Emergence of Salmonella As A Food Borne Pathogen, March 2015

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almonella
EMERGENCE OF Salmonella Species AS A FOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN
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Disease surveillance reports frequently identify poultry, meat

and milk products as the main vehicles in Salmonellosis
outbreaks. However, recent years of food borne illness outbreaks
have been linked to greater consumption of fresh fruits and
vegetables (CDC, 2012).
Contents
Microbioz India, Cover Story, Emergence of
Salmonella Spp, as a food borne Pathogen
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MICROBIOZ INDIA
LEADERSHIPS
ear readers,, Microbioz India going to launch first issue of our 2
nd
volume in the
Kumaar Jeetendra
Editor-In-Chief
Neeharika Mishra
President
Ankita Khare
Asst. Editor
Anjula Gupta
Asst.Editor
Meghna Rawat
Asst.Editor
Shubh Srivastava
Technical Advisor
Ankur Lamba
Art Director
month of March 2015,I would like to thanks to all of our respected team members,
supporters who always appreciating me well. Dear readers Microbioz India, March issue
strictly focused of Food Borne Pathogens a special issue on world water day: 22
nd
March 2015, the cover story of this issue is entitled: Emergence of Salmonella species as
a food-borne pathogen. The cover story is covered by our team member Ms.
Sivashankari Ramamoorthi, from University of Malaya, Malaysia. As cover story depicts
that Emergence of Salmonella species as a food borne pathogen here you can collect
number of specific information about different aspects of Salmonella Species in food
borne infections. Several factors will influence the stability of Salmonella spp growth in
INTERNATIONAL TEAM
foods. One of the factors is known as intrinsic factors such as pH, water activity (aw) and
other physicochemical properties of food such as processing which includes cooking
Scolastica Bello
Chief International Representative
temperature. The other factor is known as extrinsic factor includes environmental
Afolabi Samuel
Nigeria Outreach
involves specific types of foods (Jenkov et al., 2010).
Taylor Francis
Ireland Outreach
Salmonella plays an important role economically. Despite of its harmful effects, these
Jenny & Pavol
Canada Outreach
Asma Begam
Bangladesh Outreach
Vaishnvi R.
New Castle, U.K.
conditions, food storage and temperatures. These factors are playing an important role
in Salmonella growth and this is why the outbreak of foodborne pathogens usually
pathogens provides novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Salmonella typhimurium

had shown some promises for development of microbial-based tumor therapies via
genetic engineering. Lipid A negative strain of S. typhimurium successfully completed the
phase I clinical trials and harmless at doses up to 109 CFU per m2 body surface area (Le
Negrate et al., 2008).Apart from magazines also has a huge collection of different
research news and informations collected from worldwide sources. As we did in earlier
issue in this month our team representative from Phillipines Ms.Rodel Estadillo Alo
perform an interview with Prof.Aussielita L. Lit Philippines. As per demand of our
academic readers magazines also have collections of different open scholarship
Sivashankari Ramamoorthi
Malaysia, Malaya University
Rodel Estadillo Alo
Philippines Out Reach
positions for all those students having interest in pursuing higher education in
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MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Cover Story
Cover by: Sivashankari Ramamoorthi
-University of Malaya, Malaysia
Salmonella
EMERGENCE OF Salmonella Species AS A FOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN
Consumption of contaminated street-vended foods that have

high levels of coliform bacteria and the presence of
pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella
spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium
perfringens, and Vibrio choleraresults in severe foodborne
illnesses. People who patronize the vendors of RTE street
food are putting their health at risk (Manguiat & Fang,
2013).
In recent decades, public health promotion of healthier
lifestyles has led to increased demand for fresh produce
which is one of the types of RTE food. However, fruits and
vegetables, and in particular leafy greens that are consumed
raw, are increasingly being recognized as important vehicles
for transmission of human pathogens (Berger et al, 2010).
Vegetables including cauliflower, lettuce and spinach have
been reported as vehicles of Salmonella spp (QuirozSantiago et al, 2009). Salmonellosis outbreaks in USA have
been linked to fresh tomatoes where the cross contamination
during post-harvest washing of tomatoes caused the
spreading of Salmonella spp from contaminated tomatoes to
non-contaminated tomatoes (Keller, 2009).
Cover Story
History
Salmonella species
almonella spp is not a new species in microbiology field. It is an old microorganism which had a huge impact on
history. Researchers from microbiology field have stated that the death of Alexander the Great could be caused by
Salmonella spp in 323 BC (Medicine Net, 2012). Besides, Salmonella spp is also regarded as one of the early
contagious microorganism to be identified in microbiology field that can cause disease (Mastroeni & Maskell, 2006).
Salmon and Theobald Smith were the early

Salmonella spp from the infected pigs in the
serovar Typhi from those infected pigs.
Salmonella in honor to Dr. Salmon and
was the administrator of United States
program at that time (Clark, 1959).
discovered on 1885, the infections
started to be diagnosed on 1986
scientists who successfully isolated disease causing

year of 1885. They have isolated Salmonella enterica
However, the genus of bacteria is named as
not after Theobald Smith because Dr.Salmon
of Department of Agriculture (USDA) research
Even though Salmonella spp has been
caused by Salmonella spp is only been
(Medicine Net, 2012).
Nomenclature and
Taxonomy of the genus
Salmonella
In the classification of Salmonella,
which are serotype and serovar.
term serotype as being recommended
by
Judicial
Commission
of
the
Prokaryotes. Therefore, in the Kauffmannserotype (Grimont & Weill, 2007).
Theobald Smith
two terms are generally used in frequent

However, serovar term is preferred over the
in Rules of the Bacteriological Code established
International Committee on the Systematics of
White scheme the term serovar is used instead of
Salmonella is a group of bacteria that are being distinguished by the serovars since they share great genetic traits in similar. The
serotyping is done based on antigenic interactions of Salmonella with antibodies. The different antibody-antigen reactions aids in
the determination of serotypes of Salmonella. The classification system of vast number of Salmonellae based on serovars that is
in todays use is actually an accumulated results of many studies on the interaction of antigens on Salmonella and antibodies in
previous years as being suggested by Kauffmann and White.
The classification of Salmonella by antigen-antibody is a very systemic process in which all the antigenic formulae of identified
Salmonella serovars are updated neatly in a document which is more commonly known as Kauffmann-White scheme (Popoff et
al.,2004). The World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research in Salmonella at the Pasteur Institute,
Paris, France (WHO Collaborating Centre) is the organization that take charge of compiling and update the scheme whenever a
new serovar is being recognized.
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Cover Story
Annually, the newly identified Salmonella serovars will be reported by Popoff et al to the Research in Microbiology as to enable the
updating system to work in a systematic manner (Popoff et al., 2004). As in the latest report on the serovars of Salmonella, the
genus of this foodborne pathogen currently containing 2,587 serovars (Fashae et al., 2010).The nomenclature of Salmonella is a
complicated system and always evolving from time to time. Recommendation from the World Health Organization Collaborating
Centre (WHO Collaborating Centre) is now widely used in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the
nomenclature system of genus Salmonella.The latest nomenclature system had suggested that the genus Salmonella is only made
up of two types of species which are Salmonella enterica (S.enterica) and Salmonella bongori (S.bongori) (Grimont & Weill,
2007). However, a new species is identified and named as Salmonella subterranean on 18th March 2005 was officially approved
by Judicial Commission (Shelobolina et al., 2004), thus CDC might include this new species in the nomenclature system in future.
On the other hand, a more recent unpublished data suggest that this newly identified organism does not actually belong in the
genus Salmonella (Grimont & Weill, 2007). Therefore this issue is still on debate whether the new species can or cannot be
included in the nomenclature system for genus Salmonella.
The number of subspecies in S.enterica and S.bongori varies. As for S.enterica there are total of six subspecies as tabulated in
the Table :1 (Brenner et al., 2000).
Subspecies of S.enterica
Types
Salmonella enterica subspecies
Enterica
II
Salamae
III a
Arizonae
III b
Diarizonae
IV
Houtenae
VI
Indica
The serovars in subspecies I is assigned names as an indicative of the diseases they are associated with and their origins. The
origins being mentioned here is both the geographic origin and their usual habitats.The subspecies enterica are also regarded as
the most common serovar that cause infections in humans and food animals. On the other hand, other subspecies which are II ,
IIIa, IIIb, IV,VI and all the subspecies listed under S.bongori , the antigenic formulae are determined as being recommended in
Kauffmann-White scheme. In additional, some of the subspecies are already assigned with names before 1966, therefore their
names are retained and cited under subspecies I.In contrast, the serovars of the other subspecies are mostly prevalent in
poikilothermic (cold-blooded) animals and in the environment (Popoff et al., 2004).
Characteristics of Salmonella
Salmonella spp is a dangerous foodborne pathogen which can contaminate the food items either before processing, during
processing or after processing (Cabedo et al., 2008). Salmonella spp is a non- spore forming bacterium which stains red under
light microscope and it is rod shaped. Besides, it is predominantly motile enterobacteria that has diameters ranging from 0.7 to
1.5 m, and length from 2 to 5 m, with flagella that grade in all directions (Pui et al., 2011).Furthermore, it is a facultative
anaerobic, and chemoorganotrophic organism which means it has the ability to degrade organic material to derive energy for
survival (Neidhardt et al., 1996). Biochemically, Salmonella spp is catalase positive, oxidase negative and produce hydrogen
sulphide gas (Wray & Davies, 2003).
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Cover Story
Several factors will influence the stability of Salmonella spp growth in foods. One of the factors is known as intrinsic factors such
as pH, water activity (aw) and other physicochemical properties of food such as processing which includes cooking temperature.
The other factor is known as extrinsic factor includes environmental conditions, food storage and temperatures. These factors are
playing an important role in Salmonella growth and this is why the outbreak of foodborne pathogens usually involves specific
types of foods (Jenkov et al., 2010).
Salmonella plays an important role economically. Despite of its harmful effects, these
pathogens
provides
novel
strategies
for
cancer
immunotherapy.
Salmonellatyphimurium had shown some promises for development of microbial-based
tumor therapies via genetic engineering. Lipid A negative strain of S.typhimurium
successfully completed the phase I clinical trials and harmless at doses up to 109 CFU
per m2 body surface area (Le Negrate et al., 2008).
Salmonellosis in Food
Salmonellosis is a disease caused by any Salmonella serovars. Non typhoidal
salmonellosis is infection caused by other serovars of Salmonella than Salmonella
Typhi and SalmonellaParatyphi. Salmonellosis is commonly related with S. enterica
that comprises of 6 subspecies which are potentially pathogenic with more than 2000
serovars (Black et al., 1960).
Salmonella spp is the most

