Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

RSPL/1

Section A
1. Potential is same at every point on the surface of the conducting sphere.
\

VA = VB = VC = V

So the surface will be a equipotential surface.

Hence, work done in moving a charge of +1mC on the equipotential surface

W = q (VA VC) = q (V V) = 0

2. Copper.
3. The element may be pure inductor or capacitor.
4.

5. Space wave propagation or line of sight communication.

Section B
6. The distribution of current is as shown in the figure.

(i) Applying Kirchhoffs law, we get

VB VA = 1 + 4 = 3,

where VA and VB are potential at A and B

VB VA = 3
Now, A is directly connected to B and is connected to C

VA = VD and VB = VC
VD VC = 3 = VF VE

Potential difference across R is 3 volt.

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 1

 (ii) Also,
or

VF VE = 3i + 6
3 = 3i + 6
3i = 3

i = 1 A
Current through EF is 1 A.
Dl
i.e., b l so fringe width decreases when
d
monochromatic source of short wavelength is used.
(b) The central bright fringe due to zero path difference for different colours is white. As the
violet colour has the lowest l, the fringe closest on either side of the central white fringe is
violet, the farthest is red. After a few fringes, no clear fringe pattern is obtained due to large
overlapping of different colours.
7. (a) Fringe width in YDSE is given by b =

OR
(a) It is so because

(i) grinding lens of very small focal length is difficult.
(ii) on decreasing focal length, aberrations (both spherical and chromatic) become more
pronounced.
(b) Angular magnification of eye-piece is
25
+1

me =
fe
It increases if fe is taken smaller.
Magnification of objective is

mo =

v
u

As object is kept close to the focus of objective lens, u fo. Thus to increase magnification fo
should be smaller.
8. As total E is constant, let n1 and n2 be the number of photons of X-rays and visible region, we
have

n1E1 = n2E2

hc = n hc
2

l2
l1
n1
l

= 1
n2
l2
n1
1

=
500
n2
9. (a) Negative sign signifies that the electron is bound to the nucleus by an electrostatic force of
attraction.
(b) Energy in ground state of Hydrogen atom

E1 = 13.6 eV
Energy in the second excited state (n = 3)
13.6
13.6

E3 =
=
= 1.51 eV
2
2
n
3
\ Energy required to take an electron of this atom from ground state to second excited state
is

DE = E3 E1 = 1.51 (13.6) = 12.09 eV

n1

2 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

 10. Radio waves of frequency upto 30 MHz can be reflected by the ionosphere but frequency of
100 to 220 MHz used by T.V. signals cannot be reflected by the ionosphere. Hence, transmission
of T.V. signal via sky wave is not possible.
Range of transmission of T.V. signal can be increased by using
(i) tall antenna
(ii) geostationary satellite.
Section C
11. (a) When Q = 360 mC, then voltage (V) is

360 = CV

...(i)

When V = (V 120), then Q = 120 mC

120 = C (V 120)

...(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii),

C = 2mF and V = 180 V.

(b) When voltage increased by 120, V = (V + 120)

Q = CV = 2 106 (V + 120)

= 2 106 (180 + 120)

= 600 mC
12. (a) The path of a free electron in a conductor

(i) In the presence of electric field curved

(ii) In the absence of electric field straight line between two successive collision.
eEt
(b) The average velocity of a free electron in the presence of an electric field =
m
where, t = average time between two successive collision of an electron.
No all the electrons do not have the same average velocity. Different electrons have different
velocity.
(c) When the temperature of the conductor increases

The thermal speed of electrons increases

The amplitude of vibration of metal ions also increases.

So the collision of free electrons with positive metal ions occurs more frequently. Hence
due to decrease in mean free path between the two successive collision, the relaxation time
t decreases. Therefore, average velocity of free electrons in the presence of electric field
decreases.
13. (a) Magnetic field at the centre O of a circular coil X carrying current in clockwise sense,
m I

(Vertically downward)
B x = o
2R
Total magnetic field at the common centre of two coils X and Y to be zero only when

or

B x + B y = 0
B y = B x

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 3

So the current in coil Y must flow anticlockwise as shown below.

Also,

By = Bx
mo I l
mo I


2 (R/2) = 2R
I

I =
2
(b) When the coil Y is lifted vertically upwards through a distance
R, centre of coil Y lies on the axial line of coil X.

So,

Bx =

and

By =

mo IR

2 3/2

2 (R + R )

mo I
4 2R

I
O

X
R/2

(Vertically downward)

mo (I/2) mo I

=
2 (R/2) 2R

(Vertically upward)

Net magnetic field at the centre of coil Y.

I = I/2
O

Y
R/2

Bl = Bly + Blx

mo I
mo I

2R 4 2 R
m I
1
= o e1
o acting vertically upwards.
2R
2 2
=

OR
(a) (i)


(ii)


(b) (i)

For 1 c < 0
Diamagnetic material
Required range 0 mr < 1
For 0 < c < e
Paramagnetic material
Required range 1 < mr < 1 + e
Figure (a) indicates diamagnetic material

(ii) Figure (b) indicates ferromagnetic material

(iii) Figure (c) indicates paramagnetic material.

14.

1/wC
wL

=
, and tan =
R
R
3
3

1
XL = XC
wC
This is resonance condition of series LCR circuit.

tan

\ Impedance of the circuit,

wL =

Z = R.

