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usually
results in the enrichment of biotas [plant and animal life of a
particular region] of continents and oceans. In some biotas...
interchange has pushed diversity to levels higher than the preextinction number of species."29
Because
native species have evolved adaptations to historical flow regimes,
alteration of flow regimes is most likely to benefit non-native species
adapated to the changed conditions (Marchetti & Moyle 2001; Olden et. Al 2006).
invasions by non-native species intolerant of saline conditions (Higgins & Wilde 2005).
Similarly, conversion of riverine habitat to reservoir habitat will allow a new pool of lentic species to
invade, te effects of which could extend for a considerable distance up-and down stream of the reservois
(Havel et. Al. 2005).
likely to make a home in shallow coastal waters at the ship's next port.
that down the line, these techniques will put an end to high-seas hitchhiking altogether.
401 certifications of the VGP (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and New York); a fifth state, Pennsylvania, included those conditions but subsequently deleted them in November 2010.
constructed on or after 1 January 2013, the same concentrations as California's interim standards for
organisms greater than or equal to 50 m (zero detectable living organisms) and organisms between 10
and 50 m (less than 0.01 living organisms/mL). In its certification, New York stated that the IMO standards
are not sufficiently protective and more stringent concentration-based standards were necessary to
Due to
implementation difficulties and other factors, New York extended the
compliance date until the end of the VGP's five-year term (J. M. Tierney,
prevent further impairment of the state's water quality (New York 2008).
unpublished letter). As part of the VGP five-year renewal, the state is currently evaluating what, if any,
conditions to apply to the next issuance of the VGP; however, as of 31 July 2012, New York has not
the
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), under Minnesota state
law, issued a State Disposal System (SDS) permit for ballast water
discharges into Minnesota waters. According to MPCA, the discharge standards
proposed conditions similar in stringency to those contained in their 2008 certification. In 2008,
contained in the permit are based on the Performance Standards contained in Section D-2 of the BWM
Convention, with the exception of the standard for Vibrio cholerae. The general permit does not include a
limit on Vibrio cholerae because analytical methods to enumerate that organism in ballast water have not
been validated (Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 2008).