worrisome
of
the
pathogenic
microorganisms found in
minimally processed fresh
produce (Beuchat, 1996).
Salmonella
has
been
isolated from fruits and
vegetables
such
as
cantaloupes,
melons,
tomatoes,
lettuce
and
especially alfalfa sprouts.
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is an important

causative agent of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in human populations. The emergence and epidemic spread of this pathogen
began in mid-80's (Velge et al., 2005). To date, S. Enteritidis outbreaks are still a major public health concern in both developed
and developing countries (Betancor et al., 2010 and Solhan et al., 2011).
The hosts for Salmonella ranging from human and other warm and cold blooded animals results in rapid transmission of
Salmonella from one host to another without considering species barrier. The transmissions occur when an individual had
consumed Salmonella spp contaminated food such as chicken, milk, vegetables (Colville & Berryhill, 2007).
The dynamics of Salmonella infection is variable and may also be affected by human lifestyle and behavior, changes in industry,
technology, commerce and travel (Foley et al., 2008). Salmonella serovars are widespread in nature and can be found in the
intestinal tract of all animals species, both domestic and wild which result in a variety of Salmonella infection sources (Callaway et
al., 2005).
The clinical symptoms of salmonellosis are commonly diarrhea, fever, vomiting, stomach cramps and nausea. Besides, severe
cases such as dehydration might be observed in elderly people and infants. Enteric fever also may result from salmonellosis
(Feasey & Gordon, 2014).
Salmonellosis in Ready to Eat food

RTE food are defined as food that can be consumed immediately at the point of sale without further preparation or treatment. It
could be raw, partially or fully cooked, and hot, chilled or frozen (Ng, et al., 2013). Since RTE food are edible without additional
treatment, risks of foodborne outbreaks are high if it is improperly handled and it is highly subject to bacterial foodborne
outbreaks (Fajardo et al.,2012).Various foodborne pathogens associated with RTE food have been found to contribute to
foodborne outbreaks (Castro-Rosas et al., 2012 and Seow et al., 2012). Methods of storage, processing, handling, and display can
affect the levels of microorganisms in ready-to-eat food (Christison et al., 2008 and Fang, et. al, 2013).
Foodborne illness outbreaks are occasionally associated with RTE sandwiches and other heat and eat multi-component RTE
products (Christopher& Sommers, 2006). RTE food are food that will not be cooked or reheated before serving and consumed at
sale point (Kotzekidou, 2013). RTE food include salads, cooked meats, desserts, sandwiches, cheese and foods that have been
cooked advance to serve cold.
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Cover Story
These type of food should be consumed within 4 hours to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella spp and other food borne
pathogens (Fang et al. 2003).RTE food does not undergo any treatment to ensure its safety before consumption, and therefore
risk of foodborne disease must be considered if these pathogens are present in the food (Cabedo et al, 2008).
Consumption of contaminated street-vended foods that have high levels of coliform bacteria and the presence of pathogenic
bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio
choleraresults in severe foodborne illnesses. People who patronize the vendors of RTE street food are putting their health at risk
(Manguiat & Fang, 2013).
In recent decades, public health promotion of healthier lifestyles has led to increased demand for fresh produce which is one of
the types of RTE food. However, fruits and vegetables, and in particular leafy greens that are consumed raw, are increasingly
being recognized as important vehicles for transmission of human pathogens (Berger et al, 2010). Vegetables including
cauliflower, lettuce and
spinach have been
reported as vehicles
of Salmonella spp
(Quiroz-Santiago et
al,
2009).
Salmonellosis
outbreaks in USA
have been linked to
fresh
tomatoes
where
the
cross
contamination
during post-harvest
washing
of
tomatoes caused the
spreading
of
Salmonella spp from
contaminated
tomatoes to noncontaminated
tomatoes
(Keller,
2009).
Salmonella spp is
the
most
worrisome of the
pathogenic
microorganisms
found
in
minimally processed
fresh
produce
(Beuchat,
1996).
Salmonella
has
been isolated from
fruits
and
vegetables such as
cantaloupes,
melons,
tomatoes,
lettuce and especially
alfalfa sprouts (Berger et al, 2010). These products may be contaminated by several routes and contamination can be introduced
through the roots, stem scars, and leaves of several different vegetables and fruits (Hedberg et al, 1999). It is thought that the
source of contamination of most fresh produce is through untreated irrigation waters (Heard, 2002 and Jablasone et al, 2005).
Therefore, consumers need to thoroughly wash all fresh food before consumption to reduce the risk of illness from fruits and
vegetables.
Disease surveillance reports frequently identify poultry, meat and milk products as the main vehicles in salmonellosis outbreaks.
However, recent years of food borne illness outbreaks have been linked to greater consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables
(CDC, 2012). The proportion of fresh produce samples that yielded Salmonella is ranged from 0.1% to 2.3% with pre-cut
products having some of the highest proportion being contaminated (Berger et al, 2010).
Microbiological methods to determine the prevalence of Salmonella

