on holiday in Switzerland, I went to

the park every day.
- states referring to the past, no

connection to the present
In those days, I didnt like reading.
From the point of view of form in the Simple Past Tense, verbs are divided into two
categories: regular and irregular.
Regular verbs do not change their root, only adding the ending ed in the past.
Examples: learn learned, work worked, stop stopped, kiss kissed
Spelling rules:
- consonants coming after short vowels are doubled (sin sinned, hop hopped)
- y turns into ie ( carry carried, worry worried)
Do not forget to consider the specific pronunciation rules for each category of sounds.
Active / Passive
Active Voice: They told him to come later.
Passive Voice Form:
was/were + past participle
He was told to come later.

She was instructed not to leave the room.
The chickens were fed by the little girl.
Irregular verbs change the root and behave individually different. You have no choice but
learn their forms by heart. Here is a list of most common irregular verbs:
IRREGULAR VERBS GROUP 1

1. arise arose arisen
2. be was - been
3. bear bore - born
4. beat beat - beaten
5. become became - become
6. begin began - begun
7. bet bet - bet
8. bend bent - bent
9. bid bid - bid
10. bind bound - bound
11. bite bit - bitten
12. blow blew - blown
13. break broke - broken
14. breed bred - bred
15. bring brought - brought
16. broadcast broadcast - broadcast
17. build built- built
18. burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
19. burst burst - burst
20. buy bought - bought
21. cast cast - cast
22. catch caught - caught
23. choose chose - chosen
24. cling clung - clung
25. come came - come
26. cost cost - cost
27. creep crept- crept
28. cut cut - cut
29. deal dealt - dealt
30. dig dug - dug
31. do did - done
32. draw drew - drawn
33. dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
34. drink drank - drunk
35. drive - drove - driven
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36.
37.
38.
39.
eat ate- eaten

fall fell - fallen
feel- felt - felt
feed fed - fed
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
fight fought - fought

find found - found
fit fit/fitted fit/fitted
flee fled - fled
fling flung - flung
fly flew - flown
forbid forbade - forbidden
forecast forecast forecast
forget forgot - forgotten
forgive forgave - forgiven
forsake forsook - forsaken
freeze froze - frozen
get got got/gotten
give gave - given
go went - gone
grind ground - ground
grow grew - grown
hang hung hung
hang hanged - hanged
have had - had
hear heard -heard
hide hid - hidden
hit hit - hit
hold held - held
hurt hurt - hurt
keep kept - kept
kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled
know knew - known
lay laid - laid
lead led - led
lean leaned/leant leaned/leant
leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
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73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
leave left - left

lend lent - lent
let let - let
lie lay lain
light lit/lighted lit/lighted

78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
lose lost - lost

make made - made
mean meant - meant
meet met - met
mislay mislaid - mislaid
mistake mistook - mistaken
pay paid - paid
put put - put
quit quit - quit
read read - read
rid rid - rid
ride rode - ridden
ring rang - rung
rise rose - risen
run ran - run
say said - said
see saw - seen
seek sought - sought
sell sold - sold
send sent - sent
set set - set
shake shook - shaken
shed shed - shed
shine shone/shined shone/shined
shoot shot - shot
show showed /shown showed/ shown
shrink shrank/shrunk - shrunk
shut shut - shut
sing sang - sung
sink sank - sunk
sit sat - sat
sleep slept - slept
slide slid - slid
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111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
slit slit - slit

smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt
speak spoke - spoken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
spell spelled/spelt spelled/spelt

116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
spend spent - spent

spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
spin spun - spun
spit spit/spat spit/spat
split split - split
spoil spoiled/spoilt spoiled/spoilt
spread spread - spread
spring sprang/sprung - sprung
stand stood - stood
steal stole - stolen
stick stuck - stuck
sting stung - stung
stink stank/stunk - stunk
strike struck struck/stricken
strive strove/strived striven/strived
string strung - strung
swear swore - sworn
sweep swept - swept
swim swam - swum
swing swung - swung
take took - taken
teach taught - taught
tear tore - torn
tell told - told
think thought - thought
throw threw - thrown
thrust thrust - thrust
understand understood - understood
undertake undertook - undertaken
upset upset - upset
wake woke/waked woken/waked
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147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
wear wore - worn

weave wove - woven
weep wept - wept
win won - won
wind wound - wound
withdraw withdrew - withdrawn
write wrote - written
Used to
Used to refers to actions that happened quite often in the past, and are not happening
in the present any more. It also refers to states or realities that were present in the past
moment you are talking about.
When I was a child, I used to go fishing with my grandfather every weekend. He used to
teach me how to fish and how to cook the fish. I used to enjoy it a lot. Grandpa used to tell
me a lot of things about nature.
Hank used to wear a beard and a moustache. Now he has shaven them off.
You used to be such an inquisitive child.
He used to work in restaurants.
Would
Would is used to narrate past events that happened on a regular basis, repeatedly, according
to a routine or schedule.
My grandpa would come to my bed very early in the morning, at 4 oclock. He would pat me
on my shoulder and wake me up gently. Then, the two of us would tiptoe downstairs, so as
not to wake up the whole house. But as we would reach the last stair, my little brother
would stick out his head through the door and ask in a loud voice: Where are you going?
Usually, this would wake up Mom, of course, and she would open her door and mumble
something about taking the child out so early on a cold morning. Both of us would ignore all
this disturbance and just go ahead on our fishing escapade.
The little story above shows that the actions mentioned were happening usually like this and
in the mentioned order, every time on the occasion of going fishing.
Comparison between used to and would
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Both used to and would show past actions that happened on a habitual basis. However,
would is more restrictive, being used just for actions that happened on a very regular, routine
basis, as part of an established procedure at that time. Many times, you can use either would
or used to, as long as it does not confuse the reader.
Examples: Grandpa used to/would take me fishing every Friday when I was a child.
But it is not enough if you say: Grandpa would take me fishing when I was a child. You need
an adverb to show repetition, routine at exact moments.
You can say: She used to be very thin in those times.
You can not say: She would be very thin in those times.
2.1. Past Progressive / Continuous
Form: was/were + vb -ing
Refers to:
- actions which were in full
progress at a certain moment in
the past
I was drinking my coffee at the time you

were talking about.
Yesterday at 9 we were sitting and enjoying
the sun.
Sam was sleeping when you called.
- background
narrative
I entered the office and looked around. Most

people were working at their desks, but Jane
was staring out of the window and
pretending to be writing something at the
same time.
description
in
- changing states, graduality
The car was getting worse all the time. One

of the headlights was gradually falling off,
and the engine was making more and more
funny noises.
- repeated actions criticism

With the use of an adverb of
frequency, it expresses annoyance
When Jane was at school, she was always

losing things.
Oh Jack, he was never picking up anything!
or criticism
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Active / Passive
Active Voice: The captain was ordering him around all the time.
Passive Voice Form:
Was/were + being + past participle
He was being ordered around all the time by the captain.

The car was still being worked on. I couldnt pick it up yet.
The carpets were being washed and the floors were being dusted when I visited the castle
last time, so we could not have access in all the rooms.
Exercises with past simple and continuous, would and used to

3. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence:
a) While I washed/was washing my hair, the phone rang/ringed.
b) How did you felt/did you feel yesterday afternoon?
c) When I got/was getting home, I received/was receiving a phone call.
d) Last summer I was going swimming/went swimming every weekend.
e) We sang/sung some songs and then ate/eat some sandwiches.
f) When the dog bit/was biting Lauras leg, she screamed/was screaming.
g) When you fell/felt over the cliff, what happened/was happening next?
h) While Mary washed up/was washing up, she broke/was breaking a cup.
i) I didnt see/saw where the bus stop was, so I was missing/missed the bus.
j) What did you do/were you doing when I phoned/was phoning you last night? There
was no reply.
(Vince, Intermediate Grammar)
4. Rewrite each sentence according to the instructions given.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
I enjoyed the concert. (negative)

You ate all the bread. (question)
Did John spend a lot? (affirmative)
I felt very well yesterday. (negative)
Anna didnt buy a car. (affirmative)
They won the prize. (question)
Paul doesnt speak Greek. (affirmative)
I paid all the bills. (negative)
5. Complete each sentence with a suitable time expression from the box. You can
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use an expression more than once.
ago
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
in
last week
at
when
while
A burglar broke into the house ..we were watching TV.

..I met an old friend of mine in the city centre.
What were you doing .the police officer knocked on the door?
Jan met Sarah half-past eight outside the cinema.
Rick was preparing lunch, he cut his finger badly.
I first came to this town more than twenty years ..
Jeff was studying to be a doctor he met Sally.
Tony bought his first motorbike . 1992.
did you start playing basketball?
Most of the young people left this village a long time
6. Put each verb in brackets into either the past simple or past continuous.
a. When Harry (wake up).., we (tell).him the news.
b. Everyone (wait) for the concert to begin when a message (arrive)
c. Charlotte (want) .. a relaxing holiday, so she (choose) ..to stay on a
small island.
d. When Roberto (study)in America, his parents (phone) ..him every week.
e. I (find)my pen while I (look for) .. my bag.
f. Ann (watch) a film on TV when Julie (arrive)
g. When the lights (go out).., I (lie).. in bed reading.
h. When you (go) .. to the new Chinese restaurant, what (you eat)
?
7. Complete the sentences with the appropriate verb forms:

1. A: What (you, do) ..when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) .to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
2. After I (find) the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately)
to the police and (turn) it in.
3. The doctor (say) that Tom (be) .too sick to go to work
and that he (need) .to stay at home for a couple of days.
4. Sebastian (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she
(be, not) .there. She (study, at the library) .for her
final examination in French.
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch,
also) .television. That's all she ever does!
6. A: I (call) ..you last night after dinner, but you (be, not)
.there. Where were you?
B: I (work) .out at the fitness center.
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7. When I (walk) ..into the busy office, the secretary (talk) on the
phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily) .at their desks, and
two managers (discuss, quietly) .methods to improve customer
service.
8. I (watch) .a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I
am never going to find out how the movie ends.
9. Sharon (be) in the room when John told me what happened, but
she didn't hear anything because she (listen, not)..
10. It's strange that you (call) ..because I (think, just) .about you.
11. The Titanic (cross) ..the Atlantic when it (strike) .an iceberg.
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily)
..and (try) .to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt)
.for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) ..their donkeys
through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue)
..over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) over to a man
who (sell) ..fruit and (buy) .a banana.
13. The firemen (rescue) ..the old woman who (be) trapped on
the third floor of the burning building.
14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) her dirty dishes in the sink.
I think she (expect, actually) ..me to do them for her.
15. Samantha (live) ..in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)
.there when the Berlin Wall came down.
8. Fill in the blanks with the right verb forms:

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call). She said she (call)
..me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she
(wait) for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall
lecturing while she (talk) ..to me. I couldn't believe she (make) ..a
phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually)
..in class. Some of the students (talk) about their plans for the
weekend and the student next to her (draw) .a picture of a horse. When
Angela (tell) .me she was not satisfied with the class, I (mention)that
my biology professor was quite good and (suggest) that she switch to my
class.
While we were talking, I (hear) ..her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a
phone call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) .up the phone and went
to the kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut) .vegetables for a salad, the phone
rang once again. It (be) ..Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
9. Complete each sentence, using would or used to. More than one answer is
possible.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Jack (have) a beard but he shaved it off.

My mother (read).to me every night.
In the holidays we (meet). At the beach every morning.
I (not like) .spinach, but now I do.
Helen (write).to me often, but now she phones.
Tina (live) in the house opposite when we were children.
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G. When I was young, the summers (be) .. warmer.
H. Whenever our teacher let us leave early, we (cheer)..!
10. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable past verb form.
a) I realised that someone was stealing (my wallet) when I felt (feel) their hand in my
jacket pocket.
b) When I (phone) Helen last night, she .. (wash) her hair.
c) Peter (offer) me another drink but I decided I .. (had) enough.
d) Nobody . (watch), so the little boy . (take) the packet of sweets from
the shelf and .(put) it in his pocket.
e) I (not realise) that I .. (leave) my umbrella on the bus until it
.(start) to rain.
f) At school I . (dislike) the maths teacher because he.. (always/pick) on
me.
g) Wherever Marion (find) a job, there was someone who .. (know)
that she . (go) to prison.
h) Several years later, I . (find out) that during all the time I .(write) to my
penfriend, my mother .. (open) and reading the replies!
i) I. (not/understand) what .(go on). Several people . (shout) at me,
and one passer-by (wave) a newspaper in front of my face.
j) I .. (know) I (do) well in my exams even before I (receive) the
official results.
(Vince, Advanced Grammar)
3. Past Perfect Simple

had + past participle
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the
past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
You had studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
Completed action before another action
or event in the Past
I had never seen such a beautiful beach

before I went to Kauai.
I did not have any money because I had lost
my wallet.
Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had
visited the city several times.
Had Susan ever studied Thai before she
moved to Thailand?
She only understood the movie because she
had read the book.
Kristine had never been to an opera before
last night.
We were not able to get a hotel room because
we had not booked in advance.
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A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your
trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
Duration before something in the past

