Stochastic Models

Eidgenssische
Technische Hochschule
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Lecture 4:
4. Stochastic Channel Models

Contents:
Radio channel simulation
Stochastic modelling
COST 207 model
CODIT model
Turin-Suzuki-Hashemi model
Saleh-Valenzuela model
Stochastic Models
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4. Stochastic Channel Models

Contents (contd):
WAND model
Spencer-Jeffs-Jensen-Swindlehurst model
IEEE 802.11 model
3GPP Stochastic Channel Model
Stochastic Models
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The importance of stochastic channel modelling

Main application fields of stochastic channel models:
Design and optimization of communication systems:
- Design of the constituents of communication systems
- Optimization of the behaviour and performance of these constituents
- Analytical or simulation-based investigations of the performance of these
constituents
Monte Carlo simulations for system performance assessment

- Link-level simulations (today)
- System-level simulations (today)
- Simulation of cooperative networks (coming soon)
in complex scenarios as close as possible to real operation conditions
Stochastic channel models (SCMs) are crucial and indispensable tools in

the design of communication systems.
Stochastic Models
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The different approaches for channel simulations:
Stored Channel Models (ATDMA)
Measured space-variant or time-variant delay spread functions (SFs) are selected according to some specified criteria to form classes of so-called reference channels.
These delay SFs are stored and can be read on demand
for simulation purposes.
Example:
Reference space-variant delay SF in
an atypical microcellular urban
environments:
Stochastic Models
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The different approaches for channel simulations (contd):
Deterministic Channel Models
These models employ ray optical techniques (ray tracing, ray
launching combined with UTD method) to compute the delay SF
or the direction-delay SF using some more or less extensive geographical information (building
layout, electric properties of
walls and floors, etc.) about the
propagation environment under
consideration.
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The different approaches for channel simulations (contd):
Stochastic Channel Models (COST 207, CODIT)
- A parametric model for the delay SFs is derived.
- Realizations of the delay SF are then
generated according to specified
probability distributions of the model
parameters.
Example: COST 207 HT

g ( t ; )
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
- These probability distributions are

gathered by means of statistical
analyses of measurement data
collected during extensive measurement campaigns.
Stochastic Models
0.2
0
0
5
25
10
20
15
15
Delay [ s]
delay [mys]
10
5
20
Time t [ms]
real time [ms]
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Comparison of the different approaches:
Channel
simulation
approaches
Computational
expense
Intrinsic
variability of the
models
Retained channel
features
Challenge
High
(storage)
Low
(=number of
stored channels)
All
Choice of the
appropriate
selection criteria
Deterministic
channel models
High
(identification of
the dominant
propagation
paths)
Medium
(=number of
environments
considered)
Part of them
(ray optical
methods are not
exact)
Identification of
the dominant
prop. paths +
accurate method
for computing
the path weights
Stochastic
channel models
Low
High
(probability
distributions)
Part of them
(depending on the
model used)
Incorporate all
relevant channel
features
Reference
channels
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Features to be incorporated into SCMs:
Environment:
Type of environment
Frequency range
Stochastic
channel model
Transceiver characteristics:
Trajectory, velocity
Bandwidth
Antenna (array) types
Stochastic Models
Short-term fluctuations:
Fast fading
Channel dispersion
Delay
Direction of departure
Direction of incidence
Doppler frequency
Polarization
Short range/term (fast)
fading
Long-term fluctuations:
Path loss
Shadowing
Transitions
Delay drift
Drift in directions
Birth & death of paths
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Requirements for SCMs:
Completeness
SCMs must reproduce all effects that impact on the performance of communication systems.
=> Guarantee simulation scenarios close to reality
=> Full basis for system comparisons
Accuracy
SCMs must accurately describe these effects.
=> Realistic results from analytical and/or simulation-based investigations
Simplicity/low complexity
Each effect must be described by a simple model.
=> Enable theoretical study of some particular system aspects and performance
=> Tractable computational effort to simulate the channel in Monte Carlo simulations
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Approach for SCM:
Specification of
the area type
additional system parameters (array characteristics,
mobile velocity, etc.)
Software package generating a specific parametric system function of the channel, e.g.
g ( t ; )
g i ( t ) ( i ( t ) )
i=1
Statistical processing of data obtained from

extensive measurement campaigns in the
identified areas
Estimation of the probability density functions of the parameters occurring in the
parametric system function
Realizations of the system function,