The current in the circuit is

Irms =

4 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

erms erms
200 V
=
= 2A
=
100
Z
R

R
O
I

 The power dissipated in the circuit is

where cos f is the power factor
Now,
\
and

P = erms Irms cos f

XL XC
= 0
R
cos f = 1

tan f =

(At resonance)

P = 200 2 1 = 400 W.

15. (a) With modern electronic circuits, we hardly get a frequency of approximate 1011 Hz. To produce
an em wave in the visible region, we need to set up an oscillatory circuit of frequency of order
of 1014 Hz which is not possible with present electronic device.
(b) In AM wave, amplitude of modulated wave varies as the amplitude of the modulating wave.
On transmission noise is also added. So AM signal is more susceptible to noise.
However in FM, carrier wave frequency is changed according to the instantaneous voltage of
modulating waves. It is done at the modulating stage not during the transmission through
channel. As amplitude remains constant in FM, the FM signal is less susceptible to noise
than AM signal.
(c) Every e-mail ID has two parts separated by a sign @ :

(i) Part before @ sign: Personal information part

(ii) P
 art after @ sign: Domain name which provide the information about the server that
provide this e-mail facility.

16. Using lens formula,

Focal length of lens in air

1
1
1
= (a m g 1) e

o
fa
R1 R2

when lens is placed in the liquid, its focal length is

1
1
1

= (l m g 1) e

o
fl
R1 R2
On dividing (1) by (2), we get
am g
1
fa
lm g 1
aml

=
=
fl
am g 1
am g 1

...(1)

...(2)

1.6
1
20
0.3
1
= 1.3
=
=
fl
1.3 # 0.6 1.3 # 2
1.6 1

fl = 20 1.3 2 = 52 cm.
l
17. (a) The size reduces by half according to the relation, size ~ .
d
Intensity increases four times.
(b) Let a and a be the width of the slits in the two cases
pl
l

q = and qq =
al
a
a
q

=
al
P
Yes, ratio will be equal.

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 5

 As

c
n
(n0)x < (n0)y

(l0)x > (l0)y

l =

18. (a)

Metal X has larger wavelength.

hc
hc
=
+ K.E.
l
l0
 As the L.H.S. is constant, for lesser value of work function K.E. of photoelectron will be more.
So, metal X will give out electrons of larger kinetic energy.
(b) We know

(c) Kinetic energy will not change. On reducing the distance only intensity of light changes,
frequency remains same, K.E. of emitted photo electrons depend on frequency.
2rn
r
n
vn
vn

19.

Tn =

But

rn n2 and vn

Tn

So,

T1
n 3
= c 1 m
T2
n2

rn
n3
vn

n1 3
m
n2

8 = c

n1
2
=
n2
1

\ Required ratio = 2 : 1.
20. (a) AND gate

Y = A + B = A B

(b) Truth table

A

A + B = AB

It represents AND gate.

6 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

1
n

Proved.

 (c) Output wave form of a given AND gate for the given input is shown below:
t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

21. (a) Circuit diagram of an illuminated photodiode in reverse bias:

hv

p-side

n-side

mA

+
R

Photoelectric current is proportional to the intensity of incident light. In reverse bias change
in photoelectric current is prominantly large for a slight change of intensity of incident light.
Thus photodiodes can be used to measure light intensity.
(b) Voltage gain for 1st amplifier , VG = 10
1

Voltage gain for 2nd amplifier, VG = 20

2

Vi = 102 V, V0 = ?

Total gain,

VG = 10 20 = 200

But

VG =

V0
Vi

V0 = Vi VG = 102 200

V0 = 2 V.

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 7

 22. Drawbacks from this arrangement suffer:

(i) Signals cannot be sent very far without employing large amount of power.
(ii) Bandwidth is very short.
Alternative arrangement
(a) For transmitter

(b) For receiver

Loudspeaker

 We attach modulator in the transmitter. It superimposes baseband signals on carrier waves

generated by radio frequency oscillator. It is done so because audio signals cannot cover a
large distance. Signals get attenuated before they reach the receiving end. Carrier waves
have high frequency. They can cover large distances without being attenuated. They act as a
means to transport baseband signals over a large distance. On the receiving side demodulator
takes out audio signals back from modulated signals. Antenna is used on both sides to radiate
and pick up signals respectively.
Section D
23. (a) Research mind, responsibility, curiosity and nature of appreciation.
(b) The horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is zero at the pole. This make the compass
needle pointed in any direction at the geomagnetic north or south pole of the earth.
(c) The radius of circular path described by the charged particle is given by

r=

mv
9 # 10 # 3 # 10
=
qB
1.6 # 10 19 # 6 # 10 4
31

= 26 102 m = 26 cm.

8 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

n =

v
3 # 10
=
2r
2 # 3.14 # 26 # 10 2

= 2 106 Hz = 2 MHz
1
mv 2
2
1
14
31
=
# 9 # 10
# 9 # 10
2
Energy,

E =

= 40.5 1017 J
= 4.05 1016 J
= 2.5 KeV.
Section E
24. (a) Force on +q charge = + qE

Force on q charge = qE

 As forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction net force = 0, i.e., no translatory
force acts on the dipole.
(b) In a non-uniform electric field, the net torque on the dipole is zero because of linear force on
charge q. However, there is a net force on the dipole as shown below:

(i) When P || E
E
Fq = qE

direction of increasing field

+q

Less force

F+q = +qE
More force

Direction of net force is in the direction of increasing electric field.

