Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
for
High-Frequency Circuit Design Elective
by
Michael Tse
September 2003
Contents
The Problem
Q-factor matching approach
Simple matching circuits
L matching circuits
matching circuits
T matching circuits
Tapped capacitor matching circuits
Double-tuned circuits
General impedance matching based on two-port circuits
Immittance matrices and hybrid matrices
ABCD matrix and matching
Propagation equations from ABCD matrix
Impedance Matching
Impedance matching is a major problem in highfrequency circuit design.
It is concerned with matching one part of a circuit to
another in order to achieve maximum power transfer
between the two parts.
max power transfer
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
space
The problem
Given a load R, find a circuit that can match the driving
resistance R at frequency w0.
R
R
w0
Low Q circuit
High Q circuit
w0
Definition:
Q=
w0
w 0 dB
w dX
= 0
2G dw w =w 0 2R dw w =w 0
B = susceptance
X = reactance
R = resistance
G = conductance
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
Resistance ()
Z
IMPEDANCE
()
Resistance ()
Y
ADMITTANCE
(S)
Conductance (S)
inductance (H)
jwL = +jX
reactance ()
1 = jB
jw L
susceptance (S)
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
capacitance (F)
1 = jX
jw C
reactance ()
jwC = +jB
susceptance (S)
7
X
1
G
Q= =
=
R RB B
wL
Q=
R
Parallel:
R
B
Q = = RB =
X
G
C
R
1
Q=
wCR
R
Q=
wL
Q = wCR
L or C.
Higher Q meansthat it is closer to the ideal
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
jX
Z = R + jX
Y=
1
1
R - jX
R
X
=
= 2
=
j
Z R + jX R + X 2 R 2 + X 2
R2 + X 2
1
1
R
X
=
2 +
R 2
X
1+
j + 1
R
X
1
1
=
+
1
R(1+ Q2 )
jX 2 + 1
Q
1
jX 1+ 2
Q
R(1+Q2)
or j R'
Q
R
j (1+ Q2 )
Q
jRQ 2 + 1
Q
jB
Z=
1
1
G - jB
G
B
=
= 2
=
j
Y G + jB G + B 2 G 2 + B 2
G2 + B2
Y = G + jB
G(1+ Q2 )
conductance (S)
1 susceptance (S)
jB1+ 2
Q
1
1
G
B
=
2 +
G 2
B
1+
j + 1
G
B
1
1
=
+
1
G(1+ Q2 )
jB 2 + 1
Q
10
Q factor is Q = R
1
LC
C
L
1
1
w1,2 = w 0 1+
2
2Q
4Q
Bandwidth is Dw = w 2 - w1 =
w1 w0 w2
1
RC
11
RC
Q factor = QC = w0CRC
(unloaded Q factor)
RL
Q factor = QL = RL/w0L
(unloaded Q factor)
1
1
1
=
+
QLC QC QL
(easily shown)
12
13
L
Begin with
Yin
Yi n = jwC +
1
R + jwL
R
w
L
= 2
+ jw C - 2
2
2
R + (w L)
R + (wL)
Obviously, the reactive part is cancelled if we have
L
C= 2
R + w 20 L2
1
R2
- 2
where w 0 =
LC L
(#)
14
R 2 + w 20 L2
R =
= R 1+ Q2
R
(*)
Here, Q is the Q-factor, which is equal to w0L/R (for series L and R).
So, we can see clearly that Q is modifying R to achieve the matching
condition.
Design procedure:
-Given R and R, find the required Q from (*).
-Given w0, find the required L from Q = w0L/R .
-From (#), find the required C to give the selected resonant frequency w0.
15
Begin with
Shunt L circuit:
Zi n = jwL +
L
C
Zin
1
G + jw C
G
wC
= 2
+ jwL - 2
2 2
2 2
G +w C
G +w C
Reactive part is cancelled when
C
L= 2
G + w 20 C 2
1 G2
where w 0 =
LC C 2
R =
1/G
R
=
1+ (w 0 C /G)2 1+ Q2
(*)
16
(#)
Series:
Shunt:
17
jX2
jX1
R = R(1+ Q2 )
1
jR
jX 2 = - jX 11+ 2 = Q
Q
X
Q= 1
R
R
1+ Q2
jX1
jX 2 = = - j RQ
1
1+ 2
Q
B
R
Q= 1 =
G X1
R =
18
Advantages of L circuits:
Simple
Low cost
Easy to design
Disadvantages of L circuits:
The value of Q is determined by the ratio of R/R. Hence,
there is no control over the value of Q.
the bandwidth is also not controllable.
