MODULE 1

DETERMINATION OF GAS SPESIFIC GRAVITY AND OIL SPESIFIC GRAVITY

PRACTICUM REPORT

Name

Muhamad Choirul Azis

NIM

12213060

Group

2nd Shift Group 2

Practicum Date

Oktober, 7th 2014

Due Date

October, 14th 2014

Lecturer

Zuher Syihab ST, Ph.D.

Module Assistant

Alris Alfharisi (12211014)

Achmad Zulfikar K (12211082)

LABORATORY OF RESERVOIR FLUID ANALYSIS

MAJOR OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2014

CONTENTS

CONTENTS...........................................................................................................

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................

ii

BAB I

PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
1.1 Purpose of experiment.............................................................

BAB II

PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENT
2.1 Principle of experiment ...........................................................

BAB III

3
4

ANALYSIS
4.1 Assumption .............................................................................
4.2 Practicum Sustainability..........................................................
4.3 Tool..........................................................................................
4.4 Result Analysis........................................................................

BAB V

DATA PROCESSING
3.1 Experimental Data....................................................................
3.2 Data Processing........................................................................

BAB IV

6
6
6
7

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion................................................................................ 8
5.2 Recomendation.......................................................................... 8

BAB VI

IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION

6.1 Impression................................................................................ 9
6.2 Suggestion.................................................................................... 9

BAB VII

REFERENCES
7.1 Bibliography.............................................................................

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Experiment data 0API with hydrometer....................................... 3
Table 2 Experiment data with picnometer................................................ 3
Table 3 Experiment data with effusiometer.......................................... 3
Table 4 Data Processing for Picnometer............................................... 4

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DETERMINATION OF GAS AND OIL SPESIFIC GRAVITY

I.

PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
1. Understand the determination of the physical properties of gases, namely SG,
density, viscosity, and gas compressibility factor.
2. Determining gas SG using effusion.
3. Determining the physical properties of the fluid gas
4. Determine specific gravity of crude oil
5. Knowing the effect of temperature towards specific gravity of crude oil

II.

PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENT
Specific Gravity (SG) is one of the most important parameters in petroleum
industry . SG is a general property of a fluid that states heaviness of fluid itu. In
petroleum industry, specifically SG certify the quality of the fluid. The purpose
of the quality here is a measure of how heavy hydrocarbons per unit volume. A
hydrocarbon has good quality if SG is low, which means it will have a heavy
hydrocarbon that is small per unit volume is so much easier to flow in the
reservoir.
As has been revealed in the explanation, the principle of this experiment is the
law of effusion / diffusion which is a function of flow time on efusiometer tool.
Diffusion is basically a process of equalization of physical state spontaneously.
When it comes to two different substances, then the diffusion is mixing the
particles of the substance evenly. While effusion is the process of diffusion
through narrow gaps or pores.
There are two laws that underlie this experiment. The first is the law of Graham
(1830) which basically states that the ratio of the rate of effusion / diffusion of
two gases ternalik versus the square root of its density at the same temperature
and pressures. Mathematically it can be written as follows

where,

?1
? ?2
=
?2
? ?1

v = rate of diffusion / effusion

d = density of gas
(subscript 1 and 2 show of the different gases)
1

While the second is the Avogadro's Law states that the conditions of pressure,
temperature and specific volume, the density of the gas is directly proportional
to the number of molecules. Mathematically it can be written as follows

where,

?1
?
=
?2
?

1
2

M = number of gas molecules

With reference to the understanding of diffusion and effusion, then for the same
mileage Graham Law and Avogadro's law can be combined into:
? 12
?22
?2
?
=
=
2
2 = ?
?
?2
?1
1

If d2 is the density of the gas which we will specify its SG and d1 is the density
of the air is dry, then the ratio between d2 and d1 is an SG value of the gas
whose value is proportional to the square of the ratio of flowrate at the same
distance and measured at a temperature and pressure same.
In this experiment we use a tool efusiometer, so SG obtained from the above
calculation must be corrected for the vapor pressure of dry (W), chamber
pressure (P), and the average pressure (p) is defined as follows
?2 2
?
?2 2
? ? = ? ? + 0.627
?? ? 1?
?1
?1
? +? ?

III.

DATA PROCESSING

Experimental Data
Table 1 Experiment data 0API with hydrometer
Suhu (0F)

78

38.5

78

38.5

78

38.5

API

Table 2 Experiment data with picnometer

No

Sampel

Minyak (T=320C)

Minyak (T=290C)

Massa
picnometer
kosong (gr)

Massa picnometer +

Volume

sampel (gr)

11,67
11,66
11,66
11,67
11,66
11,66

16.55
16.55
16.56
16.56
16.55

picnometer
(ml)
5
5
5
5
5
5

Table 3 Experiment data with effusiometer

Sample

Experiment

Time (s)

N2

44.37

II

44.11

III

43.88

37.93

II

37.20

III

37.18

45.28

II

45.25

III

45.91

CO2

Dry Gas

Data Processing

a) Measurement spesific gravity of crude oil using hydrometer

Sampel air
? ? ? = ?ata-rata
? ? ? =

141,5
??

