Class 1 UMTS Training

By Eng: Mohammed Eltayib
Email: moh_ajib@yahoo.com
Dec - 2014
UMTS Overview
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third

generation wireless telecommunication system and follows in the footsteps of GSM and
GPRS. Since GSM was standardized in the 1980s, huge progress has been made in many
areas of telecommunication. This allowed system designers at the end of the 1990s to
design a new system that went far beyond the capabilities of GSM and GPRS.
UMTS combines the properties of the circuit-switched voice network with the
properties of the packet-switched data network and offers a multitude of new possibilities
compared to the earlier systems. UMTS was not defined from scratch and reuses a lot of
GSM and GPRS.
UMTS Radio Theory
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation
UMTS Radio mechanism

I.
II.
III.
IV.
UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Channel Coding of UMTS
Spreading Technology of UMTS
Modulation of UMTS
UMTS Radio Theory
I. 3G services
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

Spectrum Planning
Modulation

I.
II.
III.
IV.

Modulation of UMTS
3G Services
3G Services Radio Transmission Technology Requirements

Data
I. 144 kbps High speed and driving
II. 384 kbps Modest speed and walking
III. 2 Mbps Low speed and indoor
Voice
I. 4.75Kb/s --12.2Kb/s
II. 64kb/s (Video Phone)
Information transmission at variable rate according to bandwidth requirements
Delay requirements of different service
3G Services
3G Services
UMTS Radio Theory

I.
3G services
II. Multiple Access Technologies

III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Spectrum Planning
Modulation

I.
II.
III.
IV.

Modulation of UMTS

Duplex mode
TDD mode
Uplink and downlink has the same frequency
Adaptable to any frequency band
Suitable for both asymmetric and
symmetric services
TDD ( Time division duplex,

Such as TD-SCDMA)
FDD mode
Uplink and downlink has the different
frequency
Paired frequency bands are needed
Suitable for symmetric services
FDD Frequency division duplex, Such as

WCDMA and CDMA2000

Multiple access technologies enable various users access public
communication line but without interference.
Why Multiple Access?
I. Increased capacity: serve more users
II. Reduced capital requirements since
fewer media can carry the traffic
III. Decreased per-user expense
Types of Transmission Medium:
I. Twisted pair
II. Coaxial cable
III. Fiber optic cable
IV. Air interface (radio signals)
Three methods are frequently used:
I. FDMA
II. TDMA
III. CDMA
Each pair of users enjoys a

dedicated, private circuit
through the transmission
medium,
unaware
that
theother users exist.
A. Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available spectrum
into many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel can
transmit one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular system is a typical
example of FDMA structure.
B. Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth is
divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot).
Each user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this specified
timeslot. Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This multiple access
mode is adopted in both digital cellular system and GSM.
C. Code division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiple access mode implemented
by Spreading Modulation. Unlike FDMA and TDMA, both of which separate the
user information in terms of time and frequency, CDMA can transmit the
information of multiple users on a channel at the same time. The key is that every
information before transmission should be modulated by different Spreading Code
to broadband signal, then all the signals should be mixed and send. The mixed
signal would be demodulated by different Spreading Code at the different receiver.
Because all the Spreading Code is orthogonal, only the information that was be
demodulated by same Spreading Code can be reverted in mixed signal.

CDMA Application
I. Users are distinguished by scrambling codes and OVSF codes

II. Self-interference system
III. CDMA system is restricted to interference (GSM system is restricted to frequency
resources)
UMTS Radio Theory

I. 3G services
III.Spectrum Planning
IV. Spreading Technology
V. Coding And Interleave Technology
VI. Modulation

I.
II.
III.
IV.

Modulation of UMTS
Spectrum Planning
Single Frequency Network
Spectrum Planning
IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation
Spectrum Planning
3G Spectrum Allocation in Sudan
Allocated Spectrum
Main Operating Frequency Band

FDD mode1920-1980 MHz / 2110-2170 MHz
TDD mode1880-1920MHz2010-2025 MHz
UMTS Radio Theory

