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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.C.O-3
izcaku flkar
(Management Theory)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- izcak osQ flkar dk;Z fu"ifr osQ ,d loZJs"B ekax ij osaQfnzr djrs gSa rFkk vkns'k uked izfr osQ gSaA D;k
vki bl fopkj ls lger gSaA dkj.k Li"V dhft, rFkk izcaku osQ flkarksa dh vko';drk dk o.kZu dhft,
mkjvkns'k dh ,drk dk flkUr (Principle of Unity of Command)bl flkUr osQ vuqlkj] ,d deZpkjh dks osQoy ,d gh

vfkdkjh ls vkns'k kIr gksus pkfg,aA tc ,d deZpkjh dks ,d ls vfkd vfkdkfj;ksa ls funsZ'k kIr gksrs gSa] rks os Hkze ,oa fookn dks tUe
nsrs gSaA bl flkUr dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd dksbZ Hkh deZpkjh ,d gh le; esa nks vfkdkfj;ksa dh lsok ugha dj ldrk gSA ,d ls vfkd
vfkdkfj;ksa }kjk vkns'k fn;s tkus ij deZpkjh lkSais x;s dk;Z dks mfpr :i ls iwjk ugha dj losQxk] mls vlqfokk gksxh] vfkdkj {kfrxzLr gksaxs]
vuq'kklu VwVsxk] O;oLFkk ,oa lqn`<+rk detksj iM+ tk;sxh o lEcUkksa esa dVqrk c<s+xhA

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cUk osQ flkUrksa dh vko';drk (Need for Principles of Management)owQUV~t] vks*Mksusy rFkk Ogsfjp osQ vuqlkj cak
osQ flkarksa dh fuEufyf[kr pkj dkj.kksa ls t:jr iM+rh gS %
(1) cUk dh dq'kyrk dh c<+kskjh (Improved Managerial Efficiency)cak osQ vuqHko&fl flkar u;s&u;s cakdksa dk
ekxZn'kZu djosQ mUgsa crykrs gSa fd veqd ifjfLFkfr esa vPNs ifj.kke kIr djus osQ fy, mUgsa D;k djuk pkfg,A QyLo:i] cak esa
vVdyckth] Hkwy o lqkkj] gM+cM+kgV tSlh leL;k ugha vkrhA cakd lHkh leL;kvksa ij lksp&le>dj rFkk vuqHkofl flkarksa osQ
vuqlkj fo'okl ls dke djrs gSaA
(2) cUk osQ Kku dk Li"Vhdj.k (Crystalisation of the Nature of Management)cak osQ flkarksa dk fodkl Lo;a cUk
osQ Kku dks O;ofLFkr] v;;u&;ksX; rFkk mi;ksx&;ksX; cuk nsrk gSA cak esa is'kkdj.k (Professionalisation of Management) dk mn;
cgqr dqN bu flkarksa dh ifjiDork dk ifj.kke gSA 'kkskdkkZ budk v;;u rFkk fo'ys"k.k djosQ bUgsa fujUrj lelkef;d
(contemporary) cuk;s j[kus esa enn nsrs gSa] rks u;s rFkk iqjkus cakd bu flkarksa dk mi;ksx djosQ budh lkFkZdrk dks dlkSVh ij
ij[krs jgrs gSaA
(3) cUkdh; 'kksk esa xfr (Improves Managerial Research)cUkdh; flkUrksa ls cUk osQ {ks=k esa gksus okys vuqlakku
o ijh{k.kksa osQ fy, ,d mi;qDr vkkkj rS;kj gks tkrk gS rFkk blls 'kkskdkkZ dks ekxZn'kZu kIr gksrk gSA
(4) lkekftd ms';ksa dh kfIr (Attainment of Social Goals)cUk osQ flkarksa dk fodkl cakdksa dks vius lkekftd
nkf;Ro osQ fr Hkh T;knk tkx:d rFkk fparu'khy cuk nsrk gSA cakd viuh Hkwfedk osQoy laxBu osQ Lokfe;ksa osQ fgrksa osQ laoZu
rd lhfer ugha j[krs] cfYd laxBu dh nh?kZdkyhu le`f] mlesa dke djus okys deZpkfj;ksa dh larqf"V] rFkk mldh lsok dk ykHk
mBkus okys xzkgdksa dh larqf"V osQ fodkl rFkk laoZu rd c<+k dj pyrs gSaA
iz'u 2- (d) vkns'kksa dk ikyu fd;k tk,xk ;fn os foosdiw.kZ gSA leh{kk dhft,A
mkj^funs'ku* cUk dk ,d egoiw.kZ dk;Z gS] ftlosQ ek;e ls laxBu osQ ms';ksa dks kIr fd;k tkrk gSA ^funs'ku* osQ vHkko
esa fu;kstu] laxBu o fu;qfDr;k lc vFkZghu gks tkrs gSa] D;ksafd vkns'k&funsZ'k osQ fcuk deZpkjh lgh <ax ls dke ugha dj ldrsA
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cUkdh; dk;ks esa funs'ku ls vk'k; vkhuLFkksa dk iFk&n'kZu rFkk i;Zos{k.k djuk gSA ,d ;ksX; lapkyd vius vkhuLFkksa dks
Hkkoiw.kZ ny osQ :i esa la;ksftr djosQ Js"B ifj.kke kIr djus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA funs'ku dk LFkku fu;kstu] laxBu ,oa fu;qfDr;ksa
osQ mijkUr] ijUrq fu;a=k.k ,oa fujh{k.k ls iwoZ gksrk gSA mfpr funs'ku osQ vHkko esa fu;kstu] laxBu ,oa fu;qfDr;k O;FkZ fl gksrh gSa
vr% fu;a=k.k ,oa fujh{k.k dk rks 'u gh ugha mBrkA

funs'ku vFkok lapkyu dh ifjHkk"kk,

(Definitions of Direction)

funs'ku dh dqN eq[k ifjHkk"kk, fuEuor~ gSa %

(1) fFk;ks gSeu osQ vuqlkj] funs'ku osQ vUrxZr ml f;k ,oa rduhdksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS] ftudk mi;ksx vkns'k
nsus rFkk ns[kus osQ fy, gksrk gS fd f;k,a ewy ;kstuk osQ vuq:i gks jgh gSaA funs'ku ,d ,slh f;k gS ftlosQ pkjksa vksj fu"iknu
?kwerk gSA ;g f;kvksa dk lkj gS rFkk leUo; vPNs cUkdh; funs'ku dk ,d vfuok;Z mi&mRikn gSA
(2) dw.V~t ,oa vks*Mksusy osQ vuqlkj] funs'ku dh ,d vPNh ifjHkk"kk vkhuLFkksa dk iFk&n'kZu rFkk i;Zos{k.k djuk gSA
(3) fepSy ts- T;wfl;l rFkk vU; osQ vuqlkj] funs'ku cUk dk laxBu dh ;kstukvksa dks f;k'khy :i esa iwjk djus osQ fy,
nkSM+kus dk dk;Z gSA

funs'ku osQ y{k.k vFkok fr

(Characteristics or Nature of Direction)
(1) cUk dk egoiw.kZ dk;Zfuns'ku cUk dk egoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA fu;kstu] laxBu] fu;qfDr;k vkSj fu.kZ; rks dk;Z dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djrs