e.g. g ( t ; )
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Model for g i ( t ) :
Specular part:
g i, c ( t ) = h i, c exp ( j2 i t )
( ST )
gi
i : Doppler frequency
( t ) = g i, c ( t ) + g i, d ( t )
Diffuse part:
g i, d ( t ) is a WSS zero-mean circular symmetric complex Gaussian process specified by its ACF R i ( t )
or equivalently its (Doppler) spectrum P i ( ) :
R i ( t )
Stochastic Models
Pi ( )
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Model for g i ( t ) (contd):
Long-term fluctuations (path loss & shadowing effect):
g i ( t ) = 10
L(t )
---------10
L i ( vt )
-----------------10
( ST )
10
gi (t )
L ( t ) : time-dependent path loss computed from one of the models

presented in Lecture 3.
L i ( d ) : real zero-mean Gaussian process with ACF R Li ( d ) .
Usually,
2
R Li ( d ) = exp ( d )
Stochastic Models
: standard deviation of L i ( d )
= 6 8 dB
: decorrelation length
Small macrocells: = 5 8m
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Models for i ( t ) :
i ( t ) = i
where { 1, 2, , i, } is a specified random point process.
Long-term fluctuations:
i ( t ) = i + i ( t )
where { 1, 2, , i, } is the above random point process and { i ( t ) }
is a sequence of random processes describing the drift of the components in
the time-variant SF on the delay axis.
Stochastic Models
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COST 207 model

Main characteristics:
Cell type
Macrocell
Area
Typical non-hilly urban (TU), bad hilly urban (BU)

Non-hilly rural area (RA), hilly terrain (HT)
Frequency range
Around 1 GHz
Time-variant SF
g ( t ; ) =
Input
Stochastic Models
P
---N
exp { j ( 2 i t + i ) } ( i )
i=1
Area type
Vehicle velocity
Number of components in g ( t ; )
Delay and Doppler resolution
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COST 207 model

Normalized delay-Doppler scattering function:
1
P n ( , ) --- P ( , )
P
P n ( , ) d d = 1 )
We can decompose P n ( , ) as
P n ( , ) = P n ( ) P n ( )
Normalized delay
scattering function
( P n ( ) P n ( , ) d )
Delay-dependent normalized
Doppler scattering function
The COST 207 models are specified by the two functions:

Pn ( )
Pn ( )
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COST 207 model

Normalized delay scattering function:
Typical urban non-hilly area (TU):
Pn ( )
MS
Local
scattering
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
exp ( ) ; 0 [ s ] 7
Pn ( )
0
;
elsewhere
Stochastic Models
0.2
0
0
[s]
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COST 207 model

Normalized delay scattering function (contd):
Typical bad urban hilly area (BU):
P n ( ) 0.7
0.6
v
MS
Local
scattering
Distant
scattering
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
exp ( )
; 0 [ s ] 5
P n ( ) 0.5 exp ( 5 ) ; 5
[ s ] 10
0
;
elsewhere
Stochastic Models
0.1
0
0
10
[s]
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COST 207 model

Typical rural non-hilly area (RA):
P n ( ) 10
9
MS
Local
scattering
7
6
5
4
3
2
exp ( 9.2 ) ; 0 [ s ] 0.7

Pn ( )
0
;
elsewhere
Stochastic Models
1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
[s]
0.5
0.6
0.7
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COST 207 model

Typical hilly terrain (HT):
Pn ( )
Local
scattering
MS
Distant
scattering
2.5
1.5
exp ( 3.5 ) ; 0 [ s ] 2
P n ( ) 0.1 exp ( 15 ) ; 15
[ s ] 20
0
;
elsewhere
Stochastic Models
0.5
0
0
10
[s]
12
14
16
18
20
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COST 207 model

Normalized Doppler scattering function:
CLASS (Clarkes Doppler spectrum) [ 0.5 s ]:
MS
Many scatterers
with nearly the
same features
uniformly distributed around
the MS
C ()
D
( D = 1 [Hz] )
CLASS
1
1
----------------------------------------- ;
< D

2
D 1 (v )
Pn ( ) =
D
0
; elsewhere
C ()
D
Stochastic Models
( D v )
0
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
[Hz]
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COST 207 model

Normalized Doppler scattering function (contd):
GAUS1 [ 0.5 s 2 s ]:
Two strong distant scatterers
v
P n( )
GAUS1
( D = 1 [Hz] )
MS
5
( ) 2
1
G ( ;a, 1, 2 ) a exp ----------------------
2
2 ( 2 )
P n ( ) G ( ;a 1, 0.8 D, 0.05 D )
+ G ( ;a 2, 0.4 D, 0.1 D )
a 2
with -----
= 10 dB
a
1 [dB]
Stochastic Models
0
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
[Hz]
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COST 207 model

