Chapter 1 - Introduction

Introduction 1
C# 30
C# 3.0
Chapter 1 Introduction
Copyright SELA Software & Education Labs Ltd. 14-18 Baruch Hirsch St. Bnei Brak 51202 Israel
Introduction 2
C# 30
Course Objectives
Learn to program with
ith the C# lang
language
age &
the .NET environment
Discover its concepts and features
Find out where C# follows C++ and where it presents
new concepts and techniques
Deal
D l with
ith severall .NET
NET generall ttopics
i
The .NET p
platform p
provides lots of tools for
developing .NET target applications, as well as
playing a major role in the applications execution
Introduction 3
C# 30
Course Objectives
The .NET
NET en
environment
ironment is a huge
h ge world
orld
We will discuss only those .NET issues that directly
relate to C# programming
Knowing C# is an excellent basis for

further advancing in different .NET
NET paths
The rest of this chapter will introduce
some basic .NET
NET concepts
Introduction 4
C# 30
Microsoft .NET
NET Initiative
Behind the .NET
NET Framework motivation
stands a vision
To be the best platform for building integrated,
service- oriented applications
Applications that gather information from, and interact
with, a wide variety of sources, regardless of
platforms or languages in use
Although there is a NET in .NET

The framework can be used in almost any kind of
application (even micro-devices)
.NET is a revolution based on a

technologies evolution
Introduction 5
C# 30
Microsoft .NET
NET Initiative
In the past,
past creating integrated
pp
was not a simple
p task
applications
It involves a combination of different technologies
For example:
D/COM, WIN32, VBA, Java Applets, ASP/Interdev, ADO,
We needed to use COM with Type Libraries or

Interface Definition Language to glue them together
COM iis a wonderful

d f l technology
h l
that
h
support components reuse
But there are many limitations such as not having an
Object Oriented Inheritance mechanism
Introduction 6
C# 30
Microsoft .NET
NET Initiative
The .NET
NET platform simplifies integrated
application development, by:
Replacing old models with new ones
COM Lifetime, Memory, threading, & Error Management
Simplifying the use of modern technologies

SOA, RIA, Rich Client Applications, DB Access, Transactions
In different
ff
programming languages:
C#, VB.NET, F#, C++/CLI, etc.
Integrating
I t
ti allll kinds
ki d off technologies:
t h l i
A Windows GUI application as a front end to a Web Service
All off th
these are easily
il achieved,
hi
d using
i th
the
unified .NET environment
Introduction 7
C# 30
The .NET
NET Framework
The ttwo
o main .NET
NET Frame
Framework
ork
p
are:
components
The Common Language Runtime (CLR)
The execution engine for .NET Framework applications
A rich runtime, providing applications with lots of important
services
The Framework Class Library

An hierarchical set of classes that p
provides access to the
frameworks functionality and services
It also provides higher-level development constructs
collection classes, GUI classes, etc.
Introduction 8
C# 30
The Common Language Runtime

The CLR is the execution engine
It is responsible for application code loading and
execution
One of the main CLR tasks is memory

management:
The .NET environment is a managed
managed environment
environment
The CLR is responsible for memory allocation and
deallocations
It uses a garbage collection mechanism to reclaim the
y of unreferenced objects
j
memory
Introduction 9
C# 30

Among other CLR ser
services
ices we
e can find
find:
Conversion of intermediate language to native code
Code access security enforcement:
The .NET has a well-defined securityy model,, which better
meets todays needs, where applications are installed and
run through the Internet
Cross-language exception handling mechanism

Exception handling is the error reporting method used in the
.NET
NET Framework
F
k
It has underlying CLR support, common for all .NET
languages
Introduction 10
C# 30

Among other CLR ser
services
ices we
e can find
find:
Interoperability services with unmanaged code:
Code that was not developed under the .NET Framework,
such as: COM objects, and C/C++ based DLLs
Runtime access to modules and types metadata