19
p matching circuits
jX2
jB3
R + jX
jX
Second section:
j(X2RQ1)
jB3
R + jX
R
X = X 2 - R Q1
2
1+ Q1
B
Q1 = 1 = B1R
G
R =
Q2 =
X X 2 - R Q1
X
=
fi 2 = Q1 + Q2
R
R
R
R = R (1+ Q22 )
Q
Q
B = B3 - 2 fi B3 = 2
R
R
20
jB3
R + jX
jB1
R
1
1+ Q12
1+ Q22
Obviously, we have to set Q1 > Q2
if we want to have R<R.
Likewise, we need Q1 < Q2 if we
want to have R>R.
21
For R > R
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
Get Q2 using Q2 =
4.
4.
5.
B1 = Q1/R
5.
B1 = Q1/R
6.
B3 = Q2/R
6.
B3 = Q2/R
R
-1
3.
22
T matching circuits
The analysis is similar to the p case.
jX3
jX1
jB2
R
R + jX
1+ Q12
1
1+ Q22
R
23
For R < R
1.
1.
2.
2.
4.
4.
5.
B2 = (Q1+Q2)/R
5.
B2 = (Q1+Q2)/R
6.
X3 = Q2R
6.
X3 = Q2R
3.
3.
24
C1
L
C2
1+ Q2p
Q factor
Qp = w 0 C2 R
25
C1
R
1+ Q2
p
C2 2
Qp
Q1 = R/w0L
R
R
R
1+ Q12 1+ Q2p
1+ Q2p
required
R
R
=
fi Qp =
2
2
1+ Q1 1+ Qp
R
1+ Q12 - 1
R
26
2
1 1
1 Qp
=
+
C C1 C2 1+ Q2p
R
1+ Q2p
1
LC
27
Find Q1 from Q1 = w0 / Dw
Given R, find C using C = Q1/ w0R = 1 / 2 DwR
Find L using L = 1 / w02C
Find Qp using Qp = [ (R/R)(1+Q12)1 ]1/2
Find C2 from C2 = Qp / w0R
Find C1 from C1 = Ceq C2 / (Ceq C2) where Ceq =
C2(1+ Qp2)/ Qp2
28
Disadvantage:
no precise control of the bandwidth
29
wm1
wm2
There is a mid-band dip, which can be made small if the pass band is
narrow. Also, large difference in the impedances to be matched can be
achieved by means of galvanic transformer.
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
30
RG
C1
L11
L22
C2
RL
n=
L1 1
k 2 L2 2
31
Equivalent models:
L22(1k2)
n:1
RG
C1
L11
C2
ideal transformer
L11 2 -1
k
L2
RG
C1
L11
C2
RL
RL
L11
2 R2
k L22
L11
2 C2
k L22
32
C1
L11
R1 R2
C2
RL
Observe that:
R1 resonates at certain frequency, but is always less than RG
R2 decreases monotonically with frequency
33
resistance
R2
R1
f
fm1
fm2
34
i2
v1
v2
35
Two-port models
i1
port 1
i2
v1
v2
z-parameters
(impedance matrix):
v1 z11
=
v 2 z21
z12 i1
z22 i2
y-parameters
(admittance matrix):
i1 y11
=
i2 y 21
v1 h11
=
i2 h21
y12 v1
y 22 v 2
h12 i1
h22 v 2
i1 g11
=
v 2 g21
g12 v1
g22 i2
h-parameters
(hybrid matrix):
g-parameters
(hybrid matrix):
port 2
v1 = z11i1 + z12i2
v 2 = z21i1 + z22i2
:
:
36
v1 = z11i1 + z12i2
v 2 = z21i1 + z22i2
z11 =
v1
v
= 1
i1 i = 0 i1 port 2 open -circuited
2
z12 =
v1
v
= 1
i2 i = 0 i2 port 1 open -circuited
1
z21 =
z22 =
v2
i1
v2
i2
=
i2 = 0
=
i1 = 0
v2
i1
v2
i2
37
i1 = g11v1 + g12i2
v 2 = g21v1 + g22i2
g11 =
i1
i
= 1
v1 i = 0 v1 port 2 open -circuited
2
g12 =
g21 =
g22 =
i1
i2
v2
v1
v2
i2
=
v1 = 0
=
i2 = 0
=
v1 = 0
i1
i2
v2
v1
v2
i2
38
Input impedance:
+
i1
i2
[Z]
v1
ZL
v2
Zin
v1 = z11i1 + z12i2
v 2 = z21i1 + z22i2
fi
fi
v1
i2
= z11 + z12
i1
i1
v2
i1
= -z21 - z22
-i2
i2
fi
z12 z21
Z in = z11 -
Z L + z22
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
i2
Z in = z11 + z12
i1
i1
Z L = -z21 - z22
i2
39
Similarly, we can find the input impedance at any port in terms of any
of the two-port parameters, or even a combination of different twoport parameters.