(ii) When P is anti parallel to E .

Direction of increasing field
+q

Less force on +q
F+q = +qE

More force on q
Fq = qE

So, net force acts in the direction of decreasing electric field.

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 9

W = pE(cos q1 cos q2)

(c)

= pE(cos 0 cos 180)

= pE[1 (1)]
= 2pE.
OR
(a) Suppose n identical cells, each of emf e and internal resistance r, are connected in series
in each now and m such rows are connected in parallel across the external resistance R as
shown below:

Total number of cells in the combination = mn

Net each series emf = e + e + e + ... n times
= ne
\
Net emf across parallel = ne
Internal resistance of each row = nr
Total internal resistance of mn cells in parallel
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ... m times
rl
nr nr nr

1
m
=
rl
nr

r =

nr
m

\ Current through R,

I =

Total emf
ne
=
Total resistance
R + rl

ne
mne
=
nr
mR + nr
R+
m

For maximum I, denominator should be minimum, i.e. mR + nr is minimum.

Now,

mR + nr = ( mR ) 2 + ( nr ) 2 2 mR $ nr + 2 mR $ nr

= ( mR

It will be so of

or

( mR

2
nr ) = 0

mR =

10 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

nr

nr ) + 2 mnRr = Minimum.

or

mR = nr

nr
m
or
External resistance = Total internal resistance of all cell.
Hence, the current in the circuit of mixed grouping of cells will be maximum when
nr

R =
.
Hence proved.
m
(b) Ratio of heat produced in both the wires when same voltage is applied across each is

or

R =

2
PA
V /R A RB rB lB
AA
=
=
=
#
2
r
PB
R
A
V /RB
A
B
AlA

Given

lA = lB = l; rA = rB
PA
AA 1
=
= = 1 : 4
PB
AB 4

25. (a) Force experienced by the sides PQ and RS of the loop are

Fb = IlB sin

Fb = IlB sin (180 )

= IbB sin

We observe that

Fb = Fbl
(acting along the axis of the loop)
These forces do not provide torque because their lines of action coincide.
Forces acting on the sides QR and SP of the loop are

and

Fl = IlB

Fl = IlB

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 11

 These forces provide a torque because

(i)

Fi = Fll

(ii) Lines of action of the forces do not coincide.

Now, torque experienced, by the loop is

t = IlB (b sin f)

t = IAB sin f

t = mB sin f (... IA = m)

t = m # B

(... lb = A)

(b) Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer
per unit current.
If a current i produces a deflection q in the galvanometer, then current sensitivity Si is given
by
q

Si =
i
Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced per unit voltage
i.e.,
S
q
q

SV =
(Q V = IR)
=
= i
V iR R
If the current sensitivity is doubled say by doubling the number of turns, then voltage
sensitivity may be not be increased because it will increase the resistance of the galvanometer
and voltage sensitivity may remain the same.
(c)
Consider mass of proton =

and mass of a-particle =

charge on proton =

and charge on a-particle =
(i) Cyclotron frequency is given by,

m
4m
e
2e

qB
2m
eB
For proton,
nP =

...(i)
2m
2eB
eB
For a-particle,
na =

...(ii)
=
2 (4m) 4m
Hence, a-particle and proton will not accelerate at the same cyclotron frequency.
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
nP

= 2 or nP = 2na
na
nc =

(ii) Maximum velocity by the accelerated particle is given by

2

or

mv max
= qvmax B
rmax
vmax =

qBrmax
m

12 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

 For proton,
For a-particle,
\

eBrmax
m
(2e) B $ rmax eBrmax
(vmax)a =
=
4m
2m
(vmax) P
= 2
(vmax) a
(vmax)P =

Hence, at the exist slit of the dees, when they are accelerated in turn, proton will
have the higher velocity which is twice than the velocity of a-particles.
OR
(a) Applied a.c. voltage is

E = E0 sin wt
...(i)
Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any time t. The instantaneous voltage across the
capacitor is

q
C
q
E0 sin t =
C
E =

q = CE0 sin t

dq
= CE0 cos t
dt
E
E0
sin (t + /2) = 0 sin (t + /2)
XC
1
Cw

I =

I = I0 sin (t + /2)

(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii), we conclude that current leads the voltage by a phase angle /2.
 Capacitive reactance is the opposition offered by a capacitor towards the flow of current
passing through it.
1

XC =
2nC

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 13

 (b)

(i) E = BHLv
(ii) e.m.f reduces from east to west
(iii) end of the wire towards east.
26. (a)

(b)

f0 = 4 cm

fe = 10 cm

u0 = 6 cm

m =

(i)

u0
D
e1 + o
u0
fe

1
1
1
=

f0
v0 u0

v0 = 12 cm

So,

m =

(ii)

12
12 35
25
=7
#
c1 +
m=
6
6
10
10
1
1
1
=

fe
v e ue

fe = 10 cm

ve = 25 cm

ue = 7 cm

Length of the compound microscope

L = v0 + ue

L = 12 + 7 = 19 cm

14 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

OR
(a) According to question

T2P = D + x, T1 P = D x

S1P =

(S1 T1) + (PT1)

= [D2 + (D x)2]1/2

Minima will occur when

S2P = [D2 + (D + x)2]1/2

[D2 + (D + x)2]1/2 [D2 + (D x)2]1/2

In case

Thus

l
2

x = D
l
(D2 + 4D2)1/2 =
2
l
(5D2)1/2 = ,
2
l
D =
2 5

(b) Brewster angle: The angle of incidence at which a beam of unpolarised light falling on a
transparent surface is reflected as a beam of completely plane polarised light.
1
According to Brewster law,
m = tan iB =
cot iB
1
Also,
m =
,
sin iC
where iC = critical angle
1
1
So,
=
sin iC = cot iB
sin iC
cot iB

iC = sin1 (cot iB).