Support for developer services
Profiling, debugging, and so on
Most of the topics mentioned above will be

di
discussed
d llater
t iin th
the course
Introduction 11
C# 30
.NET
NET Framework Fundamentals
The .NET
NET framework is a multi
multi-language
language
environment
While the COM model enables interoperation
between different language components, the .NET
enables
bl reall integration
i t
ti between
b t
them:
th
We can reuse code from various languages
We
W can declare
d l
a class
l
iin VB
VB.NET
NET and
dd
derive
i ffrom it iin C#
How is this multi-language integration

achieved?
Introduction 12
C# 30
The Common Type System

The .NET
NET Frame
Framework
ork defines a Common
yp System
y
((CTS):
)
Type
A type system which is common to all .NET
languages
The CTS defines the different available types
Classes,
Classes structures
structures, interfaces
interfaces, enum types,
types etc
etc.
The CTS defines the possible inner structure of a type

Methods,
Methods fields
fields, properties
properties, events
events, operators
The CTS also defines a set of primitive types, and

various type conversion rules
Introduction 13
C# 30
The Common Type System

.NET
NET lang
languages
ages map their ttypes
pes to the
yp
CTS defined types
That means that all .NET languages share the same
type system
This was one of the main obstacles for language
commonality and integration
All the languages also share the same

compiled
il d bi
binary fform, th
the MSIL
This allows seamless interaction between different
.NET languages
C# supports
the main features of .NET
pp
Introduction 14
C# 30
Common Language Specification

CTS
CLS
Th Common
C
T
S t
i ttoo bi
i l llanguage
The
Type
System
is
big ffor any single
The Common Language Specification is for cross
cross--language use
Introduction 15
C# 30
A .NET
NET Application General Workflow
Source Code
(in any .NET
aware language)
Compiler
EXE / DLL (IL +

Metadata)
Just-in-time
Compiler
Class loader
Runtime
Platform Specific
Instructions
Target Program
Execution
Introduction 16
C# 30
Microsoft Intermediate Language

MSIL is a high
high-level
level machine language
It has instructions that
Create
C
t and
d iinitialize
iti li objects
bj t
Call virtual methods on objects
Manipulate array elements directly
Raise and catch exceptions
MSIL is not tied to any specific CPU platform

It is an execution stack-based machine language
A PE file containing MSIL can run on any CPU
There are many .NET environments

MS-Windows (x86/x64/IA-64), .NET CF, Silverlight
(Windows & Mac), Mono (UNIX/LINUX), XNA (XBOX)
Introduction 17
C# 30
MSIL Example
Hello World application in VB
VB.NET
NET
Introduction 18
C# 30
MSIL Example
Hello World application in C#
Introduction 19
C# 30
MSIL Example - ILDASM
C# 30
Introduction 20
Converting VB to C# using Reflector
Introduction 21
C# 30
The Just-in-Time Compiler

A .NET
NET language compiler compiles the
source code into MSIL
Located in a PE file
The MSIL is then translated into native

code using a JIT compiler
The JIT is platform specific
specific, and therefore can
produce the most efficient code per a specific
platform
The JIT can also create an efficient code using inline
p
optimization
It can also do that across assemblies methods
Introduction 22
C# 30
The Two Jitters

JIT (the default)
Converts the code to machine language on the fly
Each method is compiled the first time it is invoked
Compiled methods are cached until application exit
Install-time code generation (NGEN.EXE)

A tool (EXE & Windows Service) that converts MSIL
to CPU machine code (typically at installation time)
It may improve
i
lload
d ti
time & runtime
ti
performance
f
Whether or not you use it depends on the type of your
application, and the target machine
Test your code to decide which JIT to use

Introduction 23
C# 30
The Base Class Library

The .NET
NET BCL is a librar
library of ttypes
pes that
provide access to system
p
y
functionality
y
Offering many higher-level services, commonly
required throughout application development
It is also known as the Framework Class Library
(FCL)
Introduction 24
C# 30
Win32 Replacement
The .NET
NET BCL is designed to simplify
platform service access:
Services are provided through classes
Each class represents a functional entity, and provides all its
related functions
Classes are defined within different namespaces