(Non-Continuous Verbs, or state verbs)
We had had that car for ten years before it

broke down.
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had
been in London for over eight years.
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some

non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we
use the Past Perfect to show that
something started in the past and
continued up until another action in the
past.
They felt bad about selling the house because

they had owned it for more than forty years.
IMPORTANT: Specific Times with the Past Perfect
It is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is
possible, it is usually not necessary.
Example:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in
1996.
Moreover
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used
instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words
"before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For
this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in
1996.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
18
However
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not
optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of
experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be
used.
Examples:
She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
Adverb Placement
Adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. are placed between the
auxiliary had and the past participle of the verb.
Examples:
You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
Active / Passive
Active Voice: George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.
Passive Voice Form:
Had been + past participle
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
(Internet)
Here is a fragment of a fiction book, featuring a number of Past Perfect verbs that are
used in a natural context.
I had two introductions to people in Londres, one to a journalist at one

top Argentinian newspaper and one to his brother, a man of business.
Through them I met a local Englishman, Arthur Bauer, who was married to
19
an Argentinian. Bauers father had been the master and owner of an
American windjammer and he had been born on board in 1884 in Danish
territorial waters. He was certainly the most vigorous and benign eightynine year old I had ever met. A brilliant photographer, he had a charming
house in the plaza littered with weird and wonderful cameras of bygone
years. Arthur Bauer had led life to the hilt. As a young man he had studied
at Heidelberg and then in 1907 he had gone to Spitzbergen just to see
what it was like when coaling was just beginning there. On returning to
England he had brought some rare books at an auction for a song and sold
them for 8,000 pounds; on the proceeds he had journeyed up the Congo
and down the Zambezi. An eight-month trip during which time he had
employed forty negroes whom he had paid a shilling a day; good money
for them in 1908. He had gone down with black water fever at Mozambique
and had been amazed to survive, for the mortality was ninety-nine per
cent. Hed survived to join the Royal Flying Corps in the Kaisers War and
when that was over hed made money out of diamonds in Johannesburg.
Finally he had come to Brazil to die of dysentery.
(S. Snow, The Rucksack Man)
4.1.
Past Perfect Progressive / Continuous

had been + -ing
Past Perfect Progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before
another activity or time in the past.
Examples:
The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.
Eric finally came at six oclock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty.
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
Duration Before Something in the Past
They had been talking for over an hour

before Tony arrived.
She had been working at that company for
three years when it went out of business.
20
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to

show that something started in the
past and continued up until another
time in the past. "For five minutes"
and "for two weeks" are both
durations which can be used with the
Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that
this is related to the Present Perfect
Continuous; however, the duration
does not continue until now, it stops
before something else in the past.
Cause of Something in the Past
Using the Past Perfect Continuous

before another action in the past is a
good way to show cause and effect.
This tense may also express an
activity in progress close in time to
another activity or time in the past.
How long had you been waiting to get on

the bus?
Mike wanted to sit down because he had
been standing all day at work.
James had been teaching at the university
for more than a year before he left for Asia.
A: How long had you been studying
Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
B: I had not been studying Turkish very
long.
When Judy got home, her hair was still wet

because she had been swimming.
I went to Janes house after the funeral. You
could tell she had been crying the whole
night before.
Jason was tired because he had been
jogging.
Sam gained weight because he had been
overeating.
Betty failed the final test because she had
not been attending class
Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or
"since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the
Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence.
Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous
emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to
understand the difference.
Examples:
He was tired because he was exercising so hard.
THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WAS TIRED BECAUSE
MOMENT.
HE WAS EXERCISING AT THAT EXACT
He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.

THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WAS TIRED BECAUSE HE HAD BEEN EXERCISING
TIME. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT HE WAS STILL EXERCISING AT THAT MOMENT OR THAT HE
FINISHED.
REMEMBER: Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
OVER A PERIOD OF
HAD JUST
21
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous

tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in
continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must
use Past Perfect.
Examples:
The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not
Correct
The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct
Adverb Placement
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only,
never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.
Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?
Active / Passive
Active Voice: Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two
years before he moved to Paris.
Passive Voice Form:
Had been being + past participle
The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years
before he moved to Paris.
NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common. They are mostly
used in very formal writing.
Exercises with Past Perfect Simple and Continuous

1) While I had waited/was waiting at the bus stop, I had noticed/was noticing/noticed
a new shop which wasnt/hadnt been in the street the day before.
2) I had gone/went out into the garden to fetch my bike, but found/was finding that
someone stole/had stolen it.
3) When George met/was meeting Diane at the party, he thought/was thinking that
he saw/had seen/was seeing her somewhere before.
4) Emily got off/was getting off the bus and walked/was walking into the bank when
she realized/had realized/was realizing that she left/had left/was leaving her
handbag on the bus.
5) After I was buying/had bought my new computer, I discovered that I wasnt
having/didnt have enough memory.
22
6) I went to the post office to ask about my package, but they had said/said that it
still hadnt arrived/didnt arrive.
12. Identify and correct the errors in these sentences:
1. When we had ate lunch, we were sitting in the garden.
2. While I looked for my keys, I remembered I left them at home.
3. Anna had used to play badminton when she had been at school.
4. When I got into bed, I was falling asleep immediately.
5. When I as finally finding the house, I was knocking at the door.
6. After Jill was giving Nick his books, she went home.
7. Maria would live in Sweden when she was a child.
8. I was using to get up early when I had gone sailing.
9. The Vikings had sailed to North America a thousand years ago.
10. Juliet was sure she was seeing the tall man before.
13. More than one answer is possible in the following blanks:
The police suspected that Brian (a).(break) the window at his house because he
(b)(want) to make them think that a burglar (c).(steal) his valuable stamp
collection. They (d)(think) that Brian (e).(do) this because he (f)(need) the
money. However, they (g)..(not know) that Brian (h)..(fly) to Brazil the week
before, and (i)...(be) abroad when the burglary (j)(take place).
14. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same
as the first, using no more than three words.
1) Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water.
After Michael .. a deep breath, he dived into the water.
2) Terry was fatter. Terry to be so thin.
3) Gary was sure his keys were not in his pocket. Gary was sure .. his keys.
4) When he was younger, David played tennis. David.. tennis when he was
younger.
5) Last summer, Julia got up early every morning.
Last summer, Julia ..up early every morning.
6) We missed the bus, so we took a taxi. We took a taxi because .. the bus.
7) In those days, we spent the summer in the mountains.
In those days, we the summer in the mountains.
15. Combine the two sentences to make one sentence. Use when and the past
perfect.
1. I washed and got ready. I went out to meet my friends.
2. I knew much more about the job. I visited their offices.
3. I looked at the new dress for ages. I asked how much it cost.
4. I felt much more independent. I passed my driving test.
5. Anne went on holiday. She saved enough money.
6. The team finally won the match. They ran round the pitch to celebrate.
16. Use the present simple or continuous, or past simple or continuous:
1.
What (you do)? I am an engineer.
23
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The door was open, so the dog (run) ..into the living room.
When we arrived home, Jan (sit).outside the door.
Can you help me? I (not understand).Spanish.
At the beginning of the film I (realize)Id seen it before.
Im sorry, I cant talk long. I (study).for an examination.
At the moment of the earthquake, Pat (read)..in bed.
Ill phone you as soon as I (know).the results.
I (stay).at the Hotel Tirol. Why dont you call me?
What (you do) when you saw the snake? I ran!

a. When you passed the town hall clock, did you notice/were you noticing what time it
was?
b. Last night my neighbors were shouting/would shout for hours and I couldnt get to
sleep.
c. When you lived in London, did you use to travel/were you traveling by bus?
d. Everyone was having a good time, although not many people danced/were
dancing.
e. Jill was really hungry because she didnt eat/hadnt eaten all day.
f. Before we went to the theatre, we called in/had called in at Georges caf for a
pizza.
g. It took a while for me to notice, but then I did. Everyone stared/was staring at me.
What had I done wrong?
h. Nobody bothered to tell me that the school decided/had decided to have a special
holiday on Friday.
i. I was trying/tried to get in touch with you all day yesterday. Where were you?
j. A: Excuse me, but this seat is mine.
B: Im sorry, I didnt realize/hadnt realized that you were sitting here.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Once/afterwards Id read the manual, I found I could use the computer easily.
It was more than a month before/until I realized what had happened.
I managed to talk to Carol just as/while she was leaving.
It wasnt until/up to 1983 that Nigel could afford to take holidays abroad.
George always let me know by the time/whenever he was going to be late.
I was having a bath at the time/that time, so I didnt hear the doorbell.
We bought our tickets and five minutes after/later the train arrived.
According to Grandpa, people used to dress formally those days/in his day.
Everyone was talking, but stopped at that time/the moment Mr. Smith arrived.
The letter still hadnt arrived by/until the end of the week.
19. Decide if the verb form underlined is correct or not. If it is correct, write a
tick. If not, correct it.
Text 1: The train (1) ground to a halt at a small station miles from London, and it (2)
became apparent that the engine (3) had broken down. Everyone (4) was getting
their cases down from the luggage racks, and we (5) were waiting on the platform in
the freezing wind for hours until the next train (6) was turning up.
1.
4
2..
5.
3.
6
Text 2: The mysterious disappearance of Professor Dawson (1) was on Inspector
Gorses mind. Six months before the Professors disappearance, he (2) was receiving
a letter from Jean Dawson, the Professors wife. In the letter, Jean (3) accused her
24
husband of plotting to murder her. Gorse (4) considered what his next step should
be when the phone (5) was ringing. It was Sergeant Adams from the Thames Valley
Police force. A fisherman (6) discovered a body in the River Thames, and it (6) fitted
to the description of the Professor.
1
2..
3
4
5.
6
7
20. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable past verb form.
This time last year, I (1) was cycling (cycle) in the rain along a country road in
France with a friend of mine. We (2). (decide) to go on a cycling holiday in
Normandy. Neither of us (3).(be) to France before, but we (4) (know) some
French from our time at school and we (5) .(manage) to brush up on the basics.
Now we (6) .(wonder) if we (7)..(make) the right decision. We (8)(plan) our
route carefully in advance, but we (9) . (forget) one important thing, the weather.
It (10) ..(rain) solidly sine our arrival and that night we (11) (end up) sleeping in
the waiting room at a railway station. Then the next morning as we (12). (ride)
down a steep hill, my bike (13) (skid) on the wet road and I (14) (fall off). I
(15) . (realize) immediately that I (16) . (break) my arm, and after a visit to the
local hospital, I (17) .. (catch) the next train to Calais for the ferry home.
Unfortunately my parents (18) (not/expect) me home for a fortnight, and
(19)(go) away on holiday. So I (20) (spend) a miserable couple of
weeks alone, reading Teach Yourself French.
21. In each sentence, decide whether one or both of the alternative verb forms
given are appropriate. Write O for one or B for both.
a) In those days, I always used to get up/got up early in the morning. B
b) When I got to the cinema, Jack had been waiting/was waiting for me. ..
c) We would always have/were always having breakfast in bed on Sundays.
d) Mary was always falling/always fell ill before important examinations. ..
e) My sister used to own/would own a motorcycle and sidecar. ..
f) Pay no attention to Daves remarks. He wasnt meaning/didnt mean it. .
g) I felt awful after lunch. I ate/had eaten too much ..
h) Brenda left/had left before I had time to talk to her
i) The explanation was simple. In 1781 HMS Sovereign, on her way back from India,
had sighted/sighted an empty boat drifting off the African coast.
j) Pauline has changed a lot. She didnt always use to look/wasnt always looking like
that..
22. Complete the text by writing one word in each space.
When I was a young man, I spent a year in France, studying French at the University
of Grenoble. Every Friday I (1) would eat at the Alps caf. I didnt (2).. to
spend much money, as I (3) not afford it, but it was a little tradition of mine to
eat there. Anyway, Im going to tell you a true story which happened on one
occasion when I (4) eating there. I remember I was having a pasta dish at (5)
time. A beautiful girl came up to me and said, I was (6) if you wanted to
walk with me in the park? I had never seen her (7) , so I was rather taken
aback. I was (8)... to go with her when I noticed a tough-looking man was
watching our every movement. (9) . My discomfort, the girl whispered to me
in English, Park five minutes!, and then disappeared. Well, my bill (10)ages to
arrive, and by the time I (11). To the park, there was no sign of the girl. I asked
25
an old lady (12)was sitting there if she (13).. seen a young girl waiting
around. I described the girl to her. The old lady said that the girl (14).had to
rush to the railway station, and that I (15)... to follow her there urgently. She
had also left me a note. It said, I will explain everything. Meet me on platform 6.
What do you think happened after? Continue the story.
23. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
a. I cant believe it, Inspector. You mean that Smith stole/has stolen/has been
stealing money from me all this time?
b. You three boys look very guilty! What did you do/have you done/have you been
doing since I left/have left the room?
c. Why on earth didnt you tell/havent you told me about that loose floorboard? I
tripped/have tripped over it just now and hurt myself.
d. Its a long time since I saw/have seen/have been seeing your brother Paul. What
did he do/has he done/has he been doing lately?
e. I cant believe that you ate/have eaten/have been eating three pizzas already! I
only brought/have only brought them in fifteen minutes ago!
f. Dont forget that you didnt see/havent seen Mrs. Dawson. She has waited/has
been waiting outside since 10.30.
g. What did you think/have you thought of Brighton? Did you stay/have you stayed
there long?
h. I feel really tired. I weeded/have weeded /have been weeding the garden for the
last three hours and I didnt rest/havent rested for a single moment.
i. Im having problems with David. He has called/has been calling me up in the
middle of the night and told/telling me his troubles.
j. How long did you have/have you had/have you been having driving lessons? And
did you take/have you taken/have you been taking your test yet?
24. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs:
1. It (snow)..all day. I wonder when it will stop.
2. We (have) .three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more
we will have.
3. Its ten p.m. I (study) .. for two hours and probably wont finish until midnight.
4. I (write) them three times, but I still havent received a reply.
5. The telephone (ring) four times in the last hour, and each time it has been for my
office mate.
6. The telephone (ring) for almost a minute. Why doesnt someone answer it?
7. A: (you, be). able to reach Bob on the phone yet?
B: Not yet. I (try) for the last twenty minutes, but all I get is a busy signal.
8. A: Hi, Jenny. I (see, not).you for weeks. What (you, do)lately?
B: Studying.
9. A: What are you going to order for dinner?
B: Well, I (have, never). Vegetarian pizza, so I think Ill order that.
10. A: Whats the matter? Your eyes are red and puffy. (you, cry) ?
B: No. I just finished peeling some onions.
11. A: Dr. Jones is a good teacher. How long (he, be).. at the university?
B: He (teach). here for twenty years.
12. The little girl is dirty from head to foot because she (play) in the mud.
(Azar, UUEG Advanced)
26
1.Sam (be) a newspaper reporter before he (become) a businessman.
2.I (feel) a little better after I (take) the medicine.
3.I was late. The teacher (give, already)a quiz when I (get)to class.
4.It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) over, the rain (stop)
5.I (see, never)any of Picassos paintings before I (visit)the art museum.
6.Yesterday at a restaurant, I (see) Pam Donnelly, an old friend of mine. I (see,
not) her in years. At first, I (recognize, not).her because she (lose)...a
great deal of weight.
7.In 1980, my parents (emigrate).to the United States from China. They (travel,
never)..outside of China and were, of course, excited by the challenge of
relocating in a foreign country. Eventually, they (settle).in California. My sister
and I were born there and (grow)..up there. Lat year, I (go).to China for
the first time to study at Beijing University. I (want, always)to visit China
and learn more about my own family background. My dream was finally realized.
I can't believe I (get) .that apartment. I (submit) ..my
application last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I
(show) ..up to take a look around, there were at least twenty other people
who (arrive) .before me. Most of them (fill, already) .out
their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I
did.
I (try) ..to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions.
They (want) me to include references, but I didn't want to list my
previous landlord because I (have) some problems with him in the past
and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end) .up listing my father as a
reference.
It was total luck that he (decide) ..to give me the apartment. It turns out
that the landlord and my father (go) ..to high school together. He decided
that I could have the apartment before he (look) at my credit report. I
really lucked out!
4. Present Perfect Simple