We will see that the matching problem can be solved by making sure
that both input and output ports are matched.
ZG
i1
i2
[Z]
ZL
v2
ZIM1
ZIM2
matching: ZG = ZIM1
and ZIM2 = ZL
image impedances
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
40
i1
i2
[ABCD]
+
v2
Here, voltage and current of port 1 are expressed in terms of those of port 2. So,
this is neither an immittance matrix like Z and Y, nor a hybrid matrix like G and H.
v1 A B v 2
=
i
C
D
1
-i2
Note: the sign of i2 in the above equation. This sign convention will
make the ABCD matrix very useful for describing cascade circuits.
41
i1
[ABCD]1
v1
v1 A1 B1 v'
=
i
C
D
1 1
1-i'
i
+
i2
[ABCD]2
v' A2
=
i" C2
+
v2
B2 v 2
D2 -i2
Since i = i, we have
v1
A1
=
i1 C1
B1 A2
D1C2
B2 v 2
D2 -i2
So, if more two-ports are cascaded, the overall ABCD matrix is just
the product of all the ABCD matrices.
42
A=
B=
C=
v1
v2
=
i2 = 0
-v1
i2 v
i1
v2
=
2=0
=
i2 = 0
-i1
D=
i2 v
v1
v2
=
port 2 open -circuited
z11
z21
-v1
z z -z z
= 11 22 21 12
i2 port 2 short -circuited
z21
i1
v2
=
port 2 open -circuited
1
z21
-i1
z22
=
=
i2 port 2 short -circuited z21
=0
43
Matching problem
ZG
i1
i2
+
v1
[ABCD]
ZL
v2
ZIM1
v1 = Av 2 - Bi2
i1 = Cv 2 - Di2
fi
v1 Av 2 - Bi2
=
i1 Cv 2 - Di2
v2
A
+B
-i2
=
v
C 2 +D
-i2
AZ L + B
=
CZ L + D
Z in =
44
ZG
i1
i2
+
v1
[ABCD]
v2
ZIM2
v1 = Av 2 - Bi2
i1 = Cv 2 - Di2
fi
v 2 = Dv1 - Bi1
i2 = Cv1 - Ai1
fi
because AD BC = 1
v 2 Dv1 - Bi1
=
i2 Cv1 - Ai1
v
D 1 +B
-i1
=
v
C 1 +A
-i1
DZG + B
=
CZG + A
Z IM2 =
45
fi
AZ L + B
Z IM1 = ZG =
CZ L + D
fi
Z IM1 =
and ZL = ZIM2
and
DZG + B
Z IM2 = Z L =
CZG + A
AB
CD
and
Z IM2 =
DB
AC
z11
y11
and
Z IM2 =
z22
y 22
Alternatively, we have
Z IM1 =
46
Note: image impedances are different from input and output impedances.
1.
2.
z11
y11
and
Z IM2 =
z22
y 22
z12 z21
Z in = z11 -
Z L + z22
Matching conditions:
Source impedance equals input image impedance
Load
impedance equals output image impedance
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
47
Example
i1
Za
Zc
+
v1
port 1
i2
+
Zb
z11 =
v1
= Za + Zb
i1 port 2 open -circuited
y11 =
i1
1
=
v1 port 2 short -circuited Z a + Z b Z c
z22 =
v2
i2
v2
port 2
y 22 =
i2
v2
= Zb + Zc
port 1 open -circuited
=
port 1 short -circuited
1
Zc + Za Zb
48
2
ZIM1 = ZIM2
i2
v1
v2
ZIM1
ZIM2 = ZIM3
4
ZIM3 = ZIM4
ZL
ZIM4 = ZL
Convention
i1
Propagation constant g
ZIM2
input power
v1i1
v1
e =
=
=
output power
v 2 (-i2 ) v 2
g
Z IM2
Z IM1
49
Propagation equations
v1i1
v
= 1
v 2 (-i2 ) v 2
eg =
In general,
Z IM2
Z IM1
= A+ B
Thus,
fi
v1 Av 2 - Bi2
B
=
= A+
v2
v2
Z IM2
v1
e =
v2
g
AC
=
BD
i1
= CZ IM2 + D =
-i2
eg =
D
A
A
D
AD + BC
AD + BC
v1i1
= AD + BC
-v 2i2
e-g = AD - BC
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
50
Define
n=
We have
Z IM1
=
Z IM2
A
D
A = n coshg
B = nZ IM2 sinh g
sinh g
nZ IM2
cosh g
D=
n
C=
51
v1
Z L + Z IM2 tanh g
2
Z in = = n Z IM2
i1
Z L tanh g + Z IM2
v1
Z L + jZ o tan L
Z in = = Z o
i1
Z o + jZ L tan L
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
52
velocity of propagation
53