GAUS2 [ s 2 ]:
Two strong distant scatterers
v
P n( )
( D = 1 [Hz] )
GAUS2
3.5
MS
2.5
P n ( ) G ( ;a 1, 0.7 D, 0.1 D )
+ G ( ;a 2, 0.4 D, 0.15 D )
a 2
with -----
= 15 dB
a
1 [dB]
Stochastic Models
1.5
0.5
0
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
[Hz]
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COST 207 model

P n( )
RICE:
LOS or reflected
component
MS
( D = 1 [Hz] )
Many scatterers with

nearly the same features uniformly distributed around the MS
0.91
0.5
0
1.5
0.5
1
0.41
--------------------------------- + 0.91 ( 0.7 D ) ;
------------ < D
2
D 1 ( v )2
Pn ( )
D
0
; elsewhere
Stochastic Models
RICE
1.5
0.5
1.5
[Hz]
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COST 207 model

Simulation issues:
Make use of the following result:
If the random variables 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, , N , N , N satisfy
the following properties:
the pairs ( i, i ) are independent with probability distribution
P n ( , ) ,
the phases i are independent and uniformly distributed over
[ 0, 2 ) ,
the sequences { ( i, i ) } and { i } are independent,
then for N sufficiently large, the scattering function of the simulated
channel is close to P ( , ) .
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COST 207 model

Simulated time-variant delay SF [TU]:
Pn ( ) = C ( )
D
1
( v =100 km/h, f = 900 MHz)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
Delay [ s]
25
20
4
15
5
10
6
delay [mys]
Stochastic Models
5
7
Time t [ms]
real time [ms]
Source: ETHZ, CTL, R. Heddergott
g ( t ; )
D = 83.3 Hz
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COST 207 model

Simulated time-variant delay SF [BU]:
Pn ( ) = C ( )
D
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
4
Delay [ s]
25
20
6
15
10
8
5
delay [mys]
Stochastic Models
10
Time t [ms]
real time [ms]
g ( t ; )
D = 83.3 Hz
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COST 207 model

Simulated time-variant delay SF [RA]:
Pn ( ) = C ( )
D
D = 83.3 Hz
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Delay [ s]
25
20
0.4
15
0.5
10
0.6
delay [mys]
Stochastic Models
5
0.7
Time t [ms]
real time [ms]
g ( t ; )
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COST 207 model

Simulated time-variant delay SF [HT]:
Pn ( ) = C ( )
D
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
5
Delay [ s]
25
10
20
15
15
10
5
delay [mys]
Stochastic Models
20
Time t [ms]
real time [ms]
g ( t ; )
D = 83.3 Hz
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COST 207 model

The COST 207 tables:
Example: BU
Tap Delay Power Power Doppler
[lin] [dB] spectrum
No
Tap Delay Power Power Doppler

[lin] [dB] spectrum
No
0.0
0.20
-7
CLASS
3.2
0.20
-7
GAUS2
0.2
0.50
-3
CLASS
5.0
0.79
-1
GAUS2
0.4
0.79
-1
CLASS
6.0
0.63
-2
GAUS2
0.8
1.00
GAUS1
10
7.2
0.20
-7
GAUS2
1.6
0.63
-2
GAUS1
11
8.2
0.10
-10
GAUS2
2.2
0.25
-6
GAUS2
12
10.0
0.03
-15
GAUS2
Delay spread: = 2.5 s

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COST 207 model

The COST 207 tables (contd):
Delay scattering function for the BU model:
1.0
0.5
0
Stochastic Models
10
[ s]
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COST 207 model

Comment:
!! The delays are regularly spaced !!
i.e., i = m i with m i integer and = 0.2s .
-> The transfer function is periodic (with period = 5 MHz)
-> The parameter settings in the COST 231 tables are not appropriate for
investigating the performance of systems which exploit channel
frequency selectivity,
e.g. GSM with frequency hopping.
Solution:
Choose an irregularly spacing of the delays or randomly select them.
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COST 207 model

Frequency hopping:
Real channel frequency transfer function:
H( f )
B c = 0.2
B1
B2
B 1'
B 2'
Transfer function of the COST 207 channel:

1
-----
H( f )
B1
Stochastic Models
B2
B 1'
B 2'
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CODIT model
Cell type
Macro-, micro, picocell
Area
Macrocell: urban, suburban, suburban hilly

rural, rural hilly
Microcell: dense urban linear street, town square, industrial area
Indoor: floor cell in buildings, corridor,
large and very large rooms
Frequency band
2 GHz range
Up to 20 MHz signal bandwidth
Time-variant SF
g ( t ; )
g i ( t ) ( i ( t ) )
i=1
Input
Stochastic Models
Area type
Vehicle velocity
System bandwidth
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CODIT model
Short-term variations of g i ( t ) :
i, c
i,
xxxxxxx
xxxxxxx
J
v
v
( ST )
g i ( t ) = h i, c exp j2 --- cos ( i, c ) t + h i, j exp j2 --- cos ( i, j ) t
jxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
=1
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Specular part
Diffuse part
h i, c = i, c ,
arg { h i, c } uniformly distributed over [ 0, 2 )
1 2
h i, j N 0, --- i, d
J
E[ g ( t ) 2 ] = i, c + i, d i : mean power of the i th component