Form: has/have + past participle
Refers to:
- actions happened at an unspecified
time in the past, before now. The exact
I have seen that movie twenty

times.
27
time is not important.
I think I have met him once before.

There
have
been
earthquakes in California.
many
People have traveled to the Moon.

Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has
mountain.
ever
climbed
that
I have never been to Paris.

Also, with state verbs, it marks a state
which lasts up to the present.
- actions started in the past and

uncompleted to the moment of
speaking.
Weve lived here for the past 4

years.
James has not

homework yet.
finished
his
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese,

but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
- actions started in the past and

finished a very short time before the
moment of speaking, or recent events
without a definite time being given.
She has just entered the room.

We
have
cleaning.
just
finished
the
She has just learned the news.

Weve missed the turning.
- actions that happened repeatedly

over the last period of time. The
process is not complete and more
actions are possible.
The army has attacked that city

five times.
I have had four quizzes and five
tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems
while working on this project.
She has talked to several
specialists about her problem, but
nobody knows why she is sick.
- indefinite events which may have an

obvious result in the present.
Ive twisted my ankle (that is why

I am limping).
SINCE and FOR: typical signallers of Present Perfect
SINCE: shows the beginning moment of

an action in the past
We have lived here since 1987.

They havent seen her since she was a
child.
28
since
past
present
future
FOR: shows the duration of an action

started in the past and still continuing in
the present.
for
-------------------------------------past
present future
Since two years ago weve been on the

road.
INCORRECT:
We have lived here since two years.
She wrote her homework since 5 oclock.
We have lived here for 12 years.

For how long have you known her?
This has continued for 2 hours.
He has been in prison for 10 years.
Contrast with Past Simple
You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as:
yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at
that moment, that day, one day, etc.
You CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never,
once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Past Simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may be
stated or understood. Compare:
Ive bought a new car. (indefinite)
I bought the car after all. (implied definite: the car we talked about).
Choice between past simple and present perfect for recent events may depend on the
attitude of the speaker. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant in
time or place from the event.
Ive left my wallet in the car. Im going back to get it. (the speaker may be about
to return and feels that the event is connected with the present).
I left my wallet in the car. Im going back to get it. (the speaker may feel
separated in time from the event, or be farther away).
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this
with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month,
so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
Never have I seen such a skillful performance.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three
different companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.
29
Notice
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means
the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past.
"In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific
time, so it requires Present Perfect.
I went to Mexico last year.
(I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.)
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
(I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.)
Adverb Placement
always I have always liked this music. She has been there for me always.
only Theyve had only one child. Have you only seen that movie one time? They
have been to my house one time only.
never She has never seen this movie. Never have I heard such nonsense!
(emphatic)
ever Have you ever heard of him? I havent heard of him ever. (emphatic).
still They have still continued to visit her.
just I have just popped in here.
yet I havent seen the fax yet. Have you read the letter yet? He hasnt come yet.
Active / Passive
Active Voice: Sam has always explained us all the lessons thoroughly.
Passive Voice Form:
Has/have + been + past participle
We have always been explained all the lessons very thoroughly (by Sam).
They have never been shown the place.
This room has never been painted since the house was erected.
Translation - Traducere
Present Perfect nu are coresponden n romn. Dup caz, se traduce cu:
Prezentul: She has lived here for a year. Ea locuiete aici de un an.
Perfectul compus: She has never seen that movie. Ea nu a vzut filmul la
niciodat.
I have been to Mexico in the last year. Am fost n Mexic anul
trecut.
4.1. Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

Form:havehave
beenbeen
-ing -ing
30
Has similar meanings with the ones shown above. The difference is that Present Perfect
Continuous stresses the action itself, showing that it is in full progress, developing,
continuing. The progressive form brings more dynamism to the message.
- duration of an activity that
began in the past and continues
in the present. When the tense
has this meaning, it is used
with time words, such as for,
since, all morning, all day,
all
week,
emphasizing
duration.
past
Right now I am sitting at my desk.

I have been sitting here since seven
oclock.
I have been sitting here for two hours.
You have been studying for five straight
hours. Why dont you take a break?
It has been raining all day. It is still
raining right now.
present
- when the tense is used without any

specific mention of time, it expresses
a general activity in progress
recently, lately,
I have been thinking about changing my

major.
All of the students have been studying
hard. Final exams start next week.
My back hurts, so I have been sleeping
on the floor lately. The bed is too soft.
- or a repeated activity over a recent

period of time
Ive been taking French lessons this year.
- states expressing irritation or

exhaustion
You have been sleeping all day long! I

thought you were working!
Ive been cleaning the house, but I still
havent finished.
- a recently finished activity
Ive been running. Thats why I look hot.
- With certain verbs (most

notably live, work, teach), there
is little or no difference in
meaning between the two
tenses when since or for is
used.
I have lived/ have been living here

since 1995.
He has worked/ has been working at
the same store for ten years.
Compare:
We have lived here for 3 years.
We have been living here for 3 years.
31
We have seen each other several
times in the last month.
We have been seeing each other several

times in the last month.
The mosquitoes have attacked us

for the past 2 hours.
The mosquitoes have been attacking us

for the past 2 hours.
Notice
You cannot use the progressive aspect with verbs that are static, or showing short
motions, or verbs of sensorial perception, or in situations that are illogical.
Examples of incorrect use:
I have just been arriving. They have been liking this music. She has never been
seeing that movie. He hasnt been finishing his work.
Prefer the progressive aspect in cases where you have to stress the effort or the
activity that was done in a certain period of time.
Examples:
She has been working on the project for the last two days,
rather than
She has worked on the project for two days.
They have been complaining all the time about the mosquitoes,
rather than
They have complained all the time about the mosquitoes.
Active / Passive
Active Voice: They have been driving this car for hours at a very fast speed.
Passive Voice Form:
have/ has + been being + past participle
The car has been being driven by them for hours at a great speed. That is why
the engine is so worn out.
He has been being nagged by his wife about the broken sink ever since he got
home.
Good news: this tense sounds rather artificial; therefore, it is very rarely used
nowadays. If used, then mostly in old-fashioned books, or in very formal
communication. Just take note of its existence.
Exercises with Present Perfect Simple and Continuous and

Other Past Tenses
27. Error analysis. Spot possible mistakes and correct them:
32
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Since I came to this country, I am learning a lot about the way of life here.
Before I come here, I never was buying anything from a vending machine.
I arrive here only a short time ago. I am here only since last Friday.
When I arrived here, I hadnt known much about the United States. I saw many
movies about America, but that wasnt enough.
My understanding of this country changed a lot since I arrived.
When I was in my country, I had coached a childrens soccer team. When I came
here, I had wanted to do the same thing. Now I am coaching a soccer team at a
local elementary school. I am coaching this team for the last two months.
My grandfather had lived in a small village in Italy when he was a child. At
nineteen, he had moved to Rome, where he had met and married my
grandmother in 1947. My father had been born in Rome in 1950. I am born in
Rome in 1979.
I am living in my cousins apartment since I have arrived here. Im not able to
find my own apartment yet. I look at several places for rent, but I dont find one
that I can afford.
How long have you been living here? I been here for almost two year.
Why you no have been in class in the last couple of days?
28. Complete each sentence with a time word or phrase from the box:
yet
for
since
often
ever
never
already
so far
just
always
a.Luis has lived in the city . 1996.

b.Thanks for the present! Ive wanted a goldfish!
c. Have you drunk pineapple juice? Its great.
d.Ive .heard some fantastic news! Jenny is pregnant!
e.Hurry up! Havent you finished ? Youre so slow!
f. Nina has worked in this company . Five years.
g.Ive . Been on a big ship before. Its an interesting experience!
h.Were very busy today. ..weve sold over a hundred bikes.
i. Ive passed this building, but this is the first time Ive been inside.
j. Can I have a different book? Ive . read this one.
29. For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same
as the first, using no more than three words.
1. We started working here three years ago. We. for three years.
2. This is the first time Ive been on a plane. I.. on a plane before.
3. Thats strange! My pen isnt here! Thats strange! . disappeared!
4. Nicky and Jan arent at this school any more. Nicky and Jan .. this school.
5. I saw a friend of yours a few moments ago. I .. a friend of yours.
6. Im still writing my letters. I writing my letters yet.
7. Is this your first visit to South America? Have to South America before?
8. Oh no! My wallet is still in the car! Oh no! I . my wallet in the car.
9. Its a long time since we spoke to your sister. Weto your sister for a long time.
10. Is Anna still asleep? Has . up yet?
30. Fill in with the appropriate verb form:

a. Last week I (lose) . my scarf, and now I (just lose) . my gloves.
33
b. I (work) . for Blue Bank at the moment but I (decide) . to change
jobs.
c. We (be)..here for hours. Are you sure we (come) ..to the right place?
d. (you see)..my calculator? Im sure I (leave).it here earlier.
e. We (have)some coffee and then (catch)..the bus home.
f. I (never eat)..octopus, but once on holiday I (eat)..some squid.
g. I (hope)..you arent a vegetarian. I (cook).you some lamb chops.
h. Recently a lot of young people (take up)kite surfing.
i. When we (reach).the cinema, there (not be)..any tickets left.
j. Please come quickly! Nick (have).an accident, and he (go) .to hospital.
31. Put the verbs in the right form:
1) A: Whats the matter? You look really tired!
B: I am! I (study) .all day, and I (not finish)yet.
2) A: I (phone)..Carol all day, but theres no reply.
B: I expect she (go).swimming with her friends.
3) A: (you hear).the news?
B: What news?
A: Someone (rob)..the bank at the end of the road.
4) A: Why is your leg in plaster?
B: Thats a silly question! I (break)it, of course.
A: Someone (write) .Break Time on the plaster!
32. Rewrite the sentences to mean the same thing, using no more than three
words:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I came to live here three months ago. I .here for three months.
Sophie is out at the shops at the moment. Sophie .to the shops.
Ive had French lessons since March. I .French since March.
Im still reading this book. I ..reading this book yet.
Paul left the room a moment ago. Paul hasthe room.
Its ages since I last went to the cinema. I. to the cinema for ages.
This is the first time Ive eaten snails. I .snails before.
I dont remember Helens phone number. Ive Helens phone number.
33. Complete each sentence with one suitable word:

Weve had a very interesting trip (a).far, and weve had some interesting
adventures.(b).the last time we wrote. Weve (c).to some beautiful islands, and (d)
..a lot of interesting people. In fact (e).weve made friends with some people
in a village, and theyve been(f)us the local language. I havent managed to learn
much(g), but Ann (h)picked up quite a lot, and can speak well. Shes been (i)
.every day, and shes(j)..me everything she knows!
34. Pick the correct word or phrase in each sentence:
34
a. When I was a child, I used to ride/was riding a bicycle.
b. That looks very heavy. Will/shall I help you?
c. Im waiting for Sue. Have you seen /did you see her?
d. How long are you working/have you been working here?
e. I cant come out because I havent finished/didnt finish my homework yet.
f.When the phone rang, I washed/was washing my hair in the bathroom.
g. Why do you stare/are you staring at me like that?
h. Ive finished my exams so Im having/have a party tomorrow.
i. Wed better wait here until the rain stops/will stop.
j.When did you last go/have you last been to the cinema?
35. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb forms:
1. It (rain) .all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to
go to the beach.
2. Sid: Where is Gary?
Sarah: He (study, at the library) ..for his German test on Wednesday.
In fact, he (review) for the test every day for the last week.
3. You look really great! (You, exercise) at the fitness center ?
4. Frank, where have you been? We (wait) ..for you since 1 PM.
5. Tim: What is that sound?
Nancy: A car alarm (ring) ..somewhere down the street. It (drive)
.me crazy - I wish it would stop! It (ring) .for more
than twenty minutes.
6. Joseph's English (improve, really).., isn't it? He (watch)
American television programs and (study) ..his grammar every
day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent.
7. Dan: You look a little tired. (You, get) ..enough sleep lately?
Michelle: Yes, I (sleep) ..relatively well. I just look tired because
I (feel) .a little sick for the last week.
Dan: I hope you feel better soon.
Michelle: Thanks. I (take, currently) ..some medicine, so I
should feel better in a couple of days.
36. Put in the right verb forms:
Mr. Smith: So tell me a little bit about yourself, Mr. Harris. I would like to find out a little
bit more about your background.
Mr. Harris: I (work) ..in the insurance industry for over ten years. I worked
for Met Life for six years and World Insurance for four and a half. During that time, I heard
many good things about Hollings Life Insurance and that's why I (apply) for
the new sales position.
Mr.
Smith:
Tell
me
a
little
about
your
hobbies
and
interests.
Mr. Harris: In my spare time, I hike in the mountains outside of town, volunteer at the
Sierra Club and play tennis. In fact, I (compete) .in a tennis tournament
this weekend.
Mr. Smith: Really, how long (you, play) .tennis?
Mr. Harris: I (play) since high school. I love the sport.
Mr. Smith: Great! We like dedication here at Hollings Life. You mentioned you volunteer
at the Sierra Club. I (work, currently) .with them on the sea turtle
project. We (try) to create a wildlife sanctuary near the bay.
Mr. Harris: Do you know Frank Harris? He's my brother. He (work, presently) ..on
the same project.
Mr. Smith: I know Frank quite well. Any brother of Frank's would be a welcome addition
to Hollings Life. Just one more thing, we (look) for somebody who is fluent in
Spanish; many of our clients are from Mexico.
Mr. Harris: No problem. I (study) Spanish since elementary school.
Mr. Smith: Sounds like you are the perfect candidate.
37. Fill in the blanks with the right verb forms:
35
My English is really getting better. I (try) to learn the language since
1985, but only recently have I been able to make some real progress. By the time I
started high school in 1988, I (study) the language for almost three years;
however, I was only able to introduce myself and utter a few memorized sentences. For a
couple more years, I (struggle) .through grammar and vocabulary
lessons, which made absolutely no difference. Nothing worked, so I decided to study
abroad.
I found an exchange program in England that sounded like the perfect answer. I (stay)
with a host family for one month. It was a huge disappointment! I (sit)
..there the whole time staring at the host mother and father hoping that there
would be some breakthrough. Nothing.
When I returned, I mentioned to a friend that I (have) .problems with the
language for years. He recommended that I spend a year in an English speaking country. I
decided to go abroad again. I (research) .exchange programs for a couple
of weeks and finally decided on a school in the United States.
Well, it worked. I (live) ..and (study) ..in the U.S. for more
than two years. I (stay) ..here for at least another year before I return
home. By then, I should be completely fluent.
38. Fill in the blanks:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"

B: I don't know. I (see, never) that movie.
Sam (arrive) ..in San Diego a week ago.
My best friend and I (know) each other for over fifteen years.
We still get together once a week.
Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ..ten very creative short
stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.
I (have, not) this much fun since I (be) a kid.
Things (change) .a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start)
working here three years ago, the company (have, only)
..six employees. Since then, we (expand) .to include
more than 2000 full-time workers.
I (tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander)
..off into the forest and (be) bitten by a snake.
Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) .the bus this morning.
You (be) .late to work too many times. You are fired!
Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see,
never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
How sad! George (dream) .of going to California before he died,
but he didn't make it. He (see, never) .the ocean.
In the last hundred years, traveling (become) ..much easier and very
comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) ..two or three months
to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) .very
rough and often dangerous. Things (change) a great deal in the
last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a
matter of hours.
Johnny, I can't believe how much you (change) since the last
time I (see) .you. You (grow) at least a foot!
This tree (be) .planted by the settlers who (found)
..our city over four hundred years ago.
This mountain (be, never) ..climbed by anyone. Several
mountaineers (try) .to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever)
.. The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die)
trying to reach the summit.
15. I (visit, never) ..Africa, but I (travel) ..to South

America several times. The last time I (go) .to South America, I (visit)
36
..Brazil and Peru. I (spend) .two weeks in the
Amazon, (hike) .for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly)
.over the Nazca Lines.
Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980s, technology
(change) .a great deal. The first computers (be) ..simple
machines designed for basic tasks. They (have, not) much memory and they
(be, not) .very powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and
customers often (pay) .thousands of dollars for machines which actually
(do) very little. Most computers (be) .separate, individual
machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.
Times (change).. Computers (become) powerful machines with
very practical applications. Programmers (create) .a large selection of
useful programs which do everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We
are still playing video games, but todays games (become) .faster, more exciting
interactive adventures. Many computer users (get, also) .on the Internet and
(begin) communicating with other computer users around the world. We
(start) to create international communities online. In short, the simple,
individual machines of the past (evolve) into an international World Wide Web
of knowledge.
Robin: I think the waiter (forget) .us. We (wait) .here for over half
an hour and nobody (take) our order yet.
Michele: I think you're right. He (walk) .by us at least twenty times. He
probably thinks we (order, already)..
Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only) here for five or ten
minutes and they already have their food.
Michele: He must realize we (order, not) .yet! We (sit) ..here for
over half an hour staring at him.
Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even) us. He (run) .from table to
table taking orders and serving food.
Michele: That's true, and he (look, not) in our direction once.
1. Judy: How long (be) .in Canada?
Claude: I (study) here for more than three years.
2. I (have) the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about
buying a new one.
3. I (love) chocolate since I was a child. You might even call me a
"chocoholic."
4. Matt and Sarah (have) some difficulties in their relationship lately,
so they (go) .to a marriage counselor. I hope they work
everything out.
5. John (work) .for the government since he graduated from
Harvard University. Until recently, he (enjoy) .his work, but
now he is talking about retiring.
6. Lately, I (think) ..about changing my career because I (become)
..dissatisfied with the conditions at my company.
7. I (see) .Judy for more than five years and during that time I have
(see) many changes in her personality.
37
42. Put each verb in brackets into the most appropriate perfect or past verb
form.
a) So far we havent noticed (not/notice) anything unusual, but we .. (not/pay)
very close attention.
b) Im sorry I (not /come) to class lately.
c) I (work) late in the evenings for the past fortnight.
d) I wonder if Mary . (reach) home yet? She . (leave) too late to catch the bus.
e) Here is the news. The Home Office . (announce) that the two prisoners who ..
(escape) from Dartmoor prison earlier this morning (give
themselves up) to local police.
f) .. (you/make up) your minds? What . (you/decide) to do?
g) Harry .. (leave) home rather suddenly and we .. (not/hear) from him
since.
h) Recent research (show) that Columbus .(not/discover)
America, but that Vikings .. (land) there five hundred years before him.
i)I think that people .. (become) tired of the poor quality of television
programs, thought they .. (improve) lately.
j) . (something/ happen) to the phone lines? I (try) to get
through to Glasgow for the past hour.
k) Bill . (get) that new job, but he .. (complain) about it ever since.
43. Choose between present perfect and simple past.
a.
b.
c.
d.
I (attend, not) havent attended any parties since I cam here.

Al (go). to a party at Sallys apartment last Saturday night.
Bill (arrive).. here three days ago.
Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You (miss, already)
. too many classes. You (miss).. two classes just last week.
e. So far this week, I (have).. two tests and a quiz.
f. Alex is an artist. He (draw) many beautiful pictures in his lifetime. Last week
he (draw) . a beautiful mountain scene.
g. Jack really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he (call).
here four times trying to reach you. He (call).. at 9:10, 12:10 and 1:45.
h. Janet (wear) . her new blue dress only once since she bought it. She
(wear) . it to her brothers wedding last month.
i.The night has ended and its daylight now. The sun (rise). It (rise) ..at
6:08.
j. Last January, I (see) . snow for the first time in my life.
k. Fatima (see, never) .snow in her entire lifetime.
l.I (know) .. Greg Adams for ten years.
m. A: Is Ahmed here yet?
B: Yes. He (arrive, just) .
n. A: I (be, not) .. able to reach Mr. Chang yet. So far he (respond, not)
..to any of my attempts to reach him.
B: Oh?
A: I (start) ..trying to reach him three days ago. Since then, I (fax) ..him
twice. I (phone).him four times. And I (send)..at least six e-mails.
B: I guess modern communications dont mean much if theres no one at the
other end.
(Azar, UUEG Advanced Grammar)
38
44. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
a) This has been my home for thirty years.
lived
I have lived here for thirty years.
b) Eating Chinese food is new to me.
never
I ... before.
c) Tony hasnt been to Paris before.
first
Its . to Paris.
d) We havent been swimming for ages.
since
Its swimming.
e) Mary started learning French five years ago.
has
Mary . five years.
f) I am on the tenth page of this letter I am writing.
ten
So far I ..of this letter.
g) Its over twenty years since they got married.
for
They have than twenty years.
h) The last time I saw Harry was in 1995.
seen
I havent 1995.
i) There is a definite improvement in your work.
has
Lately ..improved.
j) This is my second visit to Hungary.
visited
This is the ..Hungary.
45. Underline the correct phrase in each sentence.
a. The price of petrol has risen/has been rising by 15% over the past year.
b. No wonder you are overweight! You have eaten/you have been eating chocolates
all day long!
c. Ive read/Ive been reading a really good book this morning.
d. Doesnt this room look better? Ive put/Ive been putting some posters up on the
walls.
e. Dont disappoint me! Ive counted/Ive been counting on you.
f. Dont forget your pills today. Have you taken them/have you been taking them?
g. Who has worn/has been wearing my scarf?
h. I think theres something wrong with your motorbike. Its made/its been making
some very funny noises.
i. Jack has asked/has been asking for a pay-rise three times this year.
j. Ive been phoning/Ive phoned Ann all evening, but theres no reply.
39
46. Put each verb in brackets into either the past simple, present perfect simple
or present perfect continuous.
I (1) moved (move) to London three weeks ago to take up a new post at my companys
London office. Ever since then, I (2) (wonder) if I (3) . (make) the right
decision.
I (4) . (see) a lot of negative things about living in the capital, and I cant say
London (5) (make) a very favourable impression on me. Its so polluted and
expensive, and the people are so distant. You see, I (6) (grow up) in a fairly small
town called Devizes and I (7) (spend) all of my life there.
I (8).(always/want) to live in a big city and so when my company (9) (offer) me
a job in London, I (10). (jump) at the chance.
I think Im not alone in my aversion to the big city. According to a programme I (11)
(just/hear) on the radio, more and more people (12) (stop) working in London recently,
and a lot of large companies (13).(choose) to move away from the centre. Oh well, its too
late to change my mind now, because the job is up and running, and I(14)..
(already/sell) my house in Devizes. But I must admit, over the past few days, I (15)
(secretly/hope) that the company would relocate me back to my old town.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Its a long time since/when I last saw you.

Ive seen Bill quite often lately/from time to time.
Have you spoken to the director beforehand/already?
Ive lived in the same house for years/for ever.
Ive read the paper now/still.
Diana has bought a computer two years ago/since then.
Nothing much has been happening by now/so far.
Ive finished reading her new book at last/this evening.
Sue bought a CD player last week and shes been listening to music ever since/for
a while.
k. Sorry, but I havent got that work finished already/yet.
48.Match the expressions a-j with the explanations of when they might be said.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
Have you heard the one about?

