I.

Concepts
Saponification is a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium hydroxide to
produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt, called 'soap. Lipids that contain fatty acid ester linkages can
undergo hydrolysis. This reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid or base. Saponification is the alkaline
hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters.
The primary purpose of soap is to cleanse, but it should also sooth the skin and help it remain healthy.
Soap is a substance that cleans off dirt when used in the presence of water. In its most common forms, it
will produce bubbles, feel slippery, and remove oils, odors, and smudges from our skin. It leaves us
feeling clean and often smells nice to boot. Soaps are usually composed of two main ingredients, which
are alkali and animal or vegetable fat. Most soap on the market also contains synthetic ingredients or
alcohols.

II. Schematic Diagram

lye

lye water with oil

First step: Put

water in the
Second step: Putting the oil in a container

Fourth step:
Third step: Mix the mixture well

Mixing the

III. Analysis and Synthesis of Laboratory Results

For this activity, the students have to make a soap using the process Saponification. First of all
the student must gather all the ingredients and equipments in making soap. Then put the oil in a plastic
container and for 11 ounces of lye(sodium hydroxide) use nearly 33 ounces of water to mix it. Remember
to add lye to water and not vice versa. Be very cautious as lye emits lot of heat and fumes when mixed
with water. Therefore, mix the lye and water in an open place as the fumes can be dangerous when
inhaled, consequently stir the lye water till it is clear. After that add the lye mixture to the fats carefully
and slowly. Use a spoon to mix the solution while you are pouring lye. Stir the mixture well using a stick
blender and spoon alternately for short spans. The texture of this mixture is about change some time; say
in about 5 minutes. Measure out the fragrance and add it to this mixture and stir again with a spoon and
add 1 oz. coloring dye if you want to add some color to the bland soap mixture. Lastly pour the mixture
into the plastic molds immediately and let it cool down. Let the mixture sit at room temperature for 24
hours. You will know that the mixture has condensed if its temperature has dropped down to the room
temperature. It may be still a little warm to touch, which is fine. Remove the soap bars from the molds.
They should pop right off, but you may need to twist the tray a little so that they may come off. Based on
our conclusion mixture of lye(sodium hydroxide) and oil can make soap. Sodium hydroxide reacts with
water making it hot.

IV. Conclusion
We therefore conclude that Saponification

Preliminary
Technical Analysis
Submitted by:
Troy Patrick D.S. Malvar
Jose Alberto Z. Bautista
Dane Mark C. Ilagan
Earl Mathew A.Mag-alasin
Hilary Pearl F. Fesalbon
Charlou Andrea S. Gutierrez
Monina Chantille Martinez
Kym Caris P. Natividad
IV Becquerel
Submitted to:
Mr. Patron