I. 3G services
III. Spectrum Planning
IV.Spreading Technology
VI. Modulation

I. UMTS Data transmission Procedure
II. Channel Coding of UMTS
III. Spreading Technology of UMTS
IV. Modulation of UMTS
Spread Spectrum Principles:
SHANON Formula
C = B * log2(1+S/N)
Where:
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.
User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by multiplying high speed
spread code(chip)
Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal bandwidth Rb
White noise refers to a statistical model for signals and signal sources, rather than to any specific signal
Spreading Mode
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS
Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise sequence and base-band
pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise generator
BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by power detection
accuracy
WCDMA uses DS_SS
Frequency hopping spread spectrum FH-SS
Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency hopping
Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband modulation
No near-far effect
DS-SS communication system
A technology of transmission after spreading signal spectrum.
Spread Spectrum Principles
Spread Spectrum Principles
Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite signal by
using the right orthogonal code
Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than interference and noise
Direct spread technique
Concept of Orthogonal Code
Orthogonal: the result

of multiplying and
sum is 0
Example of orthogonal code
Example of orthogonal code

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading
Spreading Communication Characteristics
I. High anti-multi-path-interference capability

II. Anti-sudden-pulse
III. High security
IV. Lower transmitting power
V. Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access Communication
VI. Occupied frequency band is wide
VII. Complex realization
UMTS Radio Theory

I.
II.
III.
IV.
3G services
Spectrum Planning

VI. Modulation

I. UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Purpose of Channel Coding
By adding redundant information in the original data stream,
receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and improve data
transmission rates.
Effect:
1. Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs
2. Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay

Principle of Channel Codingv:I.
II.
III.
IV.
Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the original data

Convolutional coding and Turbo coding 1/21/3are widely applied.
Increase noneffective load and transmission time
Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors
Channel coding Types
Example of Convolutional Coding

WCDMA Channel Coding
During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To guarantee
reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence through the channel
coding which includes convolution and interleaving.
The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the technology,
many redundant bits will be inserted in original information. When error code is
caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover the original
information.
In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used.
Convolution code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies to high rate
data service.

Principle of Interleave Technology
In channel coding , there is another technology named interleaving. Communications over

radio channel are characterized by fast fading that can cause large numbers of consecutive
errors. Most coding schemes perform better on random data errors than on blocks of errors.
By interleaving the data, no two adjacent bits are transmitted near to each other, and the
data errors are randomized.
Note: - Interleaving period is 10,20,40 and 80 ms

Principle of Interleave Technology
Advantage:
Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the unexpected errors
Advance the correcting validity
Disadvantage:
Increase the processing delay
Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for the unexpected
error.

Encoding and Interleaving
UMTS Radio Theory

I.
II.
III.
IV.
3G services
Spectrum Planning
VI.Modulation
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Modulation of UMTS
Modulation
Definition:Modulation is the process where the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an electronic
or optical signal carrier is changed in order to transmit information.
Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve communication effectiveness
Classification:-
Analog Modulation (AM, FM & PM)

Digital Modulation (ASK, FSK & PSK)
UMTS Radio Theory

I.
II.
III.
IV.
3G services
Spectrum Planning

VI. Modulation

I. UMTS Data transmission process Procedure

UMTS Data transmission process Procedure
WCDMA Source Coding
Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency.

1. AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech
A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates.
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the RAN
depending on the system load and
Quality of the speech connections.
2. Video Phone Service
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain.
Includes: video codec, speech codec, data protocols,
multiplexing and etc.
AMR is compatible with current mobile communication system (GSM,

IS-95, PDC and so on), thus, it will make multi-mode terminal design easier.
UMTS Radio Theory

I.
II.
III.
IV.
3G services
Spectrum Planning

VI. Modulation

I.
UMTS Data transmission process Procedure


Convolutional Code
Mainly used in the voice channel and control signal channel
Coding rate is and 1/3.
Characteristics of Convolutional code:Easy decode

Short delay
Generally use the Viterbi Algorithm
Channel bit error rate is10 -3 magnitude
Suitable to realtime service
e.g. speech and video service.