I havent seen you for ages!
Ive had enough of this!
Sorry, youve lost me!
Ive had a brainwave!
Its been one of those days!
Ive had enough, thanks.
I havent had a chance yet.
Ive been having second thoughts.
Oh, havent you heard?
1. Saying you dont follow what

someone is saying.
2. having doubts about a big decision
3. having a brilliant idea
4. introducing a joke
5. declining more food
6. spreading gossip
7. seeing an old face from the past
8. having a frustrating time, when
everything is going wrong
9. wanting to stop doing something
because its annoying you
10.apologizing
for
not
doing
something you said youd do
40
49.
Complete the sentences with any appropriate time expressions.

a. Today is the 14-th of June. I bought this book two weeks ago.
I have had this book since the first of June.
I have had this book for two weeks.
b. I have a pen. I bought it .ago.
I have had this pen for..
I have had this pen since .
c. Today is
I moved to this city
I have been in this city since.
I have been here for
d. It is the year.
I started going to school in the year..
I have been a student for
I have been a student since
e. I first met our teacher .
I have known him/her for..
I have known him/her since.
(Azar. UUEG Advanced)
50.
Fill in the blanks:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
We (wait).for Nancy for the last two hours, but she still hasnt arrived.
We (wait) for Nancy for over three hours before she finally arrived yesterday.
It is midnight. I (study)for five straight hours. No wonder Im getting tired.
It was midnight. I (study).for five straight hours. No wonder I was so tired.
Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldnt
answer because he (daydream)for the last ten minutes.
6. Wake up! You (sleep) long enough. Its time to get up.
51. Analyze the pairs of sentences and find the right answer for each question:
1. a. Dan was leaving the room when I walked in.
b. Sam had left the room when I walked in.
Question: Who did I run into when I walked into the room?
2. a. When the rain stopped, Gloria was riding her bicycle to work.
b. When the rain stopped, Paul rode his bicycle to work.
Question: Who got wet on the way to work?
3. a. Ken went to the store because he was running out of food.
b. Ann went to the store because she had run out of food.
Question: Who is better at planning ahead?
4. a. Ms. Lincoln taught at this school for nine years.
b. Mr. Sanchez has taught at this school for nine years.
Question: Who is teaching at this school now?
41
5. a. Alice was walking to the door when the doorbell rang.
b. George walked to the door when the doorbell rang.
Question: Who had been expecting the doorbell to ring?
6. a. When I got there, Marie had eaten.
b. When I got there, Joe ate.
Question: Who was still hungry when I got there?
7. a. Donna lived in Chicago for five years.
b. Carlos has been living in Chicago for five years.
Question: Who still lives in Chicago?
8. a. Jane put some lotion on her face because she had been lying in the sun.
b. Sue put some lotion on her face because she was lying in the sun.
Question: Who put lotion on her face after she finished sunbathing?
9. a. I looked across the street. Mr. Fox was waving at me.
b. I looked across the street. Mrs. Cook waved at me.
Question: Who began to wave at me before I looked across the street?
52. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate
tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
1. When I (arrive) .home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare)
a beautiful candlelight dinner.
2. Since I began acting, I (perform) .in two plays, a television commercial
and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even) .publicly before I came
to Hollywood in 1985.
3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) .without me.
My boss (be) .furious with me and I (be) ..fired.
4. When I (turn) .. on the radio yesterday, I (hear) a song that was
popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) the song in years, and it
(bring) .back some great memories.
5. Last week, I (run) into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not)
..each other in years, and both of us (change) .a great deal. I
(enjoy) .talking to her so much that I (ask) .her out on a date.
We are getting together tonight for dinner.
6.
When Jack (enter) .the room, I (recognize, not) ..him
because he (lose) so much weight and (grow) ..a beard. He
looked totally different!
7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan;
however, their culture (disappear, virtually) ..by the time Europeans first
(arrive) .in the New World.
8. I (visit) .so many beautiful places since I (come) to Utah.
Before moving here, I (hear, never) ..of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or
Canyonlands.
9. I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the
show started at 8:00. I (try) ..to get tickets for that play for months, and I
didn't want to miss it. By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were
supposed to meet, I (have) five cups of coffee and I (wait)
..over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange) .to meet
Kathy in front of the theater.
10. When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already) ..up the tickets and
she was waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait)
for more than half an hour. She said she (give, almost) .up and
(go) ..into the theater without us.
11. Kathy told me you (be) ..late several times in the past and that she
would not make plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss)
42
..several movies because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an
apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on time!

1. It is already 9:30 PM and I (wait) here for over an hour. If John does not
get here in the next five minutes, I am going to leave.
2. I was really angry at John yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait)
.for over an hour. I almost left without him.
3. Did you hear that Ben was fired last month? He (work) .for that import
company for more than ten years and he (work) ..in almost every
department. Nobody knew the company like he did.
4. I (see) many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt.
Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite
small.
5. Sarah (climb) .the Matterhorn, (sail) around the world, and
(go) on safari in Kenya. She is such an adventurous person.
6. Sarah (climb) the Matterhorn, (sail) ..around the world and
(go) ..on safari in Kenya by the time she turned twenty-five. She
(experience) .more by that age than most people do in their
entire lives.
7. When Melanie came into the office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think
she (cry)..
54. Find the right form of the verbs in brackets:

1.
a. Look, I (have) ..two tickets for the circus.
b. Look, I (hold) .two tickets for the circus.
2.
a. We (be) there for more than half an hour by the time the show began.
b. We (wait) there for more than half an hour by the time the show began.
3.
a. Sam (sit) ..in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water
at me.
b. Sam (be) ..in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of
water at me.
4.
a. One clown was juggling while he (balance) a glass of wine on his head.
b. One clown was juggling while he (have) ..a glass of wine on his head.
5.
a. I (love) .the circus ever since I was a child.
b. I (go) .to the circus ever since I was a child.
6.
a. Right now, I (see) ..two elephants doing tricks in the ring.
b. Right now, I (look) ..at two elephants doing tricks in the ring.
43
55. Put the right form of the verbs:

Lars: Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
Tony: We (wait) for the new Stars Wars movie. In fact, we (wait) here
for more than five hours.
Lars: Five hours? When did you arrive?
Tony: We (get) .here at 6:00 o'clock this morning. More than forty people
(stand, already) ..here waiting for tickets when we arrived.
Lars: I can't believe that! Are you serious?
Tony: Yeah, people (take) Star Wars movies seriously. In fact, this particular
showing has been sold out for over a week. We (wait, just) in line to get a
good seat in the theater.
Lars: When did you buy your tickets?
Tony: I (buy) .them last week by phone. I (know) tickets would be
hard to get because I (see) ..a news interview with a group of people standing in
line to get tickets. They (wait) in line for almost a month to buy tickets for the
first showing.
Lars: I don't believe that!
Tony: It's true. They (camp) out in front of Mann's Chinese Theater in Los
Angeles for about a month because they (want) to be the first people to see
the movie.
56. Decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits the space:
When the bus (1)..in a small square, Maria(2).her magazine and didnt realize that
she(3)..at her destination. This is Santa Teresa, Martin said. (4) home! I
suppose your cousin (5).for us. Come on. (6).the bags. Maria thought, all
those years when I (7)in New York, I(8) ..of this moment. And now its real,
I cant believe it! Here I am,(9)in the square. Santa Teresa was Marias
birthplace, but she (10)the town at the age of six. She had some memories of the
town, and some photos, but(11)..here still? She(12). nobody(13)
.in the square. Perhaps her cousin Pablo(14).Marias letter. What(15)
..now? asked Martin. There isnt even a hotel here!
A
1) has stopped
2) was reading
3) arrived
4) you arrive
5) waits
6) Ill carry
7) live
8) dream
9) I really stand
10)was leaving
11)will she belong
12)wasnt knowing
13)was waiting
14)wasnt receiving
B
stops
read
arrives
youre arriving
will be waiting
I carry
have lived
am dreaming
I was really standing
had left
did she belong
hasnt known
is waiting
didnt use to receive
C
stopped
had read
has arrived
youve been arriving
has waited
Ive carried
was living
used to dream
I had really stood
used to leave
has she belonged
hadnt known
waits
hadnt received
D
was stopped
used to read
had arrived
youve arrived
is going to wait
I carried
am living
will dream
Im really standing
has left
does she belong
didnt know
waited
hasnt received
44
are we 15) are we going to do
did we do
are we doing
have we done
57. Put one word in each space.

Just a quick note (a)I leave for the airport. Sorry I havent been in touch(b)
.Wednesday, but Ive been busy getting ready(c), and I havent collected
my ticket(d).from the travel agency. (e)I get to Sydney, Ill write you a letter.
Ive (f).been to Australia before but Ive been reading a lot about it(g)..
It sounds great! Ill be in Sydney (h)the end of next week, and then Im travelling to
Melbourne. Ill be there(i)a month. (j)..I get back all my friends will have
forgotten me!
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
a. I intended to call you yesterday, but I forgot.
going
I was going to call you yesterday, but I forgot.
b. Sylvia asked if I wanted more pudding, but I said I couldnt eat any more.
had
When Sylvia offered enough.
c. Owing to illness, Sally was unable to sing solo, as arranged.
have
Sally was but she fell ill.
d. Diana wasnt always as rude as that.
be
Diana ..rude.
e. Weve changed our minds about going to Rome, as originally intended.
intending
We .. weve changed our minds.
f. When I lived in London, cycling to work was part of my daily routine.
used
When I lived in London I . day.
g. I might possibly go to the theatre tonight.
wondering
I going to the theatre tonight.
h. I had to go past your house so I decided to drop in.
passing
I so I decided to drop in.
i. About 100 people were waiting for the late bus.
arrived
By . about 100 people waiting.
45
j. What were you doing at the moment of the explosion?
occurred
When what were you doing?
(Vince, Advanced Grammar
59. Look carefully at each line. Some lines are correct, but some have a word
that should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should
not be there, write the word in the space.
Dear Emma,
Im sorry I havent been written to you lately, but Ive

been working hard. When I received your last letter
I was acting in a play at school, and when
I have finished that, I went on holiday with some friends.
I meant to send you a postcard, but I had forgot to take
your address with me. How are you getting on at
college? You didnt say very much about this in
your letter. I hope you are still like it, and dont
been work all the time! Do you still want to come
and will stay for a few days? Im starting work in
London after I shall leave school in July, and I want
to see you before then. I have know youre busy,
by the time your term finishes, Ill have
started my job. Ive been done so many things
lately! Ive just learned to drive and my parents
have sometimes lend me their car, so I often go out
with friends. Maybe Ill be drive to Nottingham and
see you one day.
Best wishes, Luisa
1been..
2..
3
4..
5
6.
7
8.
9..
10
11..
12..
13..
14
15.
16
17
46
5. Expressing Future
5.1. Present Tense Simple
Present simple is used to describe fixed events that are not simply the wishes of the
speaker. They may be calendar references or other events that are objective.
Tom retires in three years. Christmas is on a Tuesday this year.
5.1. Present Tense Continuous

We use this tense to talk about things we have arranged to do. There is nearly always a
time expression mentioned.
Im meeting my mum at one for lunch.
Hes going to the dentist tomorrow at this time.
Are you doing anything on Friday evening?
This tense used for future has a quite personalized nuance. Therefore, it is not used
normally with non-human subjects.
Examples like:
The bus is coming soon. A storm is coming. The plane is taking off in two hours. are
normally rejected by conservative grammarians. However, in everyday speech, especially
in American English, such structures are still used and not considered oddities.
5.2. Simple Future

Is formed with the auxiliary will + Infinitive. In classical British English, the first person
future is formed with shall (I shall come tomorrow. We shall do this next week). .
However, this form tends to be dropped in contemporary English, and replaced with
will for all persons.
- events that will happen in the future
You will help him later.

Will Tom come tomorrow?
He will not/wont buy that car.
- will to express voluntary action,

intention, readiness
I will send you the information when

I get it.
A voluntary action is one the speaker
I will translate the email, so Mr.

Smith can read it.
47
offers to do for someone else. Often, we
use will to respond to someone elses
complaint or request for help. We also
use will when we request that
someone help us or volunteer to do
something for us. Similarly, we use will
not or wont when we refuse to
voluntarily do something.
Will you help me move this heavy

table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I wont do all the housework myself!
A: Im really hungry.
B: Ill make some sandwiches.
A: Im so tired. Im about to fall asleep.

B: Ill get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: Ill get it.
I will call you when I arrive.
- making promises
If I am elected President of the United

States, I will make sure everyone has
access
to
inexpensive
health
insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the
surprise party.
- making sound predictions about the

future, or anticipating events
- no future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future
cannot be used in clauses beginning
with time expressions such as: when,
while, before, after, by the time, as
soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of
Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
The year 2222 will be a very

interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
The movie Zenith will win several
Academy Awards.
When you arrive tonight, we will go
out for dinner. Correct
When you will arrive tonight, we will
go out for dinner. Not Correct
5.3. Future Progressive or Continuous

Expresses an action that will
be in full progress at some
time in the future.
I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I

will be studying when you come.
Right now I am sitting in class. At this time tomorrow,
I will be sitting in class.
Dont call me at nine because I wont be home. I am
going to be studying at the library.
It can also describe events

which are going to happen
anyway, rather than events
which we choose to happen.
I wont bother to fix a time to see you, because Ill be

calling into the office anyway several times next
week.
In some contexts future

continuous
also
sounds
more polite than will.
Will you be going to the shops later? If you go, could

you get me some milk?
It can also be used to refer

to fixed arrangements and
plans
48
The band will be performing live in Paris this
summer.
Active and Passive
Active Voice: John will write the letter tomorrow.

Passive Voice: The letter will be written (by John) tomorrow.
Active Voice: She will be performing this beautiful song by this time tomorrow evening.
Passive: This beautiful song will be being performed by her at this time tomorrow
evening.
Note: the passive voice of future progressive is only used rarely.
5.4. Future Perfect Simple

This tense expresses an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the
future. Note: by the time introduces a time clause; the simple present is used in a time
clause.
I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I will have
graduated.
I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.
5.5. Future Perfect Progressive

This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another
time or event in the future.
I will go to bed at ten. Ed will get home at midnight. At midnight I will be sleeping. I will
have been sleeping for two hours by the time Ed gets home.
When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years.
When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years.
5.6. going to Future
I am going to meet Jane tonight.

Are you going to go fishing tomorrow?
He is not going to see a doctor any more.
Expresses that something is

a plan. It expresses the idea
that a person intends to do
something in the future. It
does not matter whether the
plan is realistic or not.
Decisions expressed with
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
49
going to refer to a more
distant point in the future.
- prediction about something
Do you think its going to rain?

Hes going to tell her what I said. I am sure of that.
external that may happen in

the future
Comparison between will and going to

The going to future gives more emotional and personal participation to the message
than the will future.
Compare:
Tim and Gina will get married next month. (very simple and neutral information, could
be a newspaper announcement)
Tim and Gina are getting married next month. (simple information for friends or an
informal environment).
Tim and Gina are going to get married next month. (they intend, or want to get
married next month, they have scheduled this event).
Active / Passive
Active Voice:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM.
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.
Passive Voice:
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
50
Summary Chart of Verb Tenses

SIMPLE PRESENT
Tom studies every day.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Tom is studying right now.
SIMPLE PAST
Tom studied last night.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
Tom was studying when they came.
PRESENT PERFECT
Tom has already studied Chapter
One.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Tom has been studying for two
hours
PAST PERFECT
Tom had already studied Chapter
One before he began studying
Chapter Two.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Tom had been studying for two
hours before his friends came.
SIMPLE FUTURE
Tim will study tomorrow
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
Tom will be studying when you
come.
FUTURE PERFECT
Tom will already have studied
Chapter Four before he studies
Chapter Five.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Tom will have been studying for two
hours by the time his roommate
gets home.
51
Exercises with Future

59. Put each verb in brackets into a form of will, going to or present continuous.
More than one answer may be possible.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Have you heard the news? Harry (join) . the army!