= 38.5

131,5 = 38.5

Maka, SG = 0,832352

b) Measurement spesific gravity of crude oil using picnometer

Table 4 Data Processing for Picnometer
T(0C)

Sample

32

Crude oil

29

Crude oil

Average mass (gr)

picnometer
Picnometer+sampel
kosong
11.663
16.55
11.663
16.56

Sample
mass
(gr)
4.887

Density
(g/cm3)

4.897

0.9794

0.9774

with assumption density of water at the same pressure and temperature is 1

g/cm3
#T= 32 0C
SG=

oil

w ater

0.9771

= 0.99774

0.9794

= 0.9794

#T= 29 0C
SG=

oil

w ater

Average time :
tN2

= 44.12 s

tCO2

= 36.10 s

tdry

= 45.48 s

Assume :
Pdry (W) = 0.0298 mmHg
Proom (P) = 760 mmHg
Pavg (p) = 12 mmHg
SGNitrogen =

? ? 2 ^2

? ? ? ? ^2

1946.57

? ? ? 2 ^2

1303.45

= 2068.43 = 0.941 ;SGCO2 = ? ? ?? ^2 = 2068.43 = 0.630

After correction :
SGN2 = 0.885

; SGCO2 = 0.62999

IV.

ANALYSIS

Assumption
Asumsi yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah
1. The inert gas used, meaning that no reaction occurs between
the water or the dry gas with a facilitator.
2. The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions of
temperature and pressures are constant.
3. The process of bleach-off was done perfectly without leaving
the previously used gas in pipelines or equipment.
4. There is no leakage in the pipe Effusiometer tools and
pipelines.
5. The distance traveled during the effusion of gas in the same
tube.
6. All equipment used to function properly.
7. When measuring the density with picnometer, oil filled

Practicum Sustainability
Practicum this time goes well and there are no barriers.

Tools
1. Hidrometer
Principle
Using Archimedes law that objects immersed in a fluid will get upward
thrust equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
How it work
Hydrometer is immersed into the fluid would have thrust is proportional
to the displaced fluid and stable when it manandakan that upward thrust
equal to the weight of the hydrometer submerged. And hydrometer
convert thrust into units of density (0API) .

2. Effusiometer
Principle
Flowrate of fluid on a narrow slit in effusiometer characterize the
physical properties of gases.
How it work
Air flow through a narrow slit into effusiometer assuming air flow per
particle then air flow is stopped and there was a diffusion-effusion .Waktu
characterize the physical properties of the gas flow

Result Alanysis
The essence of the experiment is to find the value times the SG of oil by
using Hydrometer and Picnometer. Both tool can be used, but the
selection of the tool depends on the accuracy that we want .Hydrometer
measurement is much faster than the picnometer because the results
obtained are a direct readout 0API. However if we use picnometer we do
not directly get the value of the SG, but it is necessary to process the
mass distribution of the volume.
Measurements with a hydrometer hydrometer basically just dunked on a
sample of crude oil in the measuring cup. If the API does not reach the
scale of the sample, then replace the appropriate hydrometer. then
dividing by the volume of the sample container.
On experiment using picnometer the results showed that increasing the
temperature of the lower density of crude oil because the volume of crude
oil is expand.
On experiment using effusiometer, semakin ringan gas maka semakin
cepat laju gas dan densitasnya semakin mirip dengan udara sehingga
spesific gravitynya makin besar.

V.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

Conclusion :

With hydrometer,crude oil has spesific gravity = 0,832352

With Picnometer at T=29 0C, crude oil has spesific gravity = 0.9794

With Picnometer at T=32 0C, crude oil has spesific gravity = 0.99774
With Effusiometer, N2 gas has spesific gravity = 0.885

With Effusiometer, CO2 gas has spesific gravity = 0.62999

Recomendation :
In this experiment all the tools and materials are available and can be used
properly so strongly support the sustainability of the practicum. Keep it!

VI.

IMPRESSION AND SUGGESTION

Impression :
This is the easiest one practicum of all that I have taken and the assistants are
also very relaxed so I do not worry.
Suggestion:
Keep your goodness assistant!!

VII.

REFERENCES
McCain, William D.Jr., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition,
PennWell Publishing Co., 1990, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
W.R. Siagian, Utjok. Diktat Kuliah Fluida Reservoir. Departemen Teknik
Pertambangan dan Perminyakan. 2002. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung.

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