gSa] ijUrq funs'ku deZpkfj;ksa ls dk;Z djokrk gS vkSj laxBu esa ;Ruksa dk lekjEHk djrk gSA
(2) funs'ku dk dk;Z cUk osQ R;sd Lrj ijmie dk vkdkj pkgs NksVk gks ;k cM+k] cUkd ofj"B gks vFkok dfu"B] funs'ku dh
vko';drk cUk osQ R;sd Lrj ij iM+rh jgrh gSA
(3) lrr~ f;kfuns'ku ,d lrr~ f;k gS] tks laxBu osQ lEiw.kZ thou rd pyrh jgrh gSA
(4) nksgjs ms';funs'ku osQ fuEufyf[kr nks eq[; ms'; gksrs gSa %
(i) vkhuLFkksa ls dk;Z ysuk_ rFkk
(ii) cUk dks vfkd mkjnkf;Ro ls dk;Z djus osQ fy, volj nku djukA
(5) funs'ku dk okglaxBu osQ lapkyu dk okg mPp cUk ls fuEu cUk dh vksj pyrk gSA
(6) funs'ku leUo; dk Hkh dk;Z djrk gSfofHkUu foHkkxksa dh f;kvksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djuk funs'ku dh ,d egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA
(7) funs'ku esa ekuoh;ro egoiw.kZ gSA O;fDr;ksa dh fr dk O;kid v;;u djuk funs'ku osQ fy, vfuok;Z gSA

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([k) vkkqfud laxBu osQ nzO; gh vfHkiszj.k dks dk;kZUor djus dh oqQath gS foospu dhft,A
mkjvfHksj.k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kkvfHksj.k vaxzsth 'kCn Motivation dk fgUnh :ikUrj gSA Motivation 'kCn Motive ls
cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS bPNk'kfDr dks tkxzr djukA bl dkj vfHksj.k dk vFkZ ml 'kfDr ls gS] tks O;fDr;ksa esa dk;Z djus dh bPNk
tkxzr djrh gSA vfHksj.kk og lkku gS ftlosQ }kjk cUkd vius Jfedksa o vkhuLFkkas esa dqN iwoZfu;ksftr y{;ksa dh iwfrZ djus dh
bPNk mRiUu djrk gS rFkk bls cuk;s j[krk gSA blosQ vUrxZr deZpkfj;ksa dks Js"Bre rFkk vfkdre dk;Z djus osQ fy, ksRlkfgr fd;k
tkrk gSA
ekbdy ts- twfl;l (Michell J. Jucius) osQ vuqlkj] vfHksj.k fuf'pr dk;ks dks kIr djus gsrq Lo;a ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr
dks ksRlkfgr djus dh f;k gSA
(Motivation is the act of stimulating someone of oneself to get a desired course of action to push the right button to get a
desired action.)

Msy chp osQ 'kCnksa esa] vfHksj.k dks fdlh y{; ;k iqjLdkj dh kfIr gsrq viuh 'kfDr dk ;ksx djus dh rRijrk osQ :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(Motivation can be defined as willingness to expend energy to achieve a goal or a rewards.)

dwUV~t rFkk vks*Mksusy (Koontz and O'Donnell) osQ vuqlkj] O;fDr;ksa dks bfPNr rjhosQ ls dk;Z lEikfnr djus osQ fy,
ksRlkfgr djuk gh mRsj.k gSA
(To motivate is to induce to act in a desired manner.)

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd vfHksj.k og f;k gS] tks fdlh laLFkk esa dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dks th&tku ls vius dk;Z esa
yx tkus osQ fy, sfjr djrh gSA ;g ekuo dh ,slh vUr%sj.kk gS] tks mls Lo;a dk;Z djus osQ fy, sfjr djrh gSA
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vfHksj.k osQ ms';

(Objectives of Motivation)

vfHksj.k dk ewy ms'; O;fDr;ksa dks dk;Z djus osQ fy, sfjr djuk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh vusd ms'; gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr
gSa %
deZpkfj;ksa dks dk;Z djus osQ fy, sfjr djukA
(2) deZpkfj;ksa ls lg;ksx kIr djukA
(3) deZpkfj;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V djukA
(4) O;olk; esa ekqj ekuoh; lEcUkksa dk fuekZ.k djuk rFkk mUgsa lqn`<+ cukukA
(5) deZpkfj;ksa osQ eukscy dks c<+kukA
(6) deZpkfj;ksa dh dk;Z{kerk dks c<+kuk rFkk cuk, j[kukA
(7) deZpkfj;ksa dks dk;Z&lUrqf"V nku djukA
(8) ekuoh; lkkuksa dk lnqi;ksx djukA
(9) laLFkk osQ y{;ksa dks kIr djukA
vfHksj.k dh fr (Nature of Motivation) vfHksj.k dh fr dk vuqeku bldh fo'ks"krkvksa ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS] tks
fuEufyf[kr gSa %
(1) vfHksj.k ,d lrr~ f;k gSfdlh laLFkk esa O;fDr;ksa ls dk;Z djokus osQ fy, mUgsa lnSo ,oa fujUrj sfjr djrs jguk
iM+rk gSA
(2) vfHksj.k deZpkfj;ksa dks dk;Z djus dks sfjr djrk gSvfHksj.k ,d euksoSKkfud Hkkouk gS] tks R;sd O;fDr osQ
vUr%dj.k esa tkxzr gksrh gSA
(3) vfHksj.k deZpkfj;ksa dks dk;Z djus dks sfjr djrk gSvfHksj.k okLro esa sjd 'kfDr gS] tks deZpkfj;ksa dks fukkZfjr
ms';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, sj.kk nku djrk gSA euq"; fdlh laxBu esa blfy, dk;Z djrk gS] ftlls og viuk Je nsdj cnys esa viuh
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk dj losQA
(4) lg;ksxmfpr vfHksj.k ls deZpkjh cUk osQ dk;ks esa lg;ksx nsrs gSaA vfHksj.k dk ;ksx lkewfgd :i esa dk;Zjr
deZpkfj;ksa esa ikjLifjd lg;ksx dh Hkkouk iSnk djus rFkk mls l`n`<+ cukus osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
(5) vfHksj.kk dbZ dkj ls nh tk ldrh gS vfHksj.kk dk ;g Hkh ,d egoiw.kZ y{k.k gS fd vfHksj.kk dbZ dkj ls nh tk
ldrh gSA osQoy fokh; lkku gh vfHksj.kk dk ,d ek=k lkku ugha gS] cfYd xSj&fokh; lkkuksa }kjk Hkh vfHksj.kk, nh tk ldrh gSAa
(6) vfHksj.k ekuoh; lUrqf"V dk vkkkj gSvfHksj.k ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh lUrqf"V dk vkkkj gSA vlUrq"V
vko';drkvksa ls ruko mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj bls nwj djus osQ fy, O;fDr sj.kk dk lgkjk ysrk gSA tc mldh vko';drk dh lUrqf"V
gks tkrh gS] rks og dk;Z djus osQ fy, sfjr gks tkrk gSA
(7) lEiw.kZ O;fDr vfHksfjr gksrk gS] mldk ,d Hkkx ughaO;fDr ,d lEiw.kZ vfoHkkT; bdkbZ gS vr% fdlh vko';drk
dh iwfrZ osQ fy, O;fDr osQ 'kjhj dk dksbZ ,d Hkkx gh ugha] cfYd mldk lEiw.kZ 'kjhj vfkd dk;Z osQ fy, rS;kj gksrk gSA vr% lEiw.kZ
O;fDr vfHksfjr gksrk gS] mldk ,d Hkkx ughaA
(8) vfHksj.k ,oa eukscy ,d ugha gSavfHksj.k vkSj eukscy esa vUrj gSA vfHksj.k dk;Z osQ fr sfjr djus dh f;k gS]
tcfd eukscy dk;Z djus dh bPNk gSA
vfHksj.k dq'ky O;fDr;ksa dh dk;Z{kerk esa vfHko`f djrk gSvfHksj.k dq'ky O;fDr;ksa dh dk;Z{kerk esa o`f djrk gS
rFkk blosQ vHkko esa mudh dk;Z{kerk ij foijhr Hkko iM+rk gSA fdUrq ;gka egoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd osQoy vfHksj.k osQ }kjk gh
dq'ky O;fDr;ksa dh dk;Z{kerk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
iz'u 3- fuEufyf[kr esa fdUgh pkj esa vUrj crkb;sA
(d) lkekfjd fu;kstu vkSj ;qfDr fu;kstu
mkjfu;kstu osQ dkj (Types of Plans) O;kolkf;d ;kstuk, viuh fr] vofk] O;kidrk rFkk mi;ksx dh ckjEckjrk osQ
vuqlkj dbZ dkj dh gks ldrh gSa %
fr osQ vkkkj ij (On the Basis of Nature) bl vkkkj ij ;kstukvksa osQ nks Hksn gSa %
(i) ;quhfrd fu;kstu vFkok lkefjd fu;kstu (Strategic Planning) vkkqfud O;olk; esa ;quhfr osQ vkkkj ij ;kstuk, cukbZ
(1)

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tkus yxh gSaA ;quhfrd fu;kstu laLFkk osQ ms';ksa o f;kvksa dks Hkko'kkyh cukus ij cy nsrk gSA ;g laLFkk osQ y{;ksa o
kFkfedrkvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA okrkoj.k lEcUkh ?kVdksa] lhekvkas o {kerkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA cUk] fok] fo;
o mRiknu osQ {ks=k esa laLFkk dh okLrfod {kerkvksa dk fukkZj.k djrk gS rFkk blosQ vkkkj ij ;quhfrd ms'; dk p;u djrk
gSA lkefjd fu;kstu ,d laLFkk dh viuh fr;ksxh deh dh rqyuk esa frLikkZ dh fLFkfr dks etcwr cukus dk lkku gSA ;g
,d dk;Z ;kstuk (Action Plan) gS] ftlosQ vUrxZr miyCk lalkkuksa dk mi;ksx oSQls] dgk vkSj dc fd;k tk;sA lao`f]
fofokhdj.k] vfkd ykHk oSQls dek;k tk;s] vkfn ls lEcfUkr 'u tqM+s gq, gSaA
(ii) ;qfDriw.kZ fu;kstu (Tactical Planning);quhfrd fu;kstu lkefjd y{;ksa (Strategic Goals) osQ fukkZj.k ij cy nsrk gS]
tcfd ;qfDriw.kZ fu;kstu bu y{;ksa dh kfIr osQ j.kdkS'ky dks crkrk gSA ;qfDriw.kZ fu;kstu ms';ksa dh kfIr osQ fy, fd;s tkus
okys dk;ks dk fukkZj.k] mkjnkf;Ro o lalkkuksa osQ foHkktu rFkk R;sd f;k osQ ekiksa dh LFkkiuk ij tksj nsrk gSA ;g lkefjd
;kstuk osQ O;kogkfjd igyw dks n'kkZrk gSA
(2) vofk osQ vkkkj ij (On the Basis of Period) bl n`f"V ls ;kstukvksa dks nks oxks esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS %
(i) vYidkyhu ;kstuk (Short-term Plan)vYidkyhu ;kstuk ls vk'k; NksVh vofk osQ fy, cuk;h x;h ;kstuk ls gSnSfud]
ekfld] frekgh] Nekgh vFkok okf"kZd ;kstukA ;g ;kstuk rRdkyhu leL;kvksa osQ gy ij vfkd cy nsrh gSA
(ii) nh?kZdkyhu ;kstuk (Long or Perspective Planning);g ;kstuk yEcs le; osQ fy, cuk;h tkrh gSA
(3) cUk osQ Lrj osQ vkkkj ij (On the Basis of Level of Management)bl vkkkj ij ;kstukvksa dks rhu oxks esa ckaVk tk
ldrk gS %
(i) mPpLrjh; ;kstuk;g ;kstuk mPp cUkdksa }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gS vkSj blosQ vUnj lEiw.kZ laLFkk dh lkekU; uhfr] y{;]
ctV vkfn rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA ;g lEiw.kZ mie dh xfr dks Hkkfor djrh gSA
(ii) e;Lrjh; ;kstuk;g e;Lrjh; cUkdksa }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA ;s ;kstuk, ;qfDr;ksa osQ :i esa rS;kj dh tkrh gSaA ;s ;kstuk,
y{; ,oa ms'; dh iwr esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA
(iii) fuEuLrjh; ;kstuk;g ;kstuk i;Zos{kdksa }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gS rFkk laLFkk osQ deZpkfj;ksa }kjk dh tkus okyh f;kvksa ls lEcUk
j[krh gSA
(4) vkUrfjd ,oa ck ;kstuk,vkUrfjd ;kstuk ls vfHkk; laLFkk osQ vUnj dh tkus okyh f;kvksa ls lEcfUkr ;kstukvksa
osQ cukus ls gS] tSls mRiknu dh ek=kk ,oa fdLe dh ;kstukA
ck ;kstuk ls vfHkk; laLFkk ls ckgj dh tkus okyh fofHkUu f;kvksa dks fu"ikfnr djus ,oa fu;fU=kr djus gsrq rS;kj dh x;h
;kstuk ls gSA
(5) mi;ksx dh n`f"V lsbl vkkkj ij ;kstuk nks dkj dh gks ldrh gS %
(i) iqu% mi;ksx ;kstukblesa mu ckrksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] tks ckj&ckj dke vk losaQ_ tSls fofk;ka] uhfr;ka] O;wg&jpuk]
<ax vkfnA
(ii) ,dy mi;ksx ;kstukblesa osQoy mUgha ckrksa dks lfEefyr djrs gSa] tks fdlh fo'ks"k ;kstuk ls lEcfUkr gksa_ tSls dk;Ze]
ctV] kstsDV vkfnA
([k) izf;k rFkk le; lwfp;k
mkjle; lwfp;k (Schedules) le;&p (Schedule)le; ij dk;Z iwjk u gksus ij mudk dksbZ ego ugha jg tkrkA R;sd
dk;Ze dks fuf'pr le; ij iwjk djosQ gh mlosQ ykHkksa dks kIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% dk;Ze osQ R;sd pj.k osQ fy, le;
dk fukkZj.k djuk vko';d gksrk gS] bls gh le;&p dgk tkrk gSA fu;kstu osQ le; gh k;Ze osQ le;&p fuf'pr dj fy;s
tkrs gSaA vU; 'kCnksa esa] fdlh mRiknu lEcfUkr dk;Z osQ fy, dk;Z dks kjaHk djus vkSj mls iwjk djus ls lEcfUkr le; lwph cukuh
gksrh gSA bl lwph dks cukrs le; pkyu Lrj osQ cakdksa dks vusd dkjdksa osQ lEcUk esa ;ku nsuk gksrk gS] tSls rS;kj mRiknu dh
forj.k le; lwph] IykaV dh {kerk] igys ls frc e'khuh dk;Z Hkkj] ftldk mi;ksx gksuk ckdh gS] Je dh kI;rk] eky vkSj vU;
vkxrksa dh kI;rk fLFkfr vkfnA

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dk;Zfofk;ksa vkSj le; lwfp;ksa osQ chp varj

dk;Zfofk;kas vkSj le; lwfp;ksa osQ chp fuEufyf[kr varj gksrs gSa %
(i) dk;Zfofk osQ varxZr laf;kvksa osQ os e fukkZfjr gksrs gSa tks fdlh dk;Z dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vko';d gksrs gSaA le; lwph
osQ varxZr R;sd laf;k dks kjaHk djus dk le; vkSj mls iwjk gksus esa yxus okyh le; vofk nh gqbZ gksrh gSA
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dk;Zfofk;k k;% 'kklfud lgk;d vkSj lkku gksrh gSa] tcfd le; lwfp;ksa dk lEcUk eq[;r% rduhdh pkyu osQ lkFk gksrk
gSA
(iii) fofHkUu f;ksa osQ fy, le; lkj.kh rS;kj djrs le; cM+h ek=kk esa leUo;] lUrqyu rFkk lkeh;dj.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS]
tcfd dk;Zfofk esa bl dkj dh ,slh dksbZ fo'ks"k leL;k ugha gksrhA
(?k) vkSipkfjd lEisz"k.k rFkk vukSipkfjd lEisz"k.k
mkj(d) vkSipkfjd lEs"k.k (Formal Communication)tc lUns'k nsus okys vkSj lUns'k kIr djus okys O;fDr;ksa esa
vkSipkfjd lEcUk gksrk gS vkSj bl lEcUk osQ vuqlkj gh lUns'k ij ls uhps dh vksj rFkk uhps ls ij dh vksj tkrs gSa] rks bls
vkSipkfjd lEs"k.k dgrs gSaA bl dkj osQ lUns'k vfkdka'kr% fyf[kr gksrs gSa rFkk mPp Lrj osQ vfkdkjh vkSj fuEu Lrj osQ vfkdkjh
o deZpkjh osQ e; okg djrs gSaA bl fofk ls lUns'k Hkstus dh ,d fuf'pr iz.kkyh gS] mlh e osQ vuqlkj lUns'k Hksts tkrs gSaA
;fn lcls fupys Lrj dk dksbZ deZpkjh viuh ckr mPp cUkd rd igqapkuk pkgrk gS] rks og viuh ckr fyf[kr :i esa vius ofj"B
vfkdkjh dks nsxk vkSj fQj og vfkdkjh vius ls cM+s vfkdkjh rd ml lUns'k dks igqapk,xk vkSj vfkdkfj;ksa dh bl lh<+h dks
ikj djrs gq, gh og lUns'k mPp cUkd rd igqaprk gSA
([k) vukSipkfjd lEz"s k.k (Informal Communication) tc fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa osQ chp lEs"k.k muosQ vkil osQ vukSipkfjd
lUns'kokgd dk lgkjk ml le; ysrs gS]a tc lEs"k.k dh vkSipkfjd k [`a kyk esa dqN ckkk, mRiUu gks tkrh gSAa dbZ ckj cUkdksa
dks deZpkfj;ksa ls lwpuk, ,df=kr djus esa dfBukb;k vkus ij vukSipkfjd lEs"k.k dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA vukSipkfjd lUns'kokgu
dks vaxjw h yrk (Grapevine) dgrs gSAa R;sd laLFkk esa vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd nksuksa gh dkj ls lEs"k.k gksrk gSA
() iVZ ,oa lh-ih-,emkjdk;Ze ewY;kadu rFkk iqujkoyksdu fofk ;k ^iVZ* (Programme Evaluation and Review TechniquePERT)
cUkdh; fu;kstu o fu;U=k.k ;g ,d fof'k"V vkkqfud rduhd gSA ;g le; ?kVukrU=k fo'ys"k.k (Time Event Network Analysis)
dh ,d oSKkfud fofk gSA bl rduhd osQ vUrxZr veqd ;kstu dks NksVh&NksVh f;kvksa esa foHkDr djosQ mudk e fukkZfjr fd;k
tkrk gSA rRi'pkr~ fofHkUu f;kvksa dh ikjLifjd vUruHkZjrk dks ,d ekufp=k }kjk Lrqr fd;k tkrk gSA bl rduhd osQ rhu eq[;
pj.k gSa%
(i) dk;Ze osQ dysoj dh ;kstuk rS;kj djuk]
(ii) R;sd y?kq kstsDV dh iw.kZrk esa yxus okys le; dk fukkZj.k djuk] vkSj
(iii) dk;Ze dk lapkyu o ewY;kadu djukA
blesa le;&lkfj.kh] ykxr fukkZj.k] ekuoh; o HkkSfrd lkkuksa osQ iwokZuqeku] lalkkuksa osQ foHkktu] mRiknu fu;kstu o fu;U=k.k]
vkfn osQ dk;ks esa cgqr enn feyrh gSA ;g Hkfo";ksUeq[kh fu;U=k.k rFkk viokn }kjk cUk (MBE) dh ,d egoiw.kZ rduhd gSA
bl rduhd osQ eq[k nks"k fuEufyf[kr gSa %
(i) ftu f;kvksa esa le;&fukkZj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk] muosQ fy, ;g fofk fujFkZd gS]
(ii) ;g le; yxkus okyh fofk gS]
(iii) ;g [kphZyh .kkyh gS] rFkk
(iv) ;g ,d isphnk rduhd gS] D;ksafd le;&fukkZj.k vR;Ur dfBu dk;Z gksrk gSA
bl dkj Li"V gS fd ^iVZ* osQ vUrxZr lEiw.kZ dk;Ze dh lHkh mi&f;kvksa dk ewY;kadu o fo'ys"k.k furkUr vko';d gS rFkk
ladV ekxhZ; fcUnqvksa (Critical Points) ij fo'ks"k ;ku nsuk vko';d gSA
ladV ekxZ fofk
(ii)

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(Critical Path Method)

bl rduhd dk ^iVZ* ls xgjk lEcUk gS] D;ksafd ladV ekxZ dk fukkZj.k fd;s fcuk ifj;kstuk vkxs c<+ gh ugha ldrhA CPM
esa Hkh Net Work Analysis dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq ;g rduhd bl ekU;rk ij vkkkfjr gS fd R;sd f;k dh vofk fLFkj
gSA f;k,a nks dkj dh gks ldrh gSa egoiw.kZ ;k egoghuA ^iVZ* esa vofk vfuf'pr ekuh tkrh gS rFkk rhu iwokZuqeku yxk;s tkrs
gSaA ^iVZ* osQ vUrxZr le; o ?kVuk ij vfkd cy fn;k tkrk gS] fdUrq CPM esa f;k rFkk ykxr ij ;ku osQfUr fd;k tkrk gSA
^iVZ* dk;ks osQ kjfEHkd o vfUre fcUnqvksa ls lEcfUkr gS] tcfd CPM dk lEcUk Lo;a f;kvksa ls gh gksrk gSA blosQ vUrxZr fdlh
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ifj;kstuk dks fofHkUu f;kvksa esa foHkDr djosQ muosQ vUrlZEcUk ekywe fd;s tkrs gSaA egoiw.kZ f;kvksa dks i`Fkd~ djosQ mu ij fo'ks"k
;ku fn;k tkrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] egoghu f;kvksa ij ku] le; ,oa ifjJe csdkj ugha djuk iM+rkA
iz'u 4- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha pkj ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh dhft,A
(d) ,d fo'ks"k O;fDr dk O;ogkj mlosQ lewg esa lfEefyr gksus ij gksus okys O;ogkj osQ vR;fkd izHkkfor gksrk gSA
mkjusr`Ro dk O;ogkj ;k vkpj.k&fo"k;d flkar (Behavioural Theory of Leadership)bl flkar osQ vUrxZr bl ckr
ij tksj fn;k x;k gS fd usr`Ro dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le>us osQ fy, usrk osQ O;ogkj o dk;ksa ij n`f"Vikr fd;k tkuk pkfg, u fd mlosQ
xq.kksa ij] D;ksafd Hkko'kkyh usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks sfjr djus osQ fy, ges'kk fof'k"V dkj osQ O;ogkj djrs gSa] ftldk v;;u
fd;k tkuk lEHko gSA okLro esa xq.kkRed n`f"Vdks.k vkSj O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k esa eq[; vUrj gh ;g gS fd tgk xq.kewyd n`f"Vdks.k
esa ;g v;;u fd;k tkrk gS fd ^usrk D;k gS* ogk O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k esa ;g v;;u fd;k tkrk gS fd ^usrk D;k djrk gS* vkSj
^oSQls djrk gSA* O;ogkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k osQ vUrxZr usr`Ro dh fuEufyf[kr mYys[kuh; 'kSfy;k gSa %
(v) ykbdVZ osQ vuqlkj] cUkd ;k usrk dh usr`Ro nku djus okyh pkj eq[k 'kSfy;k gSa %
(i) 'kks"kd fujadq'k 'kSyh (Exploitative Autocratic Style)blosQ vuqlkj usrk rkuk'kkgh n`f"Vdks.k viukrk gSA og Lo;a gh leLr
fu.kZ; ysrk gS vkSj vius vkhuLFkksa dks vkns'k nsrk gSA
(ii) mnkj fujadq'k 'kSyh (Benevolent Autocratic Style) blosQ vuqlkj usrk Lo;a Hkh fu.kZ; ysrk gS] fdUrq deZpkfj;kas dks dEiuh
dh uhfr osQ vUrxZr dke djus dh Loar=krk nku dh tkrh gSA
(iii) ijke'kZnk=kh 'kSyh (Consultative Style)blosQ vuqlkj usrk fu.kZ; ysus ls iwoZ vius deZpkfj;ksa ls ijke'kZ Hkh ysrk gSA
(iv) lgHkkxh 'kSyh (Participative Style)blosQ vuqlkj usrk fu.kZ; ysus ls iwoZ fo'okl j[krk gS rFkk fu.kZ;u esa Hkh mUgsa Hkkxhnkj
cukrk gSA
ykbdVZ osQ vuqlkj ;g Js"Bre usr`Ro 'kSyh gS] D;ksafd ;g yksdrU=k osQ flkarksa ij vkkkfjr gSA
(c) CySosQ rFkk eksVu dk cUkdh; fxzM (Blake and Moutns Management Grid)
laosQr % bldh O;k[;k vxys 'u esa dh xbZ gSA
(x) izcak osQ fy, foosQUnzhdj.k vfuok;Z gS] fdUrq izR;kstu ,fPNd gSaA
mkjfoosQUhdj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Decentralisation)foosQUhdj.k dk vk'k; vkhuLFk deZpkfj;ksa dks vfkdkj lkk osQ
O;ofLFkr gLrkarj.k ls gSA vkhuLFk deZpkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk rFkk muosQ ego dks c<+kus osQ fy, tks Hkh dne mBk;s tkrs gSa] os lc
foosQUhdj.k osQ vUrxZr vkrs gSaA foosQUhdj.k og fLFkfr gS] tc 'kklu ls lEcfUkr T;knkrj fu.kZ; mUgha yksxksa osQ }kjk fy, tk,a]
tks mu fu.kZ;ksa ls lEcUk j[krs gSa vkSj mlh Lrj ij fy, tk,a] ftl Lrj ij fu.kZ; dks ykxw fd;k tk,xkA foosQUhdj.k dh fLFkfr esa
osQoy mu FkksM+s&ls vfkdkjksa dks NksM+dj tks osQUh; vfkdkfj;ksa osQ fy, lqjf{kr j[kus t:jh gSa] 'ks"k lkjs vfkdkj mu vfkdkfj;ksa
dks O;ofLFkr <ax ls lkSai fn, tkrs gSa] tks fofHkUu dk;ks dks djus osQ fy, mkjnk;h gksaA
foosQUhdj.k dh eq[k ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gSa %
,ysu osQ vuqlkj] foosQUhdj.k dk;Z&fu"iknu osQ Lrjksa ij O;ofLFkr ,oa LFkkbZ :i ls vfkdkjksa dk R;k;kstu gSA
sQ;ksy (Fayol) osQ vuqlkj] R;sd dk;Z ftlls vkhuLFkksa dh Hkwfedk dk ego c<+rk gS] foosQUhdj.k dgykrk gSA
kbV (White) osQ erkuqlkj] mPp Lrj ls fuEu Lrj dks vfkdkjksa dk gLrkarj.k foosQUhdj.k dh f;k gSA
dhFk Msfol osQ vuqlkj] laxBu dh NksVh ls NksVh bdkbZ rd] tgka rd O;ogkfjd gks] lkk ,oa nkf;Ro dk forj.k foosQUhdj.k
dgykrk gSA

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foosQUhdj.k osQ y{k.k

;g vkhuLFkksa dh Hkwfedk dks egoiw.kZ cukrk gSA

(2) ;g laxBu esa ij ls uhps rd ykxw gksus okyh f;k gSA
(3) ;g Lo;a HkkjkiZ.k ugha gksrk] oju~ mldk kFkfed igyw gksus osQ dkj.k HkkjkiZ.k dk foLrkj dgk tk ldrk gSA
(4) ;g mkjnkf;Roksa osQ lUnHkZ esa vfkdkj lkSaius ls lEcfUkr gksrk gSA
foosQUhdj.k dks Hkkfor djus okys ro (Factors affecting Decentralisation)fdlh Hkh laxBu esa foosQUhdj.k dh ek=kk
de gksxh ;k vfkd] ;g fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS %
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dk fodkltc laxBu dk fodkl gksrk tkrk gS] rks mlesa foosQUhdj.k dh ek=kk c<+rh tkrh gSA
(2) cUkdksa dh uhfr;kadqN cUkd rkuk'kkgh vkSj ,drU=krk esa fo'okl j[krs gSa] rks dqN tkrU=k vkSj lykg&lqyg esaA Fke
dkj osQ cUkd lHkh fu.kZ; Lo;a ysaxs] tcfd nwljs dkj osQ cUkd Lo;a osQoy os fu.kZ; ysaxs] tks muosQ fy, cgqr t:jh gSa] 'ks"k
vius vkhuLFkksa ij NksM+ nsaxsA
(3) ;ksX; vkhuLFk cUkdksa dh miyCkrk;fn laLFkk esa ;ksX; cUkd ekStwn gSa ;k vkhuLFk deZpkjh f'k{k.k osQ }kjk ;ksX;
cuk, tk ldrs gSa] rks mPp vfkdkjh mUgsa egoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus dk vfkdkj nsus esa dksbZ ladksp vuqHko ugha djsaxsA
(4) dkjksckj dk QSyko;fn fdlh O;olk; dk dkjksckj dbZ {ks=kksa esa QSyk gks] rks bl fLFkfr esa cUk dk foosQUhdj.k vfuok;Z
gks tkrk gSA
(5) dkjksckj dh frdqN dkjksckj esa vfkdka'k fu.kZ; fof'k"V fuiq.krk rFkk lrZdrk dh ekax djrs gSa] tSls fokh; fuxeA
bu fu.kZ;ksa dks fuEu cUkksa osQ foosd ij ugha NksM+k tk ldrkA blosQ foijhr] vU; laLFkkvksa esa vusd fu.kZ; uSfR;d fdLe osQ gksrs
gSa] ftUgsa fuEu Lrj osQ cUkd Hkh leku dq'kyrk osQ lkFk ys ldrs gSaA vr% blesa foosQUhdj.k ykHknk;d jgrk gSA
(6) laLFkk dk vkdkjlaLFkk dk vkdkj ftruk vfkd cM+k gksxk] mlesa foosQUhdj.k dh lEHkkouk mruh gh vfkd gksxhA
(1) laxBu

foosQUhdj.k osQ xq.k

(Merits of Decentralisation)

foosQUhdj.k ls mPp vfkdkfj;ksa osQ dk;ZHkkj esa deh vkus ls os viuk ;ku vU; egoiw.kZ ckrksa dh vksj yxk ldrs gSaA
(2) blls vkhuLFkksa dh cUkdh; {kerk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
(3) blls cUkdksa osQ f'k{k.k ,oa fodkl esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
(4) vkhuLFkksa dks Lora=k :i ls fu.kZ; ysus ,oa dk;Z djus dk volj nku djosQ muosQ eukscy dks pk mBkrk gSA blls vkS|ksfxd
lEcUkksa esa lqkkj gksrk gSA
(5) ms';ksa }kjk cUk (M.B.O.) dks ljyrk ls f;kfUor fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(6) ubZ&ubZ fofk;ksa dks f;kfUor djuk ljy gks tkrk gSA
(7) blesa Js"B fu.kZ; dh sj.kk feyrh gSA
(8) dk;Z fu"iknu vfkd 'kh?kzrk o dq'kyrk osQ lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(?k) nzO; ykHk vlhfer ek=kk ls vfHkiszjd gks ldrk gSA
mkjeSlyks dk vfHkizsj.k flkUr (Maslows Theory of Motivation)eSlyks us vfHksj.k dh fopkjkkjk dks vko';drk dh
ecrk osQ vkkkj ij fodflr fd;k gSA cUk'kkL=k esa bl fopkjkkjk dks O;kid ekU;rk feyh gSA muosQ vuqlkj ,d O;fDr dh
vko';drk, vuUr gSa rFkk muesa ecrk ikbZ tkrh gSA ,d O;fDr esa dk;Z osQ fr #fp ,oa 'kfDr tkxzr djus osQ fy, mldh ,d
osQ ckn nwljh vko';drk dks larq"V djuk vko';d gSA
eSlyks us ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dks fuEufyf[kr ikap Hkkxksa esa oxhZr fd;k gS %
(v) vkkkjHkwr thou&fuokZg dh vko';drk, (Physiolo- gical Needs)buesa gok] ikuh] Hkkstu] diM+k] edku vkfn dks
lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA laLFkk,a loZFke deZpkfj;ksa dks osru rFkk vU; ekSfd ykHk nku djosQ mudh bu vko';drkvksa dks
iwjk djrh gSaA eSlyks dh ;g kkj.kk gS fd tc rd O;fDr;ksa oQh ;s vko';drk,a ,d mfpr Lrj rd iwjh ugha gksrh] vxyh
vko';drk,a mlosQ O;ogkj dks Hkkfor ugha djrhaA
(c) lqj{kk dh vko';drk, (Safety Needs)vkkkjHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ ckn lqj{kk dh vko';drk, tkxzr gksrh gSaA bu
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, dEiuh vius deZpkfj;ksa dks tkWc xkj.Vh] LokLF; chek] iSa'ku rFkk vU; o`koLFkk lqfokk,a rFkk
vPNh dk;Z n'kk,a miyCk djkrh gSA
(l) lkekftd vko';drk, (Social Needs)lkekftd vko';drk, O;fDr dh se] Lusg] lg;ksx] vkReh;rk] viuRo] eS=kh o
lkekftd lEcUk osQ fr bPNk dks vO;Dr djrh gSaA
(n) in o lEeku dh vko';drk, (Esteem Needs);s vko';drk, vge~ (Ego) ,oa LokfHkeku ls lEcfUkr gksrh gSaA
(;) vkRe&fodkl dh vko';drk, (Self-actualisation Needs);s vko';drk,a O;fDr dh {kerkvksa] frHkkvksa o lEHkkoukvksa osQ
lexz fodkl (Total Flowering) ls lEcUk j[krh gSaA
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5th
(Selfactualisation
Needs)
4th
(Easteem and Status)
3rd
(Belonging and Social Needs)
2nd
(Safety and Security Needs)
Ist
(Physiological Needs)

vko';drkvksa osQ mi;qDZ r oxhZdj.k osQ vkkkj ij eSlyks us ;g fl djus dk ;kl fd;k gS fd ,d O;fDr dks vfkd dk;Z djus
osQ fy, sfjr djus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mldh fuEu Lrj dh vko';drkvksa dks igys lar"q V fd;k tk;sA mPp vko';drk,a fuEu
vko';drkvksa dh larfq "V dk ifj.kke gSAa ;g fopkjkkjk vko';drkvksa dh larfq "V dks gh vfHksj.k dk vkkkj ekurh gSAS
() laxBu osQ dk;ks esa oqQ'kyrk ykus esa fu;a=k.k lgk;d gksrk gSA
mkjfu;a=k.k dk ego (Importance of Control) cUk esa fu;a=k.k dh Hkwfedk vfuok;Z gksrh gSA T;ksa&T;ksa fdlh mie dk
vkdkj c<+rk tkrk gS] deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f gksrh tkrh gS rFkk dk;Z ifr;k tfVy gksrh tkrh gSa] R;ksa&R;ksa fu;a=k.k dk ego
c<+rk tkrk gSA fu;a=k.k osQ vHkko esa dksbZ Hkh cUkd vius ms'; esa lQy ugha gks ldrkA cUk osQ {ks=k esa fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls
fu;a=k.k dk fo'ks"k ego gS %
(1) ms';ksa dh kfIr (Achievement of Targets) fu;a=k.k dh Hkko'kkyh O;oLFkk ls laLFkk iwoZ&fukkZfjr ms';ksa dks ljyrk
ls kIr dj ysrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd okLrfod fu"iknu dh rqyuk ekfir fu"iknu ls dh tkrh gS rFkk vUrj osQ fy, nk;h
O;fDr ij dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gSA vr% og vuq'kklu esa jgrs gq, mRikndrk esa o`f djrk gSA
(2) fu;a=k.k fu;kstu dk vkkkj gS (Control is the basis of Planning)fu;a=k.k Hkkoh fu;kstu osQ fy, vkkkj nku djrk
gSA ;g mu fLFkfr;ksa dh vksj ;ku vkd`"V djrk gS] tgka uohu ;kstukvksa dh vko';drk gSA
(3) foosQUhdj.k dh o`fk (Decentralization Trend)vkkqfud cUk O;oLFkk dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd cUkd
vfkdkjksa osQ foosQUhdj.k ij tksj nsus yxs gSaA ,d foosQfUr laLFkk esa fu;a=k.k djuk ijeko';d gksrk gSA fu;a=k.k osQ fcuk foosaQfr
dk;ks ,oa vfkdkjksa ls fdlh dkj dk ifj.kke kIr djuk dfBu gksrk gSSA
(4) leUo; esa lqfokk (Facilitates Coordination)fu;a=k.k laLFkk esa Hkko'kkyh leUo; LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
laLFkk esa fofHkUu lkkuksa ,oa O;fDr;ksa osQ dk;ks dks mfpr fu;a=k.k osQ ek;e ls laLFkk dh uhfr;ksa ,oa ms';ksa osQ lkFk vklkuh ls lefUor
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(5) vfHksj.k dk lkku (Source of Motivation)fu;a=k.k deZpkfj;ksa dks vPNk vkSj vfkd dk;Z djus osQ fy, sfjr djrk
gS rFkk usr`Ro dks lQy cukrk gSA fu;a=k.k dk;Z osQ eki LFkkfir djosQ deZpkfj;ksa dks ;Fkk'kfDr vPNk vkSj vfkd dk;Z djus dh
sj.kk nsrk gSA ;g laLFkk esa yxs deZpkfj;ksa osQ eukscy dks Hkh apk mBkrk gSA
(6) ecrk ,oa vuq'kklu (Providing Order and Discipline)O;olk; esa eqk osQ ysunsu esa] O;kikj esa rFkk dbZ vU;
ekeyksa esa O;fDr ykyp esa vk ldrk gSA fu;a=k.k }kjk ;g ;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd O;fDr bu ykypksa esa u aQlsA
(7) fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, vko';d (Necessary for Decision-making)fu.kZ; ysuk ,oa fu;a=k.k djuk ,d&nwljs ls fudV :i
ls lEcfUkr gSaA fo}kuksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd mPp vfkdkfj;ksa osQ fu.kZ; fu;a=k.k osQ fu.kZ; gksrs gSaA

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dq'kyrk esa o`f (Increase in Efficiency)fu;a=k.k ls deZpkfj;ksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk esa o`f gksrh gS] D;ksafd fu;a=k.k osQ
dkj.k R;sd dk;Z le; ij lgh fofk ls fd;k tkrk gSA
iz'u 5- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdUgha pkj esa laf{kIr uksV fyf[k,A
iz'u 5- (d) fu;a=k.k dk foLrkj
mkj fu;U=k.k osQ foLrkj dk flkUr (Principle of Span of Control)bl flkUr osQ friknd xzsdqukt (Gracunas) gSaA
mudh ;g ekU;rk gS fd ,d cUkd pkgs fdruk Hkh ;ksX; ,oa vuqHkoh D;ksa u gks] og val[; O;fDr;ksa ij fu;a=k.k ugha dj ldrkA
,d cUkd dqN gh O;fDr;ksa ij fu;a=k.k j[k ldrk gSA fu;a=k.k osQ foLrkj ls vk'k; vkhuLFkkas dh ml la[;k ls gS] ftl ij ,d
cUkd fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ A, B vkSj C rhu cUkd gSaA ;s rhuksa cUkd viuh&viuh ;ksX;rkuqlkj e'k% 5, 8 vkSj 10
vkhuLFkksa ij fu;a=k.k j[k ldrs gSa] rks ;g dgk tk;sxk fd A osQ fu;U=k.k osQ foLrkj dk {ks=k 5 vkhuLFk gSa] tcfd B vkSj C osQ
fu;U=k.k osQ foLrkj dk {ks=k 8 vkSj 10 vkhuLFk gSaA bl flkUr osQ vuqlkj ,d cUkd fdrus vkhuLFkksa ij fu;a=k.k dj ldrk gS]
;g mldh ;ksX;rk] dk;Z dh fr] f'k{k.k] vkhuLFkksa dh ;ksX;rk vkfn dbZ ?kVdksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA xzsdqukt osQ vuqlkj] dksbZ
Hkh vfkdkjh R;{k :i ls ikp vkSj vfkd ls vfkd N% vkhuLFkksa ls vfkd dk fujh{k.k ,oa fu;a=k.k ugha dj ldrk gSA
(x) fu;a=k.k dh izf;k
mkjfu;a=k.k f;k (Control Process)fu;a=k.k f;k esa fuEufyf[kr dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gS%
(1) ekiksa dk fukkZj.k (Establishment of Standards)
(2) fopyuksa dk ewY;kadu (Evaluation of Performance or Progress Measurement)
(3) fopyuksa dk fo'ys"k.k (Analysis of Deviations)
(4) lqkkjkRed dk;Z (Adoption of Corrective Action)
(1) ekiksa dk fukkZj.k (Establishment of Standards)fu;a=k.k f;k dk loZFke vkSj lcls vfkd egoiw.kZ dne mu
ekiksa dk fukkZj.k djuk gksrk gS] ftudh lgk;rk ls okLrfod ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk dh tkuh gSA eki dk vk'k; mu ifj.kkeksa ls gksrk
gS] ftudh kfIr dh vk'kk cUkd dk;Z fo'ks"k osQ fu"iknu ls djrs gSaA ;s eki Li"V ,oa mfpr gksus pkfg;sA eki laLFkk osQ ms';]
dk;Z dh fr vkfn osQ vuq:i gksus pkfg;sA ;s ekin.M lUrqfyr] ekiuh; (Measurable) rFkk kIr djus ;ksX; gksus pkfg,A ;s eki
gh okLrfod dk;Z fu"iknu dh dlkSVh gksrs gSaA
(2) ekiksa dk ewY;kadu (Appraisal of Performance)fu;a=k.k f;k dk f}rh; pj.k okLrfod dk;ks dh ekiksa ls rqyuk
djuk gSA Hkkoh fu;a=k.k osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd le;&le; ij fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa] oxks ,oa foHkkxksa }kjk fd;s x;s dk;ks dh izeki
dh tk, rFkk ;g ns[kk tk, fd muosQ }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z lUrks"ktud gS vFkok ughaA ekiksa dh lgk;rk ls okLrfod dk;Z&fu"iknu
dh rqyuk dh tkrh gSA ;fn okafNr ifj.kke kIr ughas gks jgs gSa] rks blosQ D;k dkj.k gSa vkSj iwoZ&fukkZfjr ekiksa ls fdruk fopyu jgk
gS] vkfn dks Kkr djus osQ fy, ;g ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) fopyuksa dk fo'ys"k.k (Analysis of Deviations)fu;a=k.k f;k dk vxyk egoiw.kZ dne ;g ekywe djuk gksrk gS fd fuf'pr
ekiksa ls fu"ikfnr dk;Z esa fdl dkj rFkk fdruk fopyu gqvk gS rFkk fopyu osQ dkj.kksa dks ekywe djukA bl lEcUk esa ;g ns[kk tkrk
gS fd xyrh ;kstuk cukus esa gqbZ gS vFkok ;kstuk osQ f;kUo;u esAa fopyu osQ dkj.kksa dks eq[;r% nks Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kk tkrk gS %
(d) vkUrfjd ;k fu;a=k.k ;ksX; dkj.k;s dkj.k laLFkk dh vkUrfjd cUk O;oLFkk ,oa lapkyu ls lEcfUkr gksrs gSa] tSls
lkexzh dk [kjkc gksuk] mPp ekiksa dk fukkZj.k] nks"k;qDr e'khusa o la;U=k vkfnA bu dkj.kksa dks cUkdh; dq'kyrk ,oa ;ksX;rk esa o`f
djosQ nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
([k) ck ;k vfu;a=k.kh; dkj.k;g ckgjh okrkoj.k ls lEcfUkr gksrs gSa] ftu ij cUkdksa }kjk fu;a=k.k dj ikuk vlEHko
gksrk gSA buesa ljdkjh uhfr] fctyh dh dVkSrh] vk;kr ij ikcUnh] ekax o QS'ku esa ifjorZu vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
(4) lqkkjkRed dk;Z (Corrective Action)fu;a=k.k dh f;k esa vfUre pj.k lqkkjkRed dk;Zokgh djuk gSA lp rks ;g gS
fd lqkkjkRed dk;Zokgh lkjh fu;U=k.k f;k dk ewy lkj (Essence) gSA bloQk ms'; okLrfod xfr dks visf{kr xfr osQ vuqdwy
cukus esa enn ysuk gSA blesa nks dkj dh O;oLFkk,a 'kkfey dh tkrh gSa%
(i) okLrfod xfr esa deh dks nwj djus dh O;oLFkk djukmnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn fopyu&fo'ys"k.k ls ekywe gks fd e'khu
esa [kjkch osQ dkj.k mRiknu vLFkk;h :i ls de gks x;k Fkk] rks e'khu dks Bhd djkus osQ ckn] dkjhxjksa ls vksoj&Vkbe dke
djokoQj bl deh dks iwjk djukA
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,slh O;oLFkk djuk fd ;g deh Hkfo"; esa nksckjk iSnk u gksmnkgj.k osQ fy,] e'khuksa dh lqj{kkRed ns[kHkky dh ,slh
O;oLFkk djuk] ftlls e'khuksa esa VwV&QwV dh lEHkkouk dks de fd;k tk losQA
lqkkjkRed dk;Zokgh osQ lEcUk esa fopkj.kh; ckrsa (Useful Considerations)lqkkjkRed dk;Zokgh djrs le; cUkdksa dks
k;% fuEufyf[kr ckrsa ;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, %
(i) rqjUr dk;ZokghlqkkjkRed dk;Zokgh] pkgs tks Hkh gks] rqjUr dh tkuh pkfg,] ftlls vkxs dh dk;Zokgh dks lqkkjk tk losQA
(ii) mi;qDr dk;ZokghlqkkjkRed dk;Zokgh fopyu& fo'ys"k.k dh etcwr vkkkjf'kyk ij voyfEcr gksuh pkfg,] vVdyckth
;k iwokZxzgksa ij ughaA
(iii) mi;qDr LrjlqkkjkRed dk;Zokgh mi;qDr Lrj ij dh tkuh pkfg,A
(?k) usr`Ro dh izHkkodkfjrk
mkjusr`Ro dh Hkkodkfjrk dks Hkkfor djus okys rofuEufyf[kr ro usr`Ro dh Hkkodkfjrk dks Hkkfor djrs gSa %
(1) usrk dk viuk O;fDrRo] in] vuqHko ,oa vis{kk,
(2) mlosQ ofj"Bksa dh vis{kk,a ,oa mudk O;ogkj
(3) vkhuLFkksa dh fo'ks"krk,] vis{kk, ,oa mudk O;ogkj
(4) vkhuLFkksa }kjk iwjs fd;s tkus okys dkeksa dh vko';drk
(5) lkFkh cUkdkas dh vis{kk, vkSj muosQ O;ogkj
(6) laxBukRed laLfr (okrkoj.k) vkSj uhfr;kA
() dk;kZRed laxBu
mkjlaxBu <kps osQ dkjdk;ks osQ foU;kl osQ vkkkj ij fofHkUu dkj osQ laxBu <kpksa esa varj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
dkj laxBukRed Lo:iksa osQ rhu eq[k dkj gSa%
(1) dk;kZRed]
(2) [kaMh; vkSj
(3) vuqdwyhA
(1) dk;kZRed <kpk (Functional Structure)tc fdlh laxBu esa bdkb;k vkSj mibdkb;k dk;ks osQ vkkkj ij cuk;h tkrh gSa]
rks bls dk;kZRed <kpk dgk tkrk gSA bl dkj fdlh Hkh vkS|ksfxd laxBu esa fuekZ.k] foi.ku] fok ,oa dkfeZd tSls fof'k"V dk;Z laxBu
dh vyx bdkbZ osQ :i esa lEiUu fd;s tkrs gSaA ,sls R;sd dk;Z ls lEcfUkr lHkh dk;Zdyki ,d gh bdkbZ esa lfEefyr fd;s tkrs
gSaA tSls&tSls dk;Zdyki dh ek=kk c<+rh tkrh gS] R;sd bdkbZ esa fupys Lrjksa ij mibdkb;k cuk nh tkrh gSa vkSj fofHkUu Lrjksa ij R;sd
cUkd osQ vkhu O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ijLij lEcfUkr in ,d fijkfeM osQ vkdkj osQ gks tkrs gSaA
ykHk % bl <kps osQ fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSa %
(1) R;sd foHkkx dk cUk ,d fo'ks"kK dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd ftrus Hkh dk;Z djus gSa] muesa fof'k"V f;k,a gksrh gSa rFkk mudks
djus osQ fy, fo'ks"kKkas dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blls dk;Z lEiknu esa dq'kyrk vkrh gSA
(2) i;Zos{k.k (Supervision) esa lgk;rk feyrh gS] D;ksafd cUkd dk;Z ls ifjfpr gksrk gSA
(3) foHkkxksa osQ vUnj leUo; ljy gS] D;ksafd lHkh fo'ks"kK gksrs gSa vkSj dk;Z dh fr dks le>rs gSaA
(ii)

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nks"k %

laxBu osQ foLrkj osQ lkFk fu;a=k.k djuk tfVy gks tkrk gSA
(2) dk;kZRed bdkb;ksa dk cUk ,oa fu;=k.k ml le; vfkd dfBu gks tkrk gS] tc cgqr&lh mibdkb;ksa esa fofok dkj osQ
dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA ofj"Bksa ,oa vkhuLFkksa esa O;fDrxr lEidZ dfBu gks tkrk gSA lEs"k.k dk okg khek iM+ tkrk gS] ftlosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i leUo; ,oa fu;a=k.k esa dfBukb;k vk tkrh gSaA

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