Based on their functionality subject (e
(e.g.
g System
System.IO,
IO
System.Security)
Using function overloading,

overloading
Different flavors of the same service can be provided in a few
versions of the same function name, differing in their
arguments
t
Introduction 25
C# 30
.NET
NET Framework Namespaces
Namespace
Contained Types Description
System
Core classes and base classes for commonlyused types and operations:
Primitive types and conversions, mathematical
manipulations, garbage collection, exception
handling and more
System.Collections.Generic
Container classes (e.g. List<T>, Queue<T>,

Stack<T> Dictionary<Tkey,
Stack<T>,
Dictionary<Tkey Tvalue>,
Tvalue> etc.)
etc )
System.Data
Database manipulation facilities.
System Drawing
System.Drawing
GDI+ types: bitmaps

bitmaps, fonts
fonts, icons
icons, etc
etc.
System.IO
IO manipulation types: file IO, buffering, etc.
System.Net
Network programming related types (sockets,

request/response, etc.)
Introduction 26
C# 30
.NET
Namespace
System.Diagnostics
Diagnostics services such as Debugging,

Asserting Logging & Performance
Asserting,
Counters
System.Reflection
Reflection related types
System.Runtime.InteropServices COM servers and Win32 DLLs

interoperability facilities
System.Runtime.Remoting
Remoting related facilities
System.Security
Security related types (permission,

cryptography, policy, etc.)
System.Serialization
Serialization and deserialization services
System.Threading
Threading related types (Mutex, Thread,

ThreadPool, Timer, etc.)
Introduction 27
C# 30
.NET
Namespace
System.Configuration
Used to programmatically access .NET

Framework configuration
(ConfigurationManager, AppSettingSection, etc.)
y
System.Web
Provides classes and interfaces that enable

browser/server communication (HTTPRequest,
HTTPResponse, etc.).
S t
System.WebServices
W bS i
Cl
Classes
ffor creating
ti and
d using
i W
Web
bS
Services
i
System.Windows.Forms
Classes for Windows GUI application

development (controls, dialog boxes, etc.).
System.Xml
Classes that provide standards-based support

for processing XML
XML.
Introduction 28
C# 30
Chapter Summary
Course
Co rse Introd
Introduction
ction
In this course you will learn how to program with the
C# language & the .NET environment
The .NET environment is a huge
g world,, this course,,
however, will discuss only those .NET issues that
directly relate to C# programming
.NET Environment & Framework

Introd ction
Introduction
CLR, CTS, CLS, GC, MSIL, JIT, ILDASM, NGEN,
BCL

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Chapter 1 - Introduction

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Introduction 1

Knowing C# is an excellent basis for

Although there is a NET in .NET

.NET is a revolution based on a

We needed to use COM with Type Libraries or

COM iis a wonderful

Simplifying the use of modern technologies

The Framework Class Library

The Common Language Runtime

One of the main CLR tasks is memory

The Common Language Runtime

Cross-language exception handling mechanism

The Common Language Runtime

Runtime access to modules and types metadata

Most of the topics mentioned above will be

How is this multi-language integration

The Common Type System

The CTS defines the possible inner structure of a type

The CTS also defines a set of primitive types, and

The Common Type System

All the languages also share the same

Common Language Specification

EXE / DLL (IL +

Microsoft Intermediate Language

MSIL is not tied to any specific CPU platform

There are many .NET environments

MSIL Example - ILDASM

Converting VB to C# using Reflector

The Just-in-Time Compiler

The MSIL is then translated into native

The Two Jitters

Install-time code generation (NGEN.EXE)

Test your code to decide which JIT to use

The Base Class Library

Classes are defined within different namespaces

Using function overloading,

Contained Types Description

Container classes (e.g. List<T>, Queue<T>,

Database manipulation facilities.

GDI+ types: bitmaps

IO manipulation types: file IO, buffering, etc.

Network programming related types (sockets,

Contained Types Description

Diagnostics services such as Debugging,

Reflection related types

System.Runtime.InteropServices COM servers and Win32 DLLs

Remoting related facilities

Security related types (permission,

Serialization and deserialization services

Threading related types (Mutex, Thread,

Contained Types Description

Used to programmatically access .NET

Provides classes and interfaces that enable

Classes for Windows GUI application

Classes that provide standards-based support

.NET Environment & Framework

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