species in ready to eat food
Microbiological methods to determine the presence of Salmonella spp ranged from conventional methods to rapid methods (Blood,
1985).The conventional method is the gold standard to detect Salmonella from food which involves non selective pre-enrichment,
followed by a selective enrichment step, isolation on selective agar media, purification on non-selective media and a preliminary
biochemical confirmation (van der Zee, 1994). Pre-enrichment in Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) is vital to recover sub lethally
injured Salmonella cells in the food samples (Myint et al., 2006).
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Cover Story
Selective medium contains selective agents that only select targeted organisms and in selective plating, the main types of plating
media used are Bismuth Sulphite agar, Hektoen Enteric agar and Xylose-lysine-Desoxycholate (XLD) agar (Cudjoe et al., 1994).
The presumptive Salmonella colony morphology on XLD agar is colorless or yellow margin usually with a black center (Mansilha et
al., 2010). A new selective media CHROMagar Salmonella Medium is proposed recently which incorporated with chromogenic
substances to create a better differentiation of targeted organisms (Church et al., 2010).Biochemical tests aids in the
determination of Salmonella spp presumptively. The table 01 shows characteristics and biochemical test results for Salmonella
enterica subspecies enterica (Todar, 2009).
Table 2: Characteristics and biochemical test results for Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (Todar, 2009).
Test
Result
Lactose
Negative
Glucose
Acid and Gas
Mannitol
Acid and Gas
Maltose
Acid and Gas
Sorbitol
Acid and Gas
ONPG test
Negative
Indole
Negative
Methyl red
Positive
Voges-Proskauer
Negative
Citrate
Positive
Lysine decarboxylase
Positive
Urease
Negative
Ornithine decarboxylase
Positive
Thiosulfate
H2S produced
KCN
Does not grow
Phenylalanine
Negative
Tryptophan deaminase
Negative
Gelatin hydrolysis
Negative
A rapid method can be either assay that gives instant or real time results, or it also can be a simple modification of a procedure
that reduces the assay time (Yeni et al., 2014). These rapid methods not only deals with the early detection and enumeration of
microorganisms, but also with the characterization of isolates by use of microbiological, chemical, biochemical, biophysical,
molecular biological, immunological and serological methods (Kado & Liu, 1981).
10
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Cover Story
Progress in molecular techniques has created opportunities in developing new methods. Several phenotypic, genotypic and
molecular techniques such as bio-typing, phage typing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
(PFGE) and nucleic acid hybridization have been developed for Salmonella identification and serotyping (Lagatolla et al.,
1996 ).Among these, PCR has successfully been applied for detection of pathogenic bacteria using a member of largest sequences
(Malkawi et al., 2008).
Besides, the gold standard for subtyping S. Enteritidis is pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), with standardized protocol
developed for inter-laboratories comparison (Gerner-Smidt et al., 2006). However, PFGE is still insufficient to discriminate S.
Enteritidis in Malaysia due to their clonal nature (Thong et al., 1995). Since 2000, multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat
analysis (MLVA) has been proposed for bacterial subtyping (van Belkum, 2007). MLVA subtypes a bacterial species based on the
detection of variation in the variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) found in the microbial genome at various regions (van
Belkum, 2007). To date, several MLVA schemes with a number of VNTR loci in common have been developed for subtyping
S.Enteritidis (Malorny et al., 2008).
Besides, the use of selective and differential plating media is a simple method for the isolation of Salmonella spp. A wide variety
of selective and differential media has been developed for this purpose, including Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate agar (XLD),
Hektoen enteric (HE) agar, and bismuth sulfite (BS) agar (Cooke et al., 1999).
XLD and HE agar are the most popular media for isolating Salmonella spp and their differentiation abilities rely on characteristics
of Salmonella, such as hydrogen sulfide production and the non-fermentation of lactose (Dusch & Altwegg, 1995). However, these
characteristics are shared with other microorganisms, such as Proteus and Citrobacter (Eigner et al., 2001). Thus, numerous
false-positive results are observed on these media which require further confirmation testing, a time-consuming and laborintensive activity (Perez et al., 2003). BS agar is the medium of choice for the isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, and
it is used for the isolation of atypical salmonellae, such as those which ferment lactose (Hu et al., 1997). However, BS agar has
several disadvantages, such as low sensitivity and long incubation time for development of the characteristic colony morphology
(Park et al., 2012).
Several chromogenic media have been developed to increase the specificity of conventional selective and differential media for
the detection of Salmonella spp (Schnenbrcher et al., 2008). These media incorporate chromogenic substrates that are
metabolized by Salmonella spp (Ruiz et al., 1996). Although chromogenic media have higher specificities than conventional
media, some of them have a low sensitivity which results in more false negatives observed on these media (Ruiz et al., 1996).
Besides, chromogenic media are relatively expensive, making them less appropriate for routine laboratory use (Perry & Freydiere,
2007).
Recognizing the limits of currently used selective and differential media, it is desirable to improve the specificity and the
sensitivity of the medium while maintaining cost-effectiveness. Particularly, it is desirable to differentiate Salmonella spp. from
Proteus spp., as well as from Citrobacter spp (Eigner et al., 2001). Hydrogen sulfide production depends on several factors, such
as the sulfide production rate of the microorganisms, the oxygen concentration in the colony, pH, and the iron concentration in
the medium Acid production by microorganisms in consequence of carbohydrate fermentation could inhibit hydrogen sulfide
production (Park, Ryu, & Kang, 2012).
The traditional method for detecting this food-borne pathogen is time consuming, consisting of enrichment steps, plating on
selective media and incubation for a period of time. Nowadays, molecular methods by PCR have been extensively used in various
studies for example duplex real-time PCR (Rodriguez-Lazaro et al., 2004), multiplex PCR (Hamdi et al., 2007) and Most Probable
Number PCR (Marian et al, 2012).
It is worthy to note that the MPN-PCR method is an effective tool to simultaneously detect the occurrence of food-borne
pathogens quantitatively and qualitatively. The estimation of Salmonella spp density present in food samples can be calculated
based on the reference MPN table provided by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2009.The MPN count method is the best
applicable method for the detection of low levels of microorganisms in food samples which is in the range of 10100 MPN/g
(Martin et al., 2004). Of late, the MPN-PCR method has been widely used in studies to detect the presence of food-borne
pathogens in various food types quantitatively and qualitatively, and it was also claimed to be more useful and effective for
detecting food borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogens than was plating on media (Marian et al, 2012).
Thus, application of the MPN-PCR method in the present study was suggested for more accurate and reliable results.
11
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MARCH 2015
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Recent Research News
Quick test for Ebola

Simple paper strip can diagnose Ebola and other fevers within 10 minutes.
Story Source: Anne Trafton | MIT News Office

February 24, 2015
hen diagnosing a case of Ebola, time is of the essence. However, existing diagnostic tests
take at least a day or two to yield results, preventing health care workers from quickly determining
whether a patient needs immediate treatment and isolation.A new test from MIT researchers could change
that: The device, a simple paper strip similar to a pregnancy test, can rapidly diagnose Ebola, as well as
other viral hemorrhagic fevers such as yellow fever and dengue fever.
As we saw with the recent Ebola outbreak, sometimes people present with symptoms and its not clear
what they have, says Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli, a visiting scientist in MITs Department of Mechanical
Engineering and a member of the technical staff at MITs Lincoln Laboratory. We wanted to come up with
a rapid diagnostic that could differentiate between different diseases.Hamad-Schifferli and Lee Gehrke,
the Hermann L.F. von Helmholtz Professor in MITs Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES),
are the senior authors of a paper describing the new device in the journal Lab on a Chip. The papers lead
author is IMES postdoc Chun-Wan Yen, and other authors are graduate student Helena de Puig, IMES
postdoc Justina Tam, IMES instructor Jose Gomez-Marquez, and visiting scientist Irene Bosch. Color-coded
test
Currently, the only way to diagnose Ebola is to send patient blood samples to a lab that can perform
advanced techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which can detect genetic material from the
Ebola virus. This is very accurate but time-consuming, and some areas of Africa where Ebola and other
fevers are endemic have limited access to this kind of technology.The new device relies on lateral flow
technology, which is used in pregnancy tests and has recently been exploited for diagnosing strep throat
and other bacterial infections. Until now, however, no one has applied a multiplexing approach, using
multicolored nanoparticles, to simultaneously screen for multiple pathogens. For many hemorrhagic fever
viruses, like West Nile and dengue and Ebola, and a lot of other ones in developing countries, like
Argentine hemorrhagic fever and the Hantavirus diseases, there are just no rapid diagnostics at all, says
Gehrke, who began working with Hamad-Schifferli four years ago to develop the new device. Unlike most
existing paper diagnostics, which test for only one disease, the new MIT strips are color-coded so they can
be used to distinguish among several diseases. To achieve that, the researchers used triangular
nanoparticles, made of silver that can take on different colors depending on their size. The researchers
created red, orange, and green nanoparticles and linked them to antibodies that recognize Ebola, dengue
fever, and yellow fever. As a patients blood serum flows along the strip, any viral proteins that match the
antibodies painted on the stripes will get caught, and those nanoparticles will become visible. This can be
seen by the naked eye; for those who are colorblind, a cellphone camera could be used to distinguish the
colors. When we run a patient sample through the strip, if you see an orange band you know they have
yellow fever, if it shows up as a red band you know they have Ebola, and if it shows up green then we
know that they have dengue, Hamad-Schifferli says. This process takes about 10 minutes, allowing health
care workers to rapidly perform triage and determine if patients should be isolated, helping to prevent the
disease from spreading further. Warren Chan, an associate professor at the University of Toronto Institute
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, says he is impressed with the device because it not only offers
faster diagnosis, but also requires smaller patient blood samples, as just one test strip can detect multiple
diseases. Its a step up from what everyone else is doing, says Chan, who was not involved in the
research. Theyre targeting diseases that are really relevant to whats going on in the world at this point,
and have shown that they can detect them simultaneously. Faster triage the researchers envision their
new device as a complement to existing diagnostic technologies, such as PCR.
If youre in a situation in the field with no power and no special technologies, if you want to know if a
patient has Ebola, this test can tell you very quickly that you might not want to put that patient in a
waiting room with other people who might not be infected, says Gehrke, who is also a professor of
microbiology and immunology at Harvard Medical School. That initial triage can be very important from a
public health standpoint, and there could be a follow-up test later with PCR or something to confirm. The
researchers hope to obtain Food and Drug Administration approval to begin using the device in areas
where the Ebola outbreak is still ongoing. In order to do that, they are now testing the device in the lab
with engineered viral proteins, as well as serum samples from infected animals.
This type of device could also be customized to detect other viral hemorrhagic fevers or other infectious
diseases, by linking the silver nanoparticles to different antibodies.
The research was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease.
Image Credit: The iChip device, developed by scientists at Northeastern

