Source:

Hutt, S. (1973). Early human development. London: Oxford University Press

Fear and Exploration:
Main points:
Response to fear is not premeditated as people faced with imminent danger or evil acts out of
impulse
-It implies that fear is instinctive and adaptive reaction of many species which is manifested in
late infancy
Relation to the study: Juvenile delinquents carry out activities from syndication in response to
fear. Thereby, children involved in such kinds of activities acts with vitiated consent. It is not
their own acts but acts by others executed through them.
Source:
Cantin, E. (1976). The Development of consciousness; a confluent theory of values. New York:
Paulist Press
Main points:
-The values chosen by children is dictated by their perception of the world around them. The way
in which one perceives the world is what we call consciousness which is subject to change. There
are four phases of development of consciousness.
-Each man originally enters a world constructed by others but eventually involves himself in
either a remodeling operation or in major reconstruction. The world each man builds takes its
share from that mans values, his meaning system and his world view
- World view of a child: self-centered
His world is narrow, need oriented and very physical. He prizes his own security and all that
contributes his bodily well-being
Levels of Consciousness: 4 Phases:
Phase 1:
The world is a mystery to the child and he is filled with curiousness. This primitive world view is
is defined when a child lack the skills needed to cope with the world that he is creating. So this is
the world of consciousness of the child who greets the world continually as new and surprising,
looking at it with a sense of awe and wonder.
Phase 2:

The individual at this phase of consciousness struggles through life controlled by forces outside
of himself
Phase 3:
It is reached as the individual achieves and experiences freedom and independence
Phase 4:
Individuals awareness of the universe in its entirety

The Value Process:

Defines as the process by which self, responding to various environments (people, objects, and
so on) takes a stance and selects its priorities expressed through its behavior in such a way as to
find meaning and enhance the development of man This definition is developmental in that the
persons perception of his environment changes. His process of selecting priorities and his
behavior undergo adjustment. At any given moment in a persons life his phase of consciousness
is expressed in a particular value-stance towards his environment
Relation to the Study:
Environment plays a great role with which a child chooses it values. Juvenile delinquents are
exposed in deleterious environment which molds their perception in the world. Being involved in
juvenile delinquency at an early age, they can anchor the value they choose through the adults
behind the schemes with which they are mandated to execute. Since their values are stained by
such forces, their perception of morality is also corrupted.