Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SIGHTLINES
CONVERSION OF
TERRACING
SEAT TYPES
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FOOTBALL STADIA
ADVISORY DESIGN
COUNCIL
I 645.41:
! 725,826
VF
SEATING
SIGHTLINES
CONVERSION OF TERRACING
SEAT TYPES
C o n trib u to rs
Rod Sheard
Ernest Atherden
Tony Sherratt
E d ito r
Simon Inglis
T e c h n ic a l E d ito r a n d I l lu s t r a t o r
Maritz Vandenberg
Si
y
T h e F o o t b a l l St a d ia A d v is o r y D
W
in c h ester
ouse,
259-2 6 9 O
ld
e s ig n
C o u n c il
M arylebone Ro a d ,
Lo n d o n N W 1 5 R A
FOOTBALL
ASSOCIATION
Contributors
Introduction-
I CONTENTS
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2 .0
2.1
2.2
2 .3
2 .4
2 .5
2 .6
2.7
2.8
10
3 .0
3 .1
3.2
3 .3
3.4
4 .0
4 .1
Current guidelines
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Bench seats
One-piece seats without backs
One-piece seats with backs
Tip-up seats
--------------------- 13
15
6 .0
6 .1
6.2
6 .3
6 .4
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Seat materials
Seat frame materials
Seat frame finishes
Durability of finishes in different locations
Fixings
8 .0
8 .1
8 .2
8 .3
Stability
Cost
Colour mixing
9 .0
9 .1
9 .2
Current standards
Design factors
1 0 .0
10 .1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10 .6
10.7
10 .8
10 .9
1 0 .1 0
10 .11
10 .12
Seat strength
Drainage
Ease of cleaning
Vandal-proof fixings
Ability to number seats
After sales service and maintenance contracts
Press box seating
Comfort and event usage
Retractable and demountable seating
Costs
Football Trust grants
Schemes for Football League clubs
21
A I ) V llO U J a I
JJJu O lvX L N
by developing further research, is to encourage improvements
r \ T T ~ \ T H TT in standards and a greater awareness o f stadium design. For
( j | I j more information about the FSADC please refer to page 24.
[J
INTRODUCTION
1. Inquiry by Lord
Justice Taylor into the
Hillsborough Stadium
Disaster, Final Report,
HMSO Cm 962,
London, Januaiy 1990
1.2 C Values
An accepted international standard of the
distance between the centre of the eye and
the top of the head is 120mm. This mea
surement is referred to as the C value.
Research by NASA in the USA found that
for 95 per cent of American adult males the
distance between the centre of the eye and
the top of the head is 127mm or less, and
in 5 per cent of adult males 104mm or less.
In some sporting venues, for example
2. The FSADC is
compiling a register
of professionals with
experience of or
interest in stadium
design. For details of
how to use the
register, please see
page 24.
'C' Values
150mm: Excellent
viewing standards
Point of Focus
D = Distance to point of focus
R = Height to point of focus
\z___
V
VALUE
A\
RISER HEIGHT
4/
TREAD DEPTH
or Seating
Row Depth
To determine the riser height required for a desired 'C' value, use the calculation
cited on page 9 opposite
C = 150
6 metres
C = 120
C = 90
C = 60
Notice how higher 'C' values raise the level required at the rear of the stand
Diagram 5.
Worked example of
calculation for riser
height
= (R t C) X (D -I) _ r
D
Where:
N=
R=
C=
D=
riser height
height between eye and point of focus
viewing standard, ie. the C value
distance from eye to point of focus
(typically the near touchline)
T = tread depth, ie. depth of seating row
Using a typical set of figures (see
Diagram 5), this is how the calculation looks
in practice. Note that this calculation must
be done for every row. (All measurements in
mm):
N = (6 .00 0 + 120) x (20 .0 00 + 8 0 0 ) _ nnn
Note that th e figures
R, D & T for position A
20,000
therefore:
20,000
therefore:
N = 6 ,3 6 4 .8 - 6,0 0 0
therefore:
N = 364.8m m
6m
'C = 1 2 0
9m
Jfk.
9.2m
7.3m
POINT OF FOCUS
13m
11.1m
6m
POINT OF FOCUS
34 degree rake
9.2m
10
Riser fixed
tip-up seats
New barrier
Existing
barrier
removed
- *. '
' ; -a%jji
New seated terrace. 'r - ^
1----1---------
Existing
seated
terrace
Existing standing
terrace
Gangway-
Vomitory
Gangway
12
Seat width
measured
/-'b e tw e e n
seat
centres
Riser height
- F
Seatway
or
Clearway
Seating row
depth or
Tread depth
Diagram 10.
Dimensions for
bench seats
Minimum seating row depth
recommended 700mm.
700mm
900mm
760mm
400mm
400mm
305mm
Minimum seatway
recommended
400mm
5. BASES {British
Association of
Spectator Equipment
Suppliers),
23 Brighton Road,'
South Croydon,
CR2 6EA.
Tel. 0816811 242.
13
100
320
^ 5 0 0 ^ ^ S e a tw a y ) ^ I
N ^ d e p t f f 3' /
K-
e r r '.