University, Boston, allows bacteria to grow in its natural environment
but to be isolated and studied at the same time. Slava Epstein /
Northeastern University
The search for a new

antibiotic
S
-Story Source: The National UAE

Mitya Underwood
cientists have made a breakthrough in their search for a new generation of antibiotics. By studying bacteria in the soil
they believe they can develop medicines that will combat the menace of drug-resistant superbugs. The solution to what the
World Health Organisation describes as a profound threat to human health could lie at the bottom of your garden or in a
muddy field. Buried in the dirt are thousands of compounds that could bring an end to superbugs the illnesses that no
longer respond to most antibiotics. Scientists at Northeastern University in Boston, US, announced a breakthrough last month,
in that they have worked out a way of cultivating bacteria that until now has failed to grow in laboratory conditions, but which
could be the source of a new generation of antibiotics. Naturally occuring micro-organisms and bacteria are the main source of
antibiotics used today. In the heyday of antibiotic discovery between the 1930s and 1970s, scientists could only study about
one per cent of the bacteria found in soil samples because the other 99 per cent would not grow outside their natural
environment. This made the discovery of antibiotics a difficult, costly and lengthy exercise.
Overmining of this limited resource by the 1960s brought an end to the initial era of antibiotic discovery, said Northeastern
Universitys Kim Lewis, Slava Epstein and others, in their research paper published in Nature magazine. No new major forms of
antibiotics have been developed in the past 30 years, and resistance to certain types has been growing. The latest
breakthrough in growing bacteria in the lab could unlock a huge source of as-yet untapped antibiotics. The success lies in the
development of a technology called iChip, which allows bacteria to grow in soil, their natural environment, and to be isolated
and studied at the same time. IChip involves diluting a sample mixture of soil so that one bacterial cell is placed between two
laboratory slides and put back in the soil.
The scientists estimate that almost half of samples will grow using this method, as compared to just 1 per cent of cells from soil
that would grow in a lab. In this experiment the team, consisting of Lewis, Epstein and colleagues from the University of Bonn
in Germany, Selcia in the UK and Novo Biotic Pharmaceuticals in Cambridge, Massachusetts, then
Screened 10,000 samples grown in iChips for antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, the resistant form of which is
known as MRSA.A newly discovered compound that the team named teixobactin has already shown promise against resistant
forms of bacteria such as S.aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was also exceptionally active against non-resistant
Clostridium difficile, which causes infectious diarrhoea, and Bacillus anthracis, the anthrax bacteria.
Dr Anjam Khan, principal investigator and director of the Microbiology Containment Level 3 Research Suites at Newcastle
University, UK, said: The good thing about this announcement isnt so much the antibiotic but the approach the investigators
used to try to cultivate bacterial dark matter.Scientists have always tried to mimic environmental conditions in an artificial
laboratory growth medium rather than going back to the soil.The strategy these scientists have used is very elegant. They
devised a new experimental tool where they could look at individual bacteria growing in their natural soil environment.Most
antibiotics we get are from soil-dwelling bacteria, yet we are missing 99 per cent of this diverse and rich population of bacteria
which we simply cannot cultivate in artificial laboratory media.The technology is very simple. Thats one of the elegant and
powerful things about this approach.
He said scientists had been trying for many years to grow bacteria in a laboratory, and it had been a guessing game as to
what nutrients were needed to ensure growth.
14
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Antibiotics give rise

to new communities
News Source: Science Daily
ost people have taken an antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection. Now
researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University
of San Diego, La Jolla, reveal that the way we often think about antibiotics -- as
straightforward killing machines -- needs to be revised.
Researchers have identified unexpected activity of

antibiotics, potentially reshaping our understanding
of why antibiotics evolved and pointing to broad
health implications. Credit: Oleksii Nykonchuk /
Fotolia
The work, led by Elizabeth Shank, an assistant professor of biology in the UNC-Chapel Hill College of Arts and Sciences as well as
microbiology and immunology in the UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine, and Rachel Bleich, a graduate student in the UNC-Chapel
Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, not only adds a new dimension to how we treat infections, but also might change our
understanding of why bacteria produce antibiotics in the first place.
"For a long time we've thought that bacteria make antibiotics for the same reasons that we love them -- because they kill other
bacteria," said Shank, whose work appears in the February 23 Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. "However, we've also known that antibiotics can sometimes have pesky side-effects, like stimulating biofilm
formation."Shank and her team now show that this side-effect -- the production of biofilm -- is not a side-effect after all,
suggesting that bacteria may have evolved to produce antibiotics in order to produce biofilm and not only for their killing
abilities.Biofilms are communities of bacteria that form on surfaces, a phenomenon dentists usually refer to as plaque. Biofilm are
everywhere. In many cases, biofilm can be beneficial, such as when they protect plant roots from pathogens. But they can also
harm, for instance when they form on medical catheters or feeding tubes in patients, causing disease."It was never that surprising
that many bacteria form biofilm in response to antibiotics: it helps them survive an attack. But it's always been thought that this
was a general stress response, a kind of non-specific side-effect of antibiotics. Our findings indicate that this isn't true. We've
discovered an antibiotic that very specifically activates biofilm formation, and does so in a way that has nothing to do with its
ability to kill."Shank and her team previously reported that the soil bacterium Bacillus cereus could stimulate the
bacterium Bacillus subtilis to form a biofilm in response to an unknown secreted signal. B. subtilis is found in soil and the
gastrointestinal tract of humans.
Using imaging mass spectrometry, they subsequently identified the signaling compound that induced biofilm production as
thiocillin, a member of a class of antibiotics called thiazolyl peptide antibiotics, which are produced by a range of bacteria.
At that point, Shank and her colleagues knew thiocillin had two very specific and different functions, but they didn't know why -and wanted to know how it worked. That's when they modified thiocillin's structure in a way that eliminated thiocillin's antibiotic
activity, but did not halt biofilm production.
"That suggests that antibiotics can independently and simultaneously induce potentially dangerous biofilm formation in other
bacteria and that these activities may be acting through specific signaling pathways," said Shank. "It has generated further
discussion about the evolution of antibiotic activity, and the fact that some antibiotics being used therapeutically may induce
biofilm formation in a strong and specific way, which has broad implications for human health."
15
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
This is a reconstructed visual of dengue virus serotype 3 bound with

antigen-binding fragments of super-potent antibody 5J7.
Credit: Guntur Fibriansah
News Source: Science Daily
new Duke-NUS-led study has identified a super-potent antibody which requires a
minute amount to neutralize the dengue virus. The study, published online on 20
February 2015, in the journal Nature Communications, showed how a newly identified
antibody 5J7, is highly effective in killing dengue virus whereby only 10-9 g of antibody
is needed to stop the infection of dengue serotype 3 virus (DENV-3). This new finding
gives hope for the development of effective dengue treatments.
Over the last 50 years, the incidence of dengue virus has increased by 30 times
worldwide. The virus causes fever, rashes and joint pain and in severe cases, bleeding
and shock. It is estimated to be endemic in 100 countries and is a huge burden on
healthcare systems. However, till now, there is no licensed dengue vaccine or
therapeutic agent due to the presence of four circulating virus serotypes (DENV1-4)
complicating their development.
Senior author Associate Professor Shee Mei Lok from Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
Singapore (Duke-NUS) focuses her research on understanding the pathology and
structure of the dengue virus to develop effective therapeutics. Her lab has already
discovered antibodies that are effective against DENV-1. Her strategy to develop a safe
therapeutic is to combine four antibodies that each bind and potently inhibit infection of
each of the dengue virus serotypes.
In this recent study, researchers isolated 5J7 from 200 different candidate antibody
molecules by studying blood samples from a dengue infected patient. By examining the
virus-antibody complex structure at very high magnification, they showed that each arm
of the antibody is surprisingly effective in grabbing three surface proteins on the surface
of the virus at the same time. In addition, the sites on the virus where the antibody was
bound were critical for the virus to invade cells.
"This kind of binding with the virus has never been observed and it explains why the
antibody itself is so highly potent." said A/Prof Lok, who is from the Emerging Infectious
Diseases Programme at Duke-NUS. "The movement of virus surface proteins is highly
essential for invading cells -- you can think of antibody 5J7 locking the virus surface
proteins, thus strapping the virus."
While antibody 5J7 has been found to be effective against DENV-3, the remaining two
serotypes of dengue virus (DENV-2 and DENV-4) have to be considered. When a patient
is infected by one serotype -- this stimulates the production of a variety of antibodies
that kills that serotype and that patient will have life-time immunity towards that
particular serotype. However, in this process, the patient will also produce antibodies
that will bind the other three if they are infected by them. This may enhance their
secondary infection and cause the development of a more severe form of the disease.
"We need to test the efficacy in mouse models first and then move to clinical trials," said
A/Prof Lok about the next step after this promising finding. "We are optimistic that we
will make a treatment breakthrough within these few years but antibodies against all the
other serotypes have to be identified first."
17
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
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Starts
Researchers introduce the idea of