i
2
( i, c i, d ) : coherent to diffuse power ratio of the i th component

Stochastic Models
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CODIT model
Probability distribution of the azimuths i, c and i, j :
p i, j ( )
i, j
Scatterer i
i, c
MS
i, j
Stochastic Models
N ( i, c, 0.15 2[radian] )
i, c
mod2
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CODIT model
Long-term variations of g i ( t ) :
g i ( t ) = zi ( t )
( ST )
gi (t )
Term describing the

long-term fluctuations
Shadowing effects:
zi ( t )
2 v
z i ( t ) 1 + z i cos ------ --- t + i
qi
i : Random variable uniformly distributed over [ 0, 2 )

Stochastic Models
2z i
qi
-------------(v )
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CODIT model
Long-term variations of g i ( t ) (contd):
Emergence of the components:
1
------------------------------ ; vt z
6
z
z i ( t ) 1 + vt
-------------
5
1
; vt > z
zi ( t )
1
zv
Fading of the components:
1
------------------------------ ; vt z
6
z
z i ( t ) 1 + vt
-------------
5
1
; vt < z
zi ( t )
1
zv
z is a random variable uniformly distributed over [ 50, 70 ] .

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CODIT model
Short-term variations of i ( t ) :
i ( t ) = i
Long-term variations of i ( t ) :
i ( t )
2 v
i ( t ) = i + i 1 + cos ------ --- t + i

pi
i : Random variable uniformly distributed over [ 0, 2 )
Stochastic Models
2 i
i
pi
-------------(v )
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CODIT model
Selection of the parameters of g ( t ; ) :
The number N of components depends on the area type but is fixed for a
given area, N max = 20.
J = 100
The parameters
2
i ,
( i, c i, d ) , i, c, z i, q i, i, i, p i describing the
behaviour of the components of g i ( t ) are random variables specified by

probability distributions.
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CODIT model
Setting Tables:
Example: Suburban hilly environment:
2 2
Stochastic Models
i [s ]
z i
qi
pi
i [ns ]
i = 1
i
E [ hi ]
-------------------------2
Var [ h i ] i
Source: CODIT Report: Final Propagation Model

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CODIT model
Setting Tables (contd):
Source: CODIT Report: Final

Propagation Model
Example: Power delay spectrum generated with the previous table:
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CODIT model
Example: Microcell LOS Area:
Evolution of the corresponding
delay scattering function
Contour plot of a realization of g ( d ; ) :
Power [dB]
Distance d [ ]
d = 80
Delay
[ns]
d = 0
Delay
[ns]

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CODIT model
Example: Indoor Picocell LOS Area:
Evolution of the corresponding
delay scattering function
Power [dB]
Distance d [ ]
Contour plot of a realization of g ( d ; ) :
Delay
[ns]
Delay
[ns]

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Cell type
Macro-, micro- and picocell

(by appropriately setting the probability densities of model parameters)
Area
Urban
Frequency range
500MHz -1GHz
Time-invariant delay SF
g ( t ; ) = h ( ) =
hi ( i )
i=1
Main features
Stochastic Models
Time-invariant
Clustering of the components in h ( ) is reproduced by modelling
the sequence { i } as a Poisson point process or a modification
thereof.
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Modelling { i } as a Poisson point process:
{ i } is a Poisson point process with rate ( ):
()
( T ) ( ) d
T
(T )
T
1
i 1 i
N T : Number of points in the time interval T

n
(T )
=
P[ N T = n ] --------------- exp ( ( T ) )
n!
Stochastic Models
[ E[ N T ] = Var[ N T ] = ( T ) ]
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Modelling { i } as a homogeneous Poisson point process:
() =
In this case, the delay differences i i 1 are independent random
variables which are (identically) exponentially distributed with parameter :
Probability density of i i 1 :
pi i 1 ( )
p i i 1 ( ) = exp ( )
Drawback of the Poisson model:

It does not describe sufficiently accurately the clustering of the components
as observed in measured delay SFs.
Stochastic Models
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Estimated rates in outdoor environments:
Source: Paper by Turin at al.
1ft 1ns
Stochastic Models
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Modelling { i } as a modified Poisson point process:
The rate ( ) depends on the random sequence { i } in the following way:
()
s
0()
h( )
Stochastic Models
cs ( )
s
The basic rate 0 ( ) is multiplied by a factor c s

during a predetermined relaxation interval s at
each i :
c s > 1 : Clustering effect
c s = 1 : Poisson point process
c s < 1 : Isolated delay points
Values for s and i (macrocell):
s = 100 ns (arbitrarily selected)
3 4
Clustering effect
( cs > 1 )
0.1 < c s < 3 (estimated from measurements)
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Probability distribution of the coefficients h i :
The distribution of the amplitude h i is log-normal,
i.e. 20 log ( h i ) is a Gaussian random variable with a mean h and a
standard deviation h . Both quantities depend on i .
The phase arg { h i } is uniformly distributed over [ 0, 2 ) .
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Probability distribution of the coefficients h i (contd):
Two examples showing the behaviour of h ( ) and h ( ) for macrocells:
h ( ) + h ( )
h ( )
h ( ) + h ( )
h ( ) h ( )
h ( )
h ( ) h ( )
Excess delay [ns]
Excess delay [ns]

Source: Paper by Turin at al.
Stochastic Models
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Main characteristics:b
Cell type
Picocell
Area
Indoor
Frequency range
Around 1GHz
Time-invariant delay SF
g ( t ; ) = h ( ) =
J (i)
h i, j ( i, j )
i=0j=0
Cluster index
Main features
Index for the components

within the clusters
Static model
The clustering of the components in h ( ) is reproduced by modelling the sequence { i, j } as a concatenation of two Poisson point
processes
Stochastic Models
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Modelling { i, j } as a concatenation of two Poisson point processes:
xxxxxxx
h 0, 0
h 0, 2
0, 1
xxxxxxxxxxx
h 1, 1
h 1, 0
h 0, 3
1, 2
1 1, 1
0
0
,
2
0
,
3
= 0, 0
= 1, 0
h 0, 1
h 1, 2
Cluster #i
Cluster #2
h()
Cluster #1
xxxxxxx
h i, 1
h i, 2
=
i, 0
i
h i, 0 i, 1
i, 2
h i, 1
= i, 0
i
h i, 0
Stochastic Models
h i, 2
i, 1 i, 2
i, 1
i, 2
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Modelling { i, j } as a concatenation of two Poisson point processes:
Cluster delays { i } : (i) 0 = 0
(ii) { i ;i = 1, 2, , N } : Poisson process with
rate .
Delays within cluster i :
(i) i, 0 = i ,..., i, j i + i, j ; j = 1, 2, , J ( i )
(ii) { i, 1, i, 2, } : Poisson process with rate .
Experimentally obtained values for and :
1 = 200 300 ns
1 = 5 10 ns
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Probability distribution of the coefficients h i, j:
Conditioned on i, j , h i, j is a complex zero-mean circular-symmetric
Gaussian random variable with variance:
2
h ( i, j ) E [ h i,
2
2
j
i, j ] = h exp ( i ) exp ( i, j )
h exp ( )
2
h
Experimental values for and :
exp ( i ) exp ( ( i ) )
h ( i, j )
= 60 ns
= 5 10 ns
i, j
i
Stochastic Models
i, j
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WAND model
Include before --- Main characteristics:
Cell type
Picocell
Area
Indoor
Application range
2, 5, and 17 GHz bands
Time-variant azimuthdelay SFSF
Nt
g ( t ;, )
g i ( t ) ( i ) ( i ( t ) )
i=1
Nt
Input
Stochastic Models
g ( t ; ) = g i ( t ) ( i ( t ) )
i=1
Area type: small, large rooms, factory halls, corridors
Velocity of the mobile station
55
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Local dispersion:
Azimuth-delay spread function:
N
h ( , )
h i ( i ) ( i )
i=1
where
N is a Poisson distributed random variable.
{ i } : sequence of independent, uniformly distributed random azimuths
{ i } : sequence of independent, exponentially distributed random delays with
common expectation E [ i ] = d .
{ h i } : sequence of independent, zero-mean complex Gaussian random amplitudes with individual variance
E [ hi
Stochastic Models
i = , i = ] exp { a }
56
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Local dispersion (contd):
Short term time-variant delay SF:
( ST )
( t ; )
i=1
h i exp { j2 i t } ( i )
gi(t )
v
with i --- cos ( i ) denoting the Doppler frequency.
Stochastic Models
57
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Local scattering function (contd):
Local azimuth-delay scattering function:
2
P L ( , ) E L [ h ( , ) ]
N
h i ( i ) ( i )
i=1
Local delay scattering function:

PL() EL[ g
N
( ST )
( t ; ) ]
hi ( i )
i=1
Stochastic Models
58
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Global scattering function:
Global azimuth-delay scattering function:
P ( , ) E [ P L ( , ) ]
exp { }
Global delay scattering function:
P() E[ PL()]
exp { }
with delay spread
=
Stochastic Models
1
( a
1 1
d )
59
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Local versus global delay scattering function:
10
local PDS (one realization)
average of 1000 local PDS
global PDS
Power
10
15
20
25
30
35
50
100
150
200
Delay
Stochastic Models
250
300
350
[ns]
60
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Fluctuations of the number of impinging waves:
t 3
(3)
t 1
(1)
( n )
t 2
(2)
t1 t2
t3 t4
t n + 1
t n
t n 1
tn 1 tn tn + 1
Birth times: { t n } : Uniform Poisson process with rate ( b ) .