Sorry to keep you waiting. I (not be)..long.
According to the weather forecast, it (snow).tomorrow.
Im sorry I cant meet you tonight. I (go out)..with my parents.
Careful! You (knock).that jug off the table!
In fifty year time, most people (probably ride)..bicycles to work.
Our teacher (give).us a test tomorrow.
I (go) ..to Manchester at the end of the week.
Look out! You (hit)that tree!
I think our team (probably win)
60. In the following exercise, identify the incorrect sentences and rewrite them.
1. I go swimming next Saturday. Would you like to come?
2. The boat is turning over! I think it will sink!
3. Sue is going to lend me her roller-skates.
4. The weather forecast says its definitely sunny tomorrow.
5. There is a lot to do. Is anyone going to help you?
6. Sorry, Im not seeing you tomorrow. I have to go to London.
7. Bye for now. I see you later this evening.
61. Use will and/or be going to with the verbs in parentheses:
PART I. EXPRESING PREDICTIONS
1. Sue (graduate)..in June. After that, she (begin).work at an
electronics firm.
52
2. Fred (be) .at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane (come)..too.
3. A: Can you give Ed a message for me?
B: Sure. I (see, probably).him at the meeting this evening.
4. A: Mr. Swan (be, not)..here next term. He has resigned. Who (be).the
new teacher? Do you know?
B: Yes. Ms. Mary Jefferson. She (teach).the same courses Mr. Swan taught:
Algebra
and Geometry. I (be)..in her algebra class.
5. In what ways (the damage we do to our environment today, affect)..the quality
of life for future generations?
PART II. EXPRESSING PRIOR PLAN VS. WILLINGNESS
6. A: This letter is in French, and I dont speak French. Can you help me?
B: Sure. I (translate)..it for you.
7. A: Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) to the shopping mall downtown.
B: Sure. What time do you want to leave?
8. A: Who wants to erase the board? Are there any volunteers?
B: I (do)..it!
9. A: How about getting together for dinner after work?
B: Sounds good. Where?
A: How about Alices Restaurant or the Gateway Caf? You decide.
B: Alices Restaurant. I (meet)you there around six.
10. A: Do you have plans for dinner? B: Yes. I (meet)a co-worker) for dinner at
Alices Restaurant. Want to join us?
11. A: This light doesnt work. The bulb is probably burned out. Do we have any new
light bulbs? B: I (get).one for you.
12.A: I (enroll)..in the community college next spring. B: Oh? I didnt know
you wanted to go back to school. A: I need to sharpen my skills so I can get a
better job. I (take)..a course in word processing.
13.A: Uh, oh! Ive spilled coffee on my shirt!
B: Just a minute. I (get)..a damp cloth for you.
14.A: Janice, do you want to come with us?
B: I cant. I have to study.
A: Oh, come on! You cant study all day long!
B: All right. I (go)..with you.
15. I (sell)my bicycle. I have to, because I need the money.
16.A: How do you spell this word?
B: Im not sure. I (look)it up for you.
will or going to phrases:
1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper?
B: I (write)..a letter to my friends back home in Texas.
2. A: Im about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!
B: I (get).you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.
3. A: I cant hear the television!
B: I (turn) it up so you can hear it.
4 We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit)
Paris,
Nice and Grenoble.
5. Sarah (come) ..to the party. Oliver (be) there as well.
6. Ted: It is so hot in here!
Sarah: I (turn) the air-conditioning on.
7. I think he (be) ..the next President of the United States.
8. After I graduate, I (attend) .medical school and become a doctor. I
have wanted to be a doctor all my life.
53
9.A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is
simply too small for four people.
B: That man at the service counter (help) ..you.
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) ..down to the beach and go
swimming.
(Internet, English Pages)

tenses:
1.
Mark: What are you doing with those scissors?
Beth: I (cut) ..that picture of the ocean out of the travel magazine.
Mark: What (you, do) ..with it?
Beth: I (paint) a watercolor of the ocean for my art class, and I
thought I could use this photograph as a model.
2.
Mark: (you, do) ..me a favor, Sam?
Sam: Sure, what do you want me to do?
Mark: I (change) the broken light bulb in the lamp above the dining room
table. I need someone to hold the ladder for me while I am up there.
Sam: No problem, I (hold) ..it for you.
3.
Gina: Where are you going?
Ted: I (go) .to the store to pick up some groceries.
Gina: What (you, get)..?
Ted: I (buy) .some milk, some bread, and some coffee.
4.
John: Wow, it's freezing out there.
Jane: I (make) .some coffee to warm us up. Do you want a piece of pie as
well?
John: Coffee sounds great! But I (have) dinner with some friends later, so
I'd better skip the pie.
Jane: I (go) to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a piece of pie anyway.
5.
Frank: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college.
Tom: Yeah, I (go) .to Guatemala next spring and I thought knowing a
little Spanish would make the trip easier.
Frank: I (visit) ..my brother in Marseilles next year. Maybe I should take a
French class.
Tom: I have a course catalog in the other room. I (go) ..get it, and we can
see whether or not they're offering a French course next semester.
64. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the
appropriate tenses:
1. Michael: Do you think the Republicans or the Democrats (win) .the
next election?
Jane: I think the Republicans (win) .the next election.
John: No way! The Democrats (win).
2.
Susan: We (go) ..camping this weekend. Would you like to come along?
Sam: That sounds great, but I don't have a sleeping bag.
Susan: No problem. I (lend) you one. My family has tons of camping
gear.
54
3.
Barbara: I (buy) .a new car this weekend, but I'm a little worried because
I don't really know much about cars. I'm afraid the salesman (try) .to take
advantage of me when he sees how little I know.
Dave: I used to work for a mechanic in high school and I know a lot about cars. I (go)
.with you to make sure you are not cheated.
4.
Gina: Fred and I (visit) Santa Fe next summer. Have you ever been there?
Margaret: My family lives in Santa Fe! I (give) .you my parents' phone
number. When you get to Santa Fe, just call them and they (give) ..you a little
tour of the town. They can show you some of the sights that most tourists never see.
5.
Pam: Can you see my future in the crystal ball? What (happen) .next
year?
Fortune Teller: You (meet) a man from the East Coast, perhaps New
York or maybe Boston. You (marry) ..that mystery man.
Pam: Forget the man! I want to know if I (get) ..a new job.

appropriate tenses,
1. Today after I (get) ..out of class, I (go) .to a movie with
some friends.
2. When you (arrive) ..in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show)
you around the city and help you get situated.
3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate).?
B: After I (receive) .my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go)
..to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) .to complete
a Ph.D. in cognitive science.
4. If it (snow) ..this weekend, we (go) .skiing near Lake Tahoe.
5. Your father (plan) ..to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He
(meet) ..you across the street near the ice cream shop. If something
happens and he cannot be there, I (pick) .you up instead.
6. If the people of the world (stop, not) ..cutting down huge stretches of
rain forest, we (experience) ..huge changes in the environment during the
twenty-first century.
7. If Vera (keep) drinking, she (lose, eventually)..her job.
8. I promise you that I (tell, not) your secret to anybody. Even if
somebody (ask) .me about what happened that day, I (reveal, not)
..the truth to a single person.
9. She (make) .some major changes in her life. She (quit)
..her job and go back to school. After she (finish)
studying, she (get) ..a better-paying job and buy a house. She is going
to improve her life!
10. Tom (call) ..when he (arrive) .in Madrid. He (stay)
.with you for two or three days until his new apartment (be)
..available.
55
appropriate tenses:
1.
Michael: After you (leave)work, will you please drop by the grocery store
and pick up some milk and bread?
Marie: No problem, I (pick) .up the groceries and be home by 6 o'clock.
Michael: Great. You will probably get home before I (do).
2.
Ari: By the time we (get) to the movie theater, the tickets are going to be
sold out.
Sarah: Don't worry. I told Jane we might be arriving just before the movie (start)
. She (buy) ..our tickets and meet us in the lobby.
Ari: That place is huge! We (find, never) .her in that crowded lobby.
Sarah: Calm down, we (meet) .each other near the entrance.
3.
Terry: If the weather (be) ..good tomorrow, maybe we should go to the
beach.
Jennifer: I have a better idea. If it (be) nice out, we'll go to the beach; and
if it (rain)., we'll see a movie.
Terry: I guess we will have to wait until we (get) up in the morning to
find out what we are going to do.
4.
Max: What are you going to do tomorrow after work?
Sean: I (meet) .some friends at the cafe across the street. Would you like
to come along?
Max: No thanks! My brother is coming to town and I (pick) ..him up from
the airport at 7 o'clock.
Sean: We (be, probably) at the cafe until 9 o'clock. Why don't you join us
after you (pick) him up.
Max: Sounds good. We (see) ..you around 8 o'clock.
5.
Lucy: I (call) .you as soon as I arrive in Dublin.
Dwain: If I am not there when you (call).., make sure to leave a message.
Lucy: I will. And please don't forget to water my plants and feed the cat.
Dwain: I promise I (take) .care of everything while you are in Ireland.

appropriate tenses:
1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us?
Marcus: He (wait) for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand)
on the platform when we pull into the station.
Sandra: And then what?
Marcus: We (pick) ..Michele up at work and go out to dinner.
2.
Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) .TV, Sam (make)
drinks, Beth (dance) by herself, and Thad (complain) .about his
day at work.
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things.
Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) ,..the same things; they always do
the same things.
3.
56
Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) all of
those?
Jack: I promise I (do) .them when I get home from work.
Florence: Thanks.
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of
sparkling clean dishes (sit) in the cabinets.
4.
Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay) ..at the Hoffman Hotel.
Nancy: I (call) ..you if there are any problems.
Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids.
Nancy: Don't worry, they (be) be fine.
5.
Samantha: Just think, next week at this time, I (lie) ..on a tropical beach
in Maui drinking Mai Tais and eating pineapple.
Darren: While you are luxuriating on the beach, I (stress) out over this
marketing project. How are you going to enjoy yourself knowing that I am working so
hard?
Samantha: I 'll manage somehow.
Darren: You're terrible. Can't you take me with you?
Samantha: No. But I (send) ..you a postcard of a beautiful, white sand
beach.
Darren: Great, that (make) ..me feel much better.
appropriate tenses:
1. Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch) TV as
well.
2. Tomorrow after school, I (go) to the beach.
3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) paperwork
and (talk) ..to annoying customers on the phone, I (lie) on a
sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous?
4. We (hide) ..when Tony (arrive) ..at his surprise party. As soon

as he opens the door, we (jump) .out and (scream), "Surprise!"
5. We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you (come)
..over while we (work) .out, we will not be able to let you into
the house. Just to be safe, we (leave) .a key under the welcome mat so
you will not have to wait outside.
6. While you (study) at home, Magda (be) in class.
7. When I (get) ..to the party, Sally and Doug (dance), John
(make) .drinks, Sue and Frank (discuss) ..something
controversial, and Mary (complain) about something unimportant. They
are
always
doing
the
same
things.
They
are
so
predictable.
8. When you (get) ..off the plane, I (wait) ..for you.
9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) ..up
tomorrow
morning,
the
sun
(shine)...
10. If you (need) to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) .at
the Sheraton in San Francisco.
69. Use the future progressive or simple present.
a. Right now I am attending class. Yesterday at this time, I was attending class.
Tomorrow at this time, I (attend).class, too.
b. Tomorrow Im going to leave for home. When I (arrive)..at the airport, my
whole family (wait)for me.
57
c. When I (get)up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine)., the birds (sing)
.and my roommate (lie, still)..in bed fast asleep.
d. A: When do you leave for Florida?
B: Tomorrow. Just think! Two days form now I (lie)on the beach in the sun.
A: Sounds great! I (think)..about you.
e. A: How can I get in touch with you while youre out of town?
B: I (stay)..at the Pilgrim Hotel. You can reach me there.
f. Next year at this time, I (do)exactly what I am doing now. I (attend)..school
and (study).hard just like this year.
g. Look at those dark clouds. When class (be)over, it (rain, probably)
h. A: Are you going to be in town next Saturday?
B: No. I (visit, in Chicago)my aunt.
i. A: Where are you going to be this evening?
B: I (work, at the library) on my research paper.
j. A: Do you think life will be very different 100 years from now?
B: Of course. I can picture it in my mind. People (live).in modular mobile
residential units that they can take with them if they have to move, and they
(drive)air cars that can go at tremendous speeds.
A: That sounds pretty far-fetched to me. Why would people want to take their
houses with them when they move?
70. Identifying time clauses. Draw brackets around the time clauses in the
following sentences:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Well be here when you arrive tomorrow.