using sewage to study human
microbiome
Story Source: Marine Biological

Laboratory
new study demonstrates that sewage is an effective means to sample the fecal bacteria from millions
of people. Researchers say the information gleaned from the work provides a unique opportunity to monitor,
through gut microbes, the public health of a large population without compromising the privacy of individuals.
In a new study published in the January/February 2015 issue of the journal mBio, researchers from the Marine
Biological Laboratory (MBL) and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM) School of Freshwater Sciences
introduce the idea of using sewage as a population level pool that carries a signal for the microbiomes of humans.
Using oligotyping, a novel approach developed at the MBL, scientists compared the gut bacterial community
profiles of 137 healthy adults provided by The Human Microbiome Project to the bacterial community profiles of
more than 200 sewage influent samples collected from 71 U.S. cities. In the paper led by UWM's Ryan Newton,
researchers found that geographically distributed populations share a small core set of bacteria whose members
represent various common community states within U.S. adults. The study uses the percent of obese individuals
in a given city as a measure of lifestyle differences across cities, and demonstrates that the bacterial community
structure is a good predictor, with 81 to 89 percent accuracy, of a city's estimated level of obesity. Lifestyle
differences can reproducibly alter the human gut microbiome, and microbial community composition is a known
indicator of obesity.
"This method is similar to trying to create a map of a geographical region," explains A. Murat Eren, an Assistant
Research Scientist at the MBL, and one of the authors of the study. "The way we have been working with
microbiomes of individuals has been similar to driving around and mapping the streets and structures of a city in a
detailed manner. This approach takes our efforts to a much larger scale. In this sense it is similar to taking one
big aerial picture of a city, trading off intricate details of a small number of well-described streets for broader
insights and larger patterns." The researchers say the use of oligotyping, which provides greater sensitivity,
allowed them to better explain the distribution of very closely related bacterial organisms to compare microbiomes
among 71 human populations."The sewage samples of 71 cities do not tell us anything specific about 'individuals'
who live in those cities" says Eren. "However, only using sewage samples, we were able to differentiate these
cities based on their estimated level of obesity. This approach can be beneficial to answer various public health
questions while not compromising the privacy of individuals. For instance, microbial observatories plugged into
sewage systems can keep us informed about the general health of large populations without being intrusive."
"This work fits into our long-term goal of developing better water pollution and public health assessments," says
UWM professor and study co-author Sandra McLellan. "It's a great example of how new sequencing technologies
and novel computational approaches can allow us to glean new information from complex environments."
Credit: Human Microbiome Project, www.brevis.com
Humans harbor tremendous amounts of bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract and gut bacteria serve important
functions in healthy humans. Studies of the human microbiome, the collection of trillions of microbes living in and
on the human body, have gained traction during the last decade. There is a great interest in identifying a "healthy
microbiome" by identifying one or more bacterial community types that may be associated with healthy
individuals, however financial considerations and privacy concerns limit the number of individuals who can be
screened.
Quick test for quality beer,

Story Source: Science daily
o guarantee a high quality of their beer, breweries monitor the production process very closely. With a new polymer
powder, this monitoring will be able to be faster and simpler in the future. Manufacturers can also test drinks such as milk,
juice, cola and red wine with the quick check. It tastes full-bodied and spicy, is tasty and is welcome refreshment, especially in
the hot summer months -- Beer is very popular throughout the world. For brewers, a consistently high quality of the drink is
essential. To ensure this, the companies try to keep the product free from harmful microorganisms. This is because pathogens
that enter into the beer during the brewing process can spoil the pleasure of the drink. They not only provide strong variations
in taste and smell; the beer can also become cloudy, sour and unwholesome. Therefore, ongoing quality controls accompany
the production process. However, conventional microbiological methods require five to seven days to detect beverage-spoiling
organisms, such as bacteria and yeasts. It is often too late at that point to take corrective action. In collaboration with the
company GEN-IAL from Troisdorf, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP in Potsdam have
developed a polymer powder that significantly simplifies these tests and shortens the time that they require. The company
supplies breweries with analysis tools for quality control. From the test to the reliable result takes two to three days. The
reason: Until recently, beer has been filtered in special equipment. In this process, the bacteria remain on a membrane and are
then elaborately cultivated in a special culture medium before they can be examined microscopically. The new polymer powder
from the IAP replaces this process: The powder is added to the liquid sample. The powder's functionalized surface binds the
bacteria efficiently. The pathogens adhere to the 100 to 200 micron powder particles. These can be easily removed along with
the microbes in a specially developed system and analyzed directly using various microbiological methods. The time-consuming
enrichment in a nutrient medium is no longer necessary.
Quality control of large quantities of beverages possible: With the new method, food experts can investigate beer and
other beverages for infection by pathogens, which was hardly or not at all possible with the traditional membrane filtration
method. "Membrane filtration is not suitable for the quality control of beverages such as fruit juices, milk, cola and red wine.
They contain so much solid or suspended matter that the filter clogs quickly," explains Dr. Andreas Hollnder, scientist at the
IAP. Breweries have also only been able to examine small sample volumes of up to one liter via membrane filtration. With the
polymer powder, tests with 30 liters or more are possible. "Wherever a small amount of microbes has to be extracted from a
large amount of liquid, the new technique can be useful," adds Hollnder. "Through the use of the powder, food safety is
increased, since it is more likely to find trace contaminants in large volumes of the beverages," says Dr. Jutta Schnling,
managing director of Gen-IAL. From the test to the reliable result takes two to three days. The reason: Until recently, beer has
been filtered in special equipment. In this process, the bacteria remain on a membrane and are then elaborately cultivated in a
special culture medium before they can be examined microscopically. The new polymer powder from the IAP replaces this
process: The powder is added to the liquid sample. The powder's functionalized surface binds the bacteria efficiently. The
pathogens adhere to the 100 to 200 micron powder particles. These can be easily removed along with the microbes in a
specially developed system and analyzed directly using various microbiological methods. The time-consuming enrichment in a
nutrient medium is no longer necessary.
Quality control of large quantities of beverages possible :With the new method, food experts can investigate beer and
other beverages for infection by pathogens, which was hardly or not at all possible with the traditional membrane filtration
method. "Membrane filtration is not suitable for the quality control of beverages such as fruit juices, milk, cola and red wine.
They contain so much solid or suspended matter that the filter clogs quickly," explains Dr. Andreas Hollnder, scientist at the
IAP. Breweries have also only been able to examine small sample volumes of up to one liter via membrane filtration. With the
polymer powder, tests with 30 liters or more are possible. "Wherever a small amount of microbes has to be extracted from a
large amount of liquid, the new technique can be useful," adds Hollnder. "Through the use of the powder, food safety is
increased, since it is more likely to find trace contaminants in large volumes of the beverages," says Dr. Jutta Schnling,
managing director of Gen-IAL.
20
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Credit: Fraunhofer IAP
The functionalized polymer powder disperses in water.
milk
Asian herb holds promise as

treatment for Ebola virus disease
ew research that focuses on the mechanism by which Ebola virus infects a cell and the discovery of a
promising drug therapy candidate is being published Feb. 27, 2015, in the journal Science. Dr. Robert Davey,
scientist and Ewing Halsell Scholar in the Department of Immunology and Virology at Texas Biomedical Research
Institute announced today that a small molecule called Tetrandrine derived from an Asian herb has shown to be a
potent small molecule inhibiting infection of human white blood cells in vitro or petri dish experiments and
prevented Ebola virus disease in mice. The latest outbreak of Ebola virus disease has caused the death of more
than 9,400 people worldwide and created an international crisis that has shown few signs of stopping, continuing
to infect thousands in West Africa. Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and currently has no
approved therapy or vaccine. Scientists at Texas Biomed have been working in the Institute's Biosafety Level 4
containment laboratory for more than 10 years to find a vaccine, therapies and detection methods for the virus.
Davey and his team have been working for more than five years on identifying and finding therapy targets for
Ebola virus disease. Davey's research has focused on stopping the virus before it has a chance to enter or interact
with cellular factors, as that is a critical first step to combating infection. Ebola virus begins its entry into a cell by
first binding to several types of cell surface proteins. Then the virus is taken into the cell and follows an
endosomal route, or membrane-bound route that transports the virus to various cell compartments.
From previous studies, Davey said that during this endosomal process, he knew that calcium signaling in cells,
which allow cells to transmit electrical charges to one another, controls many of the processes in the cell and was
important for Ebola virus infection."We were not able, however, to pinpoint the mechanisms involved in this
process," Davey explained. "With this research, we discovered that two pore channels (TPCs) are the key calcium
sensor involved in Ebola virus infection. These TPCs essentially needed to be turned on in order for the virus to
function properly."Two pore channels are unusual calcium channels found in endosomes that control the way
endosomes move through cells and the environment of the cells. Davey compared TPCs to traffic cops and air
conditioners, helping direct the endosomes and any virus it might be carrying through the cell and making the
endosomes and its passengers more comfortable along the way. Davey and his team were able to show the
critical role of two pore channels in Ebola virus infection, which has not previously been shown in any other virus.
In addition to identifying this critical mechanism to infection, Davey's team also showed that drugs targeting this
interaction show some efficacy as potential treatments against Ebola virus disease. In the study, Davey's team
determined that existing drugs currently used to treat high blood pressure have an ability to turn this key calcium
sensor on and off. Working with a group in Munich, Germany and Southwest Research Institute, the team tested
several small molecules to see which was most effective at turning the sensors off thus prohibiting Ebola virus
from moving any further through the cell.
The team found Tetrandrine protected mice from disease without obvious side effects and was the best candidate
for further animal testing, because it was the most potent compound tested, gave little evidence of cytotoxicity
and required a smaller dose to be effective and tolerated.
"When we tested in mice, the drugs stopped virus replication and saved most of them from disease," Davey said.
Essentially, this drug shows an ability to stop the virus before it has a chance interact with cellular factors, thus
stopping the virus from continuing its infection process."We are very excited about the progress made in this
study and the momentum it provides as scientists across the world vigorously search for effective vaccines and
treatments against Ebola virus," Davey said. "We are cautiously optimistic. The next step in the process is to test
both safety and effectiveness of the interaction of the drug with Ebola virus in non-human primates."
21
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Asian herb holds promise as treatment for Ebola virus disease
National Conference on
RECENT TRENDS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, HUMAN
HEALTH, & ENVIRONMENT
March 27-28, 2015