Live times: { t n } : Independent and identically, exponentially distributed
random variables with expectation E [ t n ] = l .
Stochastic Models
61
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Fluctuations of the number of impinging waves (contd):
Let N t number of active components in g ( t ; ) at time t .
Nt
t
Stochastic Models
62
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
N t is a Poisson distributed random variable with expectation
l
E [ N t ] = -----b
Stochastic Models
63
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Example of a realization of N t : ( E [ N t ] = 10 )
20
14
one realization
average of 500 realizations
18
12
16
Nt
14
Number of paths M
Time (s)
10
12
10
4
4
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
10
15
Time (s)
Delay (ns)
Stochastic Models
64
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Long-term variations of g i ( t ) :
( ST )
g i ( t ) = zi ( t ) g i
(t)
Transition function:
zi ( t )
1
ti
Stochastic Models
t i
t i + t i
65
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Selected shape for z i ( t ) :
t t i
z i ( t ) z ---------- t i
with the pattern function
z(t )
Cosine shape
1
15
Stochastic Models
35
15
t
66
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Example of a realization of the long-term fluctuations of the instantaneous
power of the components g i ( t ) :
Power relative to maximum (dB)
Instantaneous power of g i ( t ) :
5
10
zi ( t ) hi
15
20
15
25
10
30
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Time (s)
Delay (ns)
Stochastic Models
67
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Long-term variations of i ( t ) :
i
i ( t ) = i ---- [ t ( t i + t i 2 ) ]
f
v
where i = --- cos ( i ) is the Doppler shift of the i th component.
Stochastic Models
68
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Long-term variations of i ( t ) (contd):
Example of a realization of the long-term fluctuations of the relative delays:
14
12
Time (s)
10
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Delay (ns)
Stochastic Models
69
Eidgenssische
Zrich
WAND model
Example of a realization of a time-variant delay SF:
Relative amplitude (lin)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
15
0.2
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Time (s)
Delay (ns)
Stochastic Models
70
Eidgenssische
Zrich
Spencer-Jeffs-Jensen-Swindlehurst Model
Cell type
Picocell
Area
Indoor
Time-invariant azimuthdelay SF
h( , ) =
J (i)
h i, j ( i, j ) ( i, j )
i=0j=0
Cluster index
Component azimuth
of incidence
Index of the components

within the clusters
Main features
Stochastic Models
Component delay
Time-invariant
The model is an extension of the model by Saleh-Valenzuela to
include dispersion in azimuth of arrival. The concept of double
Poisson process is maintained.
71
Eidgenssische
Zrich
Stochastic model for{ i, j }:
Cluster delays { i } : (i) 0 = 0
(ii) { i ;i = 1, 2, , N } : Independent uniformly
distributed over [ 0, 2 ) .
Delays within cluster i :
(i) i, j i + i, j , j = 0, 1, 2, , J ( i ), i = 1, , N ;
(ii) { i, j ; j = 1, , J ( i ) } : Independent, Laplace( ( i ) );
(iii){ { i, j ; j = 1, , J ( i ) } ;i = 1, , N }: independent sets
Stochastic Models
72
Eidgenssische
Zrich
Probability density function of i, j [ = 26 ]:
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
200
Stochastic Models
150
100
50
[ ]
50
100
150
200
73
Eidgenssische
Zrich
Additional independence assumption:
The following three sets of random variables
{ i, i, j ; j = 0, 2, , J ( i ), i = 1, , N }
{ i ;i = 1, , N }
{ i, j ; j = 0, 2, , J ( i ), i = 1, , N }
are independent.
Estimates the model parameters [Building 1, Building 2]:
Stochastic Models
= 34ns, 78ns
= 29ns, 82 ns
1 = 17ns, 17 ns
1 = 5ns, 7 ns
= 26, 22
74
Eidgenssische
Zrich
IEEE 802.11 Model

Cell type
Picocell (indoor and outdoor)
Area
Application range
2 and 5 GHz bands
Model (M) B (delay spread: 15ns): residential LOS/NLOS