After the rain stops, Im going to sweep the front porch.
Im going to start making dinner before my wife gets home from work today.
Im going to wait right here until Jessica comes.
As soon as the war is over, there will be great joy throughout the land.
Right now the tide is low, but when the tide comes in, the ship will leave the harbor.
While Im driving to work tomorrow, Im going to listen to my Greek language
tapes.
71. Future in time clauses:

a. Peter is going to leave in half an hour. He (finish)all of his work before he
(leave).
b. Im going to eat lunch at 12:30. after I (eat), I (take, probably).a nap.
c. Ill get home around six. When I (get)...home, I (call).Sharon.
d. Im going to watch a TV program at nine, but before I (watch)the program, I
(write).a letter to my parents.
e. Gary will come soon. I (wait).here until he (come).
f. Im sure it will stop raining soon. As soon as the rain (stop)., I (walk).to the
store to get some film.
g. Im a junior in college this year. After I (graduate)with a B.A. next year,
I (intend)..to enter graduate school and work for an M.A. perhaps I (go)
..on for a Ph.D. after I (get)my Masters degree.
h. I (listen)..to English language tapes while I (sleep)tonight. Do you think it
will help me learn English faster?
i. A: How long (you, stay)in this country?
B: I (plan)..to be here for about one more year. I (hope)..to graduate a year
from this June.
A: What (you, do)after you (leave).?
B: I (return)..home and (get).a job. How about you?
A: I (be)..here for at least two more years before I (return).home and
(get)a job.
58
72. Identifying meaning. Indicate the meaning expressed by the italicized verbs
by writing in the future, now, or habitually in the blanks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I am taking four courses next semester. _________________

I am taking four courses this semester. _________________
Students usually take four courses each semester. _______________
Ill mail this letter at the corner when I take Susan home. ___________
My brothers birthday is next week. I am giving him a sweater.
Shhh. The broadcaster is giving the latest news about the crisis in England. I want
to hear what shes saying.____________________
7. when I graduate, Im going to return home. _______________
8. When students graduate, they receive diplomas. __________________
9. Im tired. I am going to bed early tonight. _________________
10. When I am in New York, Im going to visit the Museum of Modern Art. __________
11. When I am home alone in the evening, I like to read or watch television.
_________
12. A: Are you busy?
B: Not really.
A: What are you doing? ____________
B: Im writing a letter to my folks. _____________
A: When you finish your letter, do you want to play a game of chess? ______
13. A: What are you doing after work today? ___________
B: Im playing tennis with Brown at the health club. And you? ____________
A: Im meeting Smith for a round of golf.____________
14. Tony will arrive at eight tomorrow evening. _________
15. Tony is going to arrive at eight tomorrow night. ____________
16. Tony is arriving at eight tomorrow evening. ________________
17. Tony arrives at eight tomorrow evening. ___________
18. When Tony arrives, well have a party. ______________
73. Perfect and perfect progressive tenses
a. Ann and Andy got married on June 1st .
Today is June 14th. They (be)married for two weeks.
By June 7th, they (be).married for one week.
By June 28-th, they (be)....married for four weeks.
b. This traffic is terrible. Were going to be late. By the time we (get)..to the
airport, Bobs plane (arrive, already)and hell be wondering where we
are.
c. The traffic was very heavy. By the time we (get)..to the airport, Bobs plane
(arrive, already)..
d. This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00 and I am still in class. I
(sit)..at this desk for an hour.
By 9:30, I (sit).here for a half an hour.
By 11:00, I (sit).here for two hours.
e. Im getting tired of sitting in the car. Do you realize that by the time we arrive in
Phoenix, we (drive)..for twenty straight hours?
f. Margaret was born in 1975. By 1995, she (live)on this earth for 20 years.
By the year 2025, she (live)on this earth for 50 years.
g. Go ahead and leave on your vacation. Dont worry about this work. By the time you
(get)..back, we (take).care of everything.
h. I dont understand how those marathon runners do it! The race began more than
an hour ago. By the time they reach the finish line, they (run)steadily for
more than two hours. I dont think I can run more than two minutes!
i. What? He got married again? At this rate, he (have)a dozen wives by the
time he (die).
j. We have been married for a long time. By our next anniversary, we (be)
married for 43 years.
59
74. Present perfect, present, future, present perfect continuous, future perfect,
simple past.
1. You look really great! (you, work) .out at the fitness center recently?
2. A: What (you, do) ..when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) .to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
3. I (have) ..the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about
buying a new one.
4. If it (snow) ..this weekend, we (go) skiing near Lake
Tahoe.
5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries?
B: They (call) .librarians.
6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months
ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) ..for nine months and I (be)
.in England for exactly one year.
7. Sam (arrive) .in San Diego a week ago.
8. Samantha (live) ..in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)
..there when the Berlin wall came down.
9. If Vera (keep) drinking, she (lose, eventually) her job.
10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan;
however, their culture (disappear, virtually) .by the time Europeans
first (arrive) .in the New World.
11. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep).
12. It (rain) all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to
go to the beach.
13. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) ..the bus this morning. You
(be) ..late to work too many times. You are fired!
14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) up
tomorrow morning, the sun (shine).
15. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit) ..the Grand Canyon
and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States.
16. I (see) .many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt.
Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite
small.
17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) .much easier and
very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) .two or three
months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) ..very
rough and often dangerous. Things (change) a great deal in the last
hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter
of hours.
18. Joseph's English (improve, really)., isn't it? He (watch)
.American television programs and (study) ..his
grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally
fluent.
19. If you (need) ..to contact me sometime next week, I (stay)
at the Sheraton in San Francisco.
75. Simple past, past continuous, present perfect, present simple, present
continuous, past perfect, future continuous, future perfect.
1. When Carol (call) last night, I (watch) .my
favorite show on television.
2. I (work) .for this company for more than thirty years, and I
intend to stay here until I retire!
3. Sharon (love) to travel. She (go) ..abroad
almost every summer. Next year, she plans to go to Peru.
4. Thomas is an author. He (write) .mystery novels and travel
memoirs. He (write) since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he
60
(write) seven novels, three collections of short stories and a
book of poetry.
5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get)
.to the train station, Susan (wait) ..for us
for more than two hours.
6. Sam (try) to change a light bulb when he (slip) and
(fall)..
7. Everyday I (wake) .up at 6 o'clock, (eat) breakfast
at 7 o'clock and (leave) for work at 8 o'clock. However, this
morning I (get) .up at 6:30, (skip) ..breakfast and
(leave) .for work late because I (forget) to set my
alarm.
8. Right now, Jim (read) .the newspaper and Kathy (make)
.dinner. Last night at this time, they (do) .the
same thing. She (cook) ..and he (read) the
newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) .the same
thing. She (prepare) dinner and he (read).
They are very predictable people!
9. By this time next summer, you (complete) ..your studies and (find)
.. a job. I, on the other hand, (accomplish, not)
..anything. I (study, still) .and
you (work) .in some new high paying job.
10.The students (be, usually) taught by Mrs. Monty. However, this
week they (teach) ..taught by Mr. Tanzer.
11.
Jane talks on the phone.
Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour.
Mary is talking on the phone.
Who is not necessarily on the phone now?
12.I'm going to make dinner for Frank.
I'm making dinner for Judy.
I'll make dinner for Mary.
I make dinner for Ted.
I will be making dinner for Tony.
Who are you offering to make dinner for?
13. Jane left when Tim arrived.
Bob left when Tim had arrived.
Tim arrived when Mary was leaving.
John had left when Tim arrived.
After Tim arrived, Frank left.
Who did not run into Tim?
14. Jane is talking in class.
Bob always talks in class.
Mary is always talking in class.
Whose action bothers you?
15. Jane never left Jamestown.
Bob has never left Jamestown.
Who is still alive?
76. Put each verb in the brackets into a suitable form:
61
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
In twenty-four hours time, .(I/relax) on my yacht.

Theres someone at the door. That (be) the postman.
By the time you get back Harry (leave).
Its only a short trip. I .(be) back in an hour.
What .(you/do) this Saturday evening? Would you like to go out?
By the end of the week we .(decide) what to do.
It..(not/be) long before Doctor Smith is here.
Well go to the park when you (finish) your tea.
Its very hot in her. I think I(faint).
What.(you/give) Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet?
(Vince, Advanced Grammar p.9)
77. In most lines of this text there is an extra word. Write the extra word or put
a tick if the line is correct.
In August Gordon will then have been at this company for 25 years,
1..
and hes getting for a bonus of three weeks paid holiday. So weve
2..
decided to hire a car and drive around Eastern Europe. Well be
3..
leaving towards the end of August, and our aim there is to visit as
4..
many countries as we can. Were flying out to Budapest soon were
5.
due to catch a plane on the 28th day and then well be stopping over at 6
a friends house, before starting our grand tour. Well most probably
7.
spend the best part of a week in Hungary. When weve just finished
8
there, well probably be go to Romania, but beyond that we havent
9..
planned too much arrangements. We will know a bit more by the end
10..
of this week, when were getting a whole load of brochures from the
11..
tourist board. Wed like to get to as far as Russia, but realistically I 12..
doubt whether well have time. I hope it wont be too expensive
13.
from till now on well really have to tighten our belts! I cant wait!
14.
In just over two months of time well be having the time of our lives!
15.
(Vince, Advanced Grammar p.9)
78. Choose the most appropriate continuation for each sentence.

1. According to the latest forecast, the tunnel
A. will be finished next year
B. will have been finished next year C. is finishing
next year
2. Paulas flight is bound to be late although
A. it arrives at 6.00
B. its due at 6.00
C. its arriving at six
3. Its no use phoning Bob at the office, he
A. will be leaving B. is leaving
C. will have left.
4. Everyone says that this year City
A. are going to win the cup
B. are winning the Cup
5. I dont feel like visiting my relatives this year, so.
A. I wont go
B. Im not going C. I dont go.
6. You can borrow this calculator, I
C. win the Cup.
62
A. am not going to need it
B. wont have been needing it
C. am not needing it.
7. Im sorry dinner isnt ready yet, but it.

A. is going to be ready in a minute B. will have been ready in a minute
ready in a minute
8. Can you send me the results as soon as you..
A. hear anything?
B. are hearing anything?
C. will be
C. will have heard anything?
9. You can try asking Martin for help but

A. it wont do you any good
B. its not doing you any good
you any good
C. it wont be doing
10. Dont worry about the mistake you made, nobody .

A. is noticing
B. will notice C. will be noticing
(Vince, Advanced Grammar, p.10)
one, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
a) I dont suppose you have heard the news.
wont
You wont have heard the news.
b) The Prime Minister expects an easy victory for his party in the election.
believes
The Prime Minister ..the election easily.
c) Ive been in this company for almost three years.
will
By the end of the month ..in this company for three years.
d) This book will take me two years to write.
have
In two years .this book.
e) Scientists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough.
about
Scientists are ..a vital breakthrough.
f) Maria is pregnant again.
have
Maria is baby.
g) Ill be home late.
until
Ilate.
h) No one knows what the result of the match is going to be.
who
No one knows..the match.
i) Dont worry; David wont be late.
here
Dont worry; David.time.
j) Mary and Alans wedding is next weekend.
getting
Mary and Alan ..next weekend.
63
80. Look at the three options A, B and C for each question. Decide which two are
correct.
1. Weve run out of fuel.
A. What will we do now?
B. What do we do now? C. What are we going to do
now?
2. You cant leave early, .
A. were having a meeting B. were going to have a meeting
meeting
C. we will have a
3. Oh dear, Ive broken the vase.

A. What will your mother say?
B. What is your mother going to say?
your mother saying?
C. What is
4. According to the weather forecast, .

A. itll rain tomorrow
B. its raining tomorrow C. its going to rain tomorrow
5. Id like to call round and see you
A. What will you have done by the morning?
B. Whatll you be doing in the
morning? C. What are you doing in the morning?
6. Ive got nothing to do tomorrow, so..
A. Ill get up late B. I am to get up late C. Im going to get up late
7. Its my eighteenth birthday next month so..
A. Im on the point of having a party B. Im having a party C. Ill be having a
party
8. Why dont you come with us? ..
A. Itll be a great trip.
B. Its going to be a great trip.
9. When you get to the airport
A. someone is going to be waiting for you.
C. someone will be waiting for you.
C Its a great trip.
B. someone is due to wait for you.
10. Shut up, will you!

A. Im getting really angry.
B. Im going to get really angry in a minute.
C. Im
getting really angry in a minute.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Ill be back after a few minutes/in a few minutes.

Im sure that everything will be all right at the end/in the end.
Please call me the moment/exactly when you hear any news.
I should be back by the time/at the time the film begins.
Im sure Fiona will be here before long/after a while.
I cant leave on Tuesday. I wont be ready until then/by then.
By twenty four hours/this time tomorrow Ill be in Bangkok.
Diana will be retiring soon/already.
There will be no official announcements forthwith/from now on.
Bye for now. Ill see you in two weeks time/two weeks later.
64
82. Complete the common expressions using the words from the box.
let
give
be
go
see
come
have
go
be
see
1) Ill .what I can do.