(Sponsored by University Grants Commission, New Delhi)
Organized by
DEPARMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY,
BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI
The
uniqueness of Microorganisms and their often unpredictable nature has made them likely candidates for solving difficult problems in the life sciences and other field of
environment,Agriculture,Industries,Medical and other fields which directly or indirectly influence humankind ,Neverthless,while microbial biotechnologies have been applied to various problems of
above mentioned fields with considerable success in recent years. they have not been widely accepted by the scientific community because it is often difficult to consistently reproduce. This seminar
provides an opportunity to discuss recent developments in the understanding of how microorganisms can interact in Agriculture and natural ecosystems, Microbial applications in industrial and Medical
fields will also discussed.
Conference Theme
Programme will include invited guest lectures and presentation in following area:
Microorganisms in sustainable Environment

Microorganism in Sustainable Agriculture
Microorganism in Industries
Microorganism in Medical sciences
Other application of Microbes
Instructions
for abstract preparation
Conference is open to all involved in area of conference theme, interested participants are invited to contribute their papers for oral/or poster presentation. Abstracts should be prepared (about 250 words) using MSWords and sent to the rtambu2015@gmail.com as file attachment. The name of presenting author should be underlined.
Instructions for full paper presentation

The full paper should include a title with the full name(s) of author(s), Affiliation(s) where the work was carried, an Abstract followed by sections including an introduction, the main body of
text,conclusions,acknowledgements and references.
Schedule of events
March 15, 2015
Deadline of receipt of Abstract march 20, 2015 Deadline for submission of full papers
March 27-28, 2015 Conference
Organizing Committee
Chief Patron
Patron
Chairperson
Organizing Secretary
Co-Organizing Secretary
Joint Secretary
Co-Joint Secretaries
Prof.A.C. Pandey,Honble Vice Chancellor,Bundelkhand University,Jhansi

Prof. Pankaj Atri,Pro Vice Chancellor,Bundelkhand University,Jhansi
Prof.S.P.Singh,Dean Science,B.U
Dr.Rishi Kumar Saxena,Head,Dept of Microbiology,B.U.Jhansi
Dr.Devendra Mani Tripathi and Dr.Sanjay Kumar
Dr.Sangeetalal
Mr.Pankaj Sagar & Dr.Ranjana
Registration
Participants are expected to register on or before March, 15,2015,by sending the requisite fee in form of DD in favour of the organizing Secretary, National Conference on Recent Trends in
AppliedMicrobiology,Human Health & Environment, Payable at SBI,BU Campus, Jhansi along with requisite for accommodation, if required. Invited Speakers may register on arrival.
Participants
On time
Late
Faculty Members
Rs. 700/-
Rs.1000/-
On time
Students/research scholar
Address for correspondence

Dr.Rishi Kumar Saxena
Head & Organizing Secretary of National Conference
Department of Microbiology,
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-284128
E-mail:rishisaxena01@gmail.com
Mob:+91-9889106832
Fax: 0610-2321667
Rs.500/-
Late
Rs.700/-
Living in genetic comfort zone: How to

avoid influence of genetic variation
he phenotype of organisms is shaped by the interaction between environmental factors and their genetic
constitution. A recent study by a team of population geneticists at the Vetmeduni Vienna shows that fruit flies live in
a sort of genetic comfort zone at a specific temperature. The scientists found that, despite their underlying genetic
differences, two separate strains of flies had a very similar gene expression pattern at 18C. This effect of
'canalization', which has also been described in humans, allows organisms to continue to grow and develop stable
even in the face of genetic and environmental stress. The results were published in the journal PLOS Genetics. The
information encoded in the DNA of an organism is not sufficient to determine the expression pattern of genes. This
fact has been known even before the discovery of epigenetics, which refers to external modifications to the DNA
that turn genes "on" or "off." These modifications do not change the DNA sequence, but instead, they affect how
genes are expressed. Another, less known mechanism called canalization keeps organisms robust despite genetic
mutations and environmental stressors. If an organism experiences environmental or genetic perturbations during
its development, such as extreme living conditions or genetic mutations, canalization acts as a way of buffering
these disturbances. The organism remains stable and can continue to develop without recognizable changes.
A comfort zone in the fly genome
Christian Schltterer at the Institute of Population Genetics and his colleagues studied the mechanism of
canalization in fruit flies. The researchers subjected two genetically distinct strains of fruit flies, Oregon and
Samarkand, to different temperatures (13C, 18C, 23C and 29C). Subsequently, they analysed the variation in
gene expression in response to the different temperatures. The results revealed a homogenous pattern of gene
expression among the two strains at 18C. No matter whether the flies were from the Oregon or to the Samarkand
strain, their gene expression was almost indistinguishable.
"The flies' genetic comfort zone appears to be located at 18C. "As soon as the flies leave the comfort zone, move
to either higher or lower temperatures, the gene expression of the two strains varies dramatically" Schltterer
explains.
Buffering the genotype
The effect of canalization was first described in 1942, when researchers pointed out that organisms remain stable in
their external appearance despite different environmental circumstances or genetic mutations. This sort of
developmental buffering helps to stabilize organismal growth.
"If an organism develops along the canalization pathway, or along the comfort zone, mutations can accumulate
without being expressed. Once an organism leaves the canalized range, those hidden genetic variations can be
expressed and become visible. The phenomenon is called Decanalization," Schltterer explains.
Decanalization as the origin of complex genetic disease
A publication by U.S. researcher Greg Gibson in the journal Nature (Paper-Link) proposes that diseases such as
diabetes, asthma, depression and cardiovascular disease are the consequence of genetic Decanalization. He
describes how migration, diet, smoking, air pollution and psychological stress can lead to stress-mediated
Decanalization and therefore cause certain complex genetic diseases in humans.
"Genetic information alone does not determine whether we stay healthy or not. It is the complex interaction of
environmental conditions and genetic variation that needs to be considered," says Schltterer.
Credit: Photo: Michael Bernkopf/Vetmeduni Vienna
Laboratory fruit flies live in special glass containers.
cientists are teaming up to use satellite data to target deadly parasites to help
predict patterns of parasitic diseases such as malaria, worms and hydatids. Project
leader Professor Archie Clements, from The Australian National University, said the
research could help authorities in developing countries fight parasitic diseases.
"Some diseases are highly sensitive to their environment, especially parasitic diseases.
With remote sensing you can identify places where disease flourishes," said Professor
Clements, Director of the ANU Research School of Population Health."This information
is useful for decision makers to help them ensure scarce resources are targeted to
where they are most needed."Parasitic diseases affect hundreds of millions of people
every year, many of them in the least developed parts of the world. The team uses
satellite data such as temperature, rainfall, vegetation and land usage, and combines
it with health data in a geographical information system (GIS).The approach combines
the skills of many scientists, such as entomologists, epidemiologists, software
developers, social scientists and health policy specialists."The result is maps that are
accessible to countries with limited capacity for managing disease data, tailored to
their local needs."The team has trialed systems for malaria in Bhutan, Vanuatu and
the Solomon Islands and is now seeking support to scale up to larger countries.
Additionally, spatial predictions for other diseases such as worms and hydatids are
being developed for China, the Philippines and other countries in the Asia-Pacific
region."By taking this research the next step, we have the opportunity to have a
meaningful impact on the real world, and save a lot of lives," Professor Clements said.
Professor Clements is laying out a plan for the future of these systems at a symposium
at the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference, in San Jose,
California this weekend.
This is Professor Archie Clements, Director at the ANU

Research School of Population Health.
Tracking parasites with satellites
Malaria transmission linked to

mosquitoes' sexual biology
exual biology may be the key to uncovering why Anopheles
mosquitoes are unique in their ability to transmit malaria to humans,

according to researchers at Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
and University of Perugia, Italy. Through analysis of 16 Anopheles
genomes, they found that these mosquitoes' reproductive traits evolved
along with their capacity to transmit the Plasmodium parasite that
causes malaria. These findings may provide a new target for malaria
control, particularly in regions hardest hit by the disease. "Our study is
the first to reveal the evolutionary dynamics between the sexes that are
likely responsible for shaping the ability of Anopheles mosquitoes to
transmit malaria to humans," said senior author Flaminia Catteruccia,
associate professor of immunology and infectious diseases at Harvard
Chan School and University of Perugia.
The study was published online February 26, 2015 in Science.
Anopheles mosquitoes are the only mosquitoes capable of transmitting
human malaria; however, the species within this genus vary widely in
their ability to do so, for reasons that remain unknown. The researchers
analyzed nine globally dispersed Anopheles species, enabling
reconstruction of the evolutionary history of their reproductive traits and
capacity to transmit malaria. They found that two key male reproductive
traits in Anopheles are acquired and evolved together over time:
transferring ejaculate as a gelatinous rod-shaped structure called the
mating plug, and the ability to synthesize a steroid hormone contained in
that plug called 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The researchers also
demonstrated that the evolution of these male traits drove reciprocal
adaptations in females strongly linked to the mosquitos' capacity to
transmit malaria. This study adds to previous findings from this research
group showing that sexual transfer of 20E induces a series of dramatic
changes in the female, fundamentally altering her physiology and
behavior. These changes affect a female's reproductive output, longevity
and immune response to Plasmodium parasites, all key factors in malaria
transmission. All four species of Anopheles mosquitoes that transfer
large levels of 20E are major malaria vectors originating from Africa and
India, the regions of highest malaria burden.
The findings may also be applicable to Dengue and West Nile virus,
which are transmitted by the Aedes and Culex mosquitoes, respectively.
In these species some aspects of reproductive biology are similar to
Anopheles.
By identifying factors critical for increasing the ability of mosquitoes to
transmit malaria, compounds developed to specifically target those
factors could be incorporated into existing mosquito control technologies,
boosting their overall effectiveness.
25
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Pollution is driving force behind growth of