/ _ S e a t i n g ro u t\
depth
210
4
Seat way ^
Useful seat
'depth
c:
c:
i
Seating row
depth
Terrace riser
...
Seating row
^ depth ^
6. BS 5588 Part 6
1991: 'Fire precau
tions in the design,
construction and use
of buildings'. HMSO
1991.
J.
J
C ~ _ "
Front tread or
nose fixedseats
-f T-
c:
-
J
c:~
16
17
7.5 Fixings
The seat frame should be bolted to the con
crete with rustproof fixings. Stainless steel
bolts and fastenings are preferable. They
add little to the cost but considerably
enhance the seats long-term appearance
and ease of maintenance.
Note also the advice in Section 6.2 re:
corrosion of fixings.
U.V
Polypropylene
U .V./Fire Retardancy
Polypropylene
Polyamide
(Nylon)
P.V.C
Compound
G.R.P.
1.0
1.4
1.2
3.2
1.8
approx. 7.0
Availability
Readily available
Limited
Readily available
Limited
Limited
Limited
Colour Range
Very Good
Good
Very Good
Limited
Limited
Very Good
Volume Manufacture
Very Good
Good
Very Good
Good
Good
Very Poor
Flame Retardancy
to BS 5 8 5 2
Ignition Source 0
Ignition Source 7
Ignition Source 0
Selfextinguishes
Selfextinguishes
Selfextinguishes
Reaction to low
temperatures (-5 C)
Brittle
Brittle
Very Good
Very Good
Very Good
Very Good
Reaction to high
tem peratures(+50 C)
Very Good
Very Good
Good
Very Good
Very Good
Very Good
Reclamation and
Recycling
Easy
Moderate
Easy
Moderate
Specialised
None
W eatherabllity
Good
Good
Good
Very Good
Very Good
Very Good
Deformation
Recovers
Recovers
Poor
N/A
N/A
N/A
Number o f years in
production
27
04
20+
19
01
25+
8.1 Stability
7. For further
details refer to
BS 1006: B01C 'Blue
Wool Standards'.
8.2 Cost
Costs vary according to colour. Choosing a
20
10.2 Drainage
Fixed seats exposed to the elements will
collect rain water unless provided with drain
holes or shaped in such a way as to drain
automatically.
8. FIRA, Maxwell
House, Stevenage,
Herts, SGI 2EW.
Tel. 0438 313433
Free-standing shelf
Integrated
shelf
cr.
No seat is totally vandal proof, but obviously
the fewer vulnerable points the better.
Self-tipping seats make it harder for the
seat to be stood upon. A robust frame under
the seat shell will also minimise damages.
It may be a false economy to provide
cheaper seats in those areas of the stadium
where vandalism may occur.
21
10.10 Costs
It is impossible for the FSADC to provide a
comprehensive or accurate list of prices for
different types of seating, but a list of sup
pliers of stadium seating is available from
the FSADC office. See page 24 for details.
>1
3. Seat dimensions
Seatway, or clearway, should be minimum
of 305mm for tip-up seats, 400mm for fixed
seats. In Scotland these dimensions may
need to be increased. Seating row depth
should be at least 760mm for new construc
tions. Different models of tip-up seats
have different dimensions, thus affecting
the resultant seatway dimension and useful
seat dimension. Average male in sitting
position measures 614mm from front of
knee to rear of buttocks. BASES recom
mends therefore a minimum useful seat
dimension of 660mm. Seat width should
be minimum 460mm (or 490mm with arms).
8. Colour
Colour stability against UV rays and weath
er extremes is affected by the choice of
colour pigment and the level of additives in
the moulding. Colour should be fade-resistant to 7 or 8 on the Blue Wool Scale.
Non-standard colours are more costly.
5. Seat types
Tip-up design with counterweighted seat,
plastic pivot and nylon pivot bush prefer
able. Bench seats only suitable for cheap
est areas of admission and must have indi
vidual indent to qualify for grant aid.
One piece seats with or without backs
economical, but former take up more room.
6. Seat frames
Linked frames cheaper than individual.
Riser fixed seat frames preferable for
23
FOOTBALL STADIA
ADVISORY DESIGN
COUNCIL
'...to provide an authoritative source of knowledge for all those involved in the design
and construction of stadia...'
Report of th e Technical Working Party for Lord Justice Taylors Final Report
Publications
If you would like to receive notice of all FSADC publications, or would like to order
further copies of this booklet, please apply in writing to the Executive Officer. Cheques
for 1 2 .5 0 (inc. p&p) should be made payable to the FSADC.
Forthcoming titles for 1991 include the following topics:
Feasibility Studies
Turf Systems
Stadia Costs
Register
The FSADC is in the process of compiling a register of consultants, manufacturers and
suppliers with experience of, or interest in, all stages of stadium design, listed under
their areas of specialisation. Extracts from this register will be freely available, on
request, to all members of the Football League and Football Association. Outside bodies
will be asked to pay a search fee.
If you wish your company to be included on the FSADC register and have not yet
received registration forms, please contact the Executive Officer at the address below.
24