2) Ill a look and get back to you.
3) Illit some thought.
4) Illyou know by tomorrow.
5) Ill justand get it.
6) Ill halves with you.
7) Illto it.
8) Illback in a minute.
9) Ill.about five minutes.
10)Illand show you.
Verb Tense Review Exercises

Fill in with the appropriate mood, voice and tense of the verbs given in brackets;
make use of any auxiliaries or modals you need. Mind the word order particularly
in cases of emphasis.
84. I work at Jackson Ltd. I (1).(to work) there since 1986. last
week the manager asked me to see him if I (2)(to have) time. He was new,
so I wondered what he (3)..(to be) like. When I went to see him, he said
Id like you to help me with a special project. I (4)(to hear) that you
speak German. Ha said that a factory in Germany (5)(to
65
want) a specialist for six months. Tell me if you can go. I (6)..(to
like) a few days to think about it. All right. Here are the papers with all the
details. Let me have them back after you (7)(to read) them. When I
told my friends about it, they all said it (8).(to seem)
marvellous. I (9)(to say) yes yet. But next day I told the
manager I wanted to go, and he said: I hoped that you (10)(to
agree).
(Chilarescu, Paidos. Proficiency in English, 1996)
85. Here I am (1)..(to reply) to your letter, which (2).(to

arrive) two days ago, before (3).(to leave) for Rome. I (4)
.(to tell) yesterday that the company (5)..(to send)
me there next week for a business conference. If I (6)..(to know) about
it earlier, I would have told you. Anyway, Ill ring you up as soon as I (7)
.. (to get) there. By the way, I met John Marshall who told me that
he (8).(to work) for the previous two months on the plans for the
new factory you are interested in. He (9)..(to work) very hard
because he looked deadly tired. By the time I come to Rome he (10)
(to finish) them, so Ill bring them with me.
86. I (1)..(to fall asleep) while I was working because it took me a

long time to realise that the telephone (2)(to ring). When I
answered it, my girlfriend said: (3)..(to forget) that we (4)
..(to go) to the cinema tonight? I(5)..(to wait) here for
half an hour. If you (6)..(to come) soon, well miss the film. I
suddenly remembered that Sally (7)(to give) some tickets for the
first performance of a new film. If I hadnt had so much work to do, I (8)
(to take) her out to dinner before going to the cinema. By the time
I get there, the film (9) (to start). Lets go out to dinner instead.
You are a nuisance. I (10)..(to accept) the tickets.
87. I went to the doctors yesterday. I (1)..(to have to) wait for
an hour before he (2).(can) see me. I (3).(to go) abroad
next week. But I (4)..(to have) a pain for two days. (5)(to
think) Ill be well enough to go? When I (6)..(to examine) you,
Ill be able to tell you, the doctor said. I (7)..(to work) in the garden
when I suddenly felt the pain, I told the doctor. If I (8).(to
stop) immediately, it would have been all right, I suppose. But I hardly ever
(9)..(to get) any exercise in my job, so I went out working. After
examining me carefully, the doctor said: You (10).(to hurt) a bone in
your back.
88. My wife and I went to the airport to meet some friends. The plane landed
but they (1)..(to be) on it. (2)..(to see) if there is a message
for us, my wife said. They (3)(to miss) the plane or perhaps they
(4)(to prevent) from coming for some reason. After (5)
.(to ask for) some information at the information desk without
success, I had an idea. You (6).(to have got) still their letter? I asked
66
my wife. She found it in her handbag. Here you are, she said. We (7)
..(to arrive) at 10 oclock on the 9-th and we wish you(8)
(to meet) us. But todays the 8 th, I said. We should have looked
at the date before. If we had, we (9).(to have) this journey
for nothing. How silly!, my wife said. I (10)(to carry) this
letter around for days without looking at it.
89. My wifes mother was taken ill two days ago, so my wife had to go and
look after her. Before (1)(to leave) my wife said> Id better tell you
where everything is, or you(2)(to know) what to do. But my train (3)
.(to leave) in half an hours time and I must get to my mothers
house as soon as I (4)..(can). (5)(to worry), I said, I
can look after myself. Now I realise I (6)(to ask for) a map of the
house. I I had, I (7)(to find) all the food I needed. But when my wife (8)
..(to come) back tomorrow, she (9).(to have)
any dirty dishes to wash up because I (10).(to eat) in restaurants
since she went away.
90. Slow down, darling. You (1)(to drive) much too fast.
I know, but by the time we (2).(to get) to the church, the marriage
service (3).(to start). If you (4)(to take) such a long
time to get dressed, wed have been there by now. I finished (5)..(to
dress) an hour before you did. Its not my fault. You (6)..(not
tell) me we were in a hurry.
Now theres a police car behind us. It (7)(to signal). I (8).(to
stop).
Would you mind (9)(to show) me your driving license, sir? You
realise you (10) (to drive) at a hundred miles an hour, dont
you?
91. Now, sir, you (1)(to see) the accident, I believe. Would
you mind (2).(to tell) me what happened?
Not at all, constable. The driver of the red car was parked there. He just (3)
(to move) out when a black Mini came up very quickly. If he (4)
.(to look) in the mirror he would have seen the Mini (5)
(to come). But he (6)..(to be) in a hurry. The Mini hit him
but (7)(to stop).
(8) (to take down) the Minis number?
No, I wish I (9)..(to do) so. In my opinion the Mini (10)
(to steal). That (11).(to explain) it, sir. Anyway, I never (12)
(to see) a driver (13)(to leave) the place of
the accident.
All right. I (14) ..(to take down) your name and address in
case you (15).(to need) as a witness.
92. By now, a rocket (1)..(to set off) on its 35 million mile trip
to Mars and scientists (2)..(to wait) anxiously for the results.
The rocket (3)..(to travel) for six months before it (4)
(to reach) the planet.
67
It (5)(to be) a long time before any landing on Mars (6)..
(to attempt). This will only be possible when scientists (7)..(to learn)
more about the atmosphere that surrounds the planet. If a satellite can one
day (8)..(to put) into orbit round Mars, scientist (9) ..(to be
able) to find out a great deal. An interesting suggestion for measuring the
atmosphere around Mars (10)..(to put forward). A rubber ball
containing a radio transmitter (11)(to drop) from a satellite
so that it (12)(to fall) towards the surface of the planet. The radio
(13)..(to signal) the rate at which the ball was slowed down
and scientists would be able to say how dense the atmosphere is. Only when a
great deal more information (14)..(to obtain), it (15)
(to be) possible to plan a manned trip to Mars.
93. When I boarded the train, I could not help (1)..to notice
that a great many local people got on as well. At the time, this (2)
..(not to strike) me as odd. I reflected that there must
be a great many people besides myself who wished to take advantage of this
excellent service. Neither I (3)...(to be) surprised
when the train can(4).(to hold up) by signals. The it
suddenly (5)..(to dawn) on me that this express (6)
.(not to roar) down the line at ninety miles an hour,
but barely chugging along at thirty. One hour and seventeen minutes passed
and we (7)..(to cover) even half the distance. I
asked a passenger if this was the Western Express, but he (8)
..(not to hear) even of it. I determined to make a
complaint as soon as we (9)..(to arrive). Two
hours later, I (10)...(to talk) angrily to a bored
station master. When he (11)...(to deny) the trains
existence, I showed him a copy of the time-table. (12)(to
glance) at it briefly, he told me to look again. A tiny asterisk (13).
.(to conduct) me to a footnote at the bottom of the page: This service
(14).(to
suspend).
Never
I
(15)
..(to experience) such a frustrating thing before!
94. My father had described over and over again what we (1).
(to see) at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was
positive I (2).(to recognize) it as familiar territory.
Well, I (3)(to be) wrong, for I was now lost. I looked
at the map, then at the milometer. I (4).(to come) ten miles
since leaving the town, and at this point, according to my father I (5)
.(to look) at farms and cottages in a valley with the spire of the
church of our village (6).(to show) in the distance. I (7)
(can) see no valley, no farms, no cottages and no church only
a lake. I decided that I (8)..(to take) a wrong turning
somewhere. So I (9).(to drive) back to the town and began to retrace
the route, taking frequent glances at the map. I landed up at the same corner.
The curious thing was that the lake was not marked on the map. I felt as if I
(10)..(to stumble) into a nightmare country, as you
sometimes do in dreams. Fortunately for me, as I (11).(to wonder)
what to do next, there (12)..(to appear) on the horizon a man on
horseback. I waited till he came near and asked him the way to our village. He
said there (13)..(to be) no village. This time he pointed to
the lake. The village no longer existed because it (15)..(to
submerge), and all the valley, too.
68
95. When I opened the door, I (1).(to see) a man on his knees.
He clearly (2)(to listen) to our conversation, and I wondered how

much he (3).(to hear). When I asked him what he (4).(to do),
he said that he (5)(to drop) a 50 p piece outside the
door and (6)..(to look) for it. I (7)..(to see) any sign of the
money, but I (8).(to find) a small notebook which he probably (9)
.(to drop) when the door (10)..(to open)
suddenly. So he (11)(to take) notes of our conversation!
The notes (12)(to be) written in a foreign language, so I (13)
.(to turn) to the stranger and asked him to translate. But he (14)
(to pull) my hat over my eyes and ran off down the corridor. By the
time
I
(15).(to
recover)
from
the
shock,
he
(16)
..(to disappear) round the corner. Curiously enough,
when I (17) (to move) my foot, I (18)
.(to find) that I (19)(to stand) on a
50 p piece. Perhaps he (20).. (to tell) the truth after
all.
96. Let us meet today a man who recently (1)(to
return) from Mount Everest. Not only he (2).(to

climb) the mountain, but he also went diving in the lakes on Everest. Dr John
Leach (3)(to hold) the world record for diving at the
highest altitude and (4) (to be) on many expeditions.
Now, John, why you (5) (to climb) Mount Everest?
For the sheer pleasure. But also there (6)(to be) the
pioneering side. We (7)..(to try) to see if the new diving techniques
and methods (8)(to work). We also went to
completely new geographical areas nobody ever (9).
(to be) there before, they (10).(not to be) on any maps.
What you (11).(to mean) by geographical areas?
Mountains? Glaciers?
No, in our case it (12).(to be) lakes at high altitudes.
Nobody ever (13).(to dive) in them and we, that is, the
team of three I (14)..(to lead) (15)..(can)
quite understand why not Well, the first thing you do is you begin (16)
..(to break) the ice to get into the lake and we all (17)
..( to suffer) from frostbite, so you can imagine that it
(18)..(to take) us quite a long time to break four-and-ahalf feet of ice. So you can really understand why no one (19)(to
be) there before. They (20)(to have) more sense.
97. One day I got a letter from a film producer who was interested in my first
novel and (1).(to think) about (2)(to buy) the film
rights. His name was Mr. Liebe and he (3)..(to want) to meet me,
so I asked him to dinner. We decided to buy steak, although it was terribly
expensive, and we (4).(can not) afford it. We wanted to give him a
really good evening, especially as he (5).(to drive) all the way from
London. Well, on the great day my wife spent all day cooking; I bought some
good wine. I (6)..(to hope) to impress him. We (7).
69
(to lay) the table when the doorbell rang. We rushed to the door and (8)
(to welcome) him with open arms. He was a charming man and
knew a lot of stories. Dinner was a great success. He (9)(not talk)
about my book, so I (10)(not mention) it, either. We (11)
.(to eat) the pudding when the doorbell rang again. I
went to answer it. There (12)(to stand) a short, fat man. Im
Rolf Liebe, he said, Im sorry Im late. The roads were terrible. I stared at
him. I (13)(not to believe) him. No, youre not Mr. Liebe who
(14).(to have) dinner with us. Yes, thats right. I (15)
(to have) dinner with you today at 8 oclock. I nearly died. I
went back into the dining room and asked the man who he (16)
(to be). He was a plumber. I asked him: Why you (17)
.(to tell) me who you (18)(to
be)? You (19).(not to ask), he said. Since then I never
(20)..(to be able) to meet a plumber without wanting to
hit him!
98. I believe you really put your life on the line this morning, Marc, to save a
man who (1)..(to jump) in front of a tube train. I hear
you (2)..(to crawl) along the so-called suicide pit under the train to
give the man first aid.
Well, I knew that seconds (3).(can) mean the difference
between life and death for him, so I (4)(to take)
control of the situation. When I (5).(to reach) him he was
unconscious. Some bandages (6).(to be handed) to me which I
used to stop the bleeding. If I (7) (to stop) the
bleeding, Im sure he (8)..(to die).
After you (9)(to give) him first aid, I believe the electricity
(10).(to have to) be switched on again, so that the train (11)
..(to move) out of the way. How you (12)(to feel)
lying under the train when that happened?
Absolutely terrified. As the train started to move, the man (13)
..(to begin) to regain consciousness. I (14)..(to hold
on) tightly to him and shouted at him: (15)(no to
move)! One move and we (16)(to frazzle)!
Well, all the station staff here (17)..(to think) youre a
real hero, as none of them (18).(to be prepared) to stay
down there while the tracks (19).(to be) live. Anyway,
the man is in hospital now and apparently he (20)..(to
recover).

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1

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

We never eat pizza for dinner.

This fabric feels so soft. The house needs

I dont like gangster films. They prefer movies

- mental actions, opinions,

I hereby declare this meeting open.

Ship sinks in midnight collision.

First you roll out the pastry, then you spread

The bus arrives at 10.

The main character goes through a lot of

May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an

And all of a sudden, there is a loud thump and

- and funny stories

So then the second man asks the first one

Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Associated with Present Simple

is/are + past participle

The car is usually repaired by Mike.

1.1. Present Progressive (Continuous)

Shes leaning out of the window and staring

- actions that are temporarily

Why are you always making that awful

- more emphasis put on the

Were arriving Saturday at 10.

Contrast between Present Simple and Present Progressive

Event, movement in the present moment

Jills being noisy.

Dan has a Volkswagen.

I think like you.

Davids thinking about getting a new

This fish tastes awful.

Im just tasting the soup.

I feel that you are wrong.

This bag weighs a ton!

Were weighing the baby.

It depends what you mean.

Bill, Im depending on you to win this

I can see the doctor.

Im seeing the doctor.

We hear all the noise.

The judge is hearing the witness.

Sometimes, in the language spoken by natives, especially in song lyrics, literature

is/are + being + past participle

Exercises with the Present Tense

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) ..her kids to football practice.

. French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.

STRUCTURES AND TENSES USED FOR

used to and would

I got up, switched off the radio and sat down

- habits and routines that

When I was on holiday in Switzerland, I went to

- states referring to the past, no

In those days, I didnt like reading.

Passive Voice Form:

was/were + past participle

He was told to come later.

IRREGULAR VERBS GROUP 1

eat ate- eaten

IRREGULAR VERBS GROUP 2

fight fought - fought

leave left - left

IRREGULAR VERBS GROUP 3