nuisance algal scums linked to disease
otentially toxic microbes which pose a threat to our drinking water have
undergone a dramatic population explosion over the last 200 years as a result of
pollution, research involving experts from The University of Nottingham has found.
The study, published in the journal Ecology Letters, looked at more than 100 lakes
in lowland and alpine areas of North America and Europe and found that populations
of Cyanobacteria -- also known as blue-green algae -- have significantly increased
since the 1800s.The research, conducted in collaboration with academics at McGill
University in Canada and other collaborators, is the first study to show that a rise in
the algae's available nutrient sources nitrogen and phosphorus -- commonly
resulting from industrial fertilisers and sewage discharge -- is the biggest potential
culprit responsible for the increase in such a large number of lakes, across such a
large geographical area. The study also found that climate change can exacerbate
this problem, with water management challenges likely to increase in a future
warmer world. Colonies of blue-green algae pose a serious threat to drinking water
sources worldwide because many types contain toxins which can cause damage to
the liver and nervous system and have been linked with neurodegenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS and Lou Gehrig's disease. Most municipal
water treatment plants do not regularly look for Cyanobacteria toxins in the water
supply. However, municipalities with a known history of blooms typical monitor their
surface water supplies for Cyanobacteria. When detected, the cells can be removed
by adding chemicals that bind them together, so they can be separated out.
Although this removes the cells, the cells may already have broken down releasing
toxins into the water.
Image Credit: New York

State, Dept of Environment
Conservation
In addition, environmental costs associated with this alga were estimated to exceed
$100 million per year in both the UK and Australia. PhD researchers Heather
Moorhouse and Mark Stevenson, based in the School of Geography at the
University, and Dr Suzanne McGowan, Head of the School of Geography at
University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, took sample cores of sediment from
lakes located in the major lake districts of the British Isles including the English Lake
District, the West Midland Meres, Scottish lochs and upland lakes in Northern
Ireland and analysed them for pigments left behind by blue-green algae. These
pigments remain stable over thousands of years and act as biomarkers revealing
the past levels of algae found in the water during the course of decades. The
analysis showed that during the last 200 years, more than half of the lakes (58 per
cent) had seen significant increases in concentrations of blue-green algae pigments,
whereas only three per cent showed a significant decrease in the presence of the
microorganism. Lowland lakes in agricultural catchments typical of those found in
the UK were found to be especially susceptible to Cyanobacteria increases. The
study also found that since 1945 the incidence of blue-green algae has increased
more rapidly than the growth of other types of water-borne algae.
More significant increases were observed in the more temperate lowlands (61 per
cent in North America and 70 Per cent in Europe) which were closer to areas of
agricultural activity than in alpine areas (36 per cent).Analysis of the trends in bluegreen algae spanning 10 countries across three continents showed that growth was
mainly regulated by a change in the amount of nutrients -- phosphorus and nitrogen
-- found within the lakes.
The research underlines the importance of further study into how to more carefully
control the inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus-rich pollutants and ways of
monitoring the resulting toxins in our drinking water. It also demonstrates that
effective catchment nutrient control initiated by legislation such as the EU Water
Framework Directive is important to the safety of our water supplies in the future.
26
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Interview
An Interview with Prof. Aussielita L. Lit, Philippines, Under Microbioz India Scientist speak
Microbioz Team: Why you opt MICROBIOLOGY as a career?

Prof. Aussielita: Honestly, I was able to pursue studies in the field of Microbiology because
first, Its my personal decision to go on this field. I had already experienced as early as during
my high school days preliminary trainings and basic knowledge on this field. So, I decided to
continue learning its concepts and applications until I finished my Baachelors Degree in one of
the most prestigious universities here in Philippines and precede Masters Studies. I also look it
as very significant area of study in that it deals with microbes and microorganism-causing
diseases which we can reflect on the present epidemia of some diseases like HIV Virus, MersCov and the Ebola virus. For me, its really a perfect course which makes me believe that I am
born to be one.
Microbioz Team: Tell us a little more about your professional experiences; particularly those
not mention your resume/application?
Prof. Aussielita: Aside from the obvious information about my education attainment, pursuing
with Microbiology was really adventurous and intellectual for me and it will always be. I have
my specialization on Food Microbiology and Industrial Microbiology. Its adventurous in that I
visited some profound and beautiful places which I only dreamed of before, this was when I
attended some workshops, seminars and large group scientific conferences outside country. It
brought me also into another dimension of learning in that as the longer I studied it the more I
become efficient scientist and microbiologist. My profession really inspired me a lot. It realized
me how important is to deal with some aspects of society especially health and safety of the
people. Also, I availed international studies because of the advantage brought by studying
Microbiology.
Microbioz Team: What is your favorite part of your current job and why is it your favorite
part?
Prof. Aussielita: The most exciting part of my current job as a Laboratory Manager is that I
enjoyed providing guidance to entrees and my research students and advisees on their research
works. It makes me happy and honored when someone asks my help and I could provide them
for their betterment.
Microbioz Team: How would your background and experiences strengthen this academic and
research platform?
Prof. Aussielita: The laboratory I managed was founded to strengthen infrastructure and
support services in the agro-industrial sectors and to develop the quality of life especially here
in the locality. Moreover, I am glad that this research platform holds complec and systematized
functions because I have my colleagues, one who is a chemical engineer and some are
administrative staffs and my research assistants.
Microbioz Team: What is one or two of your proudest professional accomplishments?
Prof. Aussielita: Throughout my profession experience, I must say that I have completed
more than halfway of my dreams. My proudest accomplishments were first, when I declared as
a Registered Microbiologist of the Philippine Academy for Microbiology dated 1994. . It all began
on this step. Another was when I have
Utilized the significant concepts of Microbiology, applied those concepts and successfully find
noble employment. Evidence to these were my experience as specialist microbiologist in one of
the big Food Industries here in Philippines ( DOLE Philippines) , became a technical and quality
asessor and made my own employment by establishing Research Laboratory.
Microbioz Team: Mention few of your words in favour of Microbioz India.
Ma. Aussielita L. Lit (Uchie) is a

registered
microbiologist
of
the
Philippine Academy for Microbiology in
1994 and became a
specialist
microbiologist in 2002. She is a
recognized signatory for chemical and
microbiological testing by the Philippine
Accreditation Office (PAO) of the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
since 1995. She had 17 years of private
practice as microbiologist in one of the
big Food Industries in the country.
Recently established her own Research
Laboratory.
This Interview
Conducted by:
Rodel Estadillo Alo,
Researcher Philippines
(Microbioz Representative)
Prof. Aussielita: I find it as a very good source or reference material for some science people
and researchers. It also amazed me that it also launches interviews for some scientists and
biologists. You could really provide good information to our people. More success to Microbioz
India Magazine.
27
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Find your
Scholarships
updates
here!!!
Download Microbioz India Magazines
Open scholarships
Holland
Scholarship
for
International
Students in Netherlands, 2015

About Scholarship
Applications are invited for Holland Scholarship for international students from outside the European Economic Area (EEA).
Scholarship is awarded for pursuing bachelors or masters programmes at one of the participating Dutch higher education
institutions. The scholarship amounts to 5,000. Student will receive this in the first year of their studies. The application
deadline is 31 March, 2015.
Eligibility
Your nationality is non-EEA.