M C (30ns): Small office NLOS, typical offices LOS
M D (50ns): Typical office NLOS, large office LOS
M E (100ns): Large office NLOS, large spaces (indoor & outdoor) LOS
M F (150ns): Large space (indoor & outdoor), NLOS
Biazimuth-delay SF
h( 1, 2, ) =
J (i)
hi, j ( 1, 2, )
i=1j=1
Input
Area type
Velocity of the mobile station
Feature
The model is inspired from the Spencer-Jeffs-Jensen-Swindlehurst model
Stochastic Models
75
Eidgenssische
Zrich
IEEE 802.11 Model

Stochastic properties of the biazimuth delay SF:
N
J (i)
h( 1, 2, ) =
hi, j ( 1, 2, )
i=1j=1
hi, j ( 1, 2, ) : complex uncorrelated process

2
E [ hi, j ( 1, 2, ) ] = ( i, j ) f
( i ) ( 1
1, i ) f
( i, j )
i,
= n i, j
= 10ns
f ( ) exp ( 2 )
Stochastic Models
( i ) ( 2
2, i )
n i, j integer
180 < 180 (Laplace)
76
Eidgenssische
Zrich
IEEE 802.11 Model

Stochastic properties of the biazimuth-delay SF (contd):
The area-dependent parameters N , ( ) , 1 ( i ) , 2 ( i ) J ( i ) , n ij ,
j = 1, 2, , J ( i ), i = 1, , N are provided in tables.
Some illustrative figures:
Number of clusters I : B & C: 2; D: 3, E: 4; F: 6
Azimuth spread (departure) 1 : 14.4-55.2 deg
Azimuth spread (incidence) 2 : 14.4-55.0 deg
Number of paths/cluster J :
Cluster 1: 5-16; Cl. 2: 7-12; Cl. 3: 4-7; Cl. 4: 3-4; Cl. 5 & 6: 2
Comment:
The Kronecker factorization applies to the proposed MIMO (narrow-band)
transfer matrix, which is inconsistent with the above model
Stochastic Models
77
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Cell type
Macrocell (BS-BS spacing 3km), Microcell (< 1 km)
Area
Urban macro- (U-Ma) and microcell (U-Mi), suburban macrocell (S-Ma)
Frequency range
2 GHz-band
Biazimuth-Dopplerdelay SF
h ( 1, 2, , ) =
n=1
h n ( 1, 2, , ) =
=
Pn s M
------------
M
h n ( 1, 2, , )
Cluster index
Subpath index
G 1 ( 1, n, m ) G 2 ( 2, n, m ) exp ( j2 n, m )x
m=1
( 1 1, n, m ) ( 2 2, n, m ) ( n, m ) ( n, m )
v
n, m = ------- cos ( 2, n, m )
v
Stochastic Models
78
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Main features
Stochastic Models
N = 6 clusters
Uplink-downlink reciprocity
Site-to-site correlated shadowing with 0.5 correlation coefficient
Further options:
- Per-path polarization
- Bad urban scenario with 5th and 6th paths allocated as far clusters
- LOS scenario (microcell only) specified by a K -factor:
K ( d ) = 13 0.03d [dB] ( d : distance base station - mobile station)
- Urban canyon (modification of the angles of arrival)
79
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Characteristics of one-bounce clusters:
Cluster n
2,n
Subpath (n, m)
1,n
2,n,m
1,n,m
v
2,n
2
1,n
1
v
Mobile station
Base station
Stochastic Models
80
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Parameters:
Environment parameters:
Distance BS-MS d and azimuths 1, 2 from one station to the other
[determined from the cell layout]
MS velocity direction: v uniformly distributed over [ 0, 2 )
Path loss and shadowing
Path loss:
- Macrocell: Hata model
- Microcell: COST231-Walfish-Ikegami model
Shadowing s :
2
- Macrocell: 10 log ( s ) Gauss ( 0, s ) , with s = 8 [ dB ]

- Microcell: 10 log ( s ) = 4dB (LOS); 10dB (NLOS)
Stochastic Models
81
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Global spread factors:
Delay spread:
E [ ] : S-Ma: 170ns; U-Ma: 650ns; U-Mi: 251ns
Macrocell:
2
log ( ) Gauss ( , )
- Suburban: = 6.80 , = 0.288
- Urban: = 6.18 , = 0.180
Stochastic Models
82
Eidgenssische
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3GPP SCM
Global spread factors (contd):
Azimuth spread at BS site
E [ 1 ] : S-Ma: 5 ; U-Ma: 8 , 15 ; U-Mi: 19
Macrocell:
log ( 1 ) Gauss ( 1,
2
1 )
- Suburban: 1 = 0.69 , 1 = 0.13

- Urban, E [ 1 ] = 8 : 1 = 0.81 , 1 = 0.34
- Urban, E [ 1 ] = 15 : 1 = 1.18 , 1 = 0.21
Azimuth spread at MS site:
E [ 2 ] = 68 (all areas)
Stochastic Models
83
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Correlation between the log-Global-factors in macrocells:
Intrasite correlation coefficients:
- log ( ) and log ( 1 ) : +0.5
- 10 log ( s ) and log ( 1 ) : -0.6
- 10 log ( s ) and log ( ) : -0.6
Intersite correlation of shadowing: 0.5 correlation coefficient
The four above quantities are random with a joint Gaussian law specified
by
- their expectations , 1 , s = 0
2
- their variances , 1 , s
- their correlation coefficients as above specified
- non-specified correlation coefficients are zero
Stochastic Models
84
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Clustering:
Number of clusters: N = 6
Number of subpaths per cluster: M = 20
Path weights:
Unnormalized mean-squared weights:
n 10
P n = exp ( n ) 10
n Gaussian ( 1, 3 ) (lognormal
per-path shadowing)
Normalized mean-squared weights: P n = P' n P' n'
Stochastic Models
85
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Path delays:
Macrocell
- ' 1, ' 2, , ' N Exp ( ' ) , independent, with ' =
- = 1.4 (S-Ma); 1.7 (U-Ma)
Microcell
- ' 1, ' 2, , ' N Uniform ( [ 0, 1.2 ]s ) , independent
' ( 1 ) ' ( 2 ) ' ( N ) (ordering)
n = ' ( n ) ' ( 1 ) , n = 1, , N
Subpath characteristics:
Phases: n, m Uniform ( [ 0, 2 ) )
Azimuths of departure 1, n, m and of incidence 2, n, m : Fixed, tabulated.
Stochastic Models
86
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Azimuth dispersion at the BS:
Per-path nominal azimuth:
-Macrocell:
2
1, n Gauss ( 0, ) with = 1 1
1
- Suburban: 1 = 1.2
- Urban: 1 = 1.3
- Microcell:
1, n Uniform ( 40, 40 )
Per-path azimuth spread:
- Macrocell: 1, n = 2
- Microcell: 1, n = 5
Stochastic Models
87
Eidgenssische
Zrich
3GPP SCM
Azimuth dispersion at the MS:
Per-path nominal azimuth:
2
2, n Gauss ( 0, , n )
2
The per-path azimuth spread , n is a monotone increasing function of

2
the path weight:

, n = 104.12 ( 1 exp ( 0.2175 10 log ( P n ) )
2
Per-path azimuth spread:

2, n = 35 (all areas)
Stochastic Models
88

Stochastic Models

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Eidgenssische

4. Stochastic Channel Models

4. Stochastic Channel Models

The importance of stochastic channel modelling

Monte Carlo simulations for system performance assessment

Stochastic channel models (SCMs) are crucial and indispensable tools in

Radio channel simulation

Radio channel simulation

Radio channel simulation

Example: COST 207 HT

- These probability distributions are

Radio channel simulation

Statistical processing of data obtained from

Realizations of the system function,

L ( t ) : time-dependent path loss computed from one of the models

COST 207 model

Typical non-hilly urban (TU), bad hilly urban (BU)

COST 207 model

The COST 207 models are specified by the two functions:

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

exp ( 9.2 ) ; 0 [ s ] 0.7

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

Many scatterers with

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

( v =100 km/h, f = 900 MHz)

real time [ms]

Source: ETHZ, CTL, R. Heddergott

COST 207 model

real time [ms]

Source: ETHZ, CTL, R. Heddergott

COST 207 model

real time [ms]

Source: ETHZ, CTL, R. Heddergott

COST 207 model

real time [ms]

Source: ETHZ, CTL, R. Heddergott

COST 207 model

Tap Delay Power Power Doppler

Delay spread: = 2.5 s

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

COST 207 model

Transfer function of the COST 207 channel:

Macro-, micro, picocell

Macrocell: urban, suburban, suburban hilly

E[ g ( t ) 2 ] = i, c + i, d i : mean power of the i th component

( i, c i, d ) : coherent to diffuse power ratio of the i th component

Term describing the

i : Random variable uniformly distributed over [ 0, 2 )

Fading of the components:

z is a random variable uniformly distributed over [ 50, 70 ] .

i ( t ) = i + i 1 + cos ------ --- t + i

i : Random variable uniformly distributed over [ 0, 2 )

behaviour of the components of g i ( t ) are random variables specified by

Source: CODIT Report: Final Propagation Model

Source: CODIT Report: Final

Example: Power delay spectrum generated with the previous table: