Ramns Quality Chains and Accessories

since 1590

2009

and beyond

Ramns Anchor Chain

is a promise
Facts about Ramns Safety Anchor Chains
and Accessories. 2006.

Offshore Safety

Contents
Offshore Safety...................................... 3
Ramns High Strength Chains........... 4-5
Certification is not enough................ 6-7
Ramns stud chains.............................. 8
Ramns studless chains........................ 9
Proof and brake loads................... 10-11
Mechanical properties......................... 12
Weight data......................................... 13
Weight and volume data...................... 14
Elasticity of anchor data...................... 15
Weight of details............................ 16-17
Ramfor, Ramplate, Kenter.............. 18-21
Truly heavy production.................. 22-23

Offshore Safety is a promise

When hurricane winds reach 200-300
km/h, Mother Nature is not very kind.
Everything that isnt tough enough
is torn out and hurled away by the
speeding winds. Buildings and entire
blocks turn into firewood, and cars,
trains and boats are tossed around
like toys. Oil rigs are ripped from their
moorings, ships sink and millions of
dollars are lost. The catastrophes just
keep mounting.
This is our everyday reality. Its no
place for compromises.
The oil rigs lifeline
Thus far, Swedish offshore anchor
chain from Ramns Bruk has withstood the immense power of Mother
Nature. To the best of our knowledge,
not a single oil rig secured with Ramns chain has ever broken loose.
The rigs mooring is its insurance
against hurricanes and the sands of
time. Strength, durability and long service life are crucial. What it all comes
down to is quality.

It begins in the steelworks

Sweden has a good reputation when
it comes to steel and we have highquality steelworks based on decades
of experience. Ramns Bruk works
very closely with them to develop the
steel grades and alloys required by the
tough reality of our customers.
It was thanks to this close cooperation that back in 1999 we could present steel of Grade 4+ which in principle corresponds to todays Grade 5.
Design and engineering
Durability depends on the design of
the links and on the quality of the
production technology used. At Ramns Bruk we have been making chains
since the end of the 1800s.
We know that Ramns chain fulfils
its promise and this can be attested by
both individual customers and independent surveys. All of which is highly
gratifying.
Ramns grade 4++ stud-link chain
has no less than five times longer fatigue life than our standard chain, and
30% greater tensile strength.

Production and delivery

Manufacturing chain of large dimensions is and will always be a heavy
industrial procedure involving heavy
and noisy mechanical processes. Quality is the main concern at every stage
of the manufacturing system. From
loading of the steel blanks, bending,
welding, hardening, fatigue testing,
stud expansion, magnetic and UV
checks to the finished, inspected and
approved delivery.
Every single link has its specific history, its traceability and its manufacturing and inspection data stored on
file.
Talk to us about your ideas
Ramns Bruk is not just a renowned
Swedish chain manufacturer. Our
long experience has made us into a
knowledge centre. We are happy to
serve as your sounding-board during
the design and engineering phase and
while the calculations are being made.
In addition to our standard products,
we can help you produce customerspecific links in both short and long
production series.

Antonio Manuel, Fluke, Brazil.

Ramns Chains has better quality

Fluke Engenharia Ltda. is a Brazilian-owned company whose main

activities are structures fabrication
and qualified tecnical services for
the offshore industry, i. e. inspection and tests of chains and accessories for mooring systems
Antonio Manuel is one of the
directors at Fluke, in charge of inspections and quality controls and
have long experience in visual and
mechanical tests of anchor chains
and mooring systems.

During our inspections we really

have seen that Ramns has proved
to have an excellent quality, says
Antonio.

johannes.nylund@eiab

Ramns High Strength Chains

Ramns Bruk develops high-strength
grades and new link designs based on
customer demands and new market
standards. The general development
of mooring chains has taken place in
small steps from grade 2 (1948), grade
3 (1966), grade 4 (1982) to grade 5
(2006).

Customer demands
The Borgland Dolphin was first to be
equipped with NVR 4+ in 1999 due to
specific demands from the customer,
Statoil. The grade 4+ design and steel
quality increased the proof and break
load by more than 20 %. The following 4++ quality increased the proof
and break load by 30 %.
Five times longer fatigue life
Tests show that Ramns grade 4+ has
between five and eleven times the fatigue life of our standard grade 4 steel,
see the figure.
Been in high grade since 1999
With the development of grade 4+
and 4++ Ramns has been manufacturing and supplying a steel quality
that in many respects corresponds to
and even exceeds the current grade 5
standard.

The benefits for the mooring system

Improved fatigue life, five times
longer
Higher chain strength enhances
personnel and rig safety
Saves weight for the rig
Reduces installation costs
Overall link dimension allows usage
of existing mooring equipment

Did you know that...

The longest length of chain that
has ever been manufactured at
Ramns measured 2.2 km (2007).
The heaviest chain that has so far
been delivered weighed 385 tonnes.
(2005).

Chains in the future

There is constant development in the
area of steel grades, design and production. Ramns looks to the future
and carries out a wide variety of tests
and trials. We have excellent contacts
with the entire offshore industry and
are quick to pick up on every change
in the industry as it shifts its focus
towards deep-water sources, for
instance.
Number of cycles to failure

035
0.350
0.300

Load Range/CBS

Ramns development
In 1999 Ramns presented the grade
4+ stud chain and three years later, the
studless 4+. In 2002 grade 4++ was
introduced in stud chains and in 2006
Ramns presented grade 5 stud and
studless chains.

Production facts
Ramns manufactures and supplies
chains from 70 165 mm (2.3/4
6.1/2) in diameter. Ramns produces
both stud-link chain and studless
chain. We also design, manufacture
and sell accessories and connectors.
Since the end of the 1960s, the production process is linear, which allows
us to deliver very long chains.

0.250
0.200
0.150

Assymetric controlled stud expansion chains.

0.100
1,0E+04

1,0E+05
API design curve
Ramns Grade 5 studless chain

1,0E+06

1,0E+07

API design curve

Ramns Grade 5 stud chain

Longer fatigue life

The diagram shows fatigue tests performed by the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in
Stockholm, Sweden. The curves shows much longer fatigue life for Ramns Grade 5 chains
compared to API RP2 SK R4 design curves, both for stud link and studless chain (76 mm
diameter).
4

Certification is not enough

From customer contact to delivery
For our customers, quality and service
are the most crucial criteria. We are
keen to participate early in the process
and are happy to provide estimates,
calculations and expertise on material
grades, designs and characteristics.
Hot Bend Test
Before we accept the steel in the production system, we carry out what is
known as a Hot Bend Test, which
is a highly demanding bending test
whose aim is to optimise weld and
seam integrity.

During the production process, which

includes heat treatment and single or
double hardening, several tests are
carried out involving techniques such
as ultrasonic inspection and magnetic
particle examination to check for
surface defects. Each and every link is
subjected to a proof load test. Every
measurement is logged, and the test
history of every link can thus be monitored and traced back to source.

We like to be thorough
We have cooperation with the certification companies and we always
meet the set requirements. But we
go further. We want to be absolutely
certain that weve done everything we
possibly can to ensure you have the
best possible chain.
Read more on the Web
On our Website, www.ramnas.com,
you will find more information about
our certification.

Load range/CBS-NVK4-Rig

Noble Denton mean curve Stud link chain Nov -94

0.398
0.316

API design curve

0.251
0.200

Did you know that...

Ramns has delivered more than
300,000 tons of chain, in use today
the world over.

0.158
0.126
0.100

105

104

Documentation

Number of cycles to failure

Ramns Studless chain fatigue life compared to API design curve and Noble Denton
mean curve for stud link chain

Manufacturing Record Book

Ramns provides you with the
best and most proper documentation including the Manufacturing
Record Book with classification
society certificate and records from
production and testing.
Quality is a lifestyle and committment and that takes the chains of Ramns Bruk offshore all over the world.

FE-analysis of stress distribution

in a studless chain link.

106

107

Ramns Stud Chains

Stud-link chains
There are many reasons for choosing stud-link chains. By tradition,
studless chains are used on permanent
platforms and stud-link chains are employed on rigs where the chain is often
reeled in and out. Studless chains are
lighter, but it is sometimes necessary
to have more weight in order to give
the platform the appropriate characteristics.
Stronger and longer-lasting
There are other important reasons for
choosing Ramns stud-link chains.
The expanded stud link gives the
chain other valuable characteristics.
It withstands higher loads and does
not deform. It distributes and reduces
tension, which in turn reduces wear
and fatigue.
The result is longer lifetime.
Controlled expansion
The big difference between Ramns
stud-link chains and those made by
other manufacturers is that we have
developed a method whereby we fully
control stud expansion, that is to say
the studs attachment in the link. This
results in sealed joints, minimum of
corrosion, and the stud remains homogeneous and serves as an active part of
the tension distribution mechanism.

5-year warranty
With over 40
years of experience working in
the offshore sector,
Ramns has been
producing chains since 1876 in Ramns, Sweden. We at Ramns believe on
our excellent product quality and we
have introduced 5Year Quality Warranty on all our chains and subject to
Orgalime S 2000.
Studs
Ramns anchor chain is fitted with
drop-forged studs. Ramns has developed an asymmetrical stud which
gives more equal stud indentation and
contributes to more symmetric stressdistribution in the link.
Combined with our controlled studexpansion (after proof-loading) this
will prolong the period before nonwelded studs work loose. Asymmetric
studs combined with controlled stud
expansion have been the Ramns
standard since spring 1991. The stud
designs are approved by the classification societies.

Ramns Studless Chains

Did you know that...
Troll B proved what we already knew

After 12 years in operation, the

Troll B platform off Norways
coast was subjected to meticulous
inspection of its moorings.
Troll B uses stud-link chains from
Ramns. Not a single stud had
come loose on the chain. Not a
single crack could be seen.Thats
what we mean by quality and
economy.
Ramns manufactures and supplies the best chains in existence,
says Hans B Lie, Technical Manager, Marine Operations, Hydro
in Norway, which owns Troll B.

Studless chain reduce the weight and

inspection down time
Ramns Bruks studless link can deliver the same performance as a stud link
in terms of static strength while offering a saving of some 9% in weight.
For deepwater applications, there is
a potential reduction in weight, and
consequent cost saving.

Conversion Factors for SI-units

This table only provides conversion
factors for US units and MKS units
that differ from SI units. Proper use
of significant figures and rounding-off
techniques should be given due consideration when using conversion factors.

Alternatively, the weight can be kept

constant and fatigue strength correspondingly increased by opting for a
larger diameter chain. This option also
gives a greater margin of safety against
the incidence of corrosion.
Studless chain is easier to inspect and
being a simpler structure, requires less
inspection.

Quantity

U.S. or MKK Unit

Area

ft2

9.290 304

in.2

6.451 600 (10-2)*

Energy, Work

BTU

Force

Contour of a
Contour of normal
normal
studstud.
Length

Mass

Contour of a
asymmetric stud
Contour of asymetric stud.

Design
Our standard studless chain has width
of 3.35 x d and the length of the studless link is 6 x d which is exactly the
same as for stud link chain.

Static strength
Ramns studless chain withstands the
same break load as a stud-link chain
with the same nominal diameter

Pressure, Stress

Multiply by

1.055 056

To obtain SI Units
(10-2)*
(103)

ft-lb

1.355 818

in.-lb

1.129 848 (10-1)

3)*

4.186 800 (10

9.806 650*

lbf

4.448 222

ton (long)

9.964 017 (103)

kgf

9.806 650*

ton (metric)

9.806 650 (103)

KIP = 1.000 lbf

4.448 222

kN

fathom

1.828 800*

ft

3.048 (10-1)*

1)*

mm

in.

2.540 (10

lb

4.535 924 (10-1)

kg

ton (long)

1.016 047 (103)

kg

ton (metric)

1.000 (103)

kg

ksi

6)

6.894 757 (10

N/m2 (or Pa)

psi

6.894 757 (103)

N/m2 (or Pa)

6.894 757 (10

N/m2 = MPa

6.894 757 (10-2)

bar (or 105 N/m2)

1,544 426

(107)

kg/cm2

9.806 650

bar (or 105 N/m2)

9.806 650 (10-7)

kcal

1,544 426 (107)

kg-m

ton (long) / in.

Temperature

mm2
J

-3)

* exact value

m2

(104)*

N/m2 (or Pa)

N/mm2
N/m2 (or Pa)

kg/mm

9.806 650 (106)*

N/m (or Pa)

(F-32) / 1.8

Proof and break loads (kN)

Proof and break loads (KIP)

LOAD (in kN) = c x d2 x (44 0.08 x d) (d in mm)

LOAD (in KIP) = c x d2 x (44 2.032 x d)/1000 (d in inch)

Test
Load

Break Load

Proof Load

Weight

Grade

ORQ

R3/
NVR3

R3S

R4

R4S

R5

ORQ

R3

NVR3

R3S
Stud

R3S
Studless

R4
Stud

R4
Studless

R4S
Stud

R4S
Studless

R5
Stud

R5
Studless

C-factor

0,0211

0,0223

0,0249

0,0274

0,0304

0,032

0,014

0,0148

0,0156

0,018

0,0174

0,0216

0,0192

0,024

0,0213

0,0251

0,0223

mm

Stud

Studless
kg/m

70

3970

4196

4685

5156

5720

6021

2634

2785

2935

3387

3274

4064

3613

4516

4008

4723

4196

107

98

73

4291

4535

5064

5572

6182

6507

2847

3010

3172

3660

3538

4392

3904

4881

4331

5104

4535

117

107

76

4621

4884

5454

6001

6658

7009

3066

3242

3417

3942

3811

4731

4205

5257

4665

5498

4884

126

116

78

4847

5123

5720

6295

6984

7351

3216

3400

3584

4135

3997

4962

4411

5514

4893

5766

5123

133

122

81

5194

5490

6130

6745

7484

7877

3446

3643

3840

4431

4283

5317

4726

5908

5243

6179

5490

144

131

84

5550

5866

6550

7208

7997

8418

3683

3893

4104

4735

4577

5682

5051

6313

5603

6602

5866

155

141

87

5916

6252

6981

7682

8523

8971

3925

4149

4374

5046

4878

6056

5383

6729

5972

7037

6252

166

151

90

6289

6647

7422

8167

9062

9539

4173

4412

4650

5365

5187

6439

5723

7154

6349

7482

6647

177

162

92

6544

6916

7722

8497

9428

9924

4342

4590

4838

5582

5396

6699

5954

7443

6606

7784

6916

185

169

95

6932

7326

8180

9001

9987 10512

4599

4862

5125

5913

5716

7096

6307

7884

6997

8246

7326

198

181

97

7195

7604

8490

9343 10366 10911

4774

5047

5319

6138

5933

7365

6547

8184

7263

8559

7604

206

188

100

7596

8028

8964

9864 10944 11520

5040

5328

5616

6480

6264

7776

6912

8640

7668

9036

8028

219

200

102

7868

8315

9285 10217 11336 11932

5220

5519

5817

6712

6488

8054

7159

8949

7942

9359

8315

228

208

105

8282

8753

9773 10754 11932 12560

5495

5809

6123

7065

6829

8478

7536

9420

8360

9851

8753

241

221

107

8561

9048 10103 11118 12335 12984

5681

6005

6330

7304

7060

8764

7790

9738

8643 10184

9048

251

229

111

9130

9650 10775 11856 13154 13847

6058

6404

6750

7789

7529

9347

8308 10385

9217 10861

9650

270

246

114

9565 10109 11287 12420 13780 14506

6346

6709

7071

8159

7887

9791

8703 10879

9655 11378 10109

285

260

Test
Load

Break Load

Grade

ORQ

C-factor

3060,3

R3/
NVR3

3234,3

Proof Load

Weight

R3S

R4

R4S

R5

ORQ

R3

NVR3

3611,4

3974,0

4409,1

4641,2

2030,5

2147,0

2262,6

R3S
Stud

2610,7

R3S
Studless
2523,7

R4
Stud

3132,8

R4
Studless
2784,7

R4S
Stud

3480,9

R4S
Studless
3089,3

R5
Stud

3640,4

R5
Studless
3234,3

inch

Stud

Studless
lb/ft

2 3/4

889

940

1049

1154

1281

1348

590

624

657

758

733

910

809

1011

897

1058

940

72

66

2 13/16

927

979

1094

1203

1335

1406

615

650

685

791

764

949

843

1054

936

1102

979

75

69

2 7/8

965

1020

1139

1253

1391

1464

640

677

714

823

796

988

878

1098

974

1148

1020

78

72

2 15/16

1004

1061

1185

1304

1447

1523

666

705

743

857

828

1028

914

1142

1014

1195

1061

82

75

1044

1103

1232

1356

1504

1583

693

732

772

891

861

1069

950

1187

1054

1242

1103

85

78

3 1/16

1084

1146

1280

1408

1562

1644

719

761

802

925

894

1110

987

1233

1095

1290

1146

89

81

3 1/8

1125

1189

1328

1461

1621

1706

747

789

832

960

928

1152

1024

1280

1136

1338

1189

93

85

3 3/16

1167

1233

1377

1515

1681

1769

774

819

863

995

962

1194

1062

1327

1178

1388

1233

96

88

3 1/4

1209

1278

1426

1570

1742

1833

802

848

894

1031

997

1237

1100

1375

1220

1438

1278

100

92

3 5/16

1251

1323

1477

1625

1803

1898

830

878

925

1068

1032

1281

1139

1423

1263

1489

1323

104

95

3 3/8

1295

1368

1528

1681

1865

1964

859

908

957

1105

1068

1325

1178

1473

1307

1540

1368

108

99

3 7/16

1339

1415

1580

1738

1928

2030

888

939

990

1142

1104

1370

1218

1522

1351

1592

1415

112

102

3 1/2

1383

1462

1632

1796

1992

2097

918

970

1022

1180

1140

1416

1258

1573

1396

1645

1462

116

106

3 9/16

1428

1509

1685

1854

2057

2165

947

1002

1056

1218

1177

1462

1299

1624

1441

1698

1509

120

110

3 5/8

1473

1557

1739

1913

2123

2234

977

1034

1089

1257

1215

1508

1341

1676

1487

1752

1557

125

114

3 3/4

1566

1655

1848

2033

2256

2374

1039

1098

1158

1336

1291

1603

1425

1781

1580

1862

1655

134

122

3 7/8

1660

1754

1959

2156

2392

2518

1101

1165

1227

1416

1369

1699

1511

1888

1676

1975

1754

143

130

3 15/16

1708

1805

2016

2218

2461

2590

1133

1198

1263

1457

1409

1748

1554

1943

1724

2032

1805

147

134

1756

1856

2073

2281

2531

2664

1165

1232

1299

1498

1448

1798

1598

1998

1773

2089

1856

152

139

4 1/8

1855

1960

2189

2408

2672

2813

1231

1301

1371

1582

1530

1899

1688

2110

1872

2206

1960

162

148

4 1/4

1955

2066

2307

2538

2816

2965

1297

1371

1445

1668

1612

2001

1779

2223

1973

2325

2066

171

157

4 3/8

2057

2174

2427

2671

2963

3119

1365

1443

1521

1754

1696

2105

1871

2339

2076

2446

2174

182

166

4 1/2

2160

2283

2549

2805

3112

3276

1433

1515

1597

1843

1781

2211

1966

2457

2181

2570

2283

192

176

4 5/8

2265

2394

2673

2941

3263

3435

1503

1589

1675

1932

1868

2319

2061

2576

2287

2694

2394

203

185

4 3/4

2372

2507

2799

3080

3417

3597

1574

1664

1753

2023

1956

2428

2158

2698

2394

2821

2507

214

196

4 7/8

2480

2621

2926

3220

3573

3761

1645

1740

1833

2115

2045

2538

2256

2820

2503

2950

2621

226

206

2589

2736

3055

3362

3730

3926

1718

1816

1914

2209

2135

2650

2356

2945

2614

3080

2736

237

217

5 1/8

2700

2853

3186

3506

3890

4094

1791

1894

1996

2303

2226

2764

2457

3071

2725

3211

2853

249

228

5 1/4

2812

2971

3318

3651

4051

4264

1865

1972

2079

2398

2319

2878

2558

3198

2838

3344

2971

262

239

5 3/8

2925

3091

3451

3798

4214

4435

1940

2052

2162

2495

2412

2994

2661

3327

2952

3479

3091

274

250

5 1/2

3039

3211

3586

3946

4378

4608

2016

2132

2247

2592

2506

3111

2765

3456

3067

3615

3211

287

262

117

10005 10574 11807 12993 14415 15174

6639

7018

7397

8535

8251 10242

9104 11380 10100 11902 10574

300

274

120

10452 11047 12334 13573 15059 15852

6935

7331

7728

8916

8619 10700

9511 11889 10551 12434 11047

315

288

122

10753 11365 12690 13964 15493 16308

7135

7542

7950

9173

8868 11008

9785 12231 10855 12792 11365

326

298

124

11057 11686 13048 14358 15930 16768

7336

7755

8175

9432

9118 11319 10061 12576 11161 13153 11686

337

308

127

11516 12171 13591 14955 16592 17466

7641

8078

8515

9824

9497 11789 10479 13099 11626 13700 12171

353

323

130

11981 12663 14139 15559 17262 18171

7950

8404

8858 10221

9880 12265 10903 13628 12095 14253 12663

370

338

132

12294 12993 14508 15965 17713 18645

8157

8623

9089 10488 10138 12585 11187 13984 12411 14625 12993

382

348

137

13085 13829 15441 16992 18852 19844

8682

9178

9674 11162 10790 13395 11906 14883 13209 15565 13829

411

375

142

13887 14677 16388 18033 20008 21061

9214

9741 10267 11847 11452 14216 12637 15796 14019 16520 14677

442

403

147

14700 15536 17347 19089 21179 22294

9753 10311 10868 12540 12122 15048 13376 16720 14839 17487 15536

473

432

152

15522 16405 18317 20156 22363 23540 10299 10887 11476 13241 12800 15890 14124 17655 15669 18464 16405

506

462

157

16352 17282 19297 21234 23559 24799 10850 11469 12089 13949 13484 16739 14879 18599 16507 19452 17282

540

493

162

17188 18166 20284 22320 24764 26068 11405 12056 12708 14663 14174 17596 15641 19551 17351 20447 18166

575

525

167

18030 19056 21278 23414 25977 27345 11963 12647 13330 15381 14869 18458 16407 20508 18201 21448 19056

611

558

5 5/8

3154

3333

3722

4095

4544

4783

2093

2213

2332

2690

2601

3228

2870

3587

3184

3752

3333

300

274

172

18876 19950 22276 24513 27196 28628 12525 13240 13956 16103 15566 19324 17177 21471 19055 22455 19950

648

592

5 3/4

3270

3456

3859

4246

4711

4959

2169

2294

2417

2789

2696

3347

2975

3719

3301

3890

3456

314

287

177

19725 20847 23278 25615 28420 29915 13088 13836 14584 16827 16267 20193 17949 22437 19912 23465 20847

686

627

5 7/8

3387

3579

3997

4398

4879

5136

2247

2376

2504

2889

2793

3467

3082

3852

3419

4029

3579

328

299

3504

3704

4135

4551

5049

5315

2325

2459

2591

2989

2890

3587

3189

3986

3538

4169

3704

342

312

6 1/8

3623

3829

4275

4704

5219

5494

2404

2542

2678

3090

2987

3709

3296

4121

3657

4309

3829

356

325

6 1/4

3742

3954

4416

4859

5391

5675

2483

2625

2766

3192

3086

3830

3405

4256

3777

4451

3954

371

339

6 3/8

3861

4081

4557

5014

5563

5856

2562

2709

2855

3294

3184

3953

3514

4392

3898

4593

4081

386

352

6 9/16

4042

4271

4769

5248

5823

6129

2682

2835

2988

3448

3333

4137

3678

4597

4080

4808

4271

409

373

6 3/4

4223

4463

4983

5483

6084

6404

2802

2962

3122

3602

3482

4323

3842

4803

4263

5023

4463

433

395

4465

4719

5269

5798

6433

6772

2963

3133

3301

3809

3682

4571

4063

5079

4507

5311

4719

465

425

Due to the application of different

rounding-off-principles for calculation of loads, individual classification
societies show slightly different load
values in their tables.
Conversion factors, see page 9.

10

11

Mechanical Properties
Classification Society

API Spec
2F
ORQ

Quality

Weight data

Weight (kg/m)
800

DNV-OS-E302
October 2008

Ramns Offshore Mooring Chain (IACS W22)

Inhouse
ORQ+20%
R3
R3S
R4

R4S

Weight (lb/ft)
500

R5

Tensile test
Yield strength Re (N/mm2)
Ultimate tensile strength Rm (N/mm2)

410

490

580

700

760
1000

641

750

690

770

860

960

Elongation A5 (%)

17

15

17

15

12

12

12

Reduction of area Z (%)

40

40

50

3) 50

3) 50

3) 50

2)

50

2)

400

Impact strength
Min average energy, parent material (J)

58

40

58

60

40

65

45

50

56

58

Min average energy, weld (J)

49

36

34

50

30

53

33

36

40

42

0 -15

0 -20

-20

-20

-20

Test temperature

1)

0 -20

450

700

600
350

1) At the option of the Society the impact test of grade R3 and R3S may be carried out at 0C or -20C.
2) For cast accessories, the minimum value shall be 40%.
3) For cast accessories, the minimum value shall be 35%.

500

300

Weight Stud link chain

250

400

Twist of stud link anchor chain

A twist of 45 degrees over 5 links is
acceptable without noticeable decrease
of chain strength. More twist under
load will deform the chain. Thus a
90-foot length of chain may be twisted
under load according to the formula:

Chain dimension mm

27500 x 45 =
max =
4xDx5

61875
D

Weight Studless chain

Allowable maximum twist of 90-foot length

degrees
No. of turns of 360

57

200

300

1086

68

910

2,5

85

728

114

543

1,5

172

360

Where D is chain nominal diameter

in mm.