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 15

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (PhysicsXII)

RSPL/2

Section A
1. In series combination, equivalent resistance of the circuit is greater than that of parallel combination.
So terminal potential difference across series combination will have higher value.
2. At magnetic equator vertical component of earth's magnetic field Bv is zero.
3. If the resistance of the circuit shown in figure a is decreased, then current increases. Due to
change in the current, an induced emf is set up in the secondary circuit [figure b], which opposes
the growth of current in circuit a. So induced current in the circuit b must flow clockwise.
4. For large aperture mirror such as 5 cm.

Only the paraxial rays are focussed at the principal focus.

M
 arginal rays meet the principal axis at a point nearby the pole not at the focus. This result
in blurred image of the object.

5. The work function of X is higher than that of Y. As work function, W0 = hv0 so metal X has higher
threshold frequency.
Section B
6. (i) Here

R
l
=
X
100 l

As on doubling the value of R and X, its ratio does not change. Hence, the balance point on
meter-bridge remains same.
(ii) On interchanging the position of galvanometer and battery, the ratio of R : X remains same.
The balance point again remains same.

7. According to the Amperes circuital law the line integral of the magnetic field B around any

closed loop is equal to m0 times the net current i flowing through the area enclosed by the
loop. Mathematically
o
... (i)
y B.dl = 0i

Where 0 is the permeability of free space.

Maxwell in 1864 showed the logical inconsistency of equation (i), when applied to the charging or discharging of a capacitor. He suggested that during charging of capacitor, a changing
electric field exists in the region between the plates of the capacitor, which produces the same
magnetic effect as does the conduction current, called displacement current. Hence, during
charging of a capacitor, conduction current flows through the wires and a displacment current, id, exists in the region between the plates of the capacitor, fulfilling the condition of
continuity of current.

Let q be the charge on capacitor plate at any instant. Then the instantaneous electric field
between the plates will be
q
E =
, where A is area of each plate.
0 A

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 1

 By differentiating, we get

1
dE
1 dq
=
=
i
dt
a A dt
0 A
dE

i = 0 A
;
dt

This current is defined as displacement current
d

id = 0
(where E = EA is the electric flux.)

dt E

Thus the modified Amperes circuital law can be stated as

oy B.dl = 0(i + id)

dE
m
dt
The displacement current between the plates is exactly equal to the conduction current in
the connecting wires. Conduction current and displacement current individually are discon1
tinuous, but their sum is continuous. Further since 00 =
1.1 1017 S2m2, is a very
c2
dE
small quantity, the second term will not contribute unless
is very large i.e., the electric
dt
field must be changing very rapidly.

= m0 ci + 0

8. (a) As

dN
= lN, graph will be a straight line as shown.
dt
dN
dt
N

(b) We know that

R
1 n
= c m
R0
2
1
1 n
= c m
16
2
1 4
1 n
c m = c m
2
2
n = 4

or

or

or

But

n =

t = 4T

2 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

t
T

 9.

A
A

Truth table

X=A+B

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

0
1
1
1

It is equivalent to (Y = A + B = A + B)
A
B

Thus, OR logic operation is performed by this circuit.
10. (i) Amplitude modulation: It is a process in which original signal is superimposed over
a high frequency carrier wave in such a way that amplitude of modulated wave varies
with the amplitude of the modulating signal whereas frequency modulated wave is same
as that of the carrier wave.
(ii) Frequency modulation: It is a process in which frequency of carrier wave varies in
accordance with the instantaneous value of modulating signal whereas its amplitude
remains same as that of the carrier wave.

(a) Frequency modulation gives better quality transmission.

(b) Amplitude modulation has a larger coverage.

Modulation of a carrier wave: (a) a sinusoidal carrier wave; (b) a modulating signal;
(c) amplitude modulation (d) frequency modulation.

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 3

Or
10. (a) All information related to a local network is stored in server computer of LAN.
(b) With increasing use of mobile phones and advancement of technology, it is pertinent
to make the mobile phone networks more efficient. The efficiency of mobile networks is
mentioned by word 'Generation' and abbreviation 'G'
1G were first generation of mobile networks, which were based on analogue radio
signals.
2G were narrow band digital signal based networks with good quality of calls. They
provided world over connectivity.
3G networks increased the data transfer speed for efficient use of Internet on mobile
phone.
4G networks are going to provide a high-speed internet facility on mobile phones for
surfing net, chatting viewing, television, listening music etc.
SectionC
11. (a) (i) T
 he electric field at O is zero by symmetry. This is because, the field at the centre due
to charges at A, B, C and D is equal and opposite to the field due to the charges q at E
alone.

(ii) By symmetry, E A + EB + EC + ED + EE = 0

or

EB + EC + ED + EE = E A

T
 hus, the field at the centre due to charge at B, C, D and E are equal and opposite to the
field due to charge q at 'A' alone.