You are applying for a full-time bachelors or masters at one of the participating Dutch higher education institutions.
You meet the specific requirements of the institution of your choice.
You have never before studied at an education institution in the Netherlands.
How to Apply
You can apply for the Holland Scholarship at the Dutch institution of your choice. The institution will select those who will be
granted the scholarship. You can find an overview of participating Dutch research universities and universities of applied sciences,
as well as selected fields of study.
Deadline
The application deadline is 31 March, 2015.
For Details
http://www.studyinholland.nl/scholarships/holland-scholarship
29
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Open scholarships
2015 CiM-IMPRS PhD Fellowships in Life and

Natural Sciences, Germany
About Scholarship
The International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biomedicine (IMPRS-MBM) and the Cells in Motion Excellence Cluster
(CiM) offer 16 PhD Fellowships in Life and Natural Sciences. Applications are invited for highly qualified and motivated students of
any nationality from biological sciences, chemistry, mathematics, computer sciences and physics.
Eligibility
Applicants must hold a Masters degree, or equivalent (e.g. German Diploma), in life or natural sciences (e.g. biology,
biochemistry, biotechnology, physics, chemistry, pharmacy or related fields), in mathematics or computer sciences. Applicants
with a state examination in pharmacy can be admitted to work on pharmaceutical/chemical projects. The date of award of the
Masters (diploma, state examination) degree must not be more than 4 years ago (i.e. 4 years before the above-mentioned
application deadline).
Applications are also welcome if the required degree has not yet been awarded by the time of application. However, it has to be
awarded before fellowships commence in October.
How to Apply
Applications can only be submitted via online
Applicants should first go to our webpage to see ALL details about the application process before they apply online.
Deadline
Candidates will be notified on 29 June 2015.
For Details
www.cim-imprs.de
HEC Fully Funded PhD Scholarships for

University of Cambridge in UK, 2015
30
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Open scholarships
About Scholarship
The HEC and Cambridge Commonwealth Trust (CCT) jointly fund PhD scholarships for University of Cambridge. Scholarships are
awarded for Pakistani students to undertake direct PhD & MS/MPhil leading to PhD Program at University of Cambridge.
Eligibility
Pakistani nationals
Candidates must have minimum sixteen years of education.
Maximum two second divisions throughout the academic career
Maximum age on Friday May 15, 2015: 40 years for full time regular faculty members of public sector Universities/Colleges
and employees of the public sector R & D organizations or 35 years for all others
Applicants need to have minimum cumulative 50% academic marks as per HEC Academic Evaluation Formula (HEC-AEF).
The HEC-AEF is available at HEC website
How to Apply
Applications should be submitted through registered mail or courier service. By hand applications will not be entertained. The
following documents are required to be submitted along with the prescribed application form:
Photocopy of confirmed admission for PhD or Masters leading to PhD Program at the University of Cambridge.
Attested photocopies of all educational testimonials by gazatted Govt. officer.
Attested photocopy of CNIC
CV/Resume
Statement of Purpose for pursuing higher studies (max. 500 words)
Research Proposal
Domicile photocopy attested by gazatted Govt. officer
Deadline
The application deadline is May 15, 2015.
For Details
http://www.hec.gov.pk/INSIDEHEC/DIVISIONS/HRD/SCHOLARSHIPS/FOREIGNSCHOLARSHIPS/OSSPHASE2BATCH3/SUC/Pages/Int
roductionObjectives.aspx
31
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Open scholarships
Ph.D,Project Endophytic bacteria: co-existence
and
chemical
warfare
(BBSRC
iCASE
studentship)
About Scholarship
Ph.D project is available for Microbiology students in Aberystwyth University under Dr. K Farrar Institute of Biological,
Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS) . The student will receive a stimulating interdisciplinary training comprising
microbiology, plant science, genetics & genomics, and natural product chemistry. The project encompasses basic discovery
science and applied research, we therefore anticipate high impact publications and aim to identify novel bioactive compounds of
interest for commercialisation. During the placement with PhytoQuest the student will learn about the pipeline from discovery to
commercialisation, to include discovery of new chemical entities for the food and cosmetic industries, and pure compound drugs
for the pharmaceutical industry. The student will join a vibrant postgraduate community at IBERS, Aberystwyth University, and
will be a member of the Energy Crop Biology research group, benefiting from a range of high quality resources and networks.
Eligibility
All Post graduate of students of Biological Sciences.
How to Apply
Apply Online
Deadline
Monday, April 13, 2015
For Details
http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/postgrad/howtoapply/
32
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Open scholarships
Ph.D,Project
Discovery
pharmaceuticals
from
marine
of
and
novel
desert
microorganisms
About Scholarship
Ph.D project is available for Microbiology students in Aberdeen University under Prof M Jaspars from Graduate School, College of
Physical Sciences. As part of this project you will gain skills in microbiology, natural product chemistry and biological testing.
You will work in a committed group of scientists interested in investigating natural resources for their potential to treat disease.
The group is located in the Marine Biodiscovery Centre which houses state-of-the-art facilities and scientists with skills in
microbiology, molecular biology, chemical analysis and natural product chemistry.
Applicants must hold, or expect to receive, a first or upper second class honours degree (or equivalent) in Chemistry,
biochemistry or pharmacy with knowledge of Organic chemistry, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass
spectrometry. the Energy Crop Biology research group, benefiting from a range of high quality resources and networks.
Eligibility
How to Apply
Apply Online
Deadline
Tuesday, March 31, 2015
For Details
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/apply.php
Open scholarships
Ph.D,Project
Genome mining of novel natural
products from new actionomycete strains

About Scholarship
Ph.D project is available for Microbiology students in Aberdeen University under Dr H Deng from Graduate School, College of
Physical Sciences . The applicant should have, or expect to have, an Honours Degree at 2.1 or above in chemistry,
microbiology/molecular biology or biochemistry this is a cross-disciplinary project involving elements of molecular biology and
natural product chemistry. In this project, you will gain experience in genome mining guided natural product discovery (isolation
and structural elucidation), cloning genes for heterologous expression,
Eligibility
How to Apply
Apply Online
Deadline
Applications accepted all year round
For Details
Ph.D,Project Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):

Role
of
Gut
Microbiota
and
Advancing
Nutritional Assessment Techniques

About Scholarship
Ph.D project is available for Microbiology students in Aberdeen University under Dr J Kyle from Schools of Medicine and Medical
Sciences. This project is part of a competition funded by the Institute of Applied Health Sciences. Full funding is available to UK/EU
candidates only. Applicants should have (or expect to achieve) a First Class undergraduate degree, or a Distinction at Masters level
or equivalent. We cannot consider applicants who do not meet these criteria. Candidates should contact the lead supervisor to
discuss the project in advance of submitting an application, as supervisors will be expected to provide a letter of support for
suitable applicants.
34
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
Open scholarships
Eligibility
How to Apply
Apply Online
Deadline
Friday, April 3, 2015
For Details
35
MICROBIOZ INDIA
MARCH 2015
2015
Issue
MICROBIOZ INDIA
W2
Crossord015
2
MICROBIOZ INDIA
March
MARCH ISSUE
March
015
List of winners of February 2015

Edition
Following candidates are successfully solved Microbioz India Cross Word game of February 2015
Rahul Singh
Raipur, India
Jenny Galion
Canada, UBC
Poonam Rajput
Sagar, M.P.India
Mhd.Tariq
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Mansoor Ahmd
Kohat, Pakistan
Vaishnavi Ramesh
Guntur, A.P, India
Asma Beg
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Afolabi Samuel
Nigeria
Pavol Court
Mc Gil University, Canada
Marry D.Pamela
Medical Technology. Peru
Taylor Francis
Ireland
Hints Key
Dear readers here we are not mentioning names of few winners

because of Late submission of answers, Winners will be
communicated later via e-mail for Microbioz India, Certificate.
Solve
Today
Spiral-shaped bacteria
An organism that obtains its nut rients
From dead organic matter
An organism that lives in, on, or at the
Expense of another
organism without contributing to the
Hosts survival
A microorganism that lives and grows in
The presence of free oxygen
A potent toxin that is secreted or excreted
By living organisms
Bacteria that are permanent and generally
Beneficial resident s in the human body
An organism in which another, usually
Parasitic organism is nourished and
Harbored.
A carrier of pathogenic organisms,
Especially one that can transmit a di sea
Se.
Solve this cross word and forward us scanned

Copy of answers by 15th of March2015

Emergence of Salmonella As A Food Borne Pathogen, March 2015

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Special Issue

List of Winners of February Issue

EMERGENCE OF Salmonella Species AS A FOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN

An Interview with Pf. Aussielita

Microbioz Journals call for Research Article/Review article/Short

Disease surveillance reports frequently identify poultry, meat

Recent Open Scholarships Positions

Microbioz India, Recent Research News,

Microbioz India,Puzzle Word Game of

An Interview with Prof. Aussielita L. Lit

List of Crossword winners of February

ear readers,, Microbioz India going to launch first issue of our 2

Chief International Representative

temperature. The other factor is known as extrinsic factor includes environmental

involves specific types of foods (Jenkov et al., 2010).

Jenny & Pavol

New Castle, U.K.

pathogens provides novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Salmonella typhimurium

Malaysia, Malaya University

Rodel Estadillo Alo

Philippines Out Reach

How to reach us...

631/63, Mulayam Nagar, Luck now, U.P.India,-

Chief Editor, Microbioz India

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Consumption of contaminated street-vended foods that have

Salmon and Theobald Smith were the early

scientists who successfully isolated disease causing

Taxonomy of the genus

two terms are generally used in frequent

Salmonella enterica subspecies

Salmonella spp is the most

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is an important

Salmonellosis in Ready to Eat food

Microbiological methods to determine the prevalence of Salmonella

Acid and Gas

Acid and Gas

Acid and Gas

Acid and Gas

Does not grow

Where expertise means business

e are the top manufacturer, trader and exporter in India and

Our Products are

Laminar Air Flow

Tissue Flotation Water

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Quick test for Ebola

Story Source: Anne Trafton | MIT News Office

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Image Credit: The iChip device, developed by scientists at Northeastern

The search for a new

-Story Source: The National UAE

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Antibiotics give rise

ost people have taken an antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection. Now

Researchers have identified unexpected activity of

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This is a reconstructed visual of dengue virus serotype 3 bound with

News Source: Science Daily

new Duke-NUS-led study has identified a super-potent antibody which requires a

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ubmit your manuscripts today in Microbioz India e-

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