150
200
100

100

50

Coefficient of friction for anchor chain

The coefficient of friction depends
upon the actual ocean bottom at the
anchor location. General friction factors for chains are given in the table.
The starting friction factors may be
used to compute the holding power of
the chain. The sliding friction factor
may be used to compute forces on the
chain during deployment.

Ocean bottom

Starting

Friction factors

Sliding

Sand

0.98

0.74

Mud with sand

0.92

0.69

Firm mud

1.01

0.62

Soft mud

0.90

0.56

Clay

1.25

0.81

70
2 3/4

85
3 1/4

100
3 3/4

115
4 1/4

130
4 3/4

Chain holding power generalized friction factors for mooring chain.

Submerged weight of chain

The submerged weight of chain varies
with the density of the seawater, but
can be roughly estimated using this
formula.

Submerged weight =

(v1 v2)
v1

v1 = Density of steel = 7,85 kg/dm3

12

x weight of chain in air = 0,87 x weight of chain in air

v2 = Density of seawater 1,02 kg/dm3

13

145
5 1/4

5 3/4

160
6 1/4

0
175 Diameter mm
6 3/4

Diameter inch

Weight and volume data

kg
80.000

Elasticy data of stud link chain

P
KN
20.000

75.000
70.000
65.000

7" 177 mm
10.000

55.000

Approximate volume per 100 m of chain

Approximate weight per 100 m of chain

60.000

50.000
45.000
40.000

Weight

35.000

6" 152 mm

5" 127 mm

5.000

m3
30.000

Space reguirement
in locker

25.000

25

20.000

20

15.000

15

10.000

3" 76 mm

2" 51 mm

10

Volume (deplacement)

5.000
0

4" 102 mm

30

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180 mm

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Diameter of chain
Weight = 2,19 x 102 x D2 kg/m

The modulus of elasticity for anchor chain (E) is expressed

by the equation:

Volume = 1,095 x 10-5 x D2 m3/m

D. nominal chain diameter in mm.

E=

14

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8 %

Where:
E is Youngs modulus expressed in MPA
P is the load that causes a ductile elongation (strain) of , P
is expressed in Newton.
d is the chain diameter (wire dia) expressed in mm.
is the strain expressed in %.
is 3,14.

2 x P x 100
= 64000
d2 x x

15

Approximate weight of details

25

Diameter
inch

kg
40

45

73

50

85

125

35

30

45

50

76

60

100

110

140

155

40

35

50

60

78

65

105

115

150

165

42

38

55

65

81

75

120

130

170

185

45

45

60

70

84

85

135

145

195

210

50

45

70

80

87

95

150

165

220

240

60

55

75

85

90

105

165

185

245

265

65

60

80

95

92

105

175

191

255

280

70

60

90

100

95

115

200

220

290

315

75

70

100

110

97

135

210

230

305

330

80

75

100

120

100

150

230

250

335

365

90

80

110

130

102

150

245

265

350

380

95

85

120

140

107

175

285

310

410

445

110

100

140

160

111

200

305

335

445

485

120

110

160

175

114

225

325

360

475

520

130

120

175

195

117

225

345

385

505

555

140

130

185

210

122

265

380

420

550

600

160

145

210

235

127

315

420

465

600

660

180

165

235

260

132

370

480

530

675

740

205

185

260

305

137

390

550

605

750

825

230

205

285

330

142

450

650

710

900

985

255

230

325

375

147

505

720

790

1055

1145

280

255

395

410

152

545

845

885

1200

1300

310

280

410

460

157

610

932

975

1550

1655

345

310

455

510

162

665

1025

1070

1700

1820

380

340

500

560

167

725

1125

1175

1970

2100

415

375

540

630

172

790

1225

1285

2300

2440

450

405

590

680

177

865

1340

1400

2700

2855

490

445

640

730

lbs

110

190

130

220

Common
Stud
Link
lbs

Common
Studless
Link
lbs
65

275
245

310

340

Enlarged
Link

End
Link

lbs
60

lbs
90

100

75

70

100

115

90

75

110

130

3 1/16

145

235

260

330

365

95

85

120

140

3 3/16

165

260

290

375

410

100

95

135

155

3 5/16

185

295

325

425

465

115

105

150

170

3 7/16

205

330

365

480

525

125

115

165

190

3 9/16

230

370

405

535

580

140

130

180

210

3 5/8

230

385

420

565

615

150

135

195

220

3 3/4

255

440

485

640

695

165

150

215

245

3 7/8

300

465

510

670

730

175

160

225

265

3 15/16

330

505

555

740

800

195

175

245

285

330

535

585

770

840

205

185

365

305

4 1/4

385

630

685

905

985

240

215

310

350

4 3/8

440

670

745

980

1070

265

240

350

385

4 1/2

495

715

790

1045

1150

285

260

380

425

4 5/8

495

760

745

1115

1220

315

280

405

465

4 3/4

588

840

930

1210

1325

350

320

465

520

695

925

1025

1325

1455

400

360

520

575

5 1/8

815

1060

1170

1490

1630

450

405

575

670

5 3/8

860

1215

1340

1655

1815

505

455

630

725

5 5/8

990

1435

1565

1985

2165

560

505

715

825

5 3/4

1115

1590

1740

2325

2525

615

560

870

905

1200

1785

1950

2645

2870

685

620

905

1015

6 3/16

1350

2140

2320

3420

3650

760

685

1005

1125

6 3/8

1460

2350

2540

3750

4010

835

750

1100

1235

6 9/16

1600

2620

2845

4340

4630

910

820

1190

1390

6 3/4

1740

2930

3165

5070

5385

995

900

1300

1500

1900

3220

3475

5950

6295

1085

980

1415

1610

4D

1,9 D

Anchor shackle type D LTM design

4D

1,9 D

0,9 D

Special anchor shackle* with round

pin, LTM design
4,1 D
1,8 D

1,4 D

1,4 D
4D

2,5

2,2

17

5D

2,2 D
0,15 D

3,2 D

1,3 D

D = diameter
of chain

1,775 D
8,175 D

8,2 D

3,4 D

8,2 D

Joining shackle with round pin, LTM design

3,4 D 1,6D 0,8 D

1,4 D

1,1 D
2,8 D

2,8 D

1,2 D

1,3 D

7,1 D

2 7/8

Anchor
Shackle
LTM
lbs
240

f Anchor shackle type D

7,1 D

7,1 D
D
2,2

Anchor
Shackle

165

6,75 D

1,4 D
4D

1,4 D
4D

0,5 D

Joining shackle type D LTM design

3,4 D
1,6 D 0,8 D

Joining
Shackle
LTM
lbs

1,2 D

6,6 D
D

D
d Joining shackle type D
3,4 D
1,6 D 0,8 D

95

2,2 D

4D

3,6 D

6D

6D

lbs

2 3/4

c End Link
4,35 D

4,4 D

3,35 D

4D

b Enlarged Link

Shackle
Type D
lbs

4D

a Common Studless Link

1,2 D

a Common Stud Link

Shackle

0,55 D

30

kg

Ramfor/Kenter Joining

5D

End
Link

3D

110

Enlarged
Link

0,55 D

Common
Studless
Link
kg

2,2 D

kg

Common
Stud
Link
kg

1,3 D

75

Anchor
Shackle
LTM
kg

1,4 D

45

Anchor
Shackle

5D

kg

70

Joining
Shackle
LTM
kg

Shackle
Type D
kg

3D

Diameter
mm

Shackle

1,3 D

Ramfor/Kenter Jonining

Approximate weight of details

2,3 D

D = diameter
of chain
* Connected only with
special end link

Ramfor improved moorings

Ramfor connectors
The Ramfor connector has the same
outside shape as the traditional Kenter
joining shackle but with improved fatigue properties. The difference is the
design of the interior. The Ramfor and
Ramfor Slim designs have a locking
head of a different design than that of
the Kenter joining shackles. This locking head has been designed to provide
a large load-carrying area which in
turn gives a better stress distribution.
The Ramfor Slim connector has
the same outside shape as the Kenter
joining shackle and Ramfor connector
but with an outside thickness (D) of
1.30 x d. This thickness is equal to the
Baldt type connector, but slimmer than
the Kenter joining shackle and the
Ramfor (1.52 x d).
The slim shape enables the Ramfor
Slim connector to be used on every
mooring system on semi-submersibles,
offshore loading systems and so on,
and will fit any wildcat.
Sizes: Ramfor and Ramfor Slim are
available for 70, 76, 84, 90, 95, 102,
108, 114, 120 and 127 mm diameter
anchor chains.
Grades: Ramfor and Ramfor Slim are
available in all grades.
Connectors Ramfor and Ramfor Slim
for 76 and 84 mm diameter in grade
R4 are available from stock.

Anchor shackles
Anchor shackle type Ramfor is based
on the same interior design principles
incorporated in the Ramfor/Ramfor
Slim connectors with the locking head
designed to provide a larger load-carrying area which in turn gives better
stress distribution.
The Kenter Anchor shackle has
the same outside shape as a Ramfor
anchor shackle and with a simplified
interior equivalent to a Kenter.
Both shackles are our closest equivalents to the Baldt (pear-shaped)
detachable anchor connecting link.
The small end of the shackle is
designed to accept a common link
for the sizes mentioned below. This
eliminates costly enlarged links and
end links.
The Ramfor Anchor shackle and
Kenter Anchor shackle are dismantled
/ assembled in a similar way to the
Kenter and Ramfor connectors.
Sizes: Ramfor Anchor shackles are
available for 70, 76, 84, 90, 95 and
120 mm diameter anchor chains.
Grades: Ramfor Anchor shackles are
available in offshore grades R3, R3S
and R4.

18

Dimensions for Ramfor and Kenter anchor shackles

Ramplate
The new Ramplate is a connector
between anchor chains and wire
segments. It eliminates the need for
Tri-plate and joining shackles.
Ramplate is cost-saving and offers
the option of making length adjustments of the chain, since no end link
is needed.

RAMFOR Anchor Shackle

B
C
M

KENTER Anchor Shackle

M
H

Taper pin

Suitable for common link

Taper pin
Suitable for common link

Sizes: Ramplate is available for 70165 mm diameter anchor chains.

Grades: Ramplate is available in all
grades.