Turbo Code
Used in Data service channel
Code Rate is 1/3
Can be implemented in the transmission for large block and long delay services
Turbo coding structure is based on two or more weak error control code
combinations. The information bits are interleaved in the two Encoder, and generate
two information flow. At last, this information can be multiplexed and punctured
Decoding needs cycle iterative calculation
Characteristics of Turbo Codes

Complex decoding
Use the LOG-MAP arithmetic
Channel bit error rate is 106 magnitude
Very suitable to non-realtime package service which is BER sensitive & delay
insensitive, e.g. WWW, FTP, E_mail, multimedia transmission
UMTS Radio Theory

I.
II.
III.
IV.
3G services
Spectrum Planning

VI. Modulation

III.Spreading Technology of UMTS


Spreading Process of UMTS
Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.
Bit, Symbol, Chip

Bit : data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading

Process Gain
For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of
video phone is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After
the spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
Process gain differs for each service.

If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power
for this service, then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signal, on other
hand determine the Identical and Orthogonal signals
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
Correlation is used to measure similarity of any two arbitrary signals. It is

computed by multiplying the two signals and then summing (integrating) the
result over a defined time windows. The two signals in figure (a) are identical and
therefore their correlation is 1 or 100 percent. In figure (b) , however, the two
signals are uncorrelated, and therefore knowing one of them does not provide any
information on the other.
Correlation
Cross Correlation: related to the multi-user interference characteristic
Auto Correlation: related to the multi-path interference characteristic
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
Coding
De-Coding

Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code

Channelization Code
Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1
horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is to
be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper
length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred as Walsh code.
Spreading code uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different subscriber
physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code tree illustrated in the following
diagram.
Spreading code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of the code,
and k is the sequence of code, 0kSF-1. Each level definition length of code tree is SF
spreading code, and the left most value of each spreading code character is corresponding
to the chip which is transmitted earliest.
WCDMA Channelization Code

Purpose of Channelization Code
For uplink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical
channels of one connection
For downlink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different
connections in a cell
For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice services
maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier;
For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there are 32
voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.
WCDMA Scrambling Code Gold Sequence

Scrambling codes Properties
38 400 chip long sequences
Repeated every 10 ms
Coming from Pseudo Noise sequences
For uplink, Scrambling code (Gold sequence) is used to separate different connection
For downlink, Scrambling code (Gold sequence) is used to separate different cell
Scrambling code sequence Generator
I.
II.
Gold sequence is made by two m sequence.

m sequence is generate by a series of shift-registers, and the period is 2n-1, here n
is the length of the shift-registers.

Characteristic of Scrambling code
There are 224 Uplink Scrambling Codes, they are used to distinguish different users
in one cell.
There are 218 -1 Downlink Scrambling Codes, used to distinguish different cells
Scrambling codes usually used are the first 8192 codes, which are code 01
8191. They are divided into 512 aggregations each aggregation has 1
primary scrambling code (PSC) and 15 secondary scrambling codes (SSC).
The 512 primary scrambling codes are divided further into 64 primary
scrambling code groups , with 8 primary scrambling codes in each group.

Numbering rule for Downlink Scrambling Codes
WCDMA Code Functions
Channelization code :
for separation of physical channels in the uplink and separation of users
in the downlink
Scrambling code :
for separation of users/terminals in the uplink and cells/sectors in the
downlink.
Spreading code & scrambling code
Cchspread code
Relative to service rateextended to 3.84Mchips/s
A kind of orthogonal code
Cscramblingscrambling code
Have no effect on signal bandwidth
Downlink for identifier celluplink identifier terminal
A pseudo-random sequence
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Spreading and Despreading