The field at the centre due to charge 'q' at A is

EA =

kq
2

q
1
.
alone AO
4p0 r 2

r
Thus, the field at O due to charge B, C, D and E is

kq

along OA direction.
2
r
(iii) The electric field at O, if the charge 'q' at 'A' is replaced by q, then the net field at O
will be
E=

1 2q
along OA
4p0 r 2
(b) By symmetry, the electric field at the centre of n-sides regular polygon with charge q at

E=

each of its corner is zero.

12. (a) Equipotential surfaces for a system of two identical positive point charges placed a distance
d apart.

4 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

 (b) Work done in bringing the charge q1 from infinity to r1 . Against the external electric field

W1 = q1V(r1)

Work done in bringing the charge q2 from infinity to r2 .

W2 = q2V(r2)

Work done on q2 against the field due to q1

qq

W3 = 1 2
4po r12

Potential energy of the system = W1 + W2 + W3

= q1 V (r1) + q2 V (r2) +

q1 q2
4p0 r12

13. Potential difference across 20 W and 30 W will be same as they are connected in parallel
combination.
\
\

V20 = V30 I3 20 = I2 30
2.4 20 = I2 30

48.0
\
I2 =
= 1.6 A
30
and the current through ammeter A3.

I1 = I3 + I2 = 2.4 + 1.6 = 4.0 A
14. Potentiometer is preferred over a voltmeter: Potentiometer is a null method device. It
measures the emf of cell when cell is in open circuit which is equal to the actual emf of cell.
When emf of a cell is measured with the help of a voltmeter, terminal potential difference of the
cell is obtained because of closed circuit as voltmeter draw some current from the cell. Terminal
potential difference is always less than the emf of a cell. So potentiometer is preferred over a
voltmeter.
Let k be the potential gradient (V/cm). Then

e1 + e2 = 351 K

and

e1 e2 = 70.2 K

e1 = 210.6 K and e2 = 140.4 K.

Hence,

1
210.6 K
3
=
=
2
140.4 K
2
OR

Capacitor offers infinite resistance to the flow of d.c. through it in its steady state. So, no current
will flow through 4 W resistor. Hence, it is ineffective.

Total resistance of the circuit,

R = 2.8 +

2#3
= 4.0 W
2+3

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 5

 \ Current drawn from the battery

I =

Potential difference between A and B is

6
= = 1.5 A
R 4

VAB = IR AB = 1.5 #

6
= 1.8 V
5

V 1.8
=
= 0.9 A
R
2
15. (a) Gausss law in magnetism: It states that the surface integral of a magnetic fields over
a closed surface is always zero.
\ Current through 2 W resistor,

Mathematically,

Significance:

I =

y B $ ds

= 0.

(i) M
 agnetic field lines form a continuous closed curve, i.e., if a certain number of magnetic
field lines enter in closed surface, same number of field lines must leave that surface.
(ii) There is no point at which the field lines start and there is no point at which these field
lines terminated. Hence, isolated magnetic pole or monopole do not exist.
(iii) Therefore magnetic pole always exist as unlike pairs of equal strength.

(b) Difference between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic material

Paramagnetic Material

Ferromagnetic Material

(i) They are feebly attracted by a (i) They are strongly attracted by a
magnet.
magnet.
(ii) In a non-uniform magnetic field, they (ii) When these are placed in a nonhave a tendency to move slowly from
uniform magnetic field, it moves
weaker to stronger part of the field.
quickly from weaker to stronger part
of the field.
(iii) As soon as magnetising field is (iii) They retain the magnetism even after
removed, magnetisation is lost
the removing of magnetisation field.
16. Let XX and YY be two long parallel straight conductors carrying current i1 and i2 respectively
in the same direction and placed in vacuum or air at a distance R metre apart.

The magnitude of magnetic field at any point on Y due to current

B1 =

in XX is given by

mo i1
$
2p R

A
 ccording to Right Hand Palm Rule, the direction of B1 is perpendicular to the plane of paper,
directed inward.

T
 he conductor YY, carrying current i2 is situated in B1 magnetic field produced by the current
i1 in XX. Therefore length of YY experiences a force which is given by

F = i2 B1 l = i2

6 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

mo i1
$
$l
2p R

 \ Force per unit length of YY is therefore

m ii
F
= o $ 1 2 So attract each other.
2p R
l

lemings Left Hand Rule shows that the direction of this force is towards XX.
F
Similarly, force per unit length of XX due to current in YY is
m ii
F

= o $ 1 2
2p R
l

According to Flemings Left Hand Rule, the direction of force will be towards YY. Thus wires
attract.

 he direction of the force when the conductors carry current in the same direction is towards
T
each other, while the force is away from each other as the current flows in opposite direction.
Thus attraction and repulsion are proved.

(b) According to the right hand thumb rule, the magnetic field due to both the wires at P is
directed normally into the plane of paper.

r/2

r/2

Also direction of motion of the charge particle is perpendicular to the plane. Thus we find
v || B , so q = 0.

F = qvB sin q = qvB sin q = 0.

\ The magnitude of the force due to the magnetic field acting on the charge at the given
instant is zero.

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 7

 17. (a) Self-inductance is that property of a coil by virtue of which it opposes any change in the
magnitude of current passing through it by inducing an emf in itself.

Consider an inductor of inductance L, carrying alternating current through it.

Suppose at any instant of time e.m.f. induced in the inductor is

dI

e = L
dt

To maintain the growth of current through the inductor, power has to be supplied from
external source.
dW
dI

= I = L
I
dt
dt

dW = LI dI

Total amount of work done to build up current from zero to I is

I

W = L

I dI =

1
2
LI
2

This work done get stored in the inductor in the form of magnetic energy.