B
C

E
Common
Link

70 mm

370

538

76 mm

405

588

368

99

402

108

84 mm

440

640

437

90 mm
95 mm

440

723

497

723

120 mm

578

824

70

100

103

105

78

109

112

116

113

46

123

51

118

85

118

122

126

134

494

132

96

134

494

132

96

134

138

143

138

143

570

154

120

169

175

180

19

D
L

80

145

122

89

160

133

55

96

174

145

152

62

109

196

164

152

62

109

196

164

176

78

125

226

207

Chain fatigue versus connector and D-shackle fatigue

Load range/CBS

0.398

RAMFOR

XXX

0.316

Dimensions for Ramfor and Kenter connectors

KENTER

D-Shackle

RAMFOR

Noble Denton mean curve Stud link chain. Nov -94

API design curve

XX

0.158

B
T

S
r

Results from full-scale fatigue tests

(in air) by Swedish National Testing
and Research Institute. The cycles to
failure column illustrates the Ramfor
fatigue test results compared with
Kenter joining shackles for 76 mm
diameter grade R4.

105

Test no.
R1

R2

R3

R4

K1

K2

K3

K4

Number of cycles to failure

Type of shackle

106

107

Dimension
designation
A

Mean load level

(kN)

Max load level

(kN)

Cycles to failure

Ramfor

210

2100

41700

Ramfor

260

2600

19200

Ramfor

260

2600

25000

Ramfor

260

2600

18400

Kenter

210

2100

35500

Kenter

260

2600

13000

Kenter

260

2600

14700

Kenter

260

2600

16900

C
E

R
K
S

M
N

W
F

U
D
d
r

20

F
D

B
T

0.126

0.200

104

KENTER

0.251

0.100

RAMFOR SLIM

U
N

D
W

RAMFOR nomi- RAMFOR Slim

Kenter nominal
nal dimension
nominal dimen- dimension
times d.
sion times d.
times d.
6.00
6.00
6.00
4.20

4.20

4.20

0.67

0.67

0.67

4.50
1.40
1.00
1.41
1.28
1.34
1.13
1.59
1.30
1.52
1.00
0.03

1.83
4.50
1.40
0.82
1.41
1.32
1.22
1.13
1.59
1.30
1.30
1.00
0.03

1.83
4.50
1.40
1.10
1.45
1.32
1.34
1.13
1.59
1.30
1.52
1.00
0.03

1.83

S
r

Tolerance %

2.0

2.0

2.5

2.5

2.0
0.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
0.0
0.0

21

2.0
2.5
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
2.0

S
S
r

E
K

U
r
W

The production flow

Truly heavy production

Arrival control

Cutting bars

Forming of links

Welding of links

Trimming of the links

Shaping of the links

Hot Bend Test

IPre Heat Treatment Inspections

Heat Treatment

Tensile and Impact Testing

Proof Loading and Gauging

Shotblasting

Dispatch

Final Documentation

Breakload testing of full size link.

Hold Point.

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Ultra Sonic Inspection

22

For decades now, Ramns has been at

the forefront of new technology and
new material grades. We undertake
extremely close cooperation with the
entire offshore industry and many of
our solutions have been developed
together with our customers. All for
one single purpose - to provide the
markets best chain. Here are some of
the major factors behind our success:
1990 Ramfor and Ramfor Slim are
introduced on the market and approved
by ABS, DnV and LRS.
1991 Ramns introduces asymmetrical
studs and controlled stud expansion.
They are approved by ABS, DnV and LRS.
1992 The biggest dimensions for grade
4 ever, 160 and 157 mm diameter, are
approved by ABS, DnV and LRS. In the
same year, Ramfors anchor shackle design is approved.

1994 DnV approves Ramns studless

chains. ABS and LRS issue approval In
1995.
1995 World record for stud chain of
grade 4, 152 mm (6) diameter NVK4-RIG
for Norsk Hydro, Troll B.
1996 World record again. Studless
chain, diameter 6 1/4, R3S for S.B.M./BP
Schiehallion.
1999 The new grade 4+ is launched
and approved.
2001 RaceQ Production Reporting
System introduced.
2000 New automatic magnetic particle
inspection system installed.
2006 Ramns certified according to
OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and
Safety Management System) by DNV.
2006 New high-temperature grinder and
expansion with an additional forge in the
production facility
2006 Grade 5 introduced

Supplying a couple of kilometres of

chain is a project in its own right
Its one thing to manufacture the
chain. Its quite another to transport it
to an installation site at the other end
of the world.

We may be talking about kilometrelong chains of massive dimensions.
Detailed logistics and meticulous
methodology are required for transport and repackaging before the
product gets to its destination.
Ramns delivers its products via train
and ship all over the world, even
though we are not located on the
coast.

since 1590
with a mission for
a sustainable future

Eklundh Communication AB Sweden 2009-04

Offshore Safety
Ramns Sweden

Offshore drilling and production involve taking great risks concering

both human lives and equipment.
In todays changing environment it is of great value to make an economic
investment in and for future lives. Safe mooring arrangment is a must.
The statement that successful offshore drilling and production would
be impossible without reliable mooring is a claim that is neither new nor
bold. Considerable values in the form of human live and equipment are
at stake. Here, the quality of the mooring system is an important safety
feature. Secondly, it is essential to operations,
In this sense, safe mooring is an important financial consideration.
Thus we find that mooring can be viewed both with a mind to economy
and as a matter of safety with future in mind.

Ramns

Busan

Shanghai

Houston

Kuala Lumpor
Singapore

Rio de Janeiro
Cape Town

Ramns Bruk AB P. O. Box 14, SE-730 60 Ramns Sweden.

Phone: +46 220-220 00, Fax: +46 220-358 37.
info@ramnas.com / www.ramnas.com