During the process of receiving the expected correct signal that belongs to the
subscriber, complete synchronous despreading codes are adopted for the despreading
operation. After obtaining the despreading data, the correlation receiver integrates the
resulting products, then get the integration data.
Signals of other subscribers using different spreading codes are actually the interference
signals to the first subscriber. In this case, multiply the signals and the despreading code of
the first subscriber to get the despreading signal, and then perform integration. Finally, an
interference signal with a signal value fluctuating along with 0 will be got. It can be
viewed that the signal amplitude of the subscriber increases by 8 times than that of the
other interference systems in average. That is to say, the correlation detection increases the
expected subscriber signal by the multiple of spreading factor value within the
interference of CDMA system. This effect is called Processing Gain, and it is the basic
characteristic of the spreading system. Elementarily, this kind of correlation receivers are
adopted for the BTS and UE in theWCDMA system. Because the existence of multi-path
propagation and multi receiving antennas, multiple correlation receivers are necessary for
retrieving the signal energy from all the paths or antennas. And the collection of these
correlation receivers forms the CDMA RAKE receiver.

Processing Gain
PG=Wc/Rb (Where Wc : Chip rate , Rb : Service bit rate)

Transmitter/receiver can obtain gain after spread/despread
The narrower original signal bandwidth, the larger Pg , the better
The higher PG, the more anti-interference capability system has.

Relation between Eb/N0 and PG
UMTS Radio Theory

I.
II.
III.
IV.
3G services
Spectrum Planning

VI. Modulation

IV.Modulation of UMTS
Modulation of UMTS
Modulation Overview
Modulation of UMTS
Modulation Overview
Modulation of UMTS
Modulation Overview
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying . Phase shift keying in which four
different phase angles are used.
Modulation of UMTS
Modulation Overview
Modulation Methods in UMTS
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA
Modulation of UMTS
Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram
Principle of RAKE Receiver

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the
receive performance of the system
When WCDMA systems were designed for cellular systems, the inherent wide bandwidth signals with their orthogonal
Walsh functions were natural for implementing a RAKE receiver. InWCDMA system, the bandwidth is wider than the
coherence bandwidth of the cellular. Thus, when the multi-path components are resolved in the receiver, the signals from
each tap on the delay line are uncorrelated with each other. The receiver can then combine themusing any of the combining
schemes. The WCDMA system then uses the multi-path characteristics of the channel to its advantage to improve the
operation of the system.
Principle of RAKE Receiver
I.
II.
The RAKE receiver take advantage of multi-path diversity

The RAKE receiver processes the received signal
Identify the time delay positions at which significant energy arrives
Allocate correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks
Within each Rake finger, track the fast-changing phase and amplitude values
Adjust the phase, remove the values originating from fast-fading
Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all active fingers
Present them to the decoder for further processing
III. This processing is called Maximal Ratio Combining
WCDMA Signal Demodulation process
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By Eng: Mohammed Eltayib

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third

UMTS Radio Theory

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

UMTS Radio Theory

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

Multiple Access Technologies

UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

3G Services Radio Transmission Technology Requirements

UMTS Radio Theory

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

II. Multiple Access Technologies

UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Multiple Access Technologies

TDD ( Time division duplex,

FDD Frequency division duplex, Such as

Multiple Access Technologies

Each pair of users enjoys a

Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple Access Technologies

I. Users are distinguished by scrambling codes and OVSF codes

UMTS Radio Theory

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

UMTS Radio mechanism

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Main Operating Frequency Band

UMTS Radio Theory

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

UMTS Radio mechanism

Concept of Orthogonal Code

Orthogonal: the result

Example of orthogonal code

Example of orthogonal code

Spreading Communication Characteristics

I. High anti-multi-path-interference capability

UMTS Radio Theory

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

V. Coding And Interleave Technology

UMTS Radio mechanism

Coding And Interleave Technology

Coding And Interleave Technology

Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the original data

Channel coding Types

Example of Convolutional Coding

Coding And Interleave Technology

Coding And Interleave Technology

In channel coding , there is another technology named interleaving. Communications over

Note: - Interleaving period is 10,20,40 and 80 ms

Coding And Interleave Technology

Coding And Interleave Technology

UMTS Radio Theory

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

V. Coding And Interleave Technology

UMTS Data transmission Procedure

Analog Modulation (AM, FM & PM)

UMTS Radio Theory

The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication

V. Coding And Interleave Technology

UMTS Radio mechanism