Thus,

U = W
1

U = LI2
2

(b) Step-up transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction.

An alternating potential (Vp) when applied to the primary coil induced an e.m.f. in it.
d
dt
If resistance of primary coil is low Vp = p.

d
dt
As same flux is linked with the secondary coil with the help of soft iron core due to
mutual induction e.m.f. is induced in it.

i.e.

p = N p

Vp = N p

s = Ns

d
dt

If output circuit is open Vs = s

Vs = Ns

Vs
Ns
=
Vp
Np

Thus

d
dt

8 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

 For step-up transformer

Ns
> 1
Np

In case of d.c. voltage flux does not change. Thus no e.m.f. is induced in the circuit.

18. (a) Only an accelerated charge can act as a source of electromagnetic wave.
(b) Direction of propagation of em wave = Direction of E B vector.
(c) (i) Visible light has shorter wavelength next to infrared radiations.
(ii) Microwaves have longer wavelength next to infrared radiations.
19. (a) The resultant intensity to two waves having intensities I1 and I2 with a phase difference
f is

I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos

But given

I = I1 + I2

2 I1 I2 cos = 0

or

cos f = 0

i.e. average value of cos f over one complete cycle (from 0 to 2p) is zero. It means that
the phase difference between two waves emitting from the two source is not constant.
So, both the source are incoherent source of light.
(b) When the wave undergoes refraction, no phase change occurs.
\ Change in phase = 0.
20. (a) Given

l1 = 6000 , b1 = 0.8 mm, d1 = d

l2 = 7500 , d2 = 2d, b2 = ?

Fringe width in YDSE is given by

Dl
d
b2
Dl2
d
d
l
=
# 1 = 1# 2
b1
d2
Dl1 d2 l1
b =

b2
7500 5
d
=
=
#
2d 6000 8
0.8 mm
5
or
b2 =
# 0.8 = 0.5 mm.
8
(b) (i) Magnifying power of a refracting telescope when the final image is formed at infinity is
given by

f0
.
fe
and when the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (D) is

m =

f0
f
c1 + e m .
fe
D
Clearly magnifying power of a telescope depends on focal length of objective and its
eyepiece.

m =

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 9

(ii) Resolving power of a astronomical telescope is given by

R P =

D
.
1.22 l

Clearly it depends on

Aperture (D) of the objective lens

Wavelength (l) of light.

21. Bohrs Postulate Quantum condition: Electron revolves around the nucleus in those orbits
h
in which the angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiple of
, h is plank's
2p
constant.
i.e.,

L = mvr =

nh
, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2p
h = 6.6 1034 Js.

K.E. of electron =

kZe
2r

kZe
r
(a) In the 1st excited state, total energy = 3.4 eV

P.E. of electron =

As

K.E. = T.E.

K.E. = 3.4 eV

(b) P.E. of electron in the 1st excited state

= 2 K.E.

P.E. = 2 3.4

= 6.8 eV

(c) K.E. will not change on changing the reference of P.E. It is the P.E. and total energy of the
state that would change.
22. (a)

OR gate gives output on the basis of the following truth table.

A

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

0
1
1
1

10 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

 (b) IB =

VBB VBE
. If R1 is increased, IB will decrease.
R1

Because IC = bIB, it will result in decrease in IC i.e. decrease in ammeter and voltmeter
readings.
23. (a) Keen observer, curiosity and quest for knowledge.
(b) Photoelectric effect: A photocell connected to a motor which opens the door. When a
person interrupts a beam of invisible ultraviolet light falling on a photo cell installed in
front of the door way, a photoelectric current is suddenly changed. This starts a motor
which open the door.
(c) Photoelectric equation is
Given

l1 = 400 nm

l2 = 400 + 200 = 600 nm

According to Einstein's photoelectric equation, the maximum kinetic energy of emitted

photoelectron is

kmax = hn wo

or

eVo = hn wo
hn wo

Vo =

e
e
hc wo
=

el
e
Hence, change in stopping potential
DVo = Vo Vo

= e
=
=
So,
or

w
w
hc
hc
oo e
oo
el2
e
el1
e

hc 1
1

e
o
e l2 l1
6.6 10

34

3 10

1.6 10

19

1
6 10

1
4 10 7

Vo Vo = 1.03 volt
2

Vo = Vo 1.03 = 6 1.03
2

= 4.97 V.
Section D

24. (a) Charged particle in a magnetic field: Let there be a uniform field of magnetic induction
B at right angles to the plane of the paper and directed into the page, indicated by symbols
x. Suppose a particle with a charge + q is introduced at point O in the field with velocity
v in a direction at right angles to B . The relation F = qv # B and the right hand screw
rule show that an upward force F , of magnitude qv B and lying in the plane of the paper, is
exerted on the particle at the point O.

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 11

 If m is the mass of the particle and r is the radius of the circle then, we have

F = qvB =

r =

mv
r

mv
qB

T
 hat is, the radius r of the path is proportional to the momentum mv of the charged
particle.

I f the particle were negatively charged, the force at O would have been a downward force
and the particle would have described a clockwise circle.

As p = mv =
potential.

