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Presented By Supported By
JAHANZEB
RAZA AFTAB
AHMED
Special Thanks to
HR Department
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CONTENTS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Measurement of No-Load Loss & Acoustic Sound Level

Measurement of Impedance Voltage & Load Loss

Separate Source & Induce Over-voltage withstand test (with

measurement of Partial Discharges)

Lightning impulse over-voltage withstand test

Heat run (temperature rise test)

Measurement of zero-sequence impedance

Measurement of voltage & current harmonics
Tests on OLTC & Insulating Oil

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
PURPOSE
The purpose of this test is to measure the zero sequence impedance for all
star connected windings of the transformer needed for earth fault protection
and earth fault current calculations
Applicable to star or zigzag interconnected star connections with neutral
brought out.
CLASS
IEC declare it as a special test.
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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
APPLICABLE STANDARD
IEC 60076-1, Clause 10.7, Measurement of zero sequence impedance on
three phase transformers.
DEFINITION OF ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
The impedance expressed in /Phase at rated frequency between the line
terminals of a three phase star connected or zigzag connected winding
connected together and its neutral terminal.
Zo = 3 V/I
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/Phase

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
TOLERANCES
According to IEC 60076-8, Clause # 4, Zero Sequence Properties.
CALCULATIONS
Net impedance (Zo/3 ohms) = measured voltage / measured current
Zero sequence impedance per phase (Zo) = 3 * net impedance

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
EQUIPMENTS/INSTRUMENTS
Following equipments/instruments are required to perform this test:

Motor-Generator Set
Power Analyzer
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
TEST CIRCUIT

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
PROCEDURE
The measurement is carried out by supplying a current of rated frequency
between parallel connected phase terminals and the neutral terminal. The zero
sequence impedance per phase is three times the impedance measured in this
way.
The zero sequence impedance for a star-star connected transformer, having a
tertiary winding in open delta connection, can be measured in the following four
ways.
Supply on HV side, with LV open and tertiary short circuited.
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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
PROCEDURE.Continued

Supply on HV side, with LV shorted and tertiary open circuited.

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
PROCEDURE.Continued

Supply on LV side, with HV open and tertiary short circuited.

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
PROCEDURE.Continued

Supply on LV side, with HV shorted and tertiary open circuited.

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
PROCEDURE.Continued

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
TEST RESULTS
Following items are recorded in the test reports:
1.

Zero sequence impedance value.

2.

Corresponding test condition.

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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance
PRECAUTIONS
1. Current flowing in the windings should be according to their current
carrying capacity.
2.

Measurements should be performed quickly.

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Measurement of Harmonics of the no-load current
PURPOSE
The purpose of this test is to determine the extent of distortion of the no-load
current waveform.
CLASS
IEC declare it as a special test.
APPLICABLE STANDARD
IEC 60076-1, Clause 10.6, Measurement of harmonics of the no-load
current.
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Measurement of Harmonics of the no-load current
BACKGROUND
The magnetizing current of transformers contains harmonics due to the nonlinear magnetizing characteristic. The magnetizing current is in normal
operation small, in the order of 1% of the rated current of the transformers, and
the influence of harmonics is negligible. However, if the transformer core is
saturated due to an applied voltage higher than the rated voltage, the
magnetizing current and its harmonics will dramatically increase.

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Measurement of Harmonics of the no-load current
CALCULATIONS
VTHD (%) = 100 * SQRT [(V22 + V32 + V42 + ... + Vn2)] / Vt
ITHD (%) = 100 * SQRT [(I22 + I32 + I42 + ... + In2)] / It

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Measurement of Harmonics of the no-load current
EQUIPMENTS/INSTRUMENTS
Following equipments/instruments are required to perform this test:

Motor-Generator Set
Step-up Adapter Transformer
Power Analyzer
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer

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Measurement of Harmonics of the no-load current
TEST CIRCUIT

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Measurement of Harmonics of the no-load current
PROCEDURE
Rated voltage is generally supplied to the low voltage winding and all the other
windings are open circuited. Other windings, which can be connected in open
delta, should have the delta closed.
The voltage across the windings should be symmetrical and sinusoidal, as far
as possible. The test voltage should be adjusted according to a voltmeter
responsive to mean value of voltage.
The harmonic analyzer directly gives the harmonics and their corresponding
magnitudes in volts, from which percentage harmonic voltages can be found
out, with reference to the fundamental component.
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Measurement of Harmonics of the no-load current
TEST RESULTS
Following items are recorded in the test reports:
1. Applied voltage.
2. Fundamental and harmonic components in volts.
3. Fundamental and harmonic components in percentages

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Measurement of Harmonics of the no-load current
PRECAUTIONS
Readings of current and power should be taken at the exact rated voltage of
the winding

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TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
PURPOSE
The purpose of this test is to verify the operation of the on-load tap changer
at various conditions of the transformer i.e. un-energized, unloaded, loaded &
reduced conditions.
CLASS
IEC declare it as a Routine test.
APPLICABLE STANDARD
IEC 60076-1, Clause 10.8, Tests on OLTC.
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TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
DEFINITION
On-Load Tap Changer
A device for changing the tapping connections of a winding, suitable for
operation while the transformer is energized or on load.

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TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
EQUIPMENTS/INSTRUMENTS
Following equipments/instruments are required to perform this test:

Motor-Generator Set
Step-up Adaptor Transformer
Power Analyzer
Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Compensation Capacitors

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TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
PROCEDURE
With the tap changer fully assembled on the transformer the following sequence of
operations shall be performed without failure.
1. With the transformer un-energized, eight complete cycles of operation (a
cycle of operation goes from one end of the tapping range to the other, and
back again).
2. With the transformer un-energized, and with the auxiliary voltage reduced to
85% of its rated value, one complete cycle of operation.

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TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
PROCEDURE
3. With the transformer energized at rated voltage and frequency at no load,
one complete cycle of operation. This test may be performed after
performing the no load test.
4. With one winding short circuited and, as far as practicable, rated current in
the tapped winding, 10 tap change operations across the range of two steps
on each side from where a coarse or reversing changeover selector
operates, or otherwise from the middle tapping.

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TESTS ON ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
PRECAUTIONS
1. All connections should be tight.
2. Proper clearances should be observed.
3. Proper alignment between the tap changer indicator and the motor drive
indicator should be ascertained.

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THANK
YOU
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