Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fall 2014
-Perform this test when the person has reported a history of trauma followed
by locking, giving way, or local pain in the knee.
-Position the person supine as you stand on the affected side. Hold the heel,
and flex the knee and hip. Place your other hand on the knee with fingers on
the medial side. Rotate the leg in and out to loosen the joint. Externally
rotate the leg, and push a valgus (inward) stress on the knee. Then slowly
extend the knee.
-Negative- knee extends with no pain
-Positive-if you hear or feel click, pt has torn meniscus.
Bruit
-blowing, swishing sound indicating blood flow turbulence
-auscultate carotid for bruit- listen for bruit in middle aged or older people
who show signs of cardiovascular disease.
-if bruit is present, sign of atherosclerosis
-listen to femoral artery for bruit.
- Listen with the bell.
Occurs with:
Aortic aneurysmmurmur is harsh, systolic, or continuous and accentuated with
systole. Note in person with hypertension.
Renal artery stenosismurmur is midline or toward flank, soft, low to medium
pitch.
Partial occlusion of femoral arteries.
Know the different breath sounds (vesicular, etc)
BRONCHIAL (TRACHEAL)-Inspiration < expiration
Barrel chest
-crepitation
-feel for nodules- rheumatoid arthritis
-involves symmetric joints
-pain worse in morning that at night
-produces swelling and tenderness around the whole joint, and it limits all
planes of ROM in both active and passive motion.
-joints roughened
Osteoporosis
-gradual loss of bone density
-the lack of estrogen leads to accelerated bone loss.
-physical exercise helps to prevent osteoporosis
Ortolani maneuver
-should be done at every professional visit until the infant is 1 year old.
- With the infant supine, flex the knees holding your thumbs on the inner
mid-thighs and your fingers outside on the hips touching the greater
trochanters. Adduct the legs until your thumbs touch
-Positive-hear clunk as the head of the femur pops back into place.
-Negative- no sound, smooth
Direction of blood flow through the heart
Liver to RA via IVC; SVC drains venous blood from head & upper
extremities
From RA venous blood TV to RV
RV venous blood pulmonic valve PA
PA delivers unoxygenated blood to lungs
-You auscultate first because you dont want to disturb the GI sounds
Acites (what is it?)
-free fluid in the peritoneal cavity
- heart failure, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and
cancer.
Genu vulgum, genu varum (I will discuss more next week)
Genu Vulgum- knocked knees
-present when there is more than 2.5 cm between the medial malleoli when
the knees are together
-occurs with rickets, poliomyelitis, and syphilis.
-occurs normally between 2 and 3.5 years of age.
Genu Varum- bowlegged stance
-persistent space of more than 2.5 cm between the knees when
the medial malleoli are together
-normal for 1 year after the child begins walking
Hypoactive bowel sounds (How long would you continue to assess)
-5 minutes
-Diminished or absent bowel sounds signal decreased motility as a result of
inflammation as seen with peritonitis
- from paralytic ileus as following abdominal surgery; or from late bowel
obstruction.
-Occurs also with pneumonia.
Bulge Sign
-For swelling in the suprapatellar pouch
- confirms the presence of small amounts of fluid as you try to move the
fluid from one side of the joint to the other
-Firmly stroke up on the medial aspect of the knee two or three times to
displace any fluid
Assessment of muscle strength
-Temporomandibular joint
-Palpate contracted temporalis & masseter muscles as person clenches
teeth
-Compare (R) & (L) sides
-Ask person to perform these movements against resistance
-Move jaw forward & laterally
-Open mouth
-Tests CN V trigeminal
Shoulders
-Ask client to shrug shoulders against resistance
-Tests CN XI spinal accessory
-Flex forward & up against resistance
-Abduct
Elbows
Have client flex elbow & apply resistance just proximal to wrist
Have client extend elbow against resistance
Wrist & hand
Ask client to flex wrist at palm against resistance
Knee
-Ask client to maintain knee flexion while you try to pull leg forward
-Muscle extension shown by rising from low chair or squat without using
hands
Foot and Ankle
-Maintain dorsiflexion & plantar flexion against resistance
Conducting a sexual history of an adolescent male (proper way to ask questions)
- Dont judge
How to teach a testicular self- exam
-Teach every male from age 13 thru adult to perform monthly
-Once a month
-Do in shower-warm water relaxes scrotal sac
-Examine for changes
Report changes immediately
Circumcision based on culture (AAP- Unnecessary surgical procedure)
-Prevention of phimosis & inflammation of glans & foreskin
incidence of cancer of penis
-Slightly incidence of UTI in infants
Possible complications
Sepsis
Distal amputation
Excessive removal of foreskin
Urethrocutaneous fistula
Pain
Carrington 2014