2 mk , where K.E. of the particle is K = qV, where V is the accelerating

r v

T =

2pr 2p mv
$
=
v
v qB

T =

2pm
1
qB
and frequency f =
.
=
qB
T 2pm

The time period,

Both values are independent of radius of the orbit, speed or of the particle and depend only
on B and specific charge (q/m).
(b) T
 he cyclotron was devised by Lawrence in 1932, for accelerating positively charged particles
such as protons and deutrons, to very high energies so that they can be used in disintegration
experiments.
Construction: It consists of two horizontal D-shaped hollow metal segments D1 and D2 (called
dees) (Fig.) An alternating p.d. of the order of 105 volts at a frequency of 10 to 15 megacycles
is supplied across the dees. An intense magnetic field B of about 1.6 Weber/meter2 is set up
perpendicular to the plane of dees by a large electromagnet.

12 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

Cyclotron
The whole space inside the dees is evacuated to a pressure of about 106 mm of Hg. Anion
source is located at the centre S is the gap between the dees. It consists of a small chamber
containing a heated filament and a gas such as hydrogen (for protons) or deuterium (for
deutrons). The thermions given out by the filament produce positive ions by ionisation of
the gas. The ions come out through a small hole in the ion source and are available to be
accelerated.
Theory and Working: Suppose an ion of mass m and charge + q emerges from the ion source
at an instant when D2 is at a negative potential. It will be accelerated towards D2 by the
electric field in the gap between the dees and enter D2 with a velocity v (say). Once inside,
it is screened from the electric field by the metal walls of the dees. Now, under the action
of the magnetic field, which is perpendicular to the plane of dees, the ions adopt a circular
mv
path with a constant speed v and of radius r given by, r =
, where B is the magnetic field
qB
induction. The time t required by the ion to complete a semi-circle is
pr
pm
=
v
qB
This shows that the time of passage of the ion through the dees is independent of the speed of
the ion and of the radius of the circle, it depends only on the magnetic induction B and the
charge to mass ratio (q/m) of the ion. (Greater the speed of the ion, larger will be the circle
in which it travels, the period of motion remaining the same.)

t =

Let us assume that the frequency of the applied p.d. has been so adjusted that during the
one-half cycle of p.d. the ion completes a semi-circle. Then the ion will emerge from D2
into the gap at the instant when D1 is at a negative potential. The ion is therefore further
accelerated while crossing the gap between D1 and D2 and enters D1. On account of its
increased velocity, its semi-circular path in D1 is now of greater radius. The time of passage
t through D1, however, is still the same. The process is repeated after every half-cycle of p.d.
and the ion gains in speed each time it passes from one dee to the other. Finally, the ion
becoming enough energetic reaches the outer edge of one dee where it is pulled out of the
system by a negatively charged deflector plate.
Achievement of resonance condition: We have seen that the cyclotron operates under
the condition that the frequency n0 of the applied p.d. must be equal to the frequency n of
the circular revolution of the ion. That is,

n0 = n

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 13

 But,

Therefore,

n =
n0 =

1
qB
=
2t 2pm
qB

2pm

In practice, the frequency n0 of the electric oscillator is kept fixed and the magnetic induction
B is varied until the above condition is satisfied.
Or
(a) M
 oving Coil Galvanometer: It is an instrument used for the detection and measurement
of current. Its action is based on the torque acting on a current-carrying coil placed in a
magnetic field.
Construction: It consists of a rectangular coil made up of a large number of turns of fine
insulated copper wire wound on a light non-magnetic metallic frame. The coil is suspended
between the cylindrical pole-pieces of a permanent horse-shoe magnet NS by means of a thin
phosphor-bronze strip, the upper end of which is attached to a torsion head. The lower end of
the coil is attached to a loosely wound spring of very fine phosphor-bronze wire. A soft iron
cylindrical core C is placed symmetrically within the coil without touching it. It concentrates
the lines of force and thus makes the magnetic field between the pole-pieces strong.

T
 he current to be measured enters at one terminal T1 and passes through the suspension,
coil and spring and finally leaves at the second terminal T2.

Moving coil galvanometer

Theory: When a current flows in the coil, horizontal and oppositely directed forces are exerted
on the vertical sides, producing a couple about a vertical axis through the centre. The coil
rotates in the direction of the couple until the rotating couple is balanced by the restoring
elastic couple developed in the suspension. The steady angular deflection is observed by means
of a beam of light reflected from the mirror and producing a spot on a scale at a distance of
one meter from the galvanometer.

14 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

 Let B be the magnitude of the magnetic field induction due to the permanent magnet, A the
area of the coil, and N the number of turns in it. The magnitude of the torque (moment of
the couple) acting on the entire coil when carrying a current i is given by

t = NiBA sin q,

where q is the angle which the normal to the plane of the coil makes with the direction of B .

N
 ow, in the galvanometer, the magnetic field B is made radial by making the pole-pieces
N and S cylindrical and placing a soft-iron cylindrical core within the coil. In this case, the
normal to the plane of the coil is always at right angles to the magnetic field so that q = 90.
Hence, the torque acting on the coil is

t = NiBA sin 90 = NiBA

If f be the steady angular deflection of the coil, then the elastic couple developed in the
suspension is cf, where c is the torsional constant of the suspension. Therefore, we have,

t = NiBA = cf

i =

C
f
NBA
i = kf,

As i f. This is the principle of moving coil galvanometer

c
= the constant of the instrument. Thus, the current passed through the
NBA
galvanometer is proportional to the deflection produced.

where k =

Measurement of current: The constant k of the galvanometer is obtained by passing known

currents through it. Then the unknown current is passed and the corresponding deflection
is measured. The strength of the current is obtained by the above relation.
In portable galvanometer, a pointer is attached to the coil which moves over a scale graduated
directly in amperes and attached to the galvanometer itself.
(b) (i) As the iron core has high value of relative permittivity, mr, it helps in making the maximum
flux concentrated in this core. High value of B is available due to this core.
(ii) Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the
galvanometer per unit current.
If a current I produces a deflection q in the galvanometer, then current sensitivity SI is
given by

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 15

i
I
Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced per unit
voltage i.e.,
SI
i
i

SV =

(Q V = IR)
=
=
V
IR
R
If the current sensitivity is doubled say by doubling the number of turns, then voltage
sensitivity may not be increased because it will increase the resistance of the galvanometer
and voltage sensitivity may remain the same.

SI =

25.

n1 < n2

In D AOC,

i = + y =

AM AM
+
MO MC

In D NCI,

r = b =

AM
AM

MC
MI

When angles are small M approaches P.

i.e.,

i =

AP AP

+
PO PC

...(i)

r =

AP
AP

PC
PI

...(ii)

From Snell's law

n1 sin i = n2 sin r

For small angles

n1 i = n2r

From (i), (ii) and (iii)

n1 c

1
1
1
1

+
m = n2 c
m
PO PC
PC PI
n n1
n1
n
+ 2 = 2
PC
PO
PI

Now

PO = u

PI = + v

PC = + R

n n1
n2 n1
= 2

R
v
u

16 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

...(iii)

 Sign Conventions
(i) All the distances are to be taken from optical centre (P).
(ii) Distances taken in the direction of ray of light are taken + ve and vice-versa.
We know,

1
1
1
= (m 1) =

G
f
R1 R2

When lens (convex) is immersed in water, m decreases. From the above formula it is clear that
focal length will increase.

(a) Diffraction of light: Phenomenon of bending of light round the corners of an obstacles or
aperture is called diffraction of light.

Graph showing the variation of intensity with angle in single slit diffraction experiment is

In diffraction pattern, the brightness of successive bright fringes from the centre goes on
decreasing whereas in interference pattern all bright fringes are equally bright and have
the same width.

2lD
d
(i) When the width of slit (d) is decreased, angular width increases.

Width of central maxima =

(ii) W
 hen the monochromatic source of light is replaced by source of white light, the diffraction
pattern is coloured. The central maxima is bright but other bands are coloured.

Since band width l and lred > lviolet

So,

bred > bviolet

(b)

l
If I0 is intensity of unpolarized light, the intensity of polarized light would be 0 ,
2
l
i.e.,
IA = 0
2


Suppose pass axis of polaroid C makes angle q with pass axis of A. We have

Ic = IA cos2q
[Law of Malus]

Ic =

I0
cos2q
2

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 17

 As the polaroids A and B are crossed angle between the pass axes of C and B would be
90o .


According to law of Malus intensity of light transmitted by polaroid B would be

IB = Ic cos2 (90o )

= Ic sin2

IB =

Io
cos2 sin2
2
Io

(sin 2)2
8
Intensity transmitted by polaroid B would be I0/8 if

sin 2 = 1
p

2 =
2
p

=
4
p


Thus, polaroid C should be placed making angle
with the pass axis of polaroid A.
4
26. Zener diode is a special purpose semiconductor diode because it is designed to operate under
reverse bias in the breakdown region.

IB =

IV characteristics of a Zener diode:

Use of a Zener diode as a voltage regulator: Voltage regulation is a measure of a circuits

ability to maintain a constant output voltage even when either input voltage or load current
varies.

A zener diode when working in the breakdown region can serve as a voltage regulator. In
the figure, Vin is the input d.c. voltage whose variations are to be regulated. The zener diode
is reverse connected-across Vin. When potential difference across the diode is greater than
V, it conducts and draws relatively large current through the series resistance R. The load
resistance RL across which a constant voltage Vout is required, is connected in parallel with
the diode. The total current I passing through R equals the sum of diode current and load
current.
i.e.,
I = Id + IL

18 Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII)

 It will be seen under all conditions

Hence,

Vout = Vz
Vin = IR + Vout
Vin = IR + Vz

Consider, say, the case of n-type semiconductor. On illumination excess holes and electrons
generated would be p and n.

n = n + n

p = p + p
Here
n = p
Dn
Dp
So,
<<
n
p

n >> p

So we find that fractional change in the majority carriers (n/n) would be much less than that
in the minority carriers (p/p). As change in reverse saturation current is more pronounced
than that current in forward biased, photodiodes are used in reverse bias.
Or
(a) (i)  Forward biasing of a p-n junction.
When forward biased, majority charge carriers in both the regions are pushed through the junction.
The depletion regions width decreases and the junction offers low resistance.
(ii) Reverse biasing of a p-n junction.
When reverse biased, majority charge carriers in both the regions are pushed away from the junction.
The depletion regions width increases. The minority charge carriers, however, are pushed through
the junction thereby causing a little current in the reverse biased p-n junction. The p-n junction thus
offers a very high resistance when reverse biased.
(b)

(c) Since IC increases with IB almost linearly and IC = 0, when IB = 0 the value of the small signal
current gain (bac) of a transistor can be taken as nearly equal to its d.c. current amplification
factor (bdc).

Answers to CBSE Pariksha-2